Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Suicide]] ==

I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground.

* The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce &quot;open-content textbooks&quot; (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope.
* This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the &lt;code&gt;alt.suicide.holiday&lt;/code&gt; Usenet group, the &quot;ASH wiki&quot;, which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book.
* Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value.

Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good.

If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well:
* [[Template:Suicide methods]]
* [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused)
* [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above
* [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep|weak keep}} a)&amp;nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&amp;nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&amp;nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&amp;nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&amp;nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
* '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to &quot;suicide prevention&quot;?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC)
*:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{keep}} - 
:1. &quot;instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic&quot; - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk)
:2. Not a reason.
:3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}}
Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Art And AI]] ==
Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] ==
This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]].
:This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]
:::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook.  Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is?  If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] ==
I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, &quot;Afghanistan&quot; and &quot;Quagga&quot; are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] ==
I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>58k8h7fx2l9adxed4snpvf2p9st4h08</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672351</id>
      <parentid>4672319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TunnelESON</username>
        <id>10882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Suicide */ rename?</comment>
      <origin>4672351</origin>
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== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Suicide]] ==

I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground.

* The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce &quot;open-content textbooks&quot; (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope.
* This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the &lt;code&gt;alt.suicide.holiday&lt;/code&gt; Usenet group, the &quot;ASH wiki&quot;, which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book.
* Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value.

Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good.

If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well:
* [[Template:Suicide methods]]
* [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused)
* [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above
* [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep|weak keep}} a)&amp;nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&amp;nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&amp;nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&amp;nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&amp;nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
* '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to &quot;suicide prevention&quot;?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC)
*:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC)
*::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with &quot;This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide.&quot;--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - 
:1. &quot;instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic&quot; - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk)
:2. Not a reason.
:3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}}
Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Art And AI]] ==
Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] ==
This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]].
:This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]
:::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook.  Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is?  If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] ==
I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, &quot;Afghanistan&quot; and &quot;Quagga&quot; are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] ==
I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l6974c1xi240jp1pc57e47zc5at74z3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672359</id>
      <parentid>4672351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T17:32:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omphalographer</username>
        <id>3427146</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Suicide */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4672359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50312" sha1="18j0na8t5lqs1g7xm19igwdrf5vpvc3" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Suicide]] ==

I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground.

* The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce &quot;open-content textbooks&quot; (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope.
* This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the &lt;code&gt;alt.suicide.holiday&lt;/code&gt; Usenet group, the &quot;ASH wiki&quot;, which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book.
* Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value.

Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good.

If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well:
* [[Template:Suicide methods]]
* [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused)
* [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above
* [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep|weak keep}} a)&amp;nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&amp;nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&amp;nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&amp;nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&amp;nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
* '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to &quot;suicide prevention&quot;?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC)
*:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC)
*::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with &quot;This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide.&quot;--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
*:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of &quot;philosophical issues&quot; in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - 
:1. &quot;instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic&quot; - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk)
:2. Not a reason.
:3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}}
Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Art And AI]] ==
Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] ==
This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]].
:This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]
:::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook.  Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is?  If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] ==
I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, &quot;Afghanistan&quot; and &quot;Quagga&quot; are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] ==
I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>18j0na8t5lqs1g7xm19igwdrf5vpvc3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672365</id>
      <parentid>4672359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:39:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>16549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Suicide */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4672365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50672" sha1="5oqjddbr1n69yp2e94727ywof8cmxy8" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Suicide]] ==

I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground.

* The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce &quot;open-content textbooks&quot; (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope.
* This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the &lt;code&gt;alt.suicide.holiday&lt;/code&gt; Usenet group, the &quot;ASH wiki&quot;, which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book.
* Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value.

Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good.

If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well:
* [[Template:Suicide methods]]
* [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused)
* [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above
* [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep|weak keep}} a)&amp;nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&amp;nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&amp;nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&amp;nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&amp;nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
*::Per above, globally banned user, not a useful guide that fits our criteria, copyright concerns. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
* '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to &quot;suicide prevention&quot;?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC)
*:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC)
*::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with &quot;This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide.&quot;--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
*:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of &quot;philosophical issues&quot; in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - 
:1. &quot;instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic&quot; - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk)
:2. Not a reason.
:3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}}
Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Art And AI]] ==
Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] ==
This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]].
:This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]
:::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook.  Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is?  If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] ==
I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, &quot;Afghanistan&quot; and &quot;Quagga&quot; are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] ==
I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5oqjddbr1n69yp2e94727ywof8cmxy8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672367</id>
      <parentid>4672365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T21:02:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>103615</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Suicide */</comment>
      <origin>4672367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51057" sha1="ddpnm4duys82g0k0wh6g7b3gwk89zd8" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Suicide]] ==

I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground.

* The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce &quot;open-content textbooks&quot; (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope.
* This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the &lt;code&gt;alt.suicide.holiday&lt;/code&gt; Usenet group, the &quot;ASH wiki&quot;, which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book.
* Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value.

Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good.

If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well:
* [[Template:Suicide methods]]
* [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused)
* [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above
* [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep|weak keep}} a)&amp;nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&amp;nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&amp;nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&amp;nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&amp;nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
*::Per above, globally banned user, not a useful guide that fits our criteria, copyright concerns. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
* '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to &quot;suicide prevention&quot;?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC)
*:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC)
*::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with &quot;This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide.&quot;--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
*:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of &quot;philosophical issues&quot; in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - 
:1. &quot;instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic&quot; - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk)
:2. Not a reason.
:3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete all''' It is also copyright infringement in that alot of it was simply copied and pasted into place from a preexisting book. [[User:Jmh649|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 21:02, 25 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}}
Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Art And AI]] ==
Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] ==
This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]].
:This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]
:::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook.  Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is?  If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] ==
I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, &quot;Afghanistan&quot; and &quot;Quagga&quot; are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] ==
I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ddpnm4duys82g0k0wh6g7b3gwk89zd8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672368</id>
      <parentid>4672367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T21:03:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Doc James</username>
        <id>103615</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Suicide */</comment>
      <origin>4672368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51074" sha1="q8jxdeewraq043lg4p4fy9k4x314hm2" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
&lt;!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --&gt;

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count: 7;&quot;&gt;
* [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original)
* [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]]
* [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]]
* [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]]
* [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]]
* [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]]
* [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]])
* [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]])
* [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]])
* [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]]
* [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]]
* [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]]
* [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]])
* [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]]
* [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]]
* [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]]
* [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]]
* [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]]
* [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]]
* [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]]
* [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]])
* [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]])
* [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]]
* [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]])
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]]
* [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]]
* [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]]
* [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]])
* [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]])
* [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]])
* [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]])
&lt;/div&gt;

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

: Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
: How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
::: So the idea is the following:
:::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out.
::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added.  — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained.
::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere.
::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

:::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content.
::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC)

: {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük.
: Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know):
:* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/]
:* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/]
: {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know.
: In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know.
: I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC)

:: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC)

::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC)

:::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC)

{{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC)

: I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC)

:: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC)

:{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC)

::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
: Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC)
::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
:::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. 
:::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC)
::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. 
::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work.  [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC)
:Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC)
::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''&quot;Using the Finnish Language&quot;'' or ''&quot;Put Finnish Language into Use&quot;'' for a direct translation.   [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]] ==

* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]]
* [[AT&amp;T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]]
An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&amp;T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for &quot;tethering&quot; a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC)

:I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
:::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest.
:::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe &quot;Archive:&quot;) set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)
::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

== Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials ==

I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC)

:'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC)
:{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC)
::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC)
== [[Puredyne]] ==

Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

:I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Template:Qr-twwp]] ==
This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]&lt;sub&gt;[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]&lt;sub&gt;[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC)

== [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] ==

I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC)
::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC)
:::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC)
::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC)

== [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] ==

Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''Keep'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; — Comment from page author/subject expert.
:I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Objective Projection&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On the content itself:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through:
:* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: &quot;Levent Bulut Objective Projection&quot;)
:* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Digital Humanities Quarterly&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology
:* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection)
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;On AI assistance:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Proposed remedy instead of deletion:&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; I am happy to:
:# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms
:# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim
:# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record
:This would address the &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;undisclosed&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures
::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion.
::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by:
::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page.
::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives).
::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format).
::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records.
::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts:
::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''&quot;large amount of content removal&quot;''' filter.
::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''&quot;automated link/spam&quot;''' filter.
::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|&amp;#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC)
::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0024FF&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC)
::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either.
::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Suicide]] ==

I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground.

* The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce &quot;open-content textbooks&quot; (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope.
* This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the &lt;code&gt;alt.suicide.holiday&lt;/code&gt; Usenet group, the &quot;ASH wiki&quot;, which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book.
* Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value.

Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good.

If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well:
* [[Template:Suicide methods]]
* [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused)
* [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above
* [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki
[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC)
: {{keep|weak keep}} a)&amp;nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&amp;nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&amp;nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&amp;nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&amp;nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC)
*:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
*::Per above, globally banned user, not a useful guide that fits our criteria, copyright concerns. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
* '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC)
* '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to &quot;suicide prevention&quot;?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC)
*:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC)
*::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with &quot;This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide.&quot;--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
*:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of &quot;philosophical issues&quot; in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{keep}} - 
:1. &quot;instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic&quot; - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk)
:2. Not a reason.
:3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC)
*'''Delete all''' Not educational. It is also copyright infringement in that alot of it was simply copied and pasted into place from a preexisting book. [[User:Jmh649|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 21:02, 25 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}}
Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Art And AI]] ==
Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] ==
This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

:As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]].
:This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]
:::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook.  Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is?  If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] ==
I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, &quot;Afghanistan&quot; and &quot;Quagga&quot; are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] ==
I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>C++ Programming</title>
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{{Outdated|The book contains description of old C++11 standard while there are newer C++14, C++17, C++20, C++23 and even C++26 in preview}}
This book covers the [[w:C++|C++ programming language]], its interactions with software design and real life use of the language. It is presented in a series of [[/Chapters|chapters]] as an introductory prior to advance courses but can also be used as a reference book. This is an open work; if you find any problems with terms or concepts ''you can help by contributing to it''; ''your participation is needed and welcomed!'' You are also welcomed to state any preference, shortcomings, vision for the actual book content, structure or other conceptual matters; see [[Talk:C++ Programming|this Wikibook's discussion page for the right forum for participating]].
{{clear}}
{{Book Search|prefix=C++ Programming}}
{{SideBox|1=If you have questions related to C++ that are not addressed on the book, ask at the [[Talk:C++ Programming/Q&amp;A|Q&amp;A]] or check&lt;br /&gt;[[Subject:C++ programming language]]
----
A [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B_Programming/All_Chapters&amp;printable=yes complete printable version of&lt;br /&gt;'''C++ Programming'''] is available.&lt;br /&gt;(attention to its size)
----
A [[/All Chapters|single page version]] &lt;small&gt;[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B_Programming/All_Chapters&amp;action=edit edit])&lt;/small&gt; with all chapters is available (attention to its size).
}}
=== Preface: [[/About the Book|About the book]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;[ [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B_Programming/About_the_Book&amp;action=edit edit] ]&lt;/small&gt; [ [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B_Programming/Chapters&amp;action=edit edit chapters list] ] [ [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B_Programming/Print_version&amp;action=edit edit print version] ]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt; ===
{{:C++ Programming/Chapters}}

=== Appendix A: References Tables&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(used on book chapters, print version excludes the Appendix)&lt;/small&gt; ===
&lt;div style=&quot;float: center;&quot;&gt;
• [[/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Keywords|Keywords]] &lt;!--included in the code page---&gt;
• [[/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Compiler/Preprocessor/Preprocessor Directives|Preprocessors Directives]]&lt;!--included in the preprocessor page---&gt;
• [[/Standard Headers|Standard Headers]] &lt;!--included in the preprocessor page---&gt;
• [[/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Statements/Variables/Type/Data Types|Data Types]]&lt;!--included in the type page---&gt;
• [[/Operators Table|Operators]] &lt;!--included in the operators page---&gt;
• [[/Code/Standard C Library/Functions|Standard C Library Functions]] &lt;!--included in the Standard C Library page---&gt;
• [[/ASCII|ASCII chart]]
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Appendix B: External References ===
&lt;div style=&quot;float: center;&quot;&gt;
• [[/Weblinks|Weblinks]] 
• [[/Booklinks|Books]]
&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;!-- Do not just add here, find the proper place on the above pages --&gt;

=== Appendix C: [[/Examples|C++ Programming by examples]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;[ [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B_Programming/Examples&amp;action=edit edit] ]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Compilable programs used on book chapters, print version excludes the Appendix)&lt;/small&gt;===
&lt;!-- To build as soon as the navigational is fixed 
=== Appendix E: [[/Glossary|Glossary]] ===
--&gt;

=== Appendix D: [[/Exercises|C++ Programming - exercises]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;[ [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=C%2B%2B_Programming/Exercises&amp;action=edit edit] ]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Supporting exercises for the book content.&lt;/small&gt;===

{{Shelves|C++ programming language}}
{{Alphabetical|C}}
{{status|50%}}

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      <text bytes="5814" sha1="2ylbfb7p1841rpfoj5sla3dxp9o3eue" xml:space="preserve">{{Category 3}}

Welcome to the '''Modern Greek''' WikiBook! This book is aimed at teaching from absolute beginners to advanced. It is a work in progress and is currently undergoing major restructuring - please see the discussion page or [[/Restructuring|the restructuring page]], please consider helping the project by contributing.

{{NoteBox|This book is for Modern Greek, for Ancient Greek, click [[Ancient Greek|here]], for Koine (Biblical) Greek, click [[Koine Greek|here]].}}
{{Multiple image
|image1=Flag of Greece.svg
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|image3=Paros Parikia3 tango7174.jpg
|image4=Rhodes Tsambika3 tango7174.jpg
|image5=Greece meteora monasteries.JPG}}
{{NOTE|To use this book, your web browser must first be configured to display Greek characters. If the following characters appear as blank boxes or garbage, it is not properly configured.

Εδώ πρέπει να φαίνονται οι Ελληνικοί χαρακτήρες!}}

== Lesson 1 - Alphabet and Reading ==
* [[/Lesson 01.1|Lesson 1.1: Letters α, ι, κ, ο, τ, and κ]]
* [[/Lesson 01.2|Lesson 1.2: Letters ν, μ, ε, and λ]]
* [[/Lesson 01.3|Lesson 1.3: Letters π, σ, and δ]]
* [[/Lesson 01.4|Lesson 1.4: Letters η, υ, ω, and β]]
* [[/Lesson 01.5|Lesson 1.5: Letters φ, ζ, and γ]]
* [[/Lesson 01.6|Lesson 1.6: Letters θ, χ, ξ, and ψ]]
* [[/Lesson 01.7|Lesson 1.7: Alphabet review]]

== Lesson 2 - Useful Phrases ==
* [[/Lesson 02.1|Lesson 2.1: Common phrases]]
* [[/Lesson 02.2|Lesson 2.2: Greetings]]

== Lesson 3 - Gender of Nouns and Cases ==
* [[/Lesson 03.1|Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cases]]
* [[/Lesson 03.2|Lesson 3.2: Gender of Nouns]]
* [[/Lesson 03.3|Lesson 3.3: Pronouns]]

== Lesson 4 - Present Tense Verbs ==
* [[/Lesson 04.1|Lesson 4.1: To Be and To Have]]
* [[/Lesson 04.2|Lesson 4.2: First Conjugation (Type I)]]
* [[/Lesson 04.3|Lesson 4.3: Second Conjugation (Type IIA and IIB)]]
* [[/Lesson 04.4|Lesson 4.4: First Conjugation (Passive Only)]]
* [[/Lesson 04.5|Lesson 4.5: Second Conjugation (Passive Only)]]

== Lesson 5 - Sample Dialogues ==
* [[/Lesson 05.1|Lesson 5.1: Greetings revisited, names and nationalities]]
* [[/Lesson 05.2|Lesson 5.2: &quot;Can you repeat that, please?&quot;]]
* [[/Lesson 05.3|Lesson 5.3: The question words]]
* [[/Lesson 05.4|Lesson 5.4: Getting Directions]]
* [[/Lesson 05.5|Lesson 5.5: Notes on sentence structure]]

== Lesson 6 - Numbers, Time and Date ==
* [[/Lesson 06.1|Lesson 6.1: 1-10]]
* [[/Lesson 06.2|Lesson 6.2: 11-100]]
* [[/Lesson 06.3|Lesson 6.3: 100+]]
* [[/Lesson 06.4|Lesson 6.4: Time]]
* [[/Lesson 06.5|Lesson 6.5: Days/Months]]

== Lesson 7 - Some more grammar ==
* [[/Lesson 07.1|Lesson 7.1: Present Tense Irregular Verbs]]
* [[/Lesson 07.2|Lesson 7.2: Prepositions]]
* [[/Lesson 07.3|Lesson 7.3: Comparative and Superlative]]
* [[/Lesson 07.4|Lesson 7.4: &quot;I need&quot; and &quot;I must&quot;]]
* [[/Lesson 07.5|Lesson 7.5: &quot;I think&quot; and more adjectives]]
* [[/Lesson 07.6|Lesson 7.6: &quot;υπάρχω&quot;]]

== Lesson 8 - Sample Dialogues II ==
* [[/Lesson 08.1|Lesson 8.1: Meeting the family]]
* [[/Lesson 08.2|Lesson 8.2: Buying something]]
* [[/Lesson 08.3|Lesson 8.3: &quot;Where can I find?&quot; and directions]]
* [[/Lesson 08.4|Lesson 8.4: Eating and Drinking in Greece]]
* [[/Lesson 08.5|Lesson 8.5: Days/Months Part II]]

== Lesson 9 - Past Tense ==
* [[/Lesson 09.1|Lesson 9.1: Imperfect (Past Continuous) Tense]]
* [[/Lesson 09.2|Lesson 9.2: Simple Past (Aorist) Tense]]
* [[/Lesson 09.3|Lesson 9.3: Past Perfect Tense]]
* [[/Lesson 09.4|Lesson 9.4: Past είμαι and έχω]]

== Lesson 10 - Future Tense ==
* [[/Lesson 10.1|Lesson 10.1: Simple Future]]
* [[/Lesson 10.2|Lesson 10.2: Continuous Future]]
* [[/Lesson 10.3|Lesson 10.3: Future Perfect]]

== Lesson 11 - More Tenses and Grammar ==
* [[/Lesson 11.1|Lesson 11.1: Subjunctive]]
* [[/Lesson 11.2|Lesson 11.2: Imperative]]
* [[/Lesson 11.3|Lesson 11.3: Passive Verbs]]

== Lesson 12 - Sample Dialogues III ==
* [[/Lesson 12.1|Lesson 12.2: My Holidays]]
* [[/Lesson 12.2|Lesson 12.2: At the Doctors]]

== Appendix A - Vocabulary Lists ==
* [[/Vocab Family|Vocabulary 1: Family]]
* [[/Vocab Professions|Vocabulary 2: Professions]]
* [[/Vocab Food|Vocabulary 3: Food]]
* [[/Vocab Clothing|Vocabulary 4: Clothing]]
* [[/Vocab Body|Vocabulary 5: Body]]
* [[/Vocab House|Vocabulary 6: In the house]]
* [[/Vocab Town|Vocabulary 7: Around Town]]
* [[/Vocab Colours|Vocabulary 8: Colours]]
* [[/Vocab Weather|Vocabulary 9: Weather]]
* [[/Vocab Countryside|Vocabulary 10: Countryside]]
* [[/Vocab Church|Vocabulary 11: Church]]

== Appendix B - Grammar Summary ==
* [[/Grammar Summary/Grammar 1|Grammar Summary 1: List of Tenses]]
* [[/Grammar Summary/Grammar 2|Grammar Summary 2: About Nouns]]
* [[/Grammar Summary/Grammar 3|Grammar Summary 3: The Prepositions and the Conjuctions]]
* [[/Grammar Summary/Grammar 4|Grammar Summary 4: Syntax Notes]]
* [[/Grammar Summary/Grammar 8|Grammar Summary 8: Grammar Glossary]]
* [[/Grammar Summary/Grammar 9|Grammar Summary 9: Verb Tables]]

== Appendix C - Reading Exercises ==
* [[/Reading Exercises/Reading 01|Reading 01]]
* [[/Reading Exercises/Reading 02|Reading 02]]
* [[/Reading Exercises/Reading 03|Reading 03]]
* [[/Reading Exercises/Reading 04|Reading 04]]
* [[/Reading Exercises/Reading 05|Reading 05]]

== Credits ==
* [[Modern Greek/Credits|Credits, legal, and licensing information for materials used from third-party sources]]

{{Shelves|Greek language}}
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[[bg:Гръцки език]]
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[[es:Griego/Introducción]]
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[[he:יוונית מודרנית]]
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[[pt:Grego moderno]]
[[ro:Greacă]]
[[uk:Мова людства/Грецька]]
[[zh:希腊语]]
[[si:නවීන ග්‍රීක භාෂාව]]</text>
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    <title>Consciousness Studies/Early Ideas</title>
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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-41826-78|~2026-41826-78]] ([[User talk:~2026-41826-78|talk]]) to last version by ShakespeareFan00</comment>
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      <text bytes="26298" sha1="kghaizwcg8qfbyb2dsi9hgt5u0u5ooi" xml:space="preserve">''This section is an academic review of major contributions to consciousness studies. Readers who are interested in the current philosophy of consciousness will find this in Part II and readers interested in the neuroscience of consciousness should refer to Part III.''

Vedic Sciences are present the first known ideas related to consciousness, dating back to at least 1500 years ago according to The British Library. The ten books of Rig Veda, which are attributed to the end of the Bronze period, which are on of the ten oldest living texts of the world, illuminates us on ultimate or supreme consciousness. In the Rig Veda (R.V. IV. XL. 5) Nrishad is the dweller amongst humans; Nrishad is explained as Chaitanya or 'Consciousness' or Prana or 'vitality' because both dwell in humans. 

In his commentary on the Isha Upanishad,[5] Sri Aurobindo explains that the Atman, the Self manifests through a seven-fold movement of Prakrti. These seven folds of consciousness, along with their dominant principles are:[6]

annamaya puruṣa - physical
prāṇamaya puruṣa - nervous / vital
manomaya puruṣa - mental / mind
vijñānamaya puruṣa - knowledge and truth
ānandamaya puruṣa - Aurobindo's concept of Delight, otherwise known as Bliss
caitanya puruṣa - infinite divine self-awareness[7]
sat puruṣa - state of pure divine existence

The first five of these are arranged according to the specification of the panchakosha from the second chapter of the Taittiriya Upanishad. The final three elements make up satcitananda, with cit being referred to as chaitanya.


The essential nature of Brahman as revealed in deep sleep and Yoga is Chaitanya (pure consciousness).[8]

The earliest use of the word soul or  Ātman in Indian texts is also found in the Rig Veda (c. 1500 BC)(RV X.97.11).[20] Yāska, the ancient Indian grammarian, commenting on this Rigvedic verse, accepts the following meanings of Ātman: the pervading principle, the organism in which other elements are united and the ultimate sentient principle.[21]

Other hymns of Rig Veda where the word Ātman appears include I.115.1, VII.87.2, VII.101.6, VIII.3.24, IX.2.10, IX.6.8, and X.168.4.[22]

The Rig Veda takes one from before creation, through creation of the world, to creation of self, and ends with the creation of creation itself, after which creation of the universe came. Upon close reading, one can trace the various stages of consciousness to the material world, from absolute truth or Sat to absolute material or Asat, two recurring concepts that run through the entire Rig Veda. 

The Greeks had no exact equivalent for the term 'consciousness', which has a wide range of meanings in modern usage, but in the thinkers below we find an analysis of phenomenal consciousness and the source of many ideas developed by later Socratics, especially the Stoics, and by Christian thinkers like Augustine.

==Aristotle (c. 350 BC) ''On the Soul''==
(De Anima)
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Aristotle/De-anima/

[[Image:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg|thumb|left|Aristotle]]Aristotle, perhaps more than any other ancient Greek philosopher, set the terms of reference for the future discussion of the problem of consciousness.  His idea of the mind is summarised in the illustration below.[[Image:Constudaristotle.png|right]]

Aristotle was a  physicalist, believing that things are embodied in the material universe:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;... That is precisely why the study of the soul [psyche] must fall within the science of Nature, at least so far as in its affections it manifests this double character. Hence a physicist would define an affection of soul differently from a dialectician; the latter would define e.g. anger as the appetite for returning pain for pain, or something like that, while the former would define it as a boiling of the blood or warm substance surround the heart. The latter assigns the material conditions, the former the form or formulable essence; for what he states is the formulable essence of the fact, though for its actual existence there must be embodiment of it in a material such as is described by the other.&quot;(Book I, 403a)&lt;/span&gt;

The works of Aristotle provide our first clear account of the concept of signals and information. He was aware that an event can change the state of matter and this change of state can be transmitted to other locations where it can further change a state of matter:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;If what has colour is placed in immediate contact with the eye, it cannot be seen. Colour sets in movement not the sense organ but what is transparent, e.g. the air, and that, extending continuously from the object to the organ, sets the latter in movement. Democritus misrepresents the facts when he expresses the opinion that if the interspace were empty one could distinctly see an ant on the vault of the sky; that is an impossibility. Seeing is due to an affection or change of what has the perceptive faculty, and it cannot be affected by the seen colour itself; it remains that it must be affected by what comes between. Hence it is indispensable that there be something in between-if there were nothing, so far from seeing with greater distinctness, we should see nothing at all.&quot; (Book II, 419a])&lt;/span&gt;

He was also clear about the relationship of information to 'state':

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;By a 'sense' is meant what has the power of receiving into itself the sensible forms of things without the matter. This must be conceived of as taking place in the way in which a piece of wax takes on the impress of a signet-ring without the iron or gold; we say that what produces the impression is a signet of bronze or gold, but its particular metallic constitution makes no difference: in a similar way the sense is affected by what is coloured or flavoured or sounding, but it is indifferent what in each case the substance is; what alone matters is what quality it has, i.e. in what ratio its constituents are combined&quot;(Book II, 424a)&lt;/span&gt;

Aristotle also mentioned the problem of the simultaneity of experience. The explanation predates Galilean and modern physics so lacks our modern language to explain how many things could be at a point and an instant:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;... just as what is called a 'point' is, as being at once one and two, properly said to be divisible, so here, that which discriminates is qua undivided one, and active in a single moment of time, while so far forth as it is divisible it twice over uses the same dot at one and the same time. So far forth then as it takes the limit as two' it discriminates two separate objects with what in a sense is divided: while so far as it takes it as one, it does so with what is one and occupies in its activity a single moment of time. (Book III, 427a)&lt;/span&gt;

He described the problem of recursion that would occur if the mind were due to the flow of material things in space:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;...mind is either without parts or is continuous in some other way than that which characterizes a spatial magnitude. How, indeed, if it were a spatial magnitude, could mind possibly think? Will it think with any one indifferently of its parts? In this case, the 'part' must be understood either in the sense of a spatial magnitude or in the sense of a point (if a point can be called a part of a spatial magnitude). If we accept the latter alternative, the points being infinite in number, obviously the mind can never exhaustively traverse them; if the former, the mind must think the same thing over and over again, indeed an infinite number of times (whereas it is manifestly possible to think a thing once only).&quot;(Book I, 407a)&lt;/span&gt;

Aristotle explicitly mentions the regress:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;..we must fall into an infinite regress or we must assume a sense which is aware of itself.&quot; (Book III,425b)&lt;/span&gt;

However, this regress was not as problematic for Aristotle as it is for philosophers who are steeped in nineteenth century ideas. Aristotle was a physicalist who was not burdened with materialism and so was able to escape from the idea that the only possibility for the mind is a flow of material from place to place over a succession of disconnected instants. He was able to propose that subjects and objects are part of the same thing, he notes that thought is both temporally and spatially extended:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;But that which mind thinks and the time in which it thinks are in this case divisible only incidentally and not as such. For in them too there is something indivisible (though, it may be, not isolable) which gives unity to the time and the whole of length; and this is found equally in every continuum whether temporal or spatial.&quot; (Book III,430b)&lt;/span&gt;

This idea of time allowed him to identify thinking with the object of thought, there being no need to cycle thoughts from instant to instant because mental time is extended:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;In every case the mind which is actively thinking is the objects which it thinks.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

He considered imagination to be a disturbance of the sense organs:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;And because imaginations remain in the organs of sense and resemble sensations, animals in their actions are largely guided by them, some (i.e. the brutes) because of the non-existence in them of mind, others (i.e. men) because of the temporary eclipse in them of mind by feeling or disease or sleep.(Book III, 429a)&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

And considered that all thought occurs as images:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;To the thinking soul images serve as if they were contents of perception (and when it asserts or denies them to be good or bad it avoids or pursues them). That is why the soul never thinks without an image.&quot;(Book III, ).&lt;/span&gt;

Aristotle also described the debate between the cognitive and behaviourist approaches with their overtones of the conflict between modern physicalism and pre twentieth century materialism:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;Some thinkers, accepting both premisses, viz. that the soul is both originative of movement and cognitive, have compounded it of both and declared the soul to be a self-moving number.&quot;(Book I, 404b)&lt;/span&gt;

The idea of a 'self-moving number' is not as absurd as it seems, like much of Ancient Greek philosophy.

Aristotle was also clear about there being two forms involved in perception. He proposed that the form and properties of the things that are directly in the mind are incontrovertible but that our inferences about the form and properties of the things in the world that give rise to the things in the mind can be false:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;Perception (1) of the special objects of sense is never in error or admits the least possible amount of falsehood. (2) That of the concomitance of the objects concomitant with the sensible qualities comes next: in this case certainly we may be deceived; for while the perception that there is white before us cannot be false, the perception that what is white is this or that may be false. (3) Third comes the perception of the universal attributes which accompany the concomitant objects to which the special sensibles attach (I mean e.g. of movement and magnitude); it is in respect of these that the greatest amount of sense-illusion is possible.&quot;(Book III, 428b)&lt;/span&gt;

Imagination, according to this model, lays out things in the senses.

==Galen==

The 'physicians' (most especially Galen) incorporated ideas from the Hippocractics and from Plato into a view in which 3 (or more) inner senses—most basically memory, estimation, and imagination—were associated with 3 ventricles in the brain.

''This is a '''stub''' that needs further expansion''.

==Homer (c. 800-900 BC) The ''Iliad'' and ''Odyssey''==
[http://www.bartleby.com/22/ Odyssey]

[[Image:Homer_Musei_Capitolini_MC559.jpg|thumb|left|Homer]]Panpsychism and panexperientialism can be traced to, at least, Homer's Iliad. Just reading the book allows us to experience what a different focus of consciousness feels like. It is a way of being, being a Homeric Greek, thus distinct from being a modern man. Both states of consciousness result in different ways of experiencing the world.

As we read the Iliad, we are drawn into the book through the images it creates in us and the feelings it evokes in us through the meter and the language. The reader becomes the book. &quot;The reader became the book, and the summer night was like the conscious being of the book&quot; (Wallace Stevens). That experience of becoming the book, of losing yourself in the book, is the experience of a different aspect of consciousness, being a Homeric Greek.

Homer frequently ascribes even our emotions to the world around us. The ancients do not just fear but fear grips them, for example: &quot;So spake Athene, and pale fear gat hold of them all. The arms flew from their hands in their terror and fell all upon the ground, as the goddess uttered her voice&quot; (Odyssey book XXIV).

The German classicist Bruno Snell, in ''The Discovery of the Mind''  provides us with &quot;a convincing account of the enormous change in ... human personality which took place during the centuries covered by Homer (to) Socrates.&quot;(The London Times Literary Supplement).  Snell's book establishes two distinct aspects of consciousness. He says, &quot;The experience of Homer differs from our own&quot; (p.v); &quot;For Homer, psyche  is the force which keeps the human being alive...&quot;(p.&amp;nbsp;8). When the psyche leaves, the owner loses consciousness. The Homeric ''psyche'' is where pan-psychism originates. It begins in a conception of consciousness as a force that is separate from the body. Snell compares Homer to the tragedy of Orestes, which focuses on the individual. &quot;Homer concentrates on the action (process) and the situation in preference to the agent...&quot;(p.&amp;nbsp;211)  Orestes is in a different  state of consciousness, &quot;a new state of consciousness&quot;(p.&amp;nbsp;211).

==Plato (427-347 BC)==

The Republic
http://www.constitution.org/pla/repub_00.htm
Especially book VI
http://www.constitution.org/pla/repub_06.htm
and book VII (the Cave)
http://www.constitution.org/pla/repub_07.htm

[[Image:Plato.png|thumb|left|Plato]]Plato's most interesting contributions to consciousness studies are in book VI of  ''The Republic''.  His idea of the mind is illustrated below.

[[Image:Constudplato.png|right]]

He believes that light activates pre-existing capabilities in the eyes:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;Sight being, as I conceive, in the eyes, and he who has eyes wanting to see; color being also present in them, still unless there be a third nature specially adapted to the purpose, the owner of the eyes will see nothing and the colors will be invisible.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

However, it is in the metaphor of '''the divided line''' that Plato introduces a fascinating account of the relationships and properties of things.  He points out that analysis deals in terms of the relationships of pure forms:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;And do you not know also that although they make use of the visible forms and reason about them, they are thinking not of these, but of the ideals which they resemble; not of the figures which they draw, but of the absolute square and the absolute diameter, and so on -- the forms which they draw or make, and which have shadows and reflections in water of their own, are converted by them into images, but they are really seeking to behold the things themselves, which can only be seen with the eye of the mind?&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

Notice how he introduces the notion of a mind's eye observing mental content arranged as geometrical forms. He proposes that through this mode of ideas we gain understanding:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;And the habit which is concerned with geometry and the cognate sciences I suppose that you would term understanding, and not reason, as being intermediate between opinion and reason.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

However, the understanding can also contemplate knowledge:

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;..I understand you to say that knowledge and being, which the science of dialectic contemplates, are clearer than the notions of the arts, as they are termed, which proceed from hypotheses only: these are also contemplated by the understanding, and not by the senses: yet, because they start from hypotheses and do not ascend to a principle, those who contemplate them appear to you not to exercise the higher reason upon them, although when a first principle is added to them they are cognizable by the higher reason. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;

Plato's work is not usually discussed in this way but is extended to universals such as the idea of the colour red as a universal that can be applied to many specific instances of things.

In &quot;Plato's Cave&quot; (Book VII) Plato describes how experience could be some transfer from or copy of real things rather than the things themselves:

[[Image:Plato's_allegory_of_the_cave.jpg|thumb|right|Plato's Cave]]&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;&quot;And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened: — Behold! human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;I see.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures of animals made of wood and stone and various materials, which appear over the wall? Some of them are talking, others silent.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;You have shown me a strange image, and they are strange prisoners.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave?&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;True, he said; how could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads?&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;And of the objects which are being carried in like manner they would only see the shadows?&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;Yes, he said.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;And if they were able to converse with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them?&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;Very true.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;And suppose further that the prison had an echo which came from the other side, would they not be sure to fancy when one of the passers-by spoke that the voice which they heard came from the passing shadow?&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;No question, he replied.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;To them, I said, the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;That is certain.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:'times new roman'&quot;&gt;And now look again, and see what will naturally follow it, the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows; and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he saw before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approaching nearer to being and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision, — what will be his reply? And you may further imagine that his instructor is pointing to the objects as they pass and requiring him to name them, — will he not be perplexed? Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are truer than the objects which are now shown to him?&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

This early intuition of information theory predates Aristotle's concept of the transfer of states from one place to another.

==Parmenides (c. 480 BC) ''On Nature'' ==

==Siddhartha Gautama (c. 500 BC) Buddhist Texts ==

[[Image:BuddhaHead.JPG|left|thumb|Buddha]]Siddhartha Gautama was born about 563BC. He became known as 'Buddha' ('the awakened one') from the age of about thirty five. Buddha handed down a way of life that might lead, eventually, to an enlightened state called Nirvana.  In the three centuries after his death Buddhism split into two factions, the Mahayana (greater raft or vehicle) and the Theravada (the way of the elders). The Mahayana use the slightly derogatory term Hinayana (lesser raft or vehicle) for Theravada Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism gave rise to other sects such as Zen Buddhism in Japan and Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet. Mahayana Buddhism is more like a religion, complete with god like entities whereas Theravada Buddhism is more like a philosophy.

Theravada Buddhist meditation is described in books called the Pali Canon which contains the 'Vinayas' that describe monastic life, the 'Suttas' which are the central teachings of Theravada Buddhism and the 'Abhidhamma' which is an analysis of the other two parts or 'pitakas'. Two meditational systems are described: the development of serenity (samathabhavana) and the development of insight (vipassanabhavana). The two systems are complementary, serenity meditation providing a steady foundation for the development of insight. As meditation proceeds the practitioner passes through a series of stages called 'jhanas'. There are four of these stages of meditation and then a final stage known as the stage of the 'immaterial jhanas'.

'''The Jhanas'''

The first jhana is a stage of preparation where the meditator rids themselves of the hindrances (sensual desire, ill will, sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and doubt). This is best achieved by seclusion. During the process of getting rid of the hindrances the meditator develops the five factors: applied thought, sustained thought, rapture, happiness and one-pointedness of mind. This is done by concentrating on a practice object until it can be easily visualised. Eventually the meditator experiences a luminous replica of the object called the counterpart sign (patibhaganimitta).

Applied thought involves examining, visualising and thinking about the object. Sustained thought involves always returning to the object, not drifting away from it. Rapture involves a oneness with the object and is an ecstacy that helps absorption with and in the object. Happiness is the feeling of happiness that everyone has when something good happens (unlike rapture, which is a oneness with the object of contemplation). One-pointedness of mind is the ability to focus on a single thing without being distracted.

The second jhana involves attaining the first without effort, there is no need for applied or sustained thought, only rapture, happiness and one-pointedness of mind remain. The second jhana is achieved by contemplating the first jhana. The second jhana is a stage of effortless concentration.

The third jhana involves mindfulness and discernment. The mindfulness allows an object of meditation to be held effortlessly in the mind. The discernment consists of discerning the nature of the object without delusion and hence avoiding rapture.

In the fourth jhana mindfulness is maintained but the delusion of happiness is contemplated. Eventually mindfulness remains without pleasure or pain. In the fourth jhana the meditator achieves &quot;purity of mindfulness due to equanimity&quot; (upekkhasatiparisuddhi).

'''The Immaterial Jhanas'''

The first four jhanas will be familiar from earlier, Hindu meditational techniques. Once the fourth jhana has been achieved the meditator can embark on the immaterial jhanas. There are four immaterial jhanas: the base of boundless space, the base of boundless consciousness, the base of nothingness, and the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception.

The base of boundless space is achieved by meditating on the absence of the meditation object. It is realised that the space occupied by the object is boundless and that the mind too is boundless space. The base of boundless consciousness involves a realisation that the boundless space is boundless consciousness. The base of nothingness is a realisation that the present does not exist, the meditator should &quot;give attention to the present non-existence, voidness, secluded aspect of that same past consciousness belonging to the base consisting of boundless space&quot; (Gunaratana 1988). The base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception is a realisation that nothing is perceived in the void.

In Theravada Buddhism the attainment of the fourth jhana and its immaterial jhanas represents a mastery of serenity meditation. This is a foundation for insight meditation.

Buddhism is very practical and eschews delusions. It is realised that serenity meditation is a state of mind, a steady foundation that might, nowadays be called a physiological state. It is through insight meditation where the practitioner becomes a philosopher that enlightenment is obtained.

'''Further reading'''

The Buddhist Publication Society. Especially: The Jhanas In Theravada Buddhist Meditation by Henepola Gunaratana. The Wheel Publication No. 351/353 {{ISBN|955-24-0035-X}}. 1988 Buddhist Publication Society.
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/bps/index.html

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    <title>Employment Discrimination/Preface</title>
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      <text bytes="743" sha1="k86jiuiy4hzs82jukggl9gth6n1owea" xml:space="preserve">=Preface=

This is a textbook in the United States (primarily federal) law of employment discrimination. It is designed primarily for undergraduate students who have an interest in the field, not for law school students who would require a more detailed analysis of the statutes and cases involved.

The text assumes a basic familiarity with such legal concepts as common law reasoning, the creation of statutes, the fundamentals of contract and tort, etc.

Darth Vader (a.k.a. Anakin), Professor of Legal Studies at Johnson &amp; Wales University, began work on this wikibook on September 29, 2005.

To maintain consistency, contributors should name each new page &quot;EmplDiscr xxxxx&quot;, where &quot;Homer Simpson&quot; is the name of the new page.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Orbitminis</username>
        <id>3501140</id>
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      <comment>new orthography (reason: the previous kashubian orthography from 1996 is already outdated according to the Kashubian Language Council resolution 2014)</comment>
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      <text bytes="163" sha1="c6hkt24gbkcyweyajir8rea8ok5o7yk" xml:space="preserve">Ze sprawama tikającyma sã kaszëbiznë, biéj na [[Talk:False Friends of the Slavist/Kashubian|kaszëbską starnã diskùsje]].&lt;noinclude&gt;{{BookCat}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <comment>ort.</comment>
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&lt;td style=&quot;width: 90px;&quot;&gt;[[{{FFFlag-ka}}|80px|Kashubian flag]]&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;'''Przédnyma jãzëkama ti starnë są kaszëbsczi, pòlsczi ë anielsczi.'''

'''Głównymi językami tej strony są kaszubski, polski i angielski.'''

'''The main languages of this page are Kashubian, Polish and English.'''
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;width: 90px;&quot;&gt;[[Image:English language.svg|80px|English language flag]]&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;[[{{FFFlag-pl}}|80px|Polish flag]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</text>
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    <title>Unicode/Character reference/2F000-2FFFF</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51845-45</username>
        <id>3626889</id>
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      <comment>/* */ added new blocks</comment>
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#d0ff66;{{text default color}}&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F800|&amp;#x2f800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F801|&amp;#x2f801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F802|&amp;#x2f802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F803|&amp;#x2f803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F804|&amp;#x2f804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F805|&amp;#x2f805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F806|&amp;#x2f806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F807|&amp;#x2f807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F808|&amp;#x2f808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F809|&amp;#x2f809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80A|&amp;#x2f80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80B|&amp;#x2f80b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80C|&amp;#x2f80c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80D|&amp;#x2f80d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80E|&amp;#x2f80e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F80F|&amp;#x2f80f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#d0ff66;{{text default color}}&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}&quot;|2F81x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F810|&amp;#x2f810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F811|&amp;#x2f811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F812|&amp;#x2f812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F813|&amp;#x2f813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F814|&amp;#x2f814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F815|&amp;#x2f815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F816|&amp;#x2f816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F817|&amp;#x2f817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F818|&amp;#x2f818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F819|&amp;#x2f819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81A|&amp;#x2f81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81B|&amp;#x2f81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81C|&amp;#x2f81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81D|&amp;#x2f81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81E|&amp;#x2f81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81F|&amp;#x2f81f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#d0ff66;{{text default color}}&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}&quot;|2F82x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F820|&amp;#x2f820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F821|&amp;#x2f821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F822|&amp;#x2f822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F823|&amp;#x2f823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F824|&amp;#x2f824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F825|&amp;#x2f825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F826|&amp;#x2f826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F827|&amp;#x2f827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F828|&amp;#x2f828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F829|&amp;#x2f829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82A|&amp;#x2f82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82B|&amp;#x2f82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82C|&amp;#x2f82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82D|&amp;#x2f82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82E|&amp;#x2f82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82F|&amp;#x2f82f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#d0ff66;{{text default color}}&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}&quot;|2F83x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F830|&amp;#x2f830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F831|&amp;#x2f831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F832|&amp;#x2f832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F833|&amp;#x2f833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F834|&amp;#x2f834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F835|&amp;#x2f835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F836|&amp;#x2f836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F837|&amp;#x2f837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F838|&amp;#x2f838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F839|&amp;#x2f839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F83A|&amp;#x2f83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F83B|&amp;#x2f83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F83C|&amp;#x2f83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F83D|&amp;#x2f83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F83E|&amp;#x2f83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F83F|&amp;#x2f83f;}}
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  <page>
    <title>Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science/First Aid, Standard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97344</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672414</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51740-64</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* c. Gunshot wounds */</comment>
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      <text bytes="14356" sha1="6p6jsrcr2emoaky6c61dvjdj46795ll" xml:space="preserve">{{honor_header|2|1938|Health and Science|General Conference}}
'''Instructor for Skills Required'''

If residing in the United States or another country in which Red Cross instruction is given, satisfactorily pass the Red Cross Examination in Standard First Aid and receive your certificate.

In British countries pass the examination in St. John Ambulance and receive certificate for the same.

Or complete the following requirements:
==1. Know the basic principles for mouth-to-mouth breathing and the treatment for an obstructed airway.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Rescue_breathing}}

==2. Know what is the difference between a heart attack and a stroke and the treatment for each?==
===Heart Attack===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heart_attack}}
===Stroke===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Stroke}}

==3. Know the proper procedure for assisting a bleeding victim.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Bleeding}}
==4. Know the pressure points and how to correctly apply pressure at those points.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Pressure_points}}
==5. Know the proper method of applying a tourniquet and when to apply one.==
A '''tourniquet''' is a tightly tied band applied around a body part (an arm or a leg) sometimes used in an attempt to stop severe traumatic bleeding. Severe bleeding means the loss of more than 1,000 ml (1 litre) of blood.  This flow of blood can soak a paper or cloth handkerchief in a few seconds.   In such a situation, the bleeding will cause the death of the casualty in seconds to minutes.

A tourniquet is a ''last resort'' method of bleeding control. Other methods that should be applied first and in conjunction, if possible, include:

* direct pressure
* elevation of the limb or wound above the heart
* the use of a pressure point to slow the artery above the injury(s)
* blood-clotting agents or bandages

Even in cases of amputation, most bleeding can be controlled through these alternative methods.  The rare exception is when a limb is shattered by massive trauma or when a major blood vessel is torn along its length.  Even in these cases, the use of a pressure point above the wound is strongly preferred.

As the tourniquet stops blood flow to the limb, it can cause the death of the limb, forcing the later surgical amputation of the limb just below the level the tourniquet is applied.  This is likely to occur when the tourniquet stays in place several hours.  In any event, once a tourniquet has been applied, advanced medical care from a doctor or hospital ''will'' be required to salvage the limb if not save the life of the patient.

The decision to employ a tourniquet should be made by an emergency medical technician or preferably a doctor if at all possible.  But when severe external bleeding cannot be controlled by other means, a tourniquet may be the only way for a first-aider to save the casualty.

Most civilian first aid instruction in the United States no longer teaches the use of the tourniquet for the following reasons:
* the effectiveness of direct pressure, elevation and pressure points (controlling severe bleeding in up to 90% of cases as estimated by US medical sources)
* the increased difficulty of reattaching an amputated limb when a tourniquet has been applied to the victim
* unnecessary use by poorly trained bystanders
* the unavoidable risks to both limb and life even when properly employed
* the rare nature of injuries that require tourniquets, which typically occur in unusual settings such as working with agricultural or industrial machinery and the battlefield

The use of a tourniquet by a layperson in countries where it is considered outside the scope of practice of first aid may result in civil lawsuits and/or criminal charges, especially if the application was later found to have been unnecessary.

==6. Know the causes of shock and demonstrate its proper treatment.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Shock}}
==7. Know the proper procedure for assisting a victim of poisoning.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison}}
==8. Know the proper procedure for assisting a burn victim.==
===Thermal Burns===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Burns}}
===Chemical Burns===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Chemical_burn}}

==9. Know how to properly apply the following bandages==
===a. Open and closed spiral===
Start by laying a strip of roller bandage along the length of the limb, from the larger portion to the smaller (for example, from the elbow to the wrist, or from the knee to the ankle).  Then make two or three turns around the smaller part of the limb, and then wind upward in a spiral fashion, covering the first part of the bandage that was laid down.  For an open spiral, leave gaps between successive windings.  This is useful for holding dressings in place over a large area, as needed in the case of a burn.  For a closed spiral, overlap each winding.  Secure at the top by tying the two ends of the bandage together with a square knot.

===b. Figure-eight===

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ankle_splint}}

The figure-eight bandage can also be used on the hand, wrist, elbow, and knee.

===c. Fingertip===
Begin by laying the bandage along the length of the injured finger, leaving the end extending a couple of inches to the center of the palm.  Then take the bandage over the fingertip, and going back down again on the other side to the base of the finger.  Twist the bandage, and begin spiraling towards the fingertip.  When the top joint of the finger is reached, spiral downwards again towards the base of the finger.  Tie the two ends together with a square knot to secure the bandage.

===d. Cravat bandage to the head===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Cravat_bandage_to_head}}

==10. Know how to apply the following splints==
===a. Upper arm splint===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Upper_arm_splint}}
===b. Forearm splint===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Forearm_splint}}
===c. Ankle splint===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ankle_splint}}
===d. Kneecap splint===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First_aid/Kneecap_splint}}

==11. Know the proper treatment for the following==
===a. Head injuries===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Head_injury}}

===b. Internal injuries===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Internal injuries}}

===c. Gunshot wounds===
A gunshot wound is a medical emergency and will require treatment at a medical facility.
First, control any bleeding by using the pressure points and by elevating the injured area.  Do not try to remove the bullet, it may help a doctor to determine the extent of the injury, and its removal may increase the bleeding.  Cut or tear away any clothing covering the wound.  Do not pour any liquids into the wound.  Wipe any debris away from the wound, but be careful not to wipe it towards the wound - always wipe ''away'' from the wound.  Cover the wound with a bandage and fasten it securely so that it will not hang on anything during transport or slip off.  Reassure the victim and get

===d. Injuries to the eye===
Wounds that involve the eyelids or the soft tissue around the eye must be handled carefully to  avoid further damage.  If the injury does not involve the eyeball, apply a sterile compress  and hold it in place with a firm bandage.  If the eyeball appears to be injured, use a loose   bandage. (Remember that you must NEVER attempt to remove any object that is embedded in the eyeball or that has penetrated it; just apply a dry, sterile compress to cover both eyes, and hold the compress in place with a  loose bandage). Any person who has suffered a facial wound that involves the eye, the eyelids, or the tissues around the eye must receive medical attention as soon as possible. Be sure to keep the victim lying down.  Use a stretcher for transport.

Many eye wounds contain foreign objects.  Dirt, coal, cinders, eyelashes, bits of metal, and a variety of other objects may become lodged in the eye.  Since even a small piece of dirt is intensely irritating to the eye, the removal of such objects is important. However, the eye is easily damaged.  Impairment of vision (or even total loss of vision) can result from fumbling, inexpert attempts to remove foreign objects from the eye.  The following  precautions must be observed: 
* '''DO NOT''' allow the victim to rub the eye.
* '''DO NOT''' press against the eye or manipulate it in any way that might cause the object to become embedded in the tissues of the eye.  Be very gentle; roughness is almost sure to cause injury to the eye. 
* '''DO NOT''' use such things as knives, toothpicks, matchsticks, or wires to remove the object. 
* '''DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES ATTEMPT  TO  REMOVE  AN  OBJECT THAT IS EMBEDDED IN THE EYEBALL OR THAT HAS PENETRATED THE EYE!''' If you see a splinter or other object sticking out from the eyeball, leave it alone!   Only specially trained medical personnel can hope to save the victim’s sight if an object has actually penetrated the eyeball.

Small objects that are lodged on the surface of the eye or on the membrane lining the eyelids can usually be removed by the following procedures: 
# Try  to  wash  the  eye  gently  with  lukewarm, sterile water.    A sterile medicine dropper or a sterile  syringe  can  be  used  for  this  purpose. Have the victim lie down, with the head turned slightly  to  one  side. Hold the eyelids apart.  Direct the flow of water to  the  inside  corner  of  the  eye,  and  let  it  run down to the outside corner.  Do not let the water fall directly onto the eyeball. 
# Gently pull the lower lid down, and instruct the victim to look up. If you can see the object, try to remove it with the corner of a clean handkerchief or with a small moist cotton swab. You can make the swab by twisting cotton around a wooden applicator, not too tightly, and moistening it with sterile water. &lt;br&gt;'''CAUTION:''' Never use dry cotton anywhere near the eye.  It will stick to the eyeball or to the inside of the lids, and you will have the problem of removing it as well as the original object. 
# If you cannot see the object when the lower lid is pulled  down, turn the upper lid back  over a smooth wooden applicator.  Tell the victim to look down. Place the applicator  lengthwise across the center of the upper lid.  Grasp  the lashes of the upper lid gently but firmly.   Press gently   with   the   applicator. Pull   up   on   the eyelashes,   turning   the   lid   back   over   the applicator.     If  you  can  see  the  object,  try  to remove it with a moist cotton swab or with the corner of a clean handkerchief. 
# If the foreign object cannot be removed by any of the above methods,  '''DO NOT MAKE ANY FURTHER ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE IT.''' Instead, place a small, thick gauze dressing over both  eyes  and  hold  it  in  place  with  a   loose bandage.   This limits movement of the injured eye. 
# Get medical help for the victim at the earliest opportunity.

===e. Animal and insect bites===
'''Animal Bites'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Animal bites}}

'''Insect Bites'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Insect bites}}

===f. Fainting and epilepsy===
'''Fainting'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Fainting}}

'''Epilepsy'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Epilepsy}}

===g. Effects of heat and cold===
'''Heat Exhaustion'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion}}

'''Heat Stroke'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke}}

'''Hypothermia'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hypothermia}}

'''Frostbite'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Frostbite}}

==12. Know the proper procedure to assist a radiation-exposure victim.==
In the case of a nuclear accident or terrorist plot, a person might be exposed to radiation. First aid is to 
*Remove all the victims clothing and discard it. 
*Vigorously wash the victim with soap and water for an extended period of time in a shower.  
*Get the victim to a medical care facility.
*Report the incident to authorities.

==13. Know what to do in an electrical emergency.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Electric wire contact}}

==14. Know how to escape from a fire.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Smoke fire}}

==15. Know how to obtain help in an emergency==
With the advent of the cell phone, the most effective way of obtaining help in an emergency is by calling 911.  Most cell phones are equipped with a GPS module which allows their location to be pin-pointed by a satellite.  The cell phone automatically relays this information to the 911 operator.

However, sometimes a cell phone is either not available, or it is not within range of a cell phone antenna tower.  If you find yourself facing an emergency in the wilderness, you may have to attempt to signal aircraft.  Three ways of doing that are presented here:

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Signaling aircraft}}

==16. Know the following rescue carries==
===a. Drag by shoulder ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Shoulder drag}}
===b. Blanket drag ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Blanket drag}}
===c. Two-person carry ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Two person carry}}
===d. Carry by extremities ===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Carry by extremities}}
===e. Improvised litter===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Improvised litter}}

===f. Three-person hammock carry===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hammock carry}}
===g. Litter carry===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Litter carry}}

==References==
*http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/10669-c/index.htm
*http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14295/index.htm
*http://www.tpub.com/content/aviationandaccessories/TM-1-1680-359-10/index.htm TM-1-1680-359-10
*http://www.cert-la.com/liftcarry/Liftcarry.htm

[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>MATLAB Programming/Portable Functions</title>
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        <username>TechVindicator</username>
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      <comment>typos fixed: Celcius &gt; Celsius</comment>
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      <text bytes="15591" sha1="g0m5a5tnhlzuenfjh2sntcnsduj8fc7" xml:space="preserve">{{MatlabNav}}
==Functions in MATLAB==
A function is a group of sequential expression statements (a.k.a pseudo-algorithm) that are formed together perform a task.
In MATLAB, functions are defined in separate files. The name of the file and of the function MUST be the same.
Functions operate on variables within their own workspace, which is also called the local workspace, separate from the workspace you access at the MATLAB command prompt which is called the base workspace.

Functions can accept more than one input arguments and may return more than one output arguments.
 

The sntax of functions as followed&lt;br&gt;

'''function [y1,...,yN] = myfunc(x1,...,xM)''' &lt;br&gt;

where syntax declares a function named '''''myfunc''''' that accepts inputs '''x1,...,xM''' and returns outputs '''y1,...,yN''' . &lt;br&gt;
This declaration statement must be the first executable line of the function. Valid function names begin with an alphabetic character, and can contain letters, numbers, or underscores.

===Create Functions in Separate Files===
[[File:MATLAB-Select Function.png|left|150px| Screenshot of MATLAB on how to select &quot;Function&quot;]]
To create a new function, at &quot;Home&quot; tab, click on &quot;New&quot; ---&gt; &quot;Functions&quot;
It will create a template looks like the following:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
function [outputArg1,outputArg2] = untitled2(inputArg1,inputArg2)
%UNTITLED Summary of this function goes here
%   Detailed explanation goes here
outputArg1 = inputArg1;
outputArg2 = inputArg2;
end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
====Declare a function====
To demonstrate a function usefulness, we are going to take a hypothetical situations , &lt;br&gt;
''Recently, in your class there are some exchange students from America whom are consistently complaining the weather is hot outside, when they check on their weather app, they exclaimed the weather is '''100 degrees''' outside. But as to the people who never uses the imperial units before, you might wonder, what is the temperature outside right now ?''

So, to solve the question, it might be a good time to create a custom functions to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius .&lt;br&gt;
First of all, we must know the conversion formula from Fahrenheit to Celsius which is given as:
&lt;math&gt;C^o = (F^o-32)*\frac{5}{9}&lt;/math&gt;

At &quot;Home&quot; tab, click on &quot;New&quot; ---&gt; &quot;Functions&quot;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
function [Ce] = convertTemp(Fa)
% Convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius

Ce = (Fa-32)*(5/9);
end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Click on save button to save the functions as '''convertTemp.m''' file&lt;br&gt;
'''Note: The filename MUST be same as function name or else it won't work !'''

Later, on the '''Current Folder Panel''', select the directory where you save the function files just now.

====Calling a function====
To call the newly created function, do the following:
On the '''Command Window Panel''', type this command as shown
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; convertTemp(100)

ans =
   37.7778
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Hence, the weather outside is almost '''38 Celsius degrees'''.
====Benefits of functions====
Why this is beneficial, you might ask  ?

Well, from this exercise , you can see that you can just type function name to execute the calculation especially for repetitive tasks.&lt;br&gt;
Just imagine for example above, it will be a real time saver to just type function convertTemp instead of manually typing formula each tims.

==Type of functions==
The type of functions includes such as:
* Anonymous Functions
* Local Functions
* Nested Functions
* Private Functions
* Inline function (Phased out in future version)
===Anonymous Functions===

Anonymous functions allow you to define a function without creating a program file, as long as the function consists of a single statement. A common application of anonymous functions is to define a mathematical expression without creating a separate files.  

Here is how the anonymous syntax looks like
         '''output = @(arguments) expression'''
where,
output  = output to be returned
arguments = required inputs to be passed
expression = a single formula/logic

It can accept multiple inputs and return one output. They can contain only a single executable statement.

Here, we have an examples of converting Fahrenheit to Celsius.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; convTempF = @(Fa) (Fa-32)*(5/9);
&gt;&gt; convTempF(88)

ans =
   31.1111

&gt;&gt; convTempF(60)

ans =
   15.5556
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;  

Another example here is using anonymous function to convert minute to seconds
(NOTE: 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds)

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
  &gt;&gt; convert_min_to_s = @(t) t*60;
  &gt;&gt; convert_min_to_s(4)

  ans =
     240
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Local functions===

Sometimes in mathematics, you might be encountering an issue where you might find a use case where function that are better to be calculated within its own function.&lt;br&gt;
Rather than running separate functions to get one output, you just need to run just one function to get the multiple output. This is where local functions comes in. &lt;/br&gt;
To clarify further, in a function file, the '''first function''' in the file is called the main or parent function. 
Additional functions within the file are called '''local functions''', and they can occur in any order after the main function. Local functions are only visible to other functions in the same file. These are equivalent to subroutines in other programming languages, and are sometimes called sub-functions.

The application for this local functions is in a complex function, it would be easier to be broken down to smaller piece of functions and we are certain that the functions are going to be used in same functions and not at other functions.

====Examples of local functions====
To illustrate an examples, we will create a function '''''statistik''''' which will take in a series of number and return an output of basic function of statistic such as max, min, average and standard deviation. We will give it just a sting of random numbers and it will produce all the usual statistic results.

First of all, we need to create a function named statistik , follow the instruction here at '''Create Functions in Separate Files'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
function [max,min,ave,stdev]  = statistik(v) % this is the main function and can call to other local functions
% The function where it takes arguments of series and it will calculate the basic statistic info
% min function selects the smallest number in the series 
% max function selects the largest number in the series
% ave function calculate the average of the series
% stdev function calculate the standard deviations
max = maxf(v);
min = minf(v);
ave = avef(v);
stdev = stdevf(v);
end %end of function statistik

function a=maxf(v) 
%Sub function selects the largest number in the series
a = max(v);
end %end of function maxf

function b= minf(v)
%Sub function selects the smallest number in the series 
b = min(v);
end %end of function minf

function c = avef(v)
%Sub function to calculate the average of the series
c = mean(v);
end %end of function avef

function d = stdevf(v)
%Sub function to calculate the std dev of the series
d = std(v);
end %end of function stdevf
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;  

After creating function '''''statistik''''' in a separate file, we generate a random set of number inside the Command Window using '''randi''' function
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; V = randi(50,1,10)

V =
    25    29    12    23    49    28    27    12    25    32
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;  

We call the function statistik as followed inside the Command Window:&lt;br&gt;
'''[maximum,minimum,average,stdeviation]=statistik(V)'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
maximum =
    49

minimum =
    12

average =
   26.2000

stdeviation =
   10.4435
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; 

Although you cannot call a local function from the command line or from functions in other files, you can access its help using the help function. &lt;br&gt;
Specify names of both the file and the local function, separating them with a &gt; character.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; help statistik&gt;avef
 Sub function to calculate the average of the series
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Nested Function ===
Nested functions are functions that are nested entirely inside the main functions.&lt;br&gt;
The primary difference between nested functions and local functions is that nested functions can use variables defined in parent functions without explicitly passing those variables as arguments.

====Requirements of nested functions====
(a) To nest any function in a program file, all functions in that file must use an end statement.&lt;br&gt;
(b) A nested function can't be defined inside any of the program control statements, such as if/elseif/else, switch/case, for, while, or try/catch.&lt;br&gt;
(c) A nested function either directly by function name , or using a function handle that you created using the @ operator (refer to anonymous function).&lt;br&gt;
(d) All of the variables in nested functions or the functions that contain them must be explicitly defined. That is, you cannot call a function or script that assigns values to variables unless those variables already exist in the function workspace.&lt;br&gt;

====Examples of nested functions====
[[File:Cylinder1.png|thumb|Cylindrical metal ingots]]
We have a hypothetical situations where we need to estimate the weight of metal ingots which are in cylindrical shape.&lt;br&gt;
First, before we started on figuring out the metal ingots weight, we need to break down the problems into smaller piece.&lt;br&gt;
To figure out the weight of the metal, we need to figure out the density and before figuring out density we need to figure out volume of the metal. 

To start off, before we start to know the volume of ingot, we first calculate the surface area of the cylinder base which is circle.&lt;br&gt;
Area of circles is defined as &lt;math&gt; A = \Pi r^{2} &lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
,r is radius of base circle

We can use the area of circle to calculate the volume of cylinder &lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt; V = A*h &lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;
,h is height of cylinder.
&lt;math&gt; V = ( \Pi r^{2} ) h &lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;

Lastly, we use the volume and density to calculate the weight&lt;br&gt;
&lt;math&gt; W = V * D &lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;
where D is density.

[[File:MATLAB - Increase Indent.png|thumb|How to increase indent]]
In MATLAB, we formulate the formula such as these.&lt;br&gt;
Note: For the nested functions beside main functions, we need to indent the functions .
Editor -&gt; Indent. 

Note:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
function[]=ingot_calc()
    %This function is to calculate the price of an cylindrical ingot
    r = 3 ; % radius of base circle
    h = 10; % height of ingot
    d = 4.5;% density of the metal
    ar = circle_area;
    vo = volume;
    we = weight;
    

    function a = circle_area
       %calculate area of circle for the radius 
       a=pi*r*r; 
       at=['Area of circle is ',num2str(a,'%8.2f') , ' cm2'];
       disp(at)
    end
    
    function v = volume
        %calculate volume 
        v = ar* h;
        vt=['Volume of the ingot is ',num2str(v,'%8.2f') , 'cm3'];
        disp(vt)
    end
    
    function w = weight
        %calculate weight
        w = vo*d;
        wt=['The weight of ingot is ',num2str(w,'%8.2f'), ' g'];
        disp(wt)
    end
end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

When we calling '''ingot_calc''' function in the command window, it should display the values
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; ingot_calc
Area of circle is 28.27 cm2
Volume of the ingot is 282.74cm3
The weight of ingot is 1272.35 g
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Inline Functions===

Inline functions are currently being phased out.  Anonymous functions should be used instead.  Inline functions are included here for information purposes.  

  &gt;&gt; convert_s_to_ms = inline('x*1000','x');
  &gt;&gt; convert_s_to_ms(20)
  ans =
      20000

==Function Handles==
[[File:Elongated cone.png|thumb|Outdoor carnival tent]]
''Function handles'' are doubles serving as an abstract reference to the function. Handles allow an equation to be passed to another function for direct evaluation. Anonymous functions are useful for command-line evaluation or for multiple evaluations in the same m-file.  

The ampersat returns the handle of a function either built into Matlab or defined in an M-file.

To illustrate example, we need to build a tent as shown on the picture but we need to figure out what is the amount of tarp that are needed to build the carnival tent.
Therefore, we will create two separate functions which take the radius and slant height of cone (cone) plus radius and height of cylinder (cylinder) .&lt;br&gt;

To refresh the your memory, formula for cone surface (remember we focus slanting area and ignore the base area) is &lt;math&gt; \Pi r l &lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;
and cylinder surface (remember that one side of circle of cylinder is not calculated) is  &lt;math&gt; 2 \Pi r h + \Pi r ^{2} &lt;/math&gt; &lt;br&gt;
, where the ''r'' is the shared radius of cylinder and cone, ''l'' is the length of slanting height of cone and finally ''h'' is height of cylinder.

Follow steps in '''Create Functions in Separate Files''' to start create '''totalsurftent'''

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
function [surfcone,surfcylin]  = totalsurftent(r,l,h)
% The function where it takes arguments of r,l,h to calculate surface area of cylinder and cone
% r is radius
% l is slanting lenth of cone
% h is cylinder height
surfcone = sacone(r,l);
surfcylin = sacylin(r,h);
end

function on=sacone(r,l) 
%Sub function to calculate face area of cylinder
on = pi*r*l;
end

function yl= sacylin(r,h)
%Sub function to calculate face area of cylinder   
yl = (2*pi*r*h)+(pi*r^2);
end
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

We can know the surface area by typing following commands:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;MatLab&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt; %Testing out the custom functions totalsurftent
&gt;&gt; [areacone,areasurfcylin]  = totalsurftent(3,3,3)

areafcone =
   28.2743

areacylin =
   84.8230
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


===Function Handles in m-files===

If you are not familiar with m-files, then skip this and come back. 

A function handle passes an ''m-file function'' into another function. This of course lets you have more control over what's passed there, and makes your program more general as it lets you pass ''any'' m-file (as long as it meets other requirements like having the right number of input arguments and so on). The functionality is similar to that of function pointers in C++.

To pass an m-file to a function, you must first write the m-file, say something like this:

 function xprime = f(t,x)
 xprime = x;

Save it as myfunc.m. To pass this to another function, say an ODE integrator, use the @ symbol as follows:

 &gt;&gt; ode45(@myfunc, [0:15], 1)

One advantage of using function handles over anonymous functions is that you can evaluate more than one equation in the m-file, thus allowing you to do things like solve ''systems'' of ODEs rather than only one. Anonymous functions limit you to one equation.

=== How to write a function that accepts a function handle ===

Functions can accept function handles. To do this define them as variables in your header, and then call the handles as if they were functions:

 % myadd adds two variables together
 function result = myfunc(func, a, b);
 result = func(a, b);
 
 [in a separate m-file]
 function sum = myadd(a, b)
 sum = a+b;

The command you send to myfunc looks like this:

 &gt;&gt; result = myfunc(@myadd, 1, 2);
 result = 3

==References==
&lt;ref&gt; https://blogs.mathworks.com/loren/2008/01/16/nested-functions-and-variable-scope/ &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt; https://web.archive.org/web/20220727140850/https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-in-matlab/ &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt; https://web.archive.org/web/20220730143213/https://www.educba.com/matlab-functions/ &lt;/ref&gt;


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The algebra of '''Quaternions''' is a structure first studied by the Irish mathematician [[w:en:William Rowan Hamilton|William Rowan Hamilton]] which extends the two-dimensional complex numbers to four dimensions.  Multiplication is non-commutative in quaternions, a feature which enables its representation of three-dimensional rotation. Hamilton's provocative discovery of quaternions founded the field of [[Abstract Algebra/Hypercomplex numbers|hypercomplex numbers]]. Suggestive methods like dot products and cross products implicit in quaternion products enabled algebraic description of geometry now widely applied in science and engineering.

==Definitions==
[[File:Inscription on Broom Bridge (Dublin) regarding the discovery of Quaternions multiplication by Sir William Rowan Hamilton.jpg|right|thumb|Quaternion plaque on Broom Bridge, Dublin, which says: 
{{center/top}}
Here as he walked by&lt;br&gt;on the 16th of October 1843&lt;br&gt;Sir William Rowan Hamilton&lt;br&gt;in a flash of genius discovered&lt;br&gt;the fundamental formula for&lt;br&gt;quaternion multiplication 
{{math|1=''i''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''j''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''k''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''ijk'' = −1}} &amp; cut it on a stone of this bridge
{{center/end}}
]]


A '''Quaternion''' corresponds to an ordered 4-tuple &lt;math&gt;q=(a,b,c,d)&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;a,b,c,d\in\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;. A quaternion is denoted &lt;math&gt;q=a + b i + c j + d k&lt;/math&gt;. The sum &lt;math&gt; b i + c j + d k&lt;/math&gt; is called the '''vector part''' of ''q'', and ''a'' is the '''real part'''. Hamilton coined the term ''vector'' in this context. Subsequent developments have extended the usage of the term ''vector'' to any element of a linear space. The vectors in H form a 3-dimensional subspace ''V''.

The set of all quaternions is denoted by &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{H}&lt;/math&gt;. It is straightforward to define component-wise addition and scalar multiplication on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{H}&lt;/math&gt;, making it a [[Abstract Algebra/Vector Spaces|real vector space]].

Multiplication follows the rules of the &quot;quaternion group&quot; Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; = {1, -1, i, -i, j, -j, k, -k} that Hamilton carved into a stone of Broom Bridge, Dublin:

:&lt;math&gt;i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = -1&lt;/math&gt;

The rules for the pairwise multiplication of &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;j&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; are:

:&lt;math&gt; ij=k,\ \ jk=i,\ \ ki=j &lt;/math&gt; (positive cyclic products)

:&lt;math&gt;ji=-k,\ \ kj=-i,\ \ ik=-j&lt;/math&gt; (negative cyclic products).

Using these, one can define a general rule for multiplication of quaternions. Because quaternion multiplication is ''not'' commutative, &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{H}&lt;/math&gt; is a ''not'' a field. However, every nonzero quaternion has a multiplicative inverse (see below), so the quaternions are an example of a '''division ring'''. It is important to note that the non-commutative nature of quaternion multiplication makes it impossible to define the quotient &lt;math&gt;p/q&lt;/math&gt; of two quaternions ''p'' and ''q'' unambiguously, as the quantities &lt;math&gt;pq^{-1}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;q^{-1}p&lt;/math&gt; are generally different.

Like the more familiar complex numbers, the quaternions have a '''conjugation''', often denoted by a superscript star: &lt;math&gt;q^*&lt;/math&gt;. The conjugate of the quaternion &lt;math&gt;q=a+bi+cj+dk&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;q^*=a-bi-cj-dk&lt;/math&gt;. As is the case for the complex numbers, the product &lt;math&gt;qq^*&lt;/math&gt; is always a positive real number equal to the sum of the squares of the quaternion's components. The '''norm ''' of a quaternion is the square root of  &lt;math&gt;qq^*&lt;/math&gt;.

If ''pq'' is the product of two quaternions, then &lt;math&gt;(pq)(pq)^* = (p p^*)(q q^*),&lt;/math&gt; implying that &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{H}&lt;/math&gt; forms a [[Associative Composition Algebra|composition algebra]].

The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero quaternion &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; is given by
 
:&lt;math&gt;q^{-1}=\frac{q^*}{qq^*}&lt;/math&gt; where division is defined since &lt;math&gt;qq^* \ne 0.&lt;/math&gt; 

Unlike in the complex case, the conjugate &lt;math&gt;q^*&lt;/math&gt; of a quaternion &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; can be computed algebraically:

:&lt;math&gt;q^*=-\frac{1}{2}(q+iqi+jqj+kqk)&lt;/math&gt;.

==Versors and elliptic space==
William Kingdon Clifford used Hamilton’s quaternions to explicate rotation geometry as an elliptic space with its own variety of lines, parallels, and surfaces. The ideas were reviewed in 1948 by Lemaitre and Coxeter and that sketch has these definitions:

A '''versor''' is a quaternion of norm one, thus it lies on a 3-dimensional sphere found in the 4-space of quaternions. The versors are given by Euler's formula for complex numbers where the imaginary unit is taken from the unit sphere in the 3-space of vector quaternions:
:&lt;math&gt;v = \cos c + s \sin c = e^{cs} , \ \ s^2 = -1 .&lt;/math&gt;

The '''distance''' between two versors ''u'' and ''v'' is &lt;math&gt;d(u,v) = \arccos (u v^* + v u^*)/2 .&lt;/math&gt;

A '''right parataxy''' on elliptic space is effected by multiplying on the right by a versor &lt;math&gt;v = e^{cs} .&lt;/math&gt; Similarly a '''left parataxy''' arises from left multiplication. In recognition of his contribution to elliptic geometry, a parataxy is called a ''Clifford translation''.

The '''general displacement''' of elliptic space is a combination of two parataxies, one left, one right:&lt;math&gt;x \mapsto u x v .&lt;/math&gt; Note that if &lt;math&gt;u = v^* ,&lt;/math&gt; then the real line in the quaternions is fixed and the displacement is a rotation of the 3-space of quaternion vectors.

The term '''line''' is appropriated for elliptic geometry. These lines are ''not'' straight, but they are parametrized by real numbers. Each line is associated with a '''right versor''' like ''s'' when ''c'' = &amp;pi;/2 in ''v''. Then &lt;math&gt;L = \{ e^{cs} : c \in R \}&lt;/math&gt; is a typical elliptic line. It corresponds to the axis of the rotation
:&lt;math&gt;x \mapsto e^{cs} x e^{-cx} .&lt;/math&gt;

Now for ''u'' not on ''L'', there are two '''Clifford parallels''' to ''L'' through ''u'': 
:&lt;math&gt;\{u e^{cs} : c \in R \}, \quad \{e^{cs} u : c \in R \} .&lt;/math&gt;
For fixed right versors ''r'' and ''s'', a Clifford surface can be formed as a union of Clifford parallels or as
:&lt;math&gt;\{ e^{cs} e^{dr} : b, c \in R \} .&lt;/math&gt;
To form elliptic space from versors, two versors ''u'' and ''v'' are equivalent if ''u'' + ''v'' = 0. Modulo this equivalence, the versors, their algebra and geometry, represent elliptic space.

==Linear viewpoint==
Quaternions may be represented by 2×2 matrices with complex number entries: the place of &lt;math&gt;i, j, k &lt;/math&gt; is taken by these arrays:
:&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix} i &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; -i \end{pmatrix}, \quad \begin{pmatrix} 0 &amp; 1 \\ -1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix}, \quad \begin{pmatrix} 0 &amp; i \\ i &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix}.&lt;/math&gt;
One uses matrix multiplication to verify that these expressions obey the rules of presentation of Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;. 

M(2,C) denotes the full algebra of 2×2 complex matrices, which has eight real dimensions, and sustains a representation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{H}&lt;/math&gt; as a four-dimensional subalgebra. The linear properties of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{H}&lt;/math&gt; and M(2,C) assure the fidelity of the representation once the copy of Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; has been identified.

Quaternions, like other associative hypercomplex systems of the 19th century, eventually were viewed as matrix algebras in the 20th century. However, in 1853 Hamilton included biquaternions in his book of ''Lectures on Quaternions''. 

'''Biquaternions''' are quaternions with complex number coefficients, sometimes called ''complex quaternions''. Biquaternions form an algebra isomorphic to M(2,C). If the rows or columns of a matrix are proportional, then the [[Linear Algebra/Definition of Determinant|determinant]] is zero, and there is no inverse. Nevertheless, such matrices have been used in physical science to represent events on a light-path from the origin. Authors Silberstein and Lanczos refer to this algebra as the biquaternions, but other writers have abandoned the label: Elie Cartan used M(2,C) extensively in ''The Theory of Spinors'' (1938), and Wolfgang Pauli, in his matrix mechanics of the atom, caused himself to be associated with M(2,C). 

===Pauli Spin Matrices===
Quaternions are closely related to the Pauli spin matrices of Quantum Mechanics. The Pauli matrices are often denoted as&lt;br /&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\sigma_1=\begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ 1 &amp; 0\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt; , &lt;math&gt;\sigma_2=\begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; -i \\ i &amp; 0\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt; , &lt;math&gt;\sigma_3=\begin{pmatrix}1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; -1\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

(Where &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt; is the well known quantity &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{-1}&lt;/math&gt; of complex numbers)

The 2×2 identity matrix is sometimes taken as &lt;math&gt;\sigma_0&lt;/math&gt;.

Thus &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;, the real linear span of the matrices &lt;math&gt;\sigma_0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;i\sigma_1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;i\sigma_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;i\sigma_3&lt;/math&gt;, is isomorphic to &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{H}&lt;/math&gt;. For example, take this matrix product:

:&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}i &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; -i\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ -1 &amp; 0\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; i \\ i &amp; 0\end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;

Or, equivalently, &amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;i\sigma_3 \ i\sigma_2 = i\sigma_1 .&lt;/math&gt;

All three of these matrices square to the negative of the identity matrix. If we take &lt;math&gt; 1=\sigma_0&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;i=i\sigma_3&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;j=i\sigma_2&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;k=i\sigma_1&lt;/math&gt;, it is easy to see that the span of the these four matrices is &quot;the same as&quot; (that is, isomorphic to) the set of quaternions &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{H}&lt;/math&gt;.

==Exercises==
# Using the presentation equations of Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;, write out the full product of two quaternions. In other words, given &lt;math&gt;q_1=a_1+b_1i+c_1j+d_1k&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;q_2=a_2+b_2i+c_2j+d_2k&lt;/math&gt;, find the components of their product &lt;math&gt;q=q_1q_2 .&lt;/math&gt;
# Show the composition algebra property &lt;math&gt;(pq)(pq)^* = (p p^*) (q q^*) .&lt;/math&gt; Hint: use [[w: Euler's four-square identity]].

==Axial pencils==
[[File:Sheaf_of_Planes.gif|thumb|right|250px|The axis of a pencil is the real axis in the 4-algebra]]
Hamilton's quaternions provide a picture of a pencil of complex number planes that fill out his hyperspace. Another pair of pencils provide alternative descriptions of 4-space as made up of planar algebras:
The hyperspace is &lt;math&gt;\reals^4&lt;/math&gt; with the first coordinate taken as the real line, and as the axis of the various pencils. The Hamilton case uses the sphere of imaginary units
:&lt;math&gt;S^2 = \{q \in H : q^2 = -1 \} = \{xi + yj + zk : x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \} .&lt;/math&gt;
Any pair of antipodal points on this sphere generates a plane isomorphic to the ordinary complex plane &lt;math&gt;\Complex .&lt;/math&gt;

The second and third pencils derive from the findings of James Cockle and Arthur Cayley. Cayley set up an arithmetic of matrix multiplication which has expedited modern science. For instance, the so-called imaginary units are represented by &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; -1 \\ 1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt; which has multiplicative square equal to the negative of the identity matrix. But then there is also by &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ 1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt; which generates an algebraic plane distinct from ordinary complex numbers. This algebra [[Associative Composition Algebra/Split-binarions|split-binarions]], has inverse proportion included as a structural feature, such as found in economics or spacetime. In fact, the Lorentz boost is exhibited by a split-binarion multiplication. The inherent relation was recognized in the 19th century by J. Cockle, W.K. Clifford, and A. Macfarlane in the English world and by some Serbians.

The second pencil is an imaginary one without linear representation. As Hamilton had a sphere of imaginary units, Macfarlane would have a sphere of hyperbolic units ''u'' with ''u''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = +1. The full algebra of split-binarions is &lt;math&gt;A = \{ q = x + y u : x, y \in \reals \}&lt;/math&gt; Any pair of elements that are polar opposite on this sphere generate a plane isomorphic to the split-binarions A. The 4-algebra containing this pencil is the '''hyperbolic quaternion''' algebra. As Oliver Heaviside and Willard Gibbs advocated a positive dot product for vectors, they have been associated with hyperbolic quaternions. When this algebra drew attention in the 1890s a &quot;great vector debate&quot; ensued in various publications including ''Nature''. When the failure of the algebra to satisfy the associative law of multiplication was noted, it was realized that no matrix representation would be found. 

Each plane of the pencil can represent a Lorentz boost. However, rotations of the vector subspace, an operation within the reach of Hamilton's structure, is beyond the means of hyperbolic quaternions, hence the Lorentz group cannot be represented with Macfarlane's algebra.

The third pencil arises from both imaginary units and hyperbolic units as found in the ring of [[Abstract Algebra/2x2 real matrices|2x2 real matrices]]. In this figure there must be noted nilpotent matrices such as by 
&lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ 0 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt; which correspond to [[Abstract Algebra/Shear and Slope|dual numbers]] in the matrix algebra. Such planes separate the complex and split-binarion planes, and are included in the pencil. The axis of the pencil is the line of matrices that are real multiples of the identity matrix. Over an alternate basis this ring is known as [[Associative Composition Algebra/Split-quaternions|split-quaternions]], and the pencil has three types of planar subrings.

== Quaternion algebras ==
The real numbers are part of Hamilton's quaternions. An objective of abstract algebra is to show algebraic structures in their most general form. The real numbers satisfy the axioms of a field and they have other properties such as order and completeness. Given an arbitrary [[Abstract Algebra/Fields|field]] ''F'', it can be associated with an abstract algebra called a ''quaternion algebra'' as follows:

The elements of a quaternion algebra are in the four-dimensional space over ''F'' : &amp;nbsp;''V'' = ''F''&lt;sup&gt; 4&lt;/sup&gt;. As in ''F'', there is a multiplicative identity 1 in ''V'', and hence a one-dimensional subspace &lt;math&gt;F \cdot 1.&lt;/math&gt; The multiplication &lt;math&gt;\times&lt;/math&gt; on ''V'' has the feature that basis vectors of the orthogonal complement of &lt;math&gt;F \cdot 1&lt;/math&gt; in ''V'' are anticommutative.

More particularly, with i and j  perpendicular in this orthogonal complement of &lt;math&gt;F \cdot 1&lt;/math&gt;, i j = &amp;minus; j i. With k = i j, and perpendicular to the plane of i and j, associativity of multiplication implies jk  = j i j = &amp;minus; i j j = &amp;minus;k j, and k i = i j i = &amp;minus;i k, so k also anticommutes with i and j. 

The multiplication on ''V'' is determined by multiplication on its basis vectors. That multiplication is not commutative (due to anticommutivity) and includes the negative for each basis vector: &lt;math&gt;B = \{ 1, -1, i, -i, j, -j, k, -k \} \subset V .&lt;/math&gt;  There are only two non-commutative groups of order eight: the quaternion group Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; and the dihedral group of symmetries of a square figure D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. Thus, for any field ''F'', there are two quaternion algebras over ''F'' corresponding to the selection of multiplication on ''B'' according to Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; or D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.

=== The smallest ones ===
The finite fields GF(''q'' ) lead to finite quadratic algebras. Here ''q'' is a power of a prime number. Since i ≠ &amp;minus; i in the groups, and since 1 ≡ &amp;minus;1 (mod 2), GF(2) is too small. The field Z&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is large enough and its quaternion algebras have 81 = 3&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; elements. The two basis-generated groups define multiplication in the algebras. The norms are isotropic quadratic forms since both algebras have null vectors, in the Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; case because of the finite characteristic of the field.

=== Historic incidents ===
The extension of quaternion theory to ''F'' = '''C''', the complex number plane, was given by Hamilton in his ''Lectures on Quaternions'' (1853).&lt;ref&gt;W. Hamilton (1853) ''Lectures on Quaternions'', [https://archive.org/details/lecturesonquater00hami/page/638/mode/2up Page 639], quaternions with complex number scalars&lt;/ref&gt;

There was a glitch in an early presentation, with ''F'' being the field of real numbers, and the basis group confused. 
In 1878 [[w:W. K. Clifford]] nearly described representation of split-quaternions with matrices:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:W. K. Clifford]] (1878) [https://archive.org/details/elementsofdynami01clifiala/page/170/mode/2up ''Elements of Dynamic''], page 170 via Internet Archive&lt;/ref&gt; He used ''K'' to express the imaginary unit &lt;math&gt;\begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ -1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix}&lt;/math&gt;. The only flaw was a missing minus sign in the equation
:&lt;math&gt;J K  = \begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ 1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ -1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-1 &amp; 0 \\  0 &amp; 1 \end{pmatrix} = -I .&lt;/math&gt;

The inexplicable mistake in a case of a finite subgroup of the general linear group hindered understanding.

The paragraphs in ''Elements of Dynamic'' included expressions equivalent to the equation
:&lt;math&gt;I^2 =\begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ -1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix} ^2 = \begin{pmatrix}1 &amp; 0 \\ 0 &amp; 1 \end{pmatrix} =  \begin{pmatrix}0 &amp; 1 \\ 1 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix} ^2 = J^2 .&lt;/math&gt;
These equations imply that I and J are ''hyperbolic units'' since the exponential series applied to an I or J axis splits into even and odd terms, which are series for hyperbolic cosine and hyperbolic sine respectively. Then &lt;math&gt; \{ \exp t J = \cosh t + J \sinh t : t \in \reals \}&lt;/math&gt; forms a hyperbola. In the &lt;math&gt;x + y J&lt;/math&gt; plane, the hyperbola satisfies &lt;math&gt;x^2 - y^2 = 1 ,&lt;/math&gt; so it is a ''unit hyperbola''. The expression &lt;math&gt;x^2 - y^2 &lt;/math&gt; is a quadratic form. Among those who study quadratic forms, this form is associated with a ''hyperbolic plane'' with its unit hyperbola.

Some clarity followed from a letter to the editor from [[w:C. G. Knott]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=C.G. |last=Knott |title=Recent Innovations in Vector Theory |journal=Nature |volume=47 |issue=1225 |pages=590–3 |year=1893 |doi=10.1038/047590b0 |bibcode=1893Natur..47R.590. |doi-access=free }} read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh 19 December 1892 and published in ''Proceedings''&lt;/ref&gt; 1892) He reaffirmed Hamilton's products in this proposition:
:If a 4-algebra on basis &lt;math&gt;\{1,\,i,\,j,\,k\}&lt;/math&gt; is associative and off-diagonal products are given by Hamilton's rules, then &lt;math&gt;i^2=-\!1=j^2=k^2&lt;/math&gt;.
'''Proof:'''
:&lt;math&gt;j = ki = (-ji)i = -j(ii)&lt;/math&gt;, so &lt;math&gt;i^2 = -1&lt;/math&gt;. Cycle the letters &lt;math&gt;i&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;j&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; to obtain &lt;math&gt;i^2=-1=j^2=k^2&lt;/math&gt;.

Another hitch is the notion of isomorphism of algebras, which should include preserving the field ''F''. Here [[w:Leonard Dickson]] ventured to nullify the difference between the complex algebras ( ''F'' = '''C''' ) over the two basis groups Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; and D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;.
He wrote in ''Linear Algebras''&lt;ref&gt;Leonard Dickson (1915) [https://archive.org/details/cu31924001557515/page/n25/mode/2up?q=quaternion Equivalence of complex quaternion and matric algebras], ''Linear Algebras'', page 15&lt;/ref&gt; that the complex quaternion and matric algebras were equivalent. There is a real isomorphism between them, but that is not a complex isomorphism preserving the field. Nevertheless, Dickson was one of the first to acknowledge the existence of a four-dimensional, real subalgebra of M(2,'''C''') other than quaternions.

So far algebras over a field have been described. When algebras over a [[Abstract Algebra/Rings|ring]] are considered, there are other &quot;quaternion algebras&quot;. Clifford used split-binarions for scalars of his biquaternions, an algebra designated ''split-biquaternions''. Several authors use dual numbers as scalars, giving ''dual quaternions''. Another case abandons the Q&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; and D&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; convention for basis-element products. A quasigroup of order 8 and the real field give ''hyperbolic quaternions''.  These three auxiliary algebras, using ''quaternion'' in their names, fall outside consideration of standard works using the presumption of an algebra over a field.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{Subject|Abstract Algebra}}</text>
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== [[Wikibooks:AI For Beginners]] ==

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== CU request ==

{{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} According to [[Special:Diff/4671813]], User:Sisterian ([[Special:Contributions/Sisterian]]) has been using genAI/LLMs for their contributions. User:Pamela Talemwa ([[Special:Contributions/Pamela_Talemwa]]) &amp; User:Sisterian overlap at [[A Young Reader's Guide to a Healthy Environment]] ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4671755&amp;diffmode=source], [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&amp;oldid=4665328]). What do our admins and CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:11, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:Sisterian]] has also created a page in another person's userspace, [[User:Samah2025/sandbox/A Young Girl’s Guide to Menstrual Health and Wellbeing]], so I will add [[User:Samah2025]] to the list. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:45, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:Hello, @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]], @[[User:Xania|Xania]], @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]. I have been supporting a number of trainees with Wikibooks editing and its looks like a lot more was done outside of the guidance I provided. I am going to look into those contributions and rectify the underlying issues. Thank you. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sisterian|contribs]]) 08:52, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
: OK --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 12:13, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
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* {{userlinks|Wrankerseo}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315564]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315567]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315563]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Wrankerseo/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:05, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 17 September 2026 (UTC)
== Mscdubai reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Mscdubai}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mscdubai/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:28, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:44, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

== Hasbaticom reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Hasbaticom}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Hasbaticom/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:40, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:44, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[User:AAASecurityGuard]] reported by TechVindicator ==

Spam [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 10:03, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Globally locked and blocked}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:18, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
== AAASecurityGuard reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|AAASecurityGuard}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/AAASecurityGuard/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:20, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Globally locked and blocked}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:18, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikibooks:AI For Beginners]] ==

'''Reason for reporting:''' Wrong title, renaming needed ([[AI For Beginners]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:20, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Moved to the correct namespace}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::{{done|Ultimately deleted}} per [[WB:AI]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:51, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== CU request ==

{{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} According to [[Special:Diff/4671813]], User:Sisterian ([[Special:Contributions/Sisterian]]) has been using genAI/LLMs for their contributions. User:Pamela Talemwa ([[Special:Contributions/Pamela_Talemwa]]) &amp; User:Sisterian overlap at [[A Young Reader's Guide to a Healthy Environment]] ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4671755&amp;diffmode=source], [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&amp;oldid=4665328]). What do our admins and CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:11, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:Sisterian]] has also created a page in another person's userspace, [[User:Samah2025/sandbox/A Young Girl’s Guide to Menstrual Health and Wellbeing]], so I will add [[User:Samah2025]] to the list. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:45, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:Hello, @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]], @[[User:Xania|Xania]], @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]. I have been supporting a number of trainees with Wikibooks editing and its looks like a lot more was done outside of the guidance I provided. I am going to look into those contributions and rectify the underlying issues. Thank you. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sisterian|contribs]]) 08:52, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
: OK --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 12:13, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== DhaanishChennai123 reported by TechVindicator ==

* {{userlinks|DhaanishChennai123}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/DhaanishChennai123/ --&gt; [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:05, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:17, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

== Seobavswellness12390 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Seobavswellness12390}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Seobavswellness12390/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:17, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
== Mango-tree-technology reported by TechVindicator ==
* {{userlinks|Mango-tree-technology}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mango-tree-technology/ --&gt; [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:41, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Blocked}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:53, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tjf2c021drg9ms9t6syd4qsnmvrp8vc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672336</id>
      <parentid>4672323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T15:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Morkoz</username>
        <id>3607239</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+</comment>
      <origin>4672336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10108" sha1="el5r9qzc46vffeui858yqqm3x78ejwe" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|algo = old(14d)
|counter = 1
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
|minthreadsleft = 1
}}

== ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC)
== Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC)

== Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
== Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:47, 15 September 2026 (UTC)

== Mehedii1234 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Mehedii1234}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mehedii1234/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
== BhardwajGardening reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|BhardwajGardening}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315583]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/BhardwajGardening/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:02, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:36, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

== Manusheikh reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Manusheikh}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315575]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Manusheikh/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:03, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

== Wrankerseo reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Wrankerseo}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315564]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315567]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315563]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Wrankerseo/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:05, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 17 September 2026 (UTC)
== Mscdubai reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Mscdubai}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mscdubai/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:28, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:44, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

== Hasbaticom reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Hasbaticom}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Hasbaticom/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:40, 19 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:44, 21 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[User:AAASecurityGuard]] reported by TechVindicator ==

Spam [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 10:03, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Globally locked and blocked}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:18, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
== AAASecurityGuard reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|AAASecurityGuard}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/AAASecurityGuard/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:20, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Globally locked and blocked}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:18, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikibooks:AI For Beginners]] ==

'''Reason for reporting:''' Wrong title, renaming needed ([[AI For Beginners]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:20, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Moved to the correct namespace}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC)
::{{done|Ultimately deleted}} per [[WB:AI]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:51, 22 September 2026 (UTC)

== CU request ==

{{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} According to [[Special:Diff/4671813]], User:Sisterian ([[Special:Contributions/Sisterian]]) has been using genAI/LLMs for their contributions. User:Pamela Talemwa ([[Special:Contributions/Pamela_Talemwa]]) &amp; User:Sisterian overlap at [[A Young Reader's Guide to a Healthy Environment]] ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4671755&amp;diffmode=source], [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&amp;oldid=4665328]). What do our admins and CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:11, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:Sisterian]] has also created a page in another person's userspace, [[User:Samah2025/sandbox/A Young Girl’s Guide to Menstrual Health and Wellbeing]], so I will add [[User:Samah2025]] to the list. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:45, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:Hello, @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]], @[[User:Xania|Xania]], @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]. I have been supporting a number of trainees with Wikibooks editing and its looks like a lot more was done outside of the guidance I provided. I am going to look into those contributions and rectify the underlying issues. Thank you. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sisterian|contribs]]) 08:52, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
: OK --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 12:13, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
== DhaanishChennai123 reported by TechVindicator ==

* {{userlinks|DhaanishChennai123}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/DhaanishChennai123/ --&gt; [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:05, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:17, 24 September 2026 (UTC)

== Seobavswellness12390 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Seobavswellness12390}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Seobavswellness12390/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:17, 24 September 2026 (UTC)
== Mango-tree-technology reported by TechVindicator ==
* {{userlinks|Mango-tree-technology}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mango-tree-technology/ --&gt; [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:41, 25 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{done|Blocked}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:53, 25 September 2026 (UTC)

== ~2026-51713-42 reported by Morkoz ==
* {{userlinks|~2026-51713-42}}

Spam, see also [[w:hi:special:contribs/~2026-51214-19|~2026-51214-19]].  &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-51713-42/ --&gt; --[[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 15:43, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>el5r9qzc46vffeui858yqqm3x78ejwe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672372</id>
      <parentid>4672336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T22:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>3441010</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ~2026-51713-42 reported by Morkoz */ reply: {{done}} by NDKDD (GS). (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>4672372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10286" sha1="l1448wuynvo4b41agqjk6jdkmoyvibd" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|algo = old(14d)
|counter = 1
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
|minthreadsleft = 1
}}

== ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC)
== Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC)

== Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC)
== Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:47, 15 September 2026 (UTC)

== Mehedii1234 reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Mehedii1234}}

Spam &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Mehedii1234/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
: {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
== BhardwajGardening reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|BhardwajGardening}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315583]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/BhardwajGardening/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:02, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:{{done|Blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:36, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

== Manusheikh reported by MathXplore ==

* {{userlinks|Manusheikh}}

Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315575]] &lt;!-- USERREPORTED:/Manusheikh/ --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:03, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

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== CU request ==

{{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} According to [[Special:Diff/4671813]], User:Sisterian ([[Special:Contributions/Sisterian]]) has been using genAI/LLMs for their contributions. User:Pamela Talemwa ([[Special:Contributions/Pamela_Talemwa]]) &amp; User:Sisterian overlap at [[A Young Reader's Guide to a Healthy Environment]] ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4671755&amp;diffmode=source], [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&amp;oldid=4665328]). What do our admins and CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:11, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
:[[User:Sisterian]] has also created a page in another person's userspace, [[User:Samah2025/sandbox/A Young Girl’s Guide to Menstrual Health and Wellbeing]], so I will add [[User:Samah2025]] to the list. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:45, 23 September 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>l1448wuynvo4b41agqjk6jdkmoyvibd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>142006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672364</id>
      <parentid>4669923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Haeder hassan</username>
        <id>3626866</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4672364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="137492" sha1="qsfpu3v1geabp1x0fbyf0n8ne54tsug" xml:space="preserve">YAMAHA

==World Manufacturer Identifier==
The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. 

===WMI Regions===
The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/
| title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780
| publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI
! Region
! Notes
|-
| A-C
| Africa
| AA-AH = South Africa&lt;br /&gt;BF-BG = Kenya&lt;br /&gt;BU = Uganda&lt;br /&gt;CA-CB = Egypt&lt;br /&gt;DF-DK = Morocco
|-
| E, H-R
| Asia
| E=Russia&lt;br /&gt;H = China&lt;br /&gt;J = Japan&lt;br /&gt;KF-KH = Israel&lt;br /&gt;KL-KR = South Korea&lt;br /&gt;L = China&lt;br /&gt;MA-ME = India&lt;br /&gt;MF-MK = Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;ML-MR = Thailand&lt;br /&gt;MS = Myanmar&lt;br /&gt;MX = Kazakhstan&lt;br /&gt;MY-M0 = India&lt;br /&gt;NF-NG = Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;NL-NR = Turkey&lt;br /&gt;NS-NT = Uzbekistan&lt;br /&gt;PA-PC = Philippines&lt;br /&gt;PF-PG = Singapore&lt;br /&gt;PL-PR = Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;PS-PT = Bangladesh&lt;br /&gt;PV=Cambodia&lt;br /&gt;RA-RB = United Arab Emirates&lt;br /&gt;RF-RK = Taiwan&lt;br /&gt;RL-RN = Vietnam&lt;br /&gt;RS-RT = Saudi Arabia&lt;br /&gt;RU-RW = Russia&lt;br /&gt;R1-R7 = Hong Kong

|-
| S-Z
| Europe
| SA-SM = United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)&lt;br /&gt;SU-SZ = Poland&lt;br /&gt;TA-TH = Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;TJ-TP = Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;TR-TV = Hungary&lt;br /&gt;TW-T2 = Portugal&lt;br /&gt;UH-UM = Denmark&lt;br /&gt;UN-UR = Ireland&lt;br /&gt;UU-UX = Romania&lt;br /&gt;U1-U2 = North Macedonia&lt;br /&gt;U5-U7 = Slovakia&lt;br /&gt;VA-VE = Austria&lt;br /&gt;VF-VR = France&lt;br /&gt;VS-VW = Spain&lt;br /&gt;VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)&lt;br /&gt;V3-V5 = Croatia&lt;br /&gt;V6-V8 = Estonia&lt;br /&gt; W = Germany (formerly West Germany)&lt;br /&gt;XA-XC = Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;XF-XH = Greece&lt;br /&gt;XL-XR = The Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)&lt;br /&gt;XX-XY = Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;XZ-X0 = Russia&lt;br /&gt;YA-YE = Belgium&lt;br /&gt;YF-YK = Finland&lt;br /&gt;YS-YW = Sweden&lt;br /&gt;YX-Y2 = Norway&lt;br /&gt;Y3-Y5 = Belarus&lt;br /&gt;Y6-Y8 = Ukraine&lt;br /&gt;ZA-ZU = Italy&lt;br /&gt;ZX-ZZ = Slovenia&lt;br /&gt;Z3-Z5 = Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Z6-Z0 = Russia
|-
| 1-5
| North America
| 1, 4, 5 = United States&lt;br /&gt;2 = Canada&lt;br /&gt;3 = Mexico&lt;br /&gt;7F-70 = United States
|-
| 6-7
| Oceania
| 6A-6W = Australia&lt;br /&gt;7A-7E = New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;Revised: 6A-6X = Australia&lt;br /&gt;6Y-61 = New Zealand
|-
| 8-9
| South America
| 8A-8E = Argentina&lt;br /&gt;8F-8G = Chile&lt;br /&gt;8L-8N = Ecuador&lt;br /&gt;8S-8T = Peru&lt;br /&gt;8X-8Z = Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;82 = Bolivia&lt;br /&gt;84 = Costa Rica&lt;br /&gt;9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil&lt;br /&gt;9F-9G = Colombia&lt;br /&gt;9S-9V = Uruguay
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3

! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''A''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | South Africa || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ivory Coast || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lesotho || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Botswana || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Namibia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Madagascar || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cyprus || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mozambique || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''B''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Angola || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ethiopia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kenya || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rwanda || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nigeria || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Algeria || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Swaziland || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Uganda || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Africa''|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Libya || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''C''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Egypt || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Morocco || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zambia || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''D''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|-
| '''E''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''F''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| '''G'''
|-
| '''H''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''J''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Japan
|-
| '''K''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Israel || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jordan || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyrgyzstan || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' 
|-
| '''L''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''M''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | India || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Indonesia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Thailand || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Myanmar || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mongolia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kazakhstan || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | India
|-
| '''N''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pakistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iraq || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uzbekistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Azerbaijan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Tajikistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Armenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
| '''P''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Philippines || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singapore || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Malaysia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangladesh || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | India 
|-
| '''R''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | UAE || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Taiwan || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Vietnam || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Laos || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saudi Arabia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Hong Kong || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''S''' || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | United Kingdom || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Germany &lt;small&gt;(formerly East Germany)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Poland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Latvia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Georgia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iceland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''T''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Switzerland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Czech Republic || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hungary || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Portugal || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Serbia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Andorra || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''U''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Denmark || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ireland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | North Macedonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovakia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bosnia &amp; Herzogovina
|-
| '''V''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Austria || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | France || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | France &lt;small&gt;(formerly Yugoslavia &amp; Serbia)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Croatia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Estonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''W''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Germany
|-
| '''X''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bulgaria || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Greece || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia &lt;small&gt;(formerly USSR)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Luxembourg || colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''Y''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Belgium || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Finland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Malta || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sweden || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Norway || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Belarus || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ukraine || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''Z''' || colspan=&quot;18&quot; | Italy || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | San Marino|| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Europe''|| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lithuania || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''1''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | United States
|-
| '''2''' || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | Canada || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''3''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Mexico || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nicaragua || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Dom. Rep. || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Honduras || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Panama || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Puerto Rico || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''4''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | United States
|-
| '''5''' 
|-
| '''6''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Australia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Oceania''
|-
| '''7''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | United States
|-
| '''8''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ecuador || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Peru || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Venezuela || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bolivia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Costa Rica || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''South America'' 
|-
| '''9''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Brazil || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Colombia || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''South America''  || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Uruguay || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Brazil 
|-
| '''0''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|}

===List of Many WMIs===
The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html
| title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
| date=October 2009
| publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned.

{| class=&quot;wikitable x&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI !! Manufacturer
|-
| AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa
|-
| AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd.
|-
| AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck &amp; Bus)
|-
|AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number)
|-
| AAV || Volkswagen South Africa
|-
| AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt &amp; Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks &amp; Buses Southern Africa
|-
| ABM || BMW Southern Africa
|-
| ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018-
|-
| AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa 
|-
| AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa)
|-
| ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car
|-
| ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018)
|-
| ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd.
|-
| AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa)
|-
| AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa &amp; Samcor
|-
| AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa
|-
| AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa
|-
| AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa
|-
| AHH || Hino South Africa
|-
| AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000
|-
| AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd.
|-
| BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya
|-
| BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda
|-
| BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB)
|-
| BRY || FIAT Algeria
|-
| CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt)
|-
| DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt)
|-
| DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco)
|-
| EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia)
|-
| EAN || Evolute (Russia)
|-
| EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia)
|-
| EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia)
|-
| EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia)
|-
| ECE || XCITE (Russia)
|-
| ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia)
|-
| EDE || Tenet (Russia)
|-
| HAC || GAC Motor (Aion)
|-
| HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray)
|-
| HA6 || Jiangsu Niu Electric Technology Co., Ltd. (Niu)
|-
| HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd.
|-
| HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) 
|-
| HGL ||  Farizon Auto van (Geely)
|-
| HGX ||  Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely)
|-
| HHZ || Huazi Automobile
|-
| HJN || Nio, Firefly 
|-
| HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van
|-
| HJ4 || BAW car
|-
| HLX || Li Auto
|-
| HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. &lt;br /&gt;(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| HM2 || Shandong Bentu New Energy Vehicle Industry Co.,Ltd.
|-
| HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| HT5 || Zhejiang Jianying Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| HVW || Volkswagen Anhui
|-
| HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| HXM || Xiaomi
|-
| HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAB || Isuzu car
|-
| JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey &amp; Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu
|-
| JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty)
|-
| JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America)
|-
| JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) &amp; Nissan Rogue PHEV '26 made by Mitsubishi
|-
| JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America)
|-
| JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda
|-
| JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda
|-
| JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda
|-
| JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu
|-
| JD1 || Daihatsu car
|-
| JD2 || Daihatsu SUV
|-
| JD4 || Daihatsu truck
|-
| JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JF1 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car &amp; Scion FR-S/Toyota 86/Toyota GR86 made by Subaru
|-
| JF2 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV
|-
| JF3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] truck
|-
| JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru
|-
| JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada
|-
| JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck)
|-
| JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck)
|-
| JHA || Hino truck
|-
| JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHD || Hino
|-
| JHF || Hino
|-
| JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,&lt;br/&gt;JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]]
|-
| JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV
|-
| JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car
|-
| JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck
|-
| JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV
|-
| JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV
|-
| JH4 || Acura car
|-
| JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKM || Mitsuoka
|-
| JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki
|-
| JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki
|-
| JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault)
|-
| JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive)
|-
| JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive)
|-
| JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America &amp; Middle East
|-
| JMZ || Mazda for Europe export &amp; Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain &amp; Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France
|-
| JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export
|-
| JM1 || Mazda car
|-
| JM2 || Mazda truck
|-
| JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV
|-
| JM4 || Mazda
|-
| JM6 || Mazda
|-
| JM7 || Mazda
|-
| JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck)
|-
| JNK || Infiniti car
|-
| JNR || Infiniti SUV
|-
| JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN1 || Nissan car &amp; Infiniti car
|-
| JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN6 || Nissan truck/van &amp; Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van
|-
| JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck)
|-
| JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck)
|-
| JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda
|-
| JSA || Suzuki ATV &amp; '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki
|-
| JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki
|-
| JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota
|-
| JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle &amp; Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JS2 || Suzuki car
|-
| JS3 || Suzuki SUV
|-
| JS4 || Suzuki truck
|-
| JTB || Toyota bus
|-
| JTD || Toyota car
|-
| JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JTF || Toyota van/truck
|-
| JTG || Toyota MPV/bus
|-
| JTH || Lexus car
|-
| JTJ || Lexus SUV
|-
| JTK || Toyota car
|-
| JTL || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Uncharted, Solterra, and Trailseeker made by Toyota
|-
| JTN || Toyota car
|-
| JTP || Toyota SUV
|-
| JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van
|-
| JT2 || Toyota car
|-
| JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JT4 || Toyota truck/van
|-
| JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle
|-
| JT6 || Lexus SUV
|-
| JT7 || Toyota bus/van
|-
| JT8 || Lexus car
|-
| JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003)
|-
| JYA || Yamaha motorcycles
|-
| JYE || Yamaha snowmobile
|-
| JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV
|-
| JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV
|-
| J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu
|-
| J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada
|-
| J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| KF3 || Merkavim (Israel)
|-
| KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel)
|-
| KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel)
|-
| KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea
|-
| KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)&lt;br /&gt; from Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants
|-
| KLP || CT&amp;T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles)
|-
| KLT || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLU || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo)
|-
| KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car)
|-
| KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac car)
|-
| KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden)
|-
| KL4 || GM Korea (Buick MPV/SUV)
|-
| KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki car) US: 2004-2008, Canada: 2004-2011
|-
| KL5 || Daewoo Bus Corp./Zyle Daewoo Bus 2004-2017
|-
| KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC MPV/SUV)
|-
| KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport car, Asuna car (Pre-2000))
|-
| KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000))
|-
| KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark))
|-
| KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]]
|-
| KMC || Hyundai commercial truck
|-
| KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor)
|-
| KMF || Hyundai van &amp; commercial truck &amp; Bering Truck
|-
| KMH || Hyundai car &amp; Mitsubishi Precis ('87 - 3/10/88) &amp; Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai
|-
| KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus
|-
| KMT || Genesis Motor car
|-
| KMU || Genesis Motor SUV
|-
| KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV
|-
| KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&amp;T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM8 || Hyundai SUV
|-
| KNA || Kia car
|-
| KNC || Kia truck
|-
| KND || Kia MPV/SUV &amp; Hyundai Entourage
|-
| KNE || Kia for Europe export
|-
| KNF || Kia, special vehicles
|-
| KNG || Kia minibus/bus
|-
| KNJ || Ford Festiva &amp; Aspire made by Kia
|-
| KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech
|-
| KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung
|-
| KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd.
|-
| KN1 || Asia Motors
|-
| KN2 || Asia Motors
|-
| KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup
|-
| KPB || SsangYong car or For S. Korea domestic market: SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV 
|-
| KPD || SsangYong bus (TransStar, Istana minibus, Rodius/Korando Turismo 11-seater)
|-
| KPH || Mitsubishi Precis (3/11/88 - '94)
|-
| KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV (For export)
|-
| LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle
|-
| LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle
|-
| LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang)
|-
| LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA7 || Radar Auto, Farizon Auto (Geely) made by Shandong Tangjun Ouling Automobile Manufacture Co,. Ltd.
|-
| LA8 || Anhui Ankai
|-
| LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus &amp; Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus)
|-
| LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/LC0 || BYD
|-
| LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile
|-
| LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray
|-
| LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli)
|-
| LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang)
|-
| LBM || Zongshen Piaggio
|-
| LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro)
|-
| LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LB1 || Fujian Benz
|-
| LB2 || Geely Motorcycles
|-
| LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi)
|-
| LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO)
|-
| LCR || Gonow
|-
| LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza)
|-
| LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco)
|-
| LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LDB || Dadi Auto
|-
| LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60
|-
| LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile
|-
| LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway)
|-
| LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast
|-
| LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive
|-
| LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd.
|-
| LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle)
|-
| LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW)
|-
| LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC)
|-
| LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China
|- 
| LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle
|- 
| LE4 || Beijing Benz &amp; Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) &amp; Beijing Jeep Corp.
|-
| LE8 || Guangzhou Huaye Electric Vehicle Technology Co., Ltd. (Formerly Guangzhou Panyu Huanan Motors Group Co., Ltd.) (motorcycles)
|-
| LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7)
|-
| LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd.
|-
| LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing
|-
| LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton)
|-
| LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz)
|-
| LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus)
|-
| LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4)
|-
| LFT || FAW (trailers)
|-
| LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili)
|-
| LFW || FAW JieFang (truck)
|-
| LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck)
|-
| LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory
|-
| LFZ || Leapmotor
|-
| LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle 
|-
| LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia)
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing)
|-
| LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus)
|-
| LGL || Guilin Daewoo
|-
| LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey)
|-
| LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao)
|-
| LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus
|-
| LG6 || Dayun Group
|-
| LHA || Shuanghuan Auto
|-
| LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding
|-
| LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura)
|-
| LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co.
|-
| LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LH1 || FAW-Haima, China
|-
| LJC || Jincheng Corporation
|-
| LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) &amp; Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia)
|-
| LJM || Sunlong (bus)
|-
| LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan
|-
| LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer)
|-
| LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus
|-
| LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile &amp; Kandi &amp; Zhidou
|-
| LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJW || JMC Landwind
|-
| LJX || JMC Ford
|-
| LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol)
|-
| LJ1 || Nio, Inc.
|-
| LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun)
|-
| LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile
|-
| LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe
|-
| LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LKH || Hafei Motor
|-
| LKL || Higer Bus
|-
| LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles
|-
| LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus
|-
| LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles
|-
| LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLN || Qoros 
|-
| LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
|-
| LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive
|-
| LLX || Yudo Auto
|-
| LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd.
|-
| LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng)
|-
| LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles)
|-
| LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo
|-
| LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]]
|-
| LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader)
|-
| LMP || Farizon Auto (Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.) 
|-
| LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima
|-
| LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]]
|-
| LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing)
|-
| LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LM6 || SWM (automobiles)
|-
| LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO
|-
| LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan
|-
| LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) &amp; Arcfox &amp; Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC
|-
| LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo
|-
| LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LNP || NAC MG UK Limited &amp; Nanjing Fiat Automobile
|-
| LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.)
|-
| LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks)
|-
| LNY || Yuejin
|-
| LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles)
|-
| LPE || BYD Auto
|-
| LPS || Polestar
|-
| LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export)
|-
| LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks
|-
| LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export)
|-
| LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus)
|-
| LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai)
|-
| LR4 || Yadi Technology Group
|-
| LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck)
|-
| LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV &amp; Chevrolet S10 Max &amp; Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
|-
| LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet)
|-
| LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van &amp; Chevrolet Express Max
|-
| LSJ || SAIC MG &amp; SAIC Roewe &amp; IM Motors &amp; Rising Auto
|-
| LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van
|-
| LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus)
|-
| LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) &amp; Jinbei GM
|-
| LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd
|-
| LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV)
|-
| LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) &amp; Changan Suzuki
|-
| LS6 || Changan Automobile &amp; Deepal Automobile &amp; Avatr
|-
| LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd.
|-
| LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LTA || ZX Auto
|-
| LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler &amp; Dodge vehicles
|-
| LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin)
|-
| LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) 
|-
| LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China)
|-
| LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd.
|-
| LUG || Qiantu Motor
|-
| LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar
|-
| LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd.
|-
| LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta)
|-
| LVA || Foton Motor
|-
| LVB || Foton Motor truck
|-
| LVC || Foton Motor bus
|-
| LVF || Changhe Suzuki
|-
| LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead)
|-
| LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo)
|-
| LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LVR || Changan Mazda
|-
| LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) &amp; Changan Ford Mazda &amp; Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda
|-
| LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast
|-
| LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour, Jaecoo
|-
| LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021)
|-
| LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd
|-
| LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory
|-
| LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group)
|-
| LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus)
|-
| LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWL || Qingling Isuzu
|-
| LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LW4 || Li Auto
|-
| LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG)
|-
| LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM)
|-
| LXN || Link Tour
|-
| LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXW || JMC - Ford
|-
| LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor &amp; Yinxiang Group)
|-
| LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory &amp; Taizhou, Luqiao District factory
|-
| LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science &amp; Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China
|-
| LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-)
|-
| LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman)
|-
| LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus
|-
| LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd.
|-
| LZM || MAN China
|-
| LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian)
|-
| LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen
|-
| LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus
|-
| LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export])
|-
| LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak)
|-
| LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd.
|-
| LZ9/LZX || Raysince
|-
| L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers)
|-
| L08 || Zhejiang Apollo Sports Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| L1N || XPeng Motors
|-
| L10 || Geely Emgrand
|-
| L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles)
|-
| L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs)
|-
| L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle
|-
| L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV &amp; motorcycles)
|-
| L5R || Jiangsu Dafier Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen)
|-
| L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6T || Geely, Lynk &amp; Co, Zeekr
|-
| L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. 
|-
| L82 || Baotian
|-
| L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance
|-
| L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle
|-
| L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd.
|-
| MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MAB || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAC || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India
|-
| MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India
|-
| MAL || Hyundai Motor India
|- 
| MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix
|- 
| MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover
|-
| MA1 || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic &amp; export)
|-
| MA6 || GM India
|-
| MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. &amp; Mitsubishi Motors &amp; Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors
|-
| MA8 || Daewoo Motor India
|-
| MBF || Royal Enfield
|- 
| MBH || Suzuki (for export) &amp; Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited
|-
| MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBL || Hero MotoCorp
|-
| MBR || Mercedes-Benz India
|-
| MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|-
| MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd.
|-
| MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape)
|-
| MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd.
|-
| MB1 || Ashok Leyland
|-
| MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV)
|-
| MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited
|-
| MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| MCB || GM India
|-
| MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers
|-
| MCG || Atul Auto Ltd.
|-
| MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC1 || Force Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd.
|-
| MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz)
|-
| MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited
|-
| MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun)
|-
| MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited
|-
| MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. &amp; KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj &amp; Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj
|-
| MD6 || TVS Motor Company
|-
| MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella
|-
| MD9 || Shuttle Cars India
|-
| MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz)
|-
| MEE || Renault India Private Limited
|-
| MEG || Harley-Davidson India
|-
| MER || Benelli India
|-
| MES || Mahindra Navistar
|-
| MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia)
|-
| MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on
|-
| ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| ME3 || Royal Enfield
|-
| ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
|-
| MYH || Ather Energy
|-
| MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa
|-
| MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited)
|-
| MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| M3G || Isuzu Motors India
|-
| M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited
|-
| ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike)
|-
| MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia
|-
| MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International
|-
| MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu)
|-
| MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia
|-
| MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car)
|-
| MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van)
|-
| MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg.
|-
| MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
|-
| MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MJB || GM Indonesia
|-
| MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)
|-
| MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
|-
| MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling)
|-
| MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd.
|-
| MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand
|-
| ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand)
|-
| MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP)
|-
| MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup
|-
| MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
|-
| MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car)
|-
| MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, &amp; Trailblazer)
|-
| MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant)
|-
| MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export
|-
| MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets
|-
| MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets
|-
| MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd.
|-
| MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. &amp; Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand
|-
| MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant)
|-
| MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand
|-
| MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car)
|-
| MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. 
|-
| MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups &amp; Fortuner SUV)
|-
| MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand
|-
| MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars &amp; CUVs)
|-
| MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab)
|-
| MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar
|-
| MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar
|-
| MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan)
|-
| NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran)
|-
| NAC || Mammut (truck trailers)
|-
| NAD || Škoda
|-
| NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers)
|-
| NAP || Pars Khodro
|-
| NAS || SAIPA
|-
| NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NC9/ || VIRA Diesel
|-
| ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd.
|-
| NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation
|-
| NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars
|-
| NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S.
|-
| NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck
|-
| NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV
|-
| NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van
|-
| NLN || Karsan
|-
| NLR || Otokar
|-
| NLT || Temsa
|-
| NLZ || Tezeller
|-
| NL1 || TOGG
|-
| NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus)
|-
| NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş.
|-
| NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses
|-
| NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
|-
| NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle
|-
| NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş.
|-
| NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey
|-
| NM0 || Ford Otosan
|-
| NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.
|-
| NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS)
|-
| NNA || Anadolu Isuzu
|-
| NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio)
|-
| NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer)
|-
| NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPS || Nursan (truck trailer)
|-
| NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus)
|-
| NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus)
|-
| NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus)
|-
| NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/300 || TCV (bus) 
|-
| NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NRE || Bozankaya
|-
| NRX || Musoshi
|-
| NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv
|-
| NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/034 || Akia (bus)
|-
| NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan)
|-
| NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan
|-
| NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan)
|- 
| PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation
|-
| PAD || Honda Cars Philippines
|-
| PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS)
|-
| PL1 || Proton, Malaysia
|-
| PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai
|-
| PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia
|-
| PMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus Malaysia
|-
| PMH || Honda Malaysia (car)
|-
| PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle)
|-
| PML || Hicom 
|-
| PMN || Modenas
|-
| PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle)
|-
| PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PM1 || BMW &amp; Mini/Inokom
|-
| PM2 || Perodua
|-
| PM9/ || Bufori
|-
| PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot
|-
| PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot)
|-
| PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia
|-
| PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB)
|-
| PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB)
|-
| PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PPP || Suzuki
|-
| PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)
|-
| PP1 || Mazda/Inokom
|-
| PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom
|-
| PRA || Sinotruk
|-
| PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant)
|-
| PRX || Kia/Inokom
|-
| PR8 || Ford
|-
| PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia
|-
| PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia
|-
| RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE
|-
| RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE
|-
| LES || Isuzu MPV made by Sanfu Motor Industrial Co., Ltd. (Trooper '87-'91) (Taiwan)
|-
| LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM5 || Isuzu Truck (Light Duty) made by Sanfu Motor Industrial Co., Ltd. (Trooper '87-'88) (Taiwan)
|-
| LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan
|-
| RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee
|-
| RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan
|-
| RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan
|-
| RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan
|-
| RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan)
|-
| RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan
|-
| RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen)
|-
| RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan)
|-
| RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan
|-
| RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan)
|-
| RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || Honda Taiwan
|-
| RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam)
|-
| RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co.
|-
| RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLL || VinFast SUV
|-
| RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam
|-
| RLN || VinFast
|-
| RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 &amp; DS 90)
|-
| RL0 || Ford Vietnam
|-
| RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam
|-
| RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia)
|-
| R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd.
|-
| R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3W || Hong Kong Runhorse Holding Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd.
|-
| R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| SAA || Austin
|-
| SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-)
|-
| SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987)
|-
| SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace)
|-
| SAF || ERF trucks
|-
| SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group
|-
| SAJ || Jaguar passenger car &amp; Daimler passenger car (after April 1987)
|-
| SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]]
|-
| SAM || Morris
|-
| SAR || Rover &amp; MG Rover Group
|-
| SAT || Triumph car
|-
| SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars
|-
| SAY || Norton Motorcycles (UK) Ltd. (Donington Park/Donington Hall)
|-
| SAZ || Freight Rover
|-
| SA3 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/ || OX Global
|-
| SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA)
|-
| SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA)
|-
| SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars)
|-
| SA9/005 || Panther
|-
| SA9/010 || Invicta S1
|-
| SA9/011 || Midas Cars
|-
| SA9/019 || TVR
|-
| SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars
|-
| SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys
|-
| SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/038 || DAX Cars
|-
| SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars
|-
| SA9/048 || McLaren F1
|-
| SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering
|-
| SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace)
|-
| SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers
|-
| SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ)
|-
| SA9/074 || Ascari 
|-
| SA9/088 || Spectre Angel 
|-
| SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd.
|-
| SA9/113 || Noble
|-
| SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing
|-
| SA9/141 || Wrightbus
|-
| SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3
|-
| SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars
|-
| SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.)
|-
| SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer)
|-
| SA9/231 || Peel Engineering
|-
| SA9/337 || Ariel
|-
| SA9/341 || Zenos
|-
| SA9/438 || Charge Cars
|-
| SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive
|-
| SA9/474 || Mellor (bus)
|-
| SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car)
|-
| SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace)
|-
| SBB || Leyland Vehicles
|-
| SBC || Iveco Ford Truck
|-
| SBF || Nugent (trailer)
|-
| SBJ || Leyland Bus
|-
| SBL || Leyland Motors &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| SBM || McLaren
|-
| SBS || Scammell
|-
| SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| SBV || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks
|-
| SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer)
|-
| SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK
|-
| SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car
|-
| SCB || Bentley passenger car
|-
| SCC || Lotus Cars &amp; Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton
|-
| SCD || Reliant Motors
|-
| SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK)
|-
| SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car &amp; '21 DBX SUV
|-
| SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers
|-
| SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove
|-
| SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company &amp; London Taxi Company &amp; London Taxis International
|-
| SCV || Volvo Truck &amp; Bus Scotland
|-
| SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020)
|-
| SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV
|-
| SDB || Talbot
|-
| SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984
|-
| SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992
|-
| SDK || Caterham Cars
|-
| SDL || TVR
|-
| SDP || NAC MG UK &amp; MG Motor UK Ltd.
|-
| SDU || Utility (truck trailer)
|-
| SD7 || Aston Martin SUV
|-
| SD8 || Moke International Ltd.
|-
| SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi)
|-
| SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access
|-
| SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer)
|-
| SEY || LDV Group Ltd.
|-
| SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK
|-
| SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis
|-
| SFE || Alexander Dennis UK
|-
| SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer)
|-
| SFN || Foden Trucks &amp; Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks
|-
| SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus
|-
| SGA || Avondale (caravans)
|-
| SGB || Bailey (caravans)
|-
| SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans)
|-
| SGE || Elddis (caravans)
|-
| SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SG4 || Coachman Caravan Co. Ltd.
|-
| SG7 || ABI Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car
|-
| SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV
|-
| SH2 || The Norton Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (TVS Motor Co. subsidiary)
|-
| SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck
|-
| SJA || Bentley SUV
|-
| SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd
|-
| SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti
|-
| SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan
|-
| SJ1 || Ree Automotive
|-
| SKA || Vauxhall
|-
| SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers &amp; Trucks
|-
| SKF || Bedford Vehicles
|-
| SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd
|-
| SKM || King Military Engineering Ltd.
|-
| SLA || Rolls Royce SUV
|-
| SLC || Thwaites Dumpers
|-
| SLG || McMurtry Automotive
|-
| SLN || Niftylift
|-
| SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd.
|-
| SLV || Volvo bus
|-
| SMR || Montracon (truck trailer)
|-
| SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer)
|-
| SMX || Gray &amp; Adams (truck trailer)
|-
| SNE || Barkas (East Germany)
|-
| SNE || Wartburg (East Germany)
|-
| SNT || Trabant (East Germany)
|-
| SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany)
|-
| SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany)
|-
| ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer)
|-
| SUA || Autosan (bus)
|-
| SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer)
|-
| SUC || Wiola (trailer)
|-
| SUD || Wielton (truck trailers)
|-
| SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat)
|-
| SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland)
|-
| SUJ || Jelcz (Poland)
|-
| SUL || FSC (Poland)
|-
| SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers)
|-
| SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland)
|-
| SUU || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland)
|-
| SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland) - until 2004
|-
| SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer)
|-
| SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland)
|-
| SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer)
|-
| SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer)
|-
| SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer)
|-
| SVS || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer)
|-
| SWH || Temared (trailers)
|-
| SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers)
|-
| SWV || TA-NO (Poland)
|-
| SWZ || Zremb (trailers)
|-
| SW9/BA1 || Solbus
|-
| SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer)
|-
| SXE || Neptun Trailers
|-
| SXK || Konar (truck trailer)
|-
| SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o.
|-
| SXY || Wecon (truck trailer)
|-
| SXX || Martz (trailer)
|-
| SX7 || Arthur Bus
|-
| SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus)
|-
| SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer)
|-
| SYB || Rydwan (trailer)
|-
| SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer)
|-
| SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy)
|-
| SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer)
|-
| SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer)
|-
| SZA || Scania Poland
|-
| SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle)
|-
| SZL || Boro Trailers
|-
| SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) 
|-
| SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer)
|-
| SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer)
|-
| S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia)
|-
| TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon &amp; Wetzikon AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland)
|-
| TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland)
|-
| TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland)
|-
| TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland)
|-
| TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland)
|-
| TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland)
|-
| TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKP || Panav a.s.  (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV)
|-
| TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic)
|-
| TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia
|-
| TNE || TAZ
|-
| TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody)
|-
| TNT || Tatra trucks
|-
| TNU || Tatra trucks
|-
| TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer)
|-
| TRA || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TRC || Csepel bus
|-
| TRE || Rákos bus
|-
| TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary)
|-
| TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS)
|-
| TSB || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary
|-
| TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary)
|-
| TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary)
|-
| TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),&lt;br&gt; Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK)
|-
| TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary)
|-
| TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series)
|-
| TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal)
|-
| TW4 || UMM (Portugal)
|-
| TW6 || Citroën (Portugal)
|-
| TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland &amp; Austin Rover Portugal
|-
| TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili)
|-
| TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal)
|-
| TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive)
|-
| TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive)
|-
| T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands)
|-
| UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain)
|-
| UA2 || Iveco Massif &amp; Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain)
|-
| UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain)
|-
| UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium)
|-
| UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/EM1 || Egholm (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark)
|-
| UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark)
|-
| UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland
|-
| UN9/012 || Duffy Coachbodies (Ireland)
|-
| UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland)
|-
| UU1 || Dacia (Romania)
|-
| UU2 || Oltcit
|-
| UU3 || ARO
|-
| UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz
|-
| UU5 || Rocar
|-
| UU6 || Daewoo Romania
|-
| UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond
|-
| UU9 || Astra Bus
|-
| UVW || UMM (truck trailer)
|-
| UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus
|-
| UWR || Robus Reșița
|-
| UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov)
|-
| U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia)
|-
| U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia)
|-
| U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer)
|-
| U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus)
|-
| U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia)
|-
| VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G &amp; Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer
|-
| VAH || Hangler (truck trailer)
|-
| VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik
|-
| VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks
|-
| VAV || Schwarzmüller
|-
| VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer)
|-
| VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf &amp; Stift
|-
| VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle)
|-
| VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| VA9/RB1 || Rosenbauer International AG (truck)
|-
| VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer)
|-
| VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer)
|-
| VBK || KTM 
|-
| VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles &amp; Gas Gas under KTM ownership
|-
| VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr
|-
| VFA || Alpine (A310, A610, A110, A390), Renault Alpine GTA
|-
| VFG || Caravelair (caravans)
|-
| VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers)
|-
| VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| VF1 || Renault, Renault GTA '87-'90 (UK market Alpine GTA), Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault,&lt;br&gt; Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, Grandis, &amp; Eclipse Cross EV made by Renault
|-
| VF2 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VF3 || Peugeot
|-
| VF4 || Talbot
|-
| VF5 || Iveco Unic
|-
| VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. &amp; Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A.
|-
| VF7 || Citroën
|-
| VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra)
|-
| VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/300 || EvoBus France
|-
| VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/519 || Hommell 
|-
| VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper)
|-
| VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
|-
| VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus
|-
| VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus)
|-
| VGA || Peugeot Motocycles
|-
| VGT || ASCA (truck trailers)
|-
| VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers)
|-
| VGW || BSLT (truck trailers)
|-
| VGX || Coder (truck trailers)
|-
| VGY || Lohr (truck trailers)
|-
| VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) &amp; Yamaha Motor
|-
| VG6 || Renault Trucks &amp; Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks
|-
| VG7 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG8 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle)
|-
| VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus)
|-
| VHR || Robuste (truck trailer)
|-
| VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain
|-
| VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VH8 || Microcar
|-
| VJR || Ligier
|-
| VJY || Gruau
|-
| VJ1 || Heuliez Bus
|-
| VJ2 || Mia Electric
|-
| VJ4 || Gruau
|-
| VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer)
|-
| VK1 || SEG (truck trailer)
|-
| VK2 || Grandin Automobiles
|-
| VK8 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VLG || Aixam-Mega
|-
| VLU || Scania France
|-
| VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari
|-
| VMK || Renault Sport Spider
|-
| VMS || Automobiles Chatenet
|-
| VMT || SECMA
|-
| VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55
|-
| VM3 || Lamberet (trailer)
|-
| VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer)
|-
| VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB
|-
| VN4 || Voxan
|-
| VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL
|-
| VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France)
|-
| VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France &amp; '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF
|-
| VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault
|-
| VPG || MPM Motors 
|-
| VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S
|-
| VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers)
|-
| VRW || Goupil
|-
| VR1 || DS Automobiles
|-
| VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis)
|-
| VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis)
|-
| VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain
|-
| VSC || Talbot
|-
| VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) &amp; Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, &amp; Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350)
|-
| VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup &amp; Ford Maverick 1993–1999
|-
| VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers)
|-
| VSS || SEAT/Cupra
|-
| VSX || Opel Spain
|-
| VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus)
|-
| VS1 || Pegaso
|-
| VS5 || Renault Spain
|-
| VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain
|-
| VS7 || Citroën Spain
|-
| VS8 || Peugeot Spain
|-
| VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain)
|-
| VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana
|-
| VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain)
|-
| VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica 
|-
| VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain)
|-
| VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models)
|-
| VTH || Derbi (motorcycles)
|-
| VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models)
|-
| VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles)
|-
| VTR || Gas Gas
|-
| VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers)
|-
| VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers)
|-
| VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain
|-
| VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza
|-
| VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles
|-
| VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VWL || Indox (truck trailers)
|-
| VWV || Volkswagen Spain
|-
| VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van
|-
| VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
|-
| VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV
|-
| VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia)
|-
| VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.)
|-
| VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-)
|-
| VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- &amp; Fiat Topolino '23- &amp; Fiat Grande Panda '25-
|-
| VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico)
|-
| VYS || Renault &amp; Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290)
|-
| VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia)
|-
| V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia)
|-
| V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia)
|-
| V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia)
|-
| V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia)
|-
| V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia)
|-
| V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia)
|-
| V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia)
|-
| WAC || Arge Audi Porsche (Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant)
|-
| WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer)
|-
| WAG || Neoplan
|-
| WAP || Alpina
|-
| WAU || Audi car
|-
| WA1 || Audi SUV
|-
| WBA || BMW car
|-
| WBC || Boom Trikes
|-
| WBJ || Bitter Cars
|-
| WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH 
|-
| WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers)
|-
| WBS || BMW M car
|-
| WBU || Bürstner (caravans)
|-
| WBX || BMW SUV
|-
| WBY || BMW i car
|-
| WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WB1 || BMW Motorrad 
|-
| WB2 || Blyss (trailer)
|-
| WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS
|-
| WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin
|-
| WB5 || BMW i SUV
|-
| WCD || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019
|-
| WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer)
|-
| WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] &amp; Maybach
|-
| WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car
|-
| WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French &amp; Spanish built models – Citan &amp; Vito &amp; X-Class)
|-
| WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019
|-
| WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDT || Dethleffs (caravans)
|-
| WDW || Dodge Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009
|-
| WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009
|-
| WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDZ || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck
|-
| WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses)
|-
| WEG || Ablinger  (trailer)
|-
| WEL || e.GO Mobile AG
|-
| WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH
|-
| WFC || Fendt (caravans)
|-
| WFD || Fliegl Trailer
|-
| WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH
|-
| WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany
|-
| WF1 || Merkur
|-
| WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH
|-
| WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer)
|-
| WHB || Hobby - Wohnwagenwerk, Ing. H. Striewski GmbH (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| WHL || Hulco (trailer)
|-
| WHW || Hako GmbH
|-
| WHY || Hymer GmbH &amp; Co. KG (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer)
|-
| WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus
|-
| WJR || Irmscher
|-
| WKE || Krone (truck trailers)
|-
| WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer)
|-
| WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans)
|-
| WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers)
|-
| WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers)
|-
| WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers
|-
| WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane)
|-
| WMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus 
|-
| WME || smart (from 5/99)
|-
| WMG || Demag Cranes
|-
| WMM || Karl Müller GmbH &amp; Co. KG (truck trailers)
|-
| WMP || M &amp; V GmbH (truck trailers)
|-
| WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar)
|-
| WMW || MINI car
|-
| WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG &amp; Mercedes-AMG GT &amp; Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America)
|-
| WMZ || MINI SUV
|-
| WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE
|-
| WP0 || Porsche car
|-
| WP1 || Porsche SUV
|-
| WRA || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| WRJ || Riese &amp; Müller (bicycle)
|-
| WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers)
|-
| WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers)
|-
| WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers)
|-
| WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group
|-
| WS5 || StreetScooter
|-
| WS7 || Sono Motors
|-
| WTA || Tabbert (caravans)
|-
| WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car &lt;br&gt; (includes '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet &amp; '06 S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan &amp; '16-'18 S8 Plus &amp; non-North American mkt. Q7 V12 TDI)
|-
| WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV
|-
| WVG || Volkswagen SUV &amp; Touran &amp; N. American mkt. ID Buzz '25
|-
| WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN
|-
| WVP || Viseon Bus
|-
| WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan
|-
| WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok)
|-
| WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus)
|-
| WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (incomplete vehicle: chassis cab/cutaway)&lt;br&gt; [includes Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)]
|-
| WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok &amp; T7 Transporter made by Ford)
|-
| WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford)
|-
| WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer)
|-
| WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer)
|-
| WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America)
|-
| W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer)
|-
| W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall &amp; Holden
|-
| W0L || Holden Zafira &amp; Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand
|-
| W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall &amp; Holden (since 2017)
|-
| W04 || Buick Regal &amp; Buick Cascada
|-
| W06 || Cadillac Catera
|-
| W08 || Saturn Astra
|-
| W09/A55 || Artega Automobile
|-
| W09/A71 || Apollo
|-
| W09/B09 || Bitter Cars
|-
| W09/B16 || Brabus
|-
| W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer)
|-
| W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus)
|-
| W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E04 || Eder (trailer)
|-
| W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F57 || Twike
|-
| W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/G64 || Gumpert
|-
| W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau
|-
| W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H49 || H&amp;W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/J02 || Isdera
|-
| W09/K27 || Krupp
|-
| W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/L05 || Liebherr
|-
| W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles)
|-
| W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer)
|-
| W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn)
|-
| W09/R06 || RUF
|-
| W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R38 || Rewaco
|-
| W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus)
|-
| W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH &amp; Co. KG  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer)
|-
| W09/W59 || Wiesmann
|-
| W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W1A || smart
|-
| W1H || Freightliner Econic
|-
| W1K || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck
|-
| W1V || Mercedes-Benz van
|-
| W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1Z || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle
|-
| W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia)
|-
| XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece)
|-
| XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece)
|-
| XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece
|-
| XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. &amp; Co. (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece
|-
| XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia)
|-
| XKM || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| XLA || DAF Bus International
|-
| XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars)
|-
| XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands
|-
| XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V.
|-
| XLE || Scania Netherlands
|-
| XLH || Hapert (trailer)
|-
| XLJ || Anssems (trailer)
|-
| XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XLR || DAF Trucks &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| XLU || Henra (trailer)
|-
| XLV || DAF Bus
|-
| XLW || Terberg Benschop BV
|-
| XL3 || Ebusco
|-
| XL4 ||Lightyear
|-
| XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV
|-
| XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks
|-
| XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars
|-
| XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer)
|-
| XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen
|-
| XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer)
|-
| XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers)
|-
| XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter)
|-
| XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes
|-
| XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus
|-
| XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer)
|-
| XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/363 || Spyker
|-
| XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer)
|-
| XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer)
|-
| XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/527 || GINAF
|-
| XL9/530 || Ebusco
|-
| XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer)
|-
| XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD)
|-
| XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD)
|-
| XMG || VDL Bus International
|-
| XMR || Nooteboom Trailers 
|-
| XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper)
|-
| XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD)
|-
| XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD)
|-
| XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer)
|-
| XNL || VDL Bus &amp; Coach
|-
| XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XPN || Knapen Trailers
|-
| XPP || Atec Trailers
|-
| XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg)
|-
| XRP || Proline (trailer)
|-
| XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer)
|-
| XR7 || Qarry
|-
| XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia)
|-
| XTC || KAMAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTF || GolAZ (Russia) 
|-
| XTH || GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTK || IzhAvto (Russia)
|-
| XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997
|-
| XTP || Ural (Russia)
|-
| XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer)
|-
| XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia)
|-
| XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia)
|-
| XTW || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTY || LiAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTZ || ZiL (Russia)
|-
| XUF || General Motors Russia
|-
| XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Korea SKD, Kaiyi Auto)
|-
| XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM)
|-
| XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer)
|-
| XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XVU || Start (truck trailer)
|-
| XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan)
|-
| XWD || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD)
|-
| XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD)
|-
| XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD)
|-
| XWK || Kia assembled in Russia by IzhAvto 
|-
| XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia
|-
| XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia (VW, Skoda)
|-
| XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg)
|-
| XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer)
|-
| XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus)
|-
| XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia)
|-
| X1E || KAvZ (Russia)
|-
| X1F || NefAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1M || PAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1P || Ural (Russia)
|-
| X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia)
|-
| X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD)
|-
| X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia)
|-
| X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia)
|-
| X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] &amp; Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia)
|-
| X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus
|-
| X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus
|-
| X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus)
|-
| X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus)
|-
| X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus)
|-
| X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus)
|-
| X89/FY1 || Sherp 
|-
| X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles
|-
| X8U || Scania Russia
|-
| X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO
|-
| X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ  (Chevrolet Niva &amp; Viva)
|-
| X9N || Samoltor (minibus)
|-
| X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks)
|-
| X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways
|-
| X9X || Great Wall Motors 
|-
| X96 || GAZ
|-
| X99/000 || Marussia
|-
| X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer)
|-
| X0T || Tonar (truck trailer)
|-
| YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers)
|-
| YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers)
|-
| YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers)
|-
| YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis
|-
| YA2 || Atlas Copco Group
|-
| YA5 || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/128 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet
|-
| YA9/180 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/195 || Denolf &amp; Depla (minibus)
|-
| YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe)
|-
| YBD || Addax Motors
|-
| YBW || Volkswagen Belgium
|-
| YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck)
|-
| YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis)
|-
| YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium)
|-
| YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK
|-
| YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle)
|-
| YC3 || Eduard Trailers
|-
| YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium)
|-
| YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium)
|-
| YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium)
|-
| YE6 || STAS (truck trailer)
|-
| YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer)
|-
| YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland)
|-
|YG6
|Majava Group Oy; Majava trailers (Finland)
|-
| YH1 || Solifer (caravans)
|-
| YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles)
|-
| YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive
|-
| YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland
|-
| YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto
|-
| YK9/003 || Kabus (bus)
|-
| YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus)
|-
| YK9/016 || Linkker (bus)
|-
| YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab)
|-
| YSM || Polestar cars 
|-
| YSP || Volta Trucks AB
|-
| YSR || Polestar SUV
|-
| YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) 
|-
| YS3 || Saab cars
|-
| YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory)
|-
| YS5 || OmniNova (minibus)
|-
| YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus)
|-
| YTN || Saab made by NEVS
|-
| YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YT9/007 || Koenigsegg
|-
| YT9/034 || Carvia
|-
| YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer)
|-
| YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles)
|-
| YVV || WiMa 442 EV
|-
| YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars
|-
| YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks
|-
| YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis
|-
| YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV
|-
| YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway)
|-
| YYC || Think Nordic (Norway)
|-
| YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway)
|-
| Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway)
|-
| Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus)
|-
| Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus)
|-
| Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus)
|-
| Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus)
|-
| Y3M || MAZ (Belarus)
|-
| Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus
|-
| Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus)
|-
| Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ, Chevrolet Lanos made by ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Lada, &amp; Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) 
|-
| Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine
|-
| Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| ZAA || Autobianchi
|-
| ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024-
|-
| ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet
|-
| ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter)
|-
| ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles
|-
| ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]]
|-
| ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera
|-
| ZAR || Alfa Romeo car
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud &amp; Sprint through 1989
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018-
|-
| ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002)
|-
| ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System
|-
| ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus)
|-
| ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL
|-
| ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]]
|-
| ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro
|-
| ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus)
|-
| ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
|-
| ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus)
|-
| ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus)
|-
| ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali
|-
| ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale
|-
| ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina
|-
| ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBB || Bertone
|-
| ZBD || InBus
|-
| ZBN || Benelli
|-
| ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum
|-
| ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy)
|-
| ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta
|-
| ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership
|-
| ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus)
|-
| ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A.
|-
| ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCZ || BredaBus
|-
| ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A.
|-
| ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati
|-
| ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA
|-
| ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino
|-
| ZDJ || ACM Biagini
|-
| ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA
|-
| ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA
|-
| ZDY || Cacciamali
|-
| ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA &amp; Belgarda SpA
|-
| ZD3 || Beta Motor
|-
| ZD4 || Aprilia
|-
| ZD5 || Casalini
|-
| ZEB || Ellebi (trailer)
|-
| ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis &amp; Mobilvetta recreational vehicles
|-
| ZES || Bimota
|-
| ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle)
|-
| ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFA || Fiat
|-
| ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV &amp; Ram Promaster City
|-
| ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200)
|-
| ZFE || KL Motorcycle
|-
| ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]]
|-
| ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFM || Fantic Motor
|-
| ZFR || Pininfarina
|-
| ZF4 || Qvale
|-
| ZGA || Iveco Bus
|-
| ZGP || Merker (truck trailer)
|-
| ZGU || Moto Guzzi
|-
| ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle)
|-
| ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership
|-
| ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – )
|-
| ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle)
|-
| ZJM || Malaguti
|-
| ZJN || Innocenti
|-
| ZJT || Italjet
|-
| ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle)
|-
| ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership
|-
| ZLA || Lancia
|-
| ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA
|-
| ZLM || Moto Morini srl
|-
| ZLV || Laverda
|-
| ZNN || Energica
|-
| ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l.
|-
| ZN3 || Iveco Defence
|-
| ZN6 || Maserati SUV
|-
| ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV
|-
| ZPY || DR Automobiles
|-
| ZP6 || XEV
|-
| ZP8 || Regis Motors
|-
| ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA
|-
| ZR1 || Microlino
|-
| ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV
|-
| ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia)
|-
| Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| Z3D || Tauriga UAB; Tauras trailers (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan)
|-
| Z8M || Marussia (Russia)
|-
| Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus &amp; Nissan and Datsun models made by AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| Z8P || IRITO
|-
| Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia)
|-
| Z8U || [[w:SsangYong Korando#Third generation (C200; 2010)|Ssangyong Actyon]] made by Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Manufacturing Rus / Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia)
|-
| Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia)
|-
| Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (Hyundai, Kia) (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia)
|-
| Z07 || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only
|-
| 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc.
|-
| 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera)
|-
| 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 &amp; Bugatti EB110)
|-
| 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC)
|-
| 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 1AF || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 1AM || American Motors Corporation car &amp; Renault Alliance 1983 only
|-
| 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002
|-
| 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995
|-
| 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers
|-
| 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles
|-
| 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles through mid-2002
|-
| 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles
|-
| 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus
|-
| 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV
|-
| 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1BL || Balko, Inc.
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012–
|-
| 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/291 || CX Automotive
|-
| 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus)
|-
| 1C9/737 || Corbin Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International
|-
| 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation
|-
| 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation)
|-
| 1CY || Crane Carrier Company
|-
| 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009
|-
| 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only
|-
| 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1D9/628 || Dymac Vehicle Group (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc.
|-
| 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre &amp; Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus)
|-
| 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries)
|-
| 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle)
|-
| 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ
|-
| 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor
|-
| 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus)
|-
| 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford
|-
| 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|- 
| 1FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009)
|-
| 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC
|-
| 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. 
|-
| 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes
|- 
| 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp.
|-
| 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA
|-
| 1G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984
|-
| 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017
|-
| 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G5 || Pontiac incomplete vehicle 1989-1990, 2003-2006
|-
| 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010
|-
| 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 1G9/495 || Google &amp; Waymo
|-
| 1GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck 
|-
| 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GF || Flxible bus
|-
| 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM
|-
| 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986
|-
| 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004
|-
| 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020
|-
| 1GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987–
|-
| 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987–
|-
| 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV
|-
| 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987-
|-
| 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck 
|-
| 1GW || Grumman Olson Kubvan (truck)
|-
| 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV
|-
| 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 1HD || Harley-Davidson &amp; LiveWire
|-
| 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV
|-
| 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 1HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks &amp; Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 1H9/484 || Hughes Trailers (Based in Canyon, TX) (trailer)
|-
| 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group
|-
| 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer)
|-
| 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JU || Marmon Motor Company (truck)
|-
| 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1KB || Holiday Rambler Corp. 1981-2010 (trailer)
|-
| 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine)
|-
| 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer)
|-
| 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car
|-
| 1LV || Lectra Motors
|-
| 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers
|-
| 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine
|-
| 1L9/155 || LA Exotics
|-
| 1L9/234 || Laforza
|-
| 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co.
|-
| 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 1MR || Continental Mark VI &amp; VII 1981–1985 &amp; Continental sedan 1982–1985
|-
| 1M0 || John Deere Gator
|-
| 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck)
|-
| 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider)
|-
| 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus)
|-
| 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus)
|-
| 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive
|-
| 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019
|-
| 1N4 || Nissan car
|-
| 1N6 || Nissan truck
|-
| 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA
|-
| 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California)
|-
| 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus)
|-
| 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck)
|-
| 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV
|-
| 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp
|-
| 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles)
|-
| 1P9/213 || Panoz
|-
| 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PY || John Deere USA
|-
| 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles)
|-
| 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT)
|-
| 1S9/842 || Saleen S7
|-
| 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC
|-
| 1S9/944 || SSC North America
|-
| 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles
|-
| 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck)
|-
| 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA
|-
| 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper
|-
| 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC
|-
| 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
|-
| 1UJ || Jayco, Inc.
|-
| 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General
|-
| 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1VH || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 1VW || Volkswagen car
|-
| 1V1 || Volkswagen truck
|-
| 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV
|-
| 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive
|-
| 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works
|-
| 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck)
|-
| 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider)
|-
| 1WT || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V.
|-
| 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck)
|-
| 1WV || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis &amp; front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)]
|-
| 1WW || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class B Motorhome built on Renault chassis [Winnebago LeSharo, Centauri, Itasca Phasar]
|-
| 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider)
|-
| 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W5 || Western Recreational Vehicles (Alpenlite)
|-
| 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars
|-
| 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 &amp; later)
|-
| 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation
|-
| 1XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987
|-
| 1XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc.
|-
| 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider
|-
| 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]]
|-
| 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer)
|-
| 10R || E-Z-GO
|-
| 10T || Oshkosh Corporation 
|-
| 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 11V || Kalmar Solutions (Truck - Terminal Tractor)
|-
| 12A || Avanti
|-
| 137 || AM General Hummer &amp; Hummer H1
|-
| 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer)
|-
| 15G || Gillig bus
|-
| 16C || Clenet Coachworks
|-
| 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010)
|-
| 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome
|-
| 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 18X || Western Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 2A3 || Imperial
|-
| 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only
|-
| 2AY 2AZ || Hino
|-
| 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2BP || Ski-Doo
|-
| 2BV || Can-Am &amp; Bombardier ATV
|-
| 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV
|-
| 2BX || Can-Am Spyder &amp; Canyon 3-wheelers
|-
| 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder &amp; Canyon
|-
| 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002
|-
| 2B5 || Dodge &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002
|-
| 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager &amp; Volkswagen Routan) 2012-
|-
| 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005
|-
| 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors
|-
| 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles
|-
| 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only
|-
| 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only
|-
| 2CM || American Motors Corporation car
|-
| 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only
|-
| 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only
|-
| 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003
|-
| 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003
|-
| 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2DG || Ontario Drive &amp; Gear
|-
| 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation
|-
| 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager)
|-
| 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 2FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle)
|-
| 2FY || New Flyer
|-
| 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|- 
| 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada
|-
| 2G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 2G5 ||  GMC MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2G5 ||  Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023-2026
|-
| 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 2G7 ||  Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2G8 ||  Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 
|-
| 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2GC || Chevrolet truck 
|-
| 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus &amp; GM Classic series bus 
|-
| 2GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– 
|-
| 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– 
|-
| 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- 
|-
| 2GT || GMC truck 
|-
| 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HM || Hyundai Canada
|-
| 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo
|-
| 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse
|-
| 2LM || Lincoln SUV
|-
| 2LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck)
|-
| 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider)
|-
| 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on)
|-
| 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV
|-
| 2M9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries
|-
| 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NV || Nova Bus 
|-
| 2P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000
|-
| 2P5 || Plymouth &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983
|-
| 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995
|-
| 2PC || Prevost 1996-
|-
| 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited
|-
| 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC
|-
| 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2W9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2WK || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2WM || Western Star (glider)
|-
| 2XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only
|-
| 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck)
|-
| 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AX || Scania Mexico
|-
| 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses)
|-
| 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BH || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BP || Peterbilt  (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993
|-
| 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012–
|-
| 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662)
|-
| 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico
|-
| 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V.
|-
| 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009
|-
| 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009
|-
| 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011
|-
| 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011
|-
| 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont)
|-
| 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford &amp; IMMSA
|-
| 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico
|-
| 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck)
|-
| 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 &amp; Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 3F6 || Sterling Bullet
|-
| 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico
|-
| 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
| 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020
|-
| 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV
|-
| 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV
|-
| 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico
|-
| 3GC || Chevrolet truck
|-
| 3GK || GMC SUV
|-
| 3GM || Holden Suburban
|-
| 3GN || Chevrolet SUV
|-
| 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM
|-
| 3GS || Saturn SUV
|-
| 3GT || GMC truck
|-
| 3GY || Cadillac SUV
|-
| 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV
|-
| 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers)
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 3HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 3HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus)  
|-
| 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV &amp; Can-Am Ryker 3-wheeler)
|-
| 3JC || BRP Mexico (Can-Am Origin &amp; Pulse electric 2-wheel motorcycles)
|-
| 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX
|-
| 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX
|-
| 3LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995)
|-
| 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2)
|-
| 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011)
|-
| 3MF || BMW M car
|-
| 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico
|-
| 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico)
|-
| 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30)
|-
| 3MW || BMW car
|-
| 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation
|-
| 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3)
|-
| 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car
|-
| 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck &amp; Chevrolet City Express
|-
| 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV
|-
| 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV
|-
| 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV
|-
| 3P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS
|-
| 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC
|-
| 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT
|-
| 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV
|-
| 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car
|-
| 3WK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 3WP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck)
|-
| 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car
|-
| 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV
|-
| 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4B9/038 || BYD Coach &amp; Bus LLC
|-
| 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle)
|-
| 4C9/561 || Czinger
|-
| 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc.
|-
| 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus)
|-
| 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer)
|-
| 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford
|-
| 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford
|-
| 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM
|-
| 4G5 || General Motors EV1
|-
| 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM
|-
| 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra
|-
| 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM
|-
| 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV
|-
| 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer)
|-
| 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 4KD || GMC W-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 4KL || Isuzu N-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors]
|-
| 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 4M9/220 || Meyers Manx, LLC (Manx 2.0 EV) [Passenger Car - Replica]
|-
| 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division
|-
| 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company (Mid-1995 – )
|-
| 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford
|-
| 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM
|-
| 4PR || Hughes Trailers of Jackson (trailer)
|-
| 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA
|-
| 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994
|-
| 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only
|-
| 4RK || Nova Bus &amp; Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc.
|-
| 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive &amp; 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA
|-
| 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car
|-
| 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV
|-
| 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles
|-
| 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer)
|-
| 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck
|-
| 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars)
|-
| 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.)
|-
| 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi)
|-
| 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive
|-
| 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc.
|-
| 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors
|-
| 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc.
|-
| 4US || BMW car
|-
| 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation &amp; &lt;br /&gt; gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Thomas Built Buses FS-65 &amp; Saf-T-Liner C2
|-
| 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+
|-
| 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle)  1996+
|-
| 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider)
|-
| 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only)
|-
| 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales
|-
| 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC
|-
| 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM
|-
| 4XA || Polaris Inc.
|-
| 4X4 || Forest River
|-
| 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle)
|-
| 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc.
|-
| 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer)
|-
| 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 43C || Consulier
|-
| 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment)
|-
| 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle
|-
| 46J || Federal Motors Inc
|-
| 478 || Honda ATV
|-
| 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck)
|-
| 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011
|-
| 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer)
|-
| 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc.
|-
| 5BP || Solectria
|-
| 5BZ || Nissan &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA)
|-
| 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5CX || Shelby Series 1
|-
| 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC
|-
| 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer, Inc. (Formerly Advance Mixer, Inc.) (truck)
|-
| 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle
|-
| 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer)
|-
| 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles)
|-
| 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama 
|-
| 5FT || Feeling Trailers
|-
| 5FY || New Flyer
|-
| 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV
|-
| 5GD || Daewoo G2X
|-
| 5GN || Hummer H3T
|-
| 5GR || Hummer H2
|-
| 5GT || Hummer H3
|-
| 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV
|-
| 5G8 || Holden Volt
|-
| 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets
|-
| 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 5J1 || Big Dog Motorcycles (Mid-2002 – )
|-
| 5J5 || Club Car (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5KM || Vento Motorcycles
|-
| 5KT || Karavan Trailers
|-
| 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009)
|-
| 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle
|-
| 5LD || Ford &amp; Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014)
|-
| 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV
|-
| 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck
|-
| 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets
|-
| 5N1 || Nissan &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5N3 || Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5NH || Forest River
|-
| 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA
|-
| 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA
|-
| 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA
|-
| 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA
|-
| 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC
|-
| 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 5S3 || Saab 9-7X
|-
| 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV)
|-
| 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor)
|-
| 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI
|-
| 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV &amp; Lexus TX made by TMMI
|-
| 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX
|-
| 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer)
|-
| 5UM || BMW M car
|-
| 5UX || BMW SUV
|-
| 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 5VP || Victory Motorcycles
|-
| 5V4 || Autocar truck
|-
| 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer)
|-
| 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck)
|-
| 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG
|-
| 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG
|-
| 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC)
|-
| 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS
|-
| 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021)
|-
| 5YM || BMW M SUV
|-
| 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc.
|-
| 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI
|-
| 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV)
|-
| 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck)
|-
| 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan
|-
| 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car
|-
| 50G || Karma Automotive
|-
| 50H || Norstar Company (truck trailers, truck beds)
|-
| 516 || Autocar truck
|-
| 51R || Brammo Motorcycles
|-
| 51T || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Monaco (trailer)
|-
| 51U || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Holiday Rambler 2010- (trailer)
|-
| 51V || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: R-Vision (trailer)
|-
| 51X || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: McKenzie (trailer)
|-
| 51Z || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Monaco RV [Roadmaster Chassis] (incomplete vehicle) 
|-
| 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group)
|-
| 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc.
|-
| 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric
|-
| 538 || Zero Motorcycles
|-
| 53G || Coda Automotive
|-
| 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN
|-
| 546 || EBR Motorcycles
|-
| 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer
|-
| 54D || Isuzu &amp; Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group
|-
| 54F || Rosenbauer Motors (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 55S || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| 56E || Armor Lite Trailer Mfg. (truck trailers)
|-
| 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary)
|-
| 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer)
|-
| 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 57R || Oreion Motors
|-
| 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles)
|-
| 57W || Mobility Ventures
|-
| 57X || Polaris Slingshot
|-
| 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES)
|-
| 6AB || MAN Australia
|-
| 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs)
|-
| 6F1 || Ford
|-
| 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd.
|-
| 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia
|-
| 6F5 || Kenworth Australia
|-
| 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia
|-
| 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia
|-
| 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002), Chevrolet 2000-2013, Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8 ('08-'17), Daewoo Statesman &amp; Veritas
|-
| 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] made in Australia ('04-'06 GTO &amp; '08-'09 G8)
|-
| 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan 2014-2017, Middle East mkt. Chevrolet Caprice '14-'17
|-
| 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002)
|-
| 6KT || BCI Bus
|-
| 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia 
|-
| 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994
|-
| 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia
|-
| 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia
|-
| 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand
|-
| 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 7AB || MAN New Zealand
|-
| 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009
|-
| 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand
|-
| 7A3 || Honda New Zealand
|-
| 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand
|-
| 7A5 || Ford New Zealand
|-
| 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand
|-
| 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009
|-
| 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand
|-
| 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 7FC || Rivian truck
|-
| 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. 
|-
| 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 7G0 || Faraday Future
|- 
| 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks &amp; Texas-built Cybertruck)
|- 
| 7H4 || Hino truck
|-
| 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle
|- 
| 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV
|- 
| 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car
|- 
| 7JS || White River Marine Group (trailer)
|- 
| 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on
|- 
| 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works
|- 
| 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer)
|-
| 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|- 
| 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|-
| 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck
|-
| 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles
|-
| 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense
|- 
| 7NY || Lordstown Motors
|- 
| 7PD || Rivian SUV
|- 
| 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions
|- 
| 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y))
|-
| 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group
|-
| 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX
|-
| 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022-
|- 
| 7SY || Polestar SUV
|-
| 7TN || Canoo
|-
| 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV
|-
| 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer)
|-
| 7VV || Ree Automotive
|-
| 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV)
|-
| 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle
|-
| 7XB || Denago EV Corporation (Low-Speed Vehicle)
|-
| 7YA || Hyundai &amp; Kia MPV/SUV made by HMGMA
|-
| 7ZJ || Meyers Manx, LLC (Manx EV Resorter) [Low Speed Vehicle]
|-
| 7Z0 || Zoox
|-
| 71T || Slate Auto (truck)
|-
| 71V || Slate Auto (MPV)
|-
| 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck &amp; bus (Argentina)
|-
| 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America)
|-
| 8AD || Peugeot Argentina
|-
| 8AE || Peugeot van
|-
| 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina
|-
| 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina
|-
| 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina
|-
| 8AK || Suzuki Argentina
|-
| 8AN || Nissan Argentina
|-
| 8AP || Fiat Argentina
|-
| 8AT || Iveco Argentina
|-
| 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina
|-
| 8A1 || Renault Argentina
|-
| 8A3 || Scania Argentina
|-
| 8A7 || Minarelli S.A.
|-
| 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A.
|-
| 8BC || Citroën Argentina
|-
| 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| 8BR || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8CH || Honda motorcycle
|-
| 8C3 || Honda car/SUV
|-
| 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault
|-
| 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot
|-
| 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile
|-
| 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador
|-
| 8LF || Maresa (Mazda)
|-
| 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor &amp; Kia)
|-
| 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto)
|-
| 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela
|-
| 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A.
|-
| 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia)
|-
| 9BD || Fiat Brazil &amp; Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil
|-
| 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil
|-
| 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil
|-
| 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil
|-
| 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck &amp; bus
|-
| 9BN || Mafersa
|-
| 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 9BS || Scania Brazil
|-
| 9BU ||Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct Brazilian automaker)
|-
| 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil
|-
| 9BY || Agrale S.A.
|-
| 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil
|-
| 9DF || Puma
|-
| 9DW || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil
|-
| 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles
|-
| 92H || Origem Brazil
|-
| 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 935 || Citroën Brazil
|-
| 936 || Peugeot Brazil
|-
| 937 || Dodge Dakota
|-
| 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil)
|-
| 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV
|-
| 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 93P || Volare
|-
| 93S || Navistar International
|-
| 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006
|-
| 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016
|-
| 93V || Navistar International
|-
| 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny
|-
| 93Y || Renault Brazil
|-
| 93Z || Iveco
|-
| 94D || Nissan Brazil
|-
| 94N || RWM Brazil
|-
| 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais
|-
| 95P || CAOA Hyundai &amp; CAOA Chery
|-
| 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) &amp; Ducati, KTM, &amp; MV Agusta assembled by Dafra
|-
| 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016
|-
| 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 953 || VW Truck &amp; Bus / MAN Truck &amp; Bus
|-
| 96P || Kawasaki
|-
| 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd.
|-
| 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant)
|-
| 98M || BMW car/SUV
|-
| 98P || DAF Trucks
|-
| 98R || Chery
|-
| 99A || Audi 2016-
|-
| 99H || Shineray
|-
| 99J || Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| 99K || Haojue &amp; Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos
|-
| 99L || BYD
|-
| 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-)
|-
| 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa)
|-
| 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda)
|-
| 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.)
|-
| 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano)
|-
| 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy)
|-
| 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qsfpu3v1geabp1x0fbyf0n8ne54tsug</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672373</id>
      <parentid>4672364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T22:39:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Haeder hassan|Haeder hassan]] ([[User talk:Haeder hassan|talk]]) to last version by Vard 57</comment>
      <origin>4669923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="137484" sha1="nwdmvk8obkdamzlyn7zvftt04y6n53h" xml:space="preserve">==World Manufacturer Identifier==
The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. 

===WMI Regions===
The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/
| title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780
| publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI
! Region
! Notes
|-
| A-C
| Africa
| AA-AH = South Africa&lt;br /&gt;BF-BG = Kenya&lt;br /&gt;BU = Uganda&lt;br /&gt;CA-CB = Egypt&lt;br /&gt;DF-DK = Morocco
|-
| E, H-R
| Asia
| E=Russia&lt;br /&gt;H = China&lt;br /&gt;J = Japan&lt;br /&gt;KF-KH = Israel&lt;br /&gt;KL-KR = South Korea&lt;br /&gt;L = China&lt;br /&gt;MA-ME = India&lt;br /&gt;MF-MK = Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;ML-MR = Thailand&lt;br /&gt;MS = Myanmar&lt;br /&gt;MX = Kazakhstan&lt;br /&gt;MY-M0 = India&lt;br /&gt;NF-NG = Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;NL-NR = Turkey&lt;br /&gt;NS-NT = Uzbekistan&lt;br /&gt;PA-PC = Philippines&lt;br /&gt;PF-PG = Singapore&lt;br /&gt;PL-PR = Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;PS-PT = Bangladesh&lt;br /&gt;PV=Cambodia&lt;br /&gt;RA-RB = United Arab Emirates&lt;br /&gt;RF-RK = Taiwan&lt;br /&gt;RL-RN = Vietnam&lt;br /&gt;RS-RT = Saudi Arabia&lt;br /&gt;RU-RW = Russia&lt;br /&gt;R1-R7 = Hong Kong

|-
| S-Z
| Europe
| SA-SM = United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)&lt;br /&gt;SU-SZ = Poland&lt;br /&gt;TA-TH = Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;TJ-TP = Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;TR-TV = Hungary&lt;br /&gt;TW-T2 = Portugal&lt;br /&gt;UH-UM = Denmark&lt;br /&gt;UN-UR = Ireland&lt;br /&gt;UU-UX = Romania&lt;br /&gt;U1-U2 = North Macedonia&lt;br /&gt;U5-U7 = Slovakia&lt;br /&gt;VA-VE = Austria&lt;br /&gt;VF-VR = France&lt;br /&gt;VS-VW = Spain&lt;br /&gt;VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)&lt;br /&gt;V3-V5 = Croatia&lt;br /&gt;V6-V8 = Estonia&lt;br /&gt; W = Germany (formerly West Germany)&lt;br /&gt;XA-XC = Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;XF-XH = Greece&lt;br /&gt;XL-XR = The Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)&lt;br /&gt;XX-XY = Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;XZ-X0 = Russia&lt;br /&gt;YA-YE = Belgium&lt;br /&gt;YF-YK = Finland&lt;br /&gt;YS-YW = Sweden&lt;br /&gt;YX-Y2 = Norway&lt;br /&gt;Y3-Y5 = Belarus&lt;br /&gt;Y6-Y8 = Ukraine&lt;br /&gt;ZA-ZU = Italy&lt;br /&gt;ZX-ZZ = Slovenia&lt;br /&gt;Z3-Z5 = Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Z6-Z0 = Russia
|-
| 1-5
| North America
| 1, 4, 5 = United States&lt;br /&gt;2 = Canada&lt;br /&gt;3 = Mexico&lt;br /&gt;7F-70 = United States
|-
| 6-7
| Oceania
| 6A-6W = Australia&lt;br /&gt;7A-7E = New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;Revised: 6A-6X = Australia&lt;br /&gt;6Y-61 = New Zealand
|-
| 8-9
| South America
| 8A-8E = Argentina&lt;br /&gt;8F-8G = Chile&lt;br /&gt;8L-8N = Ecuador&lt;br /&gt;8S-8T = Peru&lt;br /&gt;8X-8Z = Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;82 = Bolivia&lt;br /&gt;84 = Costa Rica&lt;br /&gt;9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil&lt;br /&gt;9F-9G = Colombia&lt;br /&gt;9S-9V = Uruguay
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3

! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''A''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | South Africa || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ivory Coast || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lesotho || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Botswana || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Namibia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Madagascar || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cyprus || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mozambique || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''B''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Angola || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ethiopia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kenya || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rwanda || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nigeria || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Algeria || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Swaziland || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Uganda || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Africa''|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Libya || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''C''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Egypt || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Morocco || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zambia || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''D''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|-
| '''E''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''F''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| '''G'''
|-
| '''H''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''J''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Japan
|-
| '''K''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Israel || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jordan || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyrgyzstan || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' 
|-
| '''L''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''M''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | India || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Indonesia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Thailand || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Myanmar || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mongolia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kazakhstan || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | India
|-
| '''N''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pakistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iraq || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uzbekistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Azerbaijan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Tajikistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Armenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
| '''P''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Philippines || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singapore || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Malaysia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangladesh || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | India 
|-
| '''R''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | UAE || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Taiwan || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Vietnam || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Laos || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saudi Arabia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Hong Kong || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''S''' || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | United Kingdom || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Germany &lt;small&gt;(formerly East Germany)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Poland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Latvia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Georgia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iceland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''T''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Switzerland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Czech Republic || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hungary || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Portugal || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Serbia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Andorra || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''U''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Denmark || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ireland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | North Macedonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovakia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bosnia &amp; Herzogovina
|-
| '''V''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Austria || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | France || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | France &lt;small&gt;(formerly Yugoslavia &amp; Serbia)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Croatia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Estonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''W''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Germany
|-
| '''X''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bulgaria || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Greece || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia &lt;small&gt;(formerly USSR)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Luxembourg || colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''Y''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Belgium || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Finland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Malta || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sweden || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Norway || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Belarus || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ukraine || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''Z''' || colspan=&quot;18&quot; | Italy || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | San Marino|| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Europe''|| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lithuania || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''1''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | United States
|-
| '''2''' || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | Canada || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''3''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Mexico || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nicaragua || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Dom. Rep. || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Honduras || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Panama || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Puerto Rico || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''4''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | United States
|-
| '''5''' 
|-
| '''6''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Australia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Oceania''
|-
| '''7''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | United States
|-
| '''8''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ecuador || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Peru || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Venezuela || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bolivia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Costa Rica || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''South America'' 
|-
| '''9''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Brazil || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Colombia || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''South America''  || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Uruguay || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Brazil 
|-
| '''0''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|}

===List of Many WMIs===
The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html
| title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
| date=October 2009
| publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned.

{| class=&quot;wikitable x&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI !! Manufacturer
|-
| AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa
|-
| AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd.
|-
| AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck &amp; Bus)
|-
|AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number)
|-
| AAV || Volkswagen South Africa
|-
| AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt &amp; Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011
|-
| ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks &amp; Buses Southern Africa
|-
| ABM || BMW Southern Africa
|-
| ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018-
|-
| AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa 
|-
| AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa)
|-
| ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car
|-
| ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018)
|-
| ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd.
|-
| AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa)
|-
| AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa &amp; Samcor
|-
| AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa
|-
| AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa
|-
| AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa
|-
| AHH || Hino South Africa
|-
| AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000
|-
| AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd.
|-
| BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya
|-
| BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda
|-
| BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB)
|-
| BRY || FIAT Algeria
|-
| CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt)
|-
| DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt)
|-
| DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco)
|-
| EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia)
|-
| EAN || Evolute (Russia)
|-
| EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia)
|-
| EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia)
|-
| EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia)
|-
| ECE || XCITE (Russia)
|-
| ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia)
|-
| EDE || Tenet (Russia)
|-
| HAC || GAC Motor (Aion)
|-
| HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray)
|-
| HA6 || Jiangsu Niu Electric Technology Co., Ltd. (Niu)
|-
| HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd.
|-
| HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) 
|-
| HGL ||  Farizon Auto van (Geely)
|-
| HGX ||  Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely)
|-
| HHZ || Huazi Automobile
|-
| HJN || Nio, Firefly 
|-
| HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van
|-
| HJ4 || BAW car
|-
| HLX || Li Auto
|-
| HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. &lt;br /&gt;(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| HM2 || Shandong Bentu New Energy Vehicle Industry Co.,Ltd.
|-
| HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| HT5 || Zhejiang Jianying Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| HVW || Volkswagen Anhui
|-
| HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| HXM || Xiaomi
|-
| HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAB || Isuzu car
|-
| JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey &amp; Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan
|-
| JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu
|-
| JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty)
|-
| JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America)
|-
| JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) &amp; Nissan Rogue PHEV '26 made by Mitsubishi
|-
| JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America)
|-
| JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda
|-
| JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda
|-
| JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda
|-
| JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu
|-
| JD1 || Daihatsu car
|-
| JD2 || Daihatsu SUV
|-
| JD4 || Daihatsu truck
|-
| JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JF1 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car &amp; Scion FR-S/Toyota 86/Toyota GR86 made by Subaru
|-
| JF2 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV
|-
| JF3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] truck
|-
| JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru
|-
| JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada
|-
| JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck)
|-
| JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck)
|-
| JHA || Hino truck
|-
| JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHD || Hino
|-
| JHF || Hino
|-
| JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,&lt;br/&gt;JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]]
|-
| JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV
|-
| JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car
|-
| JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck
|-
| JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV
|-
| JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV
|-
| JH4 || Acura car
|-
| JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKM || Mitsuoka
|-
| JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki
|-
| JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki
|-
| JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault)
|-
| JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive)
|-
| JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive)
|-
| JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America &amp; Middle East
|-
| JMZ || Mazda for Europe export &amp; Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain &amp; Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France
|-
| JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export
|-
| JM1 || Mazda car
|-
| JM2 || Mazda truck
|-
| JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV
|-
| JM4 || Mazda
|-
| JM6 || Mazda
|-
| JM7 || Mazda
|-
| JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck)
|-
| JNK || Infiniti car
|-
| JNR || Infiniti SUV
|-
| JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN1 || Nissan car &amp; Infiniti car
|-
| JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN6 || Nissan truck/van &amp; Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van
|-
| JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck)
|-
| JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck)
|-
| JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda
|-
| JSA || Suzuki ATV &amp; '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki
|-
| JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki
|-
| JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota
|-
| JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle &amp; Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JS2 || Suzuki car
|-
| JS3 || Suzuki SUV
|-
| JS4 || Suzuki truck
|-
| JTB || Toyota bus
|-
| JTD || Toyota car
|-
| JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JTF || Toyota van/truck
|-
| JTG || Toyota MPV/bus
|-
| JTH || Lexus car
|-
| JTJ || Lexus SUV
|-
| JTK || Toyota car
|-
| JTL || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Uncharted, Solterra, and Trailseeker made by Toyota
|-
| JTN || Toyota car
|-
| JTP || Toyota SUV
|-
| JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van
|-
| JT2 || Toyota car
|-
| JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JT4 || Toyota truck/van
|-
| JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle
|-
| JT6 || Lexus SUV
|-
| JT7 || Toyota bus/van
|-
| JT8 || Lexus car
|-
| JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003)
|-
| JYA || Yamaha motorcycles
|-
| JYE || Yamaha snowmobile
|-
| JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV
|-
| JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV
|-
| J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu
|-
| J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada
|-
| J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| KF3 || Merkavim (Israel)
|-
| KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel)
|-
| KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel)
|-
| KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel)
|-
| KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea
|-
| KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)&lt;br /&gt; from Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants
|-
| KLP || CT&amp;T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles)
|-
| KLT || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLU || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo)
|-
| KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car)
|-
| KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac car)
|-
| KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden)
|-
| KL4 || GM Korea (Buick MPV/SUV)
|-
| KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki car) US: 2004-2008, Canada: 2004-2011
|-
| KL5 || Daewoo Bus Corp./Zyle Daewoo Bus 2004-2017
|-
| KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC MPV/SUV)
|-
| KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport car, Asuna car (Pre-2000))
|-
| KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000))
|-
| KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark))
|-
| KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]]
|-
| KMC || Hyundai commercial truck
|-
| KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor)
|-
| KMF || Hyundai van &amp; commercial truck &amp; Bering Truck
|-
| KMH || Hyundai car &amp; Mitsubishi Precis ('87 - 3/10/88) &amp; Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai
|-
| KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus
|-
| KMT || Genesis Motor car
|-
| KMU || Genesis Motor SUV
|-
| KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV
|-
| KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&amp;T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM8 || Hyundai SUV
|-
| KNA || Kia car
|-
| KNC || Kia truck
|-
| KND || Kia MPV/SUV &amp; Hyundai Entourage
|-
| KNE || Kia for Europe export
|-
| KNF || Kia, special vehicles
|-
| KNG || Kia minibus/bus
|-
| KNJ || Ford Festiva &amp; Aspire made by Kia
|-
| KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech
|-
| KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung
|-
| KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd.
|-
| KN1 || Asia Motors
|-
| KN2 || Asia Motors
|-
| KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup
|-
| KPB || SsangYong car or For S. Korea domestic market: SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV 
|-
| KPD || SsangYong bus (TransStar, Istana minibus, Rodius/Korando Turismo 11-seater)
|-
| KPH || Mitsubishi Precis (3/11/88 - '94)
|-
| KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV (For export)
|-
| LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle
|-
| LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle
|-
| LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang)
|-
| LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA7 || Radar Auto, Farizon Auto (Geely) made by Shandong Tangjun Ouling Automobile Manufacture Co,. Ltd.
|-
| LA8 || Anhui Ankai
|-
| LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus &amp; Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus)
|-
| LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LA9/LC0 || BYD
|-
| LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile
|-
| LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray
|-
| LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli)
|-
| LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang)
|-
| LBM || Zongshen Piaggio
|-
| LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro)
|-
| LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LB1 || Fujian Benz
|-
| LB2 || Geely Motorcycles
|-
| LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi)
|-
| LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO)
|-
| LCR || Gonow
|-
| LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza)
|-
| LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco)
|-
| LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LDB || Dadi Auto
|-
| LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60
|-
| LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile
|-
| LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway)
|-
| LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast
|-
| LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive
|-
| LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd.
|-
| LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle)
|-
| LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW)
|-
| LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC)
|-
| LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China
|- 
| LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle
|- 
| LE4 || Beijing Benz &amp; Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) &amp; Beijing Jeep Corp.
|-
| LE8 || Guangzhou Huaye Electric Vehicle Technology Co., Ltd. (Formerly Guangzhou Panyu Huanan Motors Group Co., Ltd.) (motorcycles)
|-
| LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7)
|-
| LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd.
|-
| LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing
|-
| LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton)
|-
| LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz)
|-
| LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus)
|-
| LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) &amp; Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4)
|-
| LFT || FAW (trailers)
|-
| LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili)
|-
| LFW || FAW JieFang (truck)
|-
| LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck)
|-
| LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory
|-
| LFZ || Leapmotor
|-
| LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle 
|-
| LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia)
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. 
|-
| LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis
|-
| LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing)
|-
| LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus)
|-
| LGL || Guilin Daewoo
|-
| LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey)
|-
| LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao)
|-
| LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus
|-
| LG6 || Dayun Group
|-
| LHA || Shuanghuan Auto
|-
| LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding
|-
| LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura)
|-
| LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co.
|-
| LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LH1 || FAW-Haima, China
|-
| LJC || Jincheng Corporation
|-
| LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) &amp; Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia)
|-
| LJM || Sunlong (bus)
|-
| LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan
|-
| LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer)
|-
| LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus
|-
| LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile &amp; Kandi &amp; Zhidou
|-
| LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJW || JMC Landwind
|-
| LJX || JMC Ford
|-
| LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol)
|-
| LJ1 || Nio, Inc.
|-
| LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun)
|-
| LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile
|-
| LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe
|-
| LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LKH || Hafei Motor
|-
| LKL || Higer Bus
|-
| LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles
|-
| LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus
|-
| LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles
|-
| LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLN || Qoros 
|-
| LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
|-
| LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive
|-
| LLX || Yudo Auto
|-
| LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd.
|-
| LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng)
|-
| LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles)
|-
| LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo
|-
| LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]]
|-
| LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader)
|-
| LMP || Farizon Auto (Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.) 
|-
| LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima
|-
| LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]]
|-
| LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing)
|-
| LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LM6 || SWM (automobiles)
|-
| LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO
|-
| LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan
|-
| LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) &amp; Arcfox &amp; Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC
|-
| LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo
|-
| LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LNP || NAC MG UK Limited &amp; Nanjing Fiat Automobile
|-
| LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.)
|-
| LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks)
|-
| LNY || Yuejin
|-
| LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles)
|-
| LPE || BYD Auto
|-
| LPS || Polestar
|-
| LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export)
|-
| LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks
|-
| LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export)
|-
| LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus)
|-
| LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai)
|-
| LR4 || Yadi Technology Group
|-
| LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck)
|-
| LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV &amp; Chevrolet S10 Max &amp; Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
|-
| LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet)
|-
| LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van &amp; Chevrolet Express Max
|-
| LSJ || SAIC MG &amp; SAIC Roewe &amp; IM Motors &amp; Rising Auto
|-
| LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van
|-
| LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus)
|-
| LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) &amp; Jinbei GM
|-
| LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd
|-
| LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV)
|-
| LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) &amp; Changan Suzuki
|-
| LS6 || Changan Automobile &amp; Deepal Automobile &amp; Avatr
|-
| LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd.
|-
| LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LTA || ZX Auto
|-
| LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler &amp; Dodge vehicles
|-
| LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin)
|-
| LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) 
|-
| LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China)
|-
| LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd.
|-
| LUG || Qiantu Motor
|-
| LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar
|-
| LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd.
|-
| LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta)
|-
| LVA || Foton Motor
|-
| LVB || Foton Motor truck
|-
| LVC || Foton Motor bus
|-
| LVF || Changhe Suzuki
|-
| LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead)
|-
| LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo)
|-
| LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LVR || Changan Mazda
|-
| LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) &amp; Changan Ford Mazda &amp; Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda
|-
| LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast
|-
| LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour, Jaecoo
|-
| LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo
|-
| LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021)
|-
| LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd
|-
| LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory
|-
| LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group)
|-
| LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus)
|-
| LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWL || Qingling Isuzu
|-
| LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LW4 || Li Auto
|-
| LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG)
|-
| LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM)
|-
| LXN || Link Tour
|-
| LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXW || JMC - Ford
|-
| LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor &amp; Yinxiang Group)
|-
| LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory &amp; Taizhou, Luqiao District factory
|-
| LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science &amp; Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China
|-
| LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-)
|-
| LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman)
|-
| LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus
|-
| LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd.
|-
| LZM || MAN China
|-
| LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian)
|-
| LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen
|-
| LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus
|-
| LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export])
|-
| LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak)
|-
| LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd.
|-
| LZ9/LZX || Raysince
|-
| L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers)
|-
| L08 || Zhejiang Apollo Sports Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd.
|-
| L1N || XPeng Motors
|-
| L10 || Geely Emgrand
|-
| L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles)
|-
| L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs)
|-
| L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle
|-
| L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV &amp; motorcycles)
|-
| L5R || Jiangsu Dafier Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen)
|-
| L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV)
|-
| L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd.
|-
| L6T || Geely, Lynk &amp; Co, Zeekr
|-
| L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. 
|-
| L82 || Baotian
|-
| L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance
|-
| L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle
|-
| L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd.
|-
| MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MAB || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAC || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India
|-
| MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India
|-
| MAL || Hyundai Motor India
|- 
| MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix
|- 
| MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover
|-
| MA1 || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic &amp; export)
|-
| MA6 || GM India
|-
| MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. &amp; Mitsubishi Motors &amp; Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors
|-
| MA8 || Daewoo Motor India
|-
| MBF || Royal Enfield
|- 
| MBH || Suzuki (for export) &amp; Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited
|-
| MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBL || Hero MotoCorp
|-
| MBR || Mercedes-Benz India
|-
| MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|-
| MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd.
|-
| MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape)
|-
| MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd.
|-
| MB1 || Ashok Leyland
|-
| MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV)
|-
| MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited
|-
| MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep)
|-
| MCB || GM India
|-
| MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers
|-
| MCG || Atul Auto Ltd.
|-
| MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC1 || Force Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd.
|-
| MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz)
|-
| MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited
|-
| MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun)
|-
| MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited
|-
| MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. &amp; KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj &amp; Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj
|-
| MD6 || TVS Motor Company
|-
| MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella
|-
| MD9 || Shuttle Cars India
|-
| MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz)
|-
| MEE || Renault India Private Limited
|-
| MEG || Harley-Davidson India
|-
| MER || Benelli India
|-
| MES || Mahindra Navistar
|-
| MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia)
|-
| MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on
|-
| ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| ME3 || Royal Enfield
|-
| ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
|-
| MYH || Ather Energy
|-
| MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa
|-
| MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited)
|-
| MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| M3G || Isuzu Motors India
|-
| M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited
|-
| ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike)
|-
| MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia
|-
| MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International
|-
| MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu)
|-
| MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia
|-
| MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car)
|-
| MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van)
|-
| MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg.
|-
| MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
|-
| MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MJB || GM Indonesia
|-
| MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)
|-
| MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
|-
| MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling)
|-
| MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd.
|-
| MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand
|-
| ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand)
|-
| MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP)
|-
| MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup
|-
| MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
|-
| MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car)
|-
| MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, &amp; Trailblazer)
|-
| MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant)
|-
| MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export
|-
| MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets
|-
| MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets
|-
| MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd.
|-
| MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. &amp; Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand
|-
| MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant)
|-
| MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand)
|-
| MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand
|-
| MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car)
|-
| MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. 
|-
| MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups &amp; Fortuner SUV)
|-
| MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand
|-
| MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars &amp; CUVs)
|-
| MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab)
|-
| MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar
|-
| MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar
|-
| MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan)
|-
| NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran)
|-
| NAC || Mammut (truck trailers)
|-
| NAD || Škoda
|-
| NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers)
|-
| NAP || Pars Khodro
|-
| NAS || SAIPA
|-
| NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NC9/ || VIRA Diesel
|-
| ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd.
|-
| NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation
|-
| NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars
|-
| NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S.
|-
| NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck
|-
| NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV
|-
| NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van
|-
| NLN || Karsan
|-
| NLR || Otokar
|-
| NLT || Temsa
|-
| NLZ || Tezeller
|-
| NL1 || TOGG
|-
| NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus)
|-
| NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş.
|-
| NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses
|-
| NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
|-
| NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle
|-
| NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş.
|-
| NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey
|-
| NM0 || Ford Otosan
|-
| NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.
|-
| NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS)
|-
| NNA || Anadolu Isuzu
|-
| NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio)
|-
| NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer)
|-
| NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NPS || Nursan (truck trailer)
|-
| NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus)
|-
| NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus)
|-
| NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus)
|-
| NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/300 || TCV (bus) 
|-
| NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) 
|-
| NRE || Bozankaya
|-
| NRX || Musoshi
|-
| NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv
|-
| NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/034 || Akia (bus)
|-
| NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer)
|-
| NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan)
|-
| NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan
|-
| NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan)
|- 
| PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation
|-
| PAD || Honda Cars Philippines
|-
| PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS)
|-
| PL1 || Proton, Malaysia
|-
| PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai
|-
| PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia
|-
| PMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus Malaysia
|-
| PMH || Honda Malaysia (car)
|-
| PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle)
|-
| PML || Hicom 
|-
| PMN || Modenas
|-
| PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle)
|-
| PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PM1 || BMW &amp; Mini/Inokom
|-
| PM2 || Perodua
|-
| PM9/ || Bufori
|-
| PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot
|-
| PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot)
|-
| PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus)
|-
| PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia
|-
| PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB)
|-
| PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB)
|-
| PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PPP || Suzuki
|-
| PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)
|-
| PP1 || Mazda/Inokom
|-
| PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom
|-
| PRA || Sinotruk
|-
| PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant)
|-
| PRX || Kia/Inokom
|-
| PR8 || Ford
|-
| PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia
|-
| PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia
|-
| RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE
|-
| RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE
|-
| LES || Isuzu MPV made by Sanfu Motor Industrial Co., Ltd. (Trooper '87-'91) (Taiwan)
|-
| LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LM5 || Isuzu Truck (Light Duty) made by Sanfu Motor Industrial Co., Ltd. (Trooper '87-'88) (Taiwan)
|-
| LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan)
|-
| LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan
|-
| RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee
|-
| RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan
|-
| RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan
|-
| RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan
|-
| RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan)
|-
| RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan
|-
| RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen)
|-
| RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle)
|-
| RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan)
|-
| RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan
|-
| RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan)
|-
| RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan)
|-
| RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan)
|-
| RK3 || Honda Taiwan
|-
| RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan)
|-
| RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam)
|-
| RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co.
|-
| RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLL || VinFast SUV
|-
| RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam
|-
| RLN || VinFast
|-
| RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 &amp; DS 90)
|-
| RL0 || Ford Vietnam
|-
| RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam
|-
| RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia)
|-
| R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd.
|-
| R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong)
|-
| R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3W || Hong Kong Runhorse Holding Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd.
|-
| R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| SAA || Austin
|-
| SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-)
|-
| SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987)
|-
| SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace)
|-
| SAF || ERF trucks
|-
| SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group
|-
| SAJ || Jaguar passenger car &amp; Daimler passenger car (after April 1987)
|-
| SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]]
|-
| SAM || Morris
|-
| SAR || Rover &amp; MG Rover Group
|-
| SAT || Triumph car
|-
| SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars
|-
| SAY || Norton Motorcycles (UK) Ltd. (Donington Park/Donington Hall)
|-
| SAZ || Freight Rover
|-
| SA3 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/ || OX Global
|-
| SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA)
|-
| SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA)
|-
| SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars)
|-
| SA9/005 || Panther
|-
| SA9/010 || Invicta S1
|-
| SA9/011 || Midas Cars
|-
| SA9/019 || TVR
|-
| SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars
|-
| SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys
|-
| SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/038 || DAX Cars
|-
| SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars
|-
| SA9/048 || McLaren F1
|-
| SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering
|-
| SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace)
|-
| SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers
|-
| SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ)
|-
| SA9/074 || Ascari 
|-
| SA9/088 || Spectre Angel 
|-
| SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd.
|-
| SA9/113 || Noble
|-
| SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing
|-
| SA9/141 || Wrightbus
|-
| SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3
|-
| SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars
|-
| SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.)
|-
| SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer)
|-
| SA9/231 || Peel Engineering
|-
| SA9/337 || Ariel
|-
| SA9/341 || Zenos
|-
| SA9/438 || Charge Cars
|-
| SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive
|-
| SA9/474 || Mellor (bus)
|-
| SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car)
|-
| SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace)
|-
| SBB || Leyland Vehicles
|-
| SBC || Iveco Ford Truck
|-
| SBF || Nugent (trailer)
|-
| SBJ || Leyland Bus
|-
| SBL || Leyland Motors &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| SBM || McLaren
|-
| SBS || Scammell
|-
| SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| SBV || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks
|-
| SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer)
|-
| SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK
|-
| SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car
|-
| SCB || Bentley passenger car
|-
| SCC || Lotus Cars &amp; Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton
|-
| SCD || Reliant Motors
|-
| SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK)
|-
| SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car &amp; '21 DBX SUV
|-
| SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers
|-
| SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove
|-
| SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company &amp; London Taxi Company &amp; London Taxis International
|-
| SCV || Volvo Truck &amp; Bus Scotland
|-
| SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020)
|-
| SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV
|-
| SDB || Talbot
|-
| SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984
|-
| SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992
|-
| SDK || Caterham Cars
|-
| SDL || TVR
|-
| SDP || NAC MG UK &amp; MG Motor UK Ltd.
|-
| SDU || Utility (truck trailer)
|-
| SD7 || Aston Martin SUV
|-
| SD8 || Moke International Ltd.
|-
| SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi)
|-
| SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access
|-
| SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer)
|-
| SEY || LDV Group Ltd.
|-
| SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK
|-
| SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis
|-
| SFE || Alexander Dennis UK
|-
| SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer)
|-
| SFN || Foden Trucks &amp; Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks
|-
| SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus
|-
| SGA || Avondale (caravans)
|-
| SGB || Bailey (caravans)
|-
| SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans)
|-
| SGE || Elddis (caravans)
|-
| SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SG4 || Coachman Caravan Co. Ltd.
|-
| SG7 || ABI Caravans Ltd.
|-
| SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car
|-
| SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV
|-
| SH2 || The Norton Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (TVS Motor Co. subsidiary)
|-
| SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck
|-
| SJA || Bentley SUV
|-
| SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd
|-
| SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti
|-
| SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan
|-
| SJ1 || Ree Automotive
|-
| SKA || Vauxhall
|-
| SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers &amp; Trucks
|-
| SKF || Bedford Vehicles
|-
| SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd
|-
| SKM || King Military Engineering Ltd.
|-
| SLA || Rolls Royce SUV
|-
| SLC || Thwaites Dumpers
|-
| SLG || McMurtry Automotive
|-
| SLN || Niftylift
|-
| SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd.
|-
| SLV || Volvo bus
|-
| SMR || Montracon (truck trailer)
|-
| SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer)
|-
| SMX || Gray &amp; Adams (truck trailer)
|-
| SNE || Barkas (East Germany)
|-
| SNE || Wartburg (East Germany)
|-
| SNT || Trabant (East Germany)
|-
| SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany)
|-
| SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany)
|-
| ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer)
|-
| SUA || Autosan (bus)
|-
| SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer)
|-
| SUC || Wiola (trailer)
|-
| SUD || Wielton (truck trailers)
|-
| SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat)
|-
| SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland)
|-
| SUJ || Jelcz (Poland)
|-
| SUL || FSC (Poland)
|-
| SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers)
|-
| SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland)
|-
| SUU || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland)
|-
| SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland) - until 2004
|-
| SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer)
|-
| SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland)
|-
| SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer)
|-
| SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer)
|-
| SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer)
|-
| SVS || BODEX (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer)
|-
| SWH || Temared (trailers)
|-
| SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers)
|-
| SWV || TA-NO (Poland)
|-
| SWZ || Zremb (trailers)
|-
| SW9/BA1 || Solbus
|-
| SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer)
|-
| SXE || Neptun Trailers
|-
| SXK || Konar (truck trailer)
|-
| SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o.
|-
| SXY || Wecon (truck trailer)
|-
| SXX || Martz (trailer)
|-
| SX7 || Arthur Bus
|-
| SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus)
|-
| SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer)
|-
| SYB || Rydwan (trailer)
|-
| SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer)
|-
| SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy)
|-
| SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer)
|-
| SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer)
|-
| SZA || Scania Poland
|-
| SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle)
|-
| SZL || Boro Trailers
|-
| SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) 
|-
| SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer)
|-
| SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer)
|-
| S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia)
|-
| S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia)
|-
| TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon &amp; Wetzikon AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland)
|-
| TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland)
|-
| TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland)
|-
| TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland)
|-
| TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland)
|-
| TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland)
|-
| TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKP || Panav a.s.  (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV)
|-
| TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic)
|-
| TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia
|-
| TNE || TAZ
|-
| TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody)
|-
| TNT || Tatra trucks
|-
| TNU || Tatra trucks
|-
| TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer)
|-
| TRA || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TRC || Csepel bus
|-
| TRE || Rákos bus
|-
| TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary)
|-
| TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS)
|-
| TSB || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary
|-
| TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary)
|-
| TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary)
|-
| TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),&lt;br&gt; Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK)
|-
| TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary)
|-
| TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series)
|-
| TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal)
|-
| TW4 || UMM (Portugal)
|-
| TW6 || Citroën (Portugal)
|-
| TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland &amp; Austin Rover Portugal
|-
| TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili)
|-
| TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal)
|-
| TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive)
|-
| TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive)
|-
| T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia)
|-
| T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia)
|-
| T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands)
|-
| UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain)
|-
| UA2 || Iveco Massif &amp; Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain)
|-
| UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain)
|-
| UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium)
|-
| UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/EM1 || Egholm (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark)
|-
| UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark)
|-
| UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark)
|-
| UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland
|-
| UN9/012 || Duffy Coachbodies (Ireland)
|-
| UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland)
|-
| UU1 || Dacia (Romania)
|-
| UU2 || Oltcit
|-
| UU3 || ARO
|-
| UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz
|-
| UU5 || Rocar
|-
| UU6 || Daewoo Romania
|-
| UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond
|-
| UU9 || Astra Bus
|-
| UVW || UMM (truck trailer)
|-
| UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus
|-
| UWR || Robus Reșița
|-
| UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov)
|-
| U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia)
|-
| U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia)
|-
| U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer)
|-
| U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia)
|-
| U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus)
|-
| U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia)
|-
| VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G &amp; Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer
|-
| VAH || Hangler (truck trailer)
|-
| VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik
|-
| VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks
|-
| VAV || Schwarzmüller
|-
| VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer)
|-
| VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf &amp; Stift
|-
| VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle)
|-
| VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| VA9/RB1 || Rosenbauer International AG (truck)
|-
| VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer)
|-
| VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer)
|-
| VBK || KTM 
|-
| VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles &amp; Gas Gas under KTM ownership
|-
| VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr
|-
| VFA || Alpine (A310, A610, A110, A390), Renault Alpine GTA
|-
| VFG || Caravelair (caravans)
|-
| VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers)
|-
| VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| VF1 || Renault, Renault GTA '87-'90 (UK market Alpine GTA), Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault,&lt;br&gt; Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, Grandis, &amp; Eclipse Cross EV made by Renault
|-
| VF2 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VF3 || Peugeot
|-
| VF4 || Talbot
|-
| VF5 || Iveco Unic
|-
| VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. &amp; Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A.
|-
| VF7 || Citroën
|-
| VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra)
|-
| VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/300 || EvoBus France
|-
| VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/519 || Hommell 
|-
| VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper)
|-
| VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
|-
| VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus
|-
| VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus)
|-
| VGA || Peugeot Motocycles
|-
| VGT || ASCA (truck trailers)
|-
| VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers)
|-
| VGW || BSLT (truck trailers)
|-
| VGX || Coder (truck trailers)
|-
| VGY || Lohr (truck trailers)
|-
| VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) &amp; Yamaha Motor
|-
| VG6 || Renault Trucks &amp; Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks
|-
| VG7 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG8 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle)
|-
| VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus)
|-
| VHR || Robuste (truck trailer)
|-
| VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain
|-
| VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VH8 || Microcar
|-
| VJR || Ligier
|-
| VJY || Gruau
|-
| VJ1 || Heuliez Bus
|-
| VJ2 || Mia Electric
|-
| VJ4 || Gruau
|-
| VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer)
|-
| VK1 || SEG (truck trailer)
|-
| VK2 || Grandin Automobiles
|-
| VK8 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VLG || Aixam-Mega
|-
| VLU || Scania France
|-
| VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari
|-
| VMK || Renault Sport Spider
|-
| VMS || Automobiles Chatenet
|-
| VMT || SECMA
|-
| VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55
|-
| VM3 || Lamberet (trailer)
|-
| VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer)
|-
| VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB
|-
| VN4 || Voxan
|-
| VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL
|-
| VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France)
|-
| VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France &amp; '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF
|-
| VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault
|-
| VPG || MPM Motors 
|-
| VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S
|-
| VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers)
|-
| VRW || Goupil
|-
| VR1 || DS Automobiles
|-
| VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis)
|-
| VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis)
|-
| VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain
|-
| VSC || Talbot
|-
| VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) &amp; Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, &amp; Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350)
|-
| VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup &amp; Ford Maverick 1993–1999
|-
| VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers)
|-
| VSS || SEAT/Cupra
|-
| VSX || Opel Spain
|-
| VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus)
|-
| VS1 || Pegaso
|-
| VS5 || Renault Spain
|-
| VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain
|-
| VS7 || Citroën Spain
|-
| VS8 || Peugeot Spain
|-
| VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain)
|-
| VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana
|-
| VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain)
|-
| VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica 
|-
| VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain)
|-
| VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models)
|-
| VTH || Derbi (motorcycles)
|-
| VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models)
|-
| VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles)
|-
| VTR || Gas Gas
|-
| VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers)
|-
| VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers)
|-
| VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain
|-
| VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza
|-
| VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles
|-
| VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VWL || Indox (truck trailers)
|-
| VWV || Volkswagen Spain
|-
| VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van
|-
| VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
|-
| VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV
|-
| VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia)
|-
| VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.)
|-
| VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-)
|-
| VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- &amp; Fiat Topolino '23- &amp; Fiat Grande Panda '25-
|-
| VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico)
|-
| VYS || Renault &amp; Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290)
|-
| VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia)
|-
| V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia)
|-
| V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia)
|-
| V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia)
|-
| V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia)
|-
| V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia)
|-
| V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia)
|-
| V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia)
|-
| V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia)
|-
| WAC || Arge Audi Porsche (Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant)
|-
| WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer)
|-
| WAG || Neoplan
|-
| WAP || Alpina
|-
| WAU || Audi car
|-
| WA1 || Audi SUV
|-
| WBA || BMW car
|-
| WBC || Boom Trikes
|-
| WBJ || Bitter Cars
|-
| WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH 
|-
| WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers)
|-
| WBS || BMW M car
|-
| WBU || Bürstner (caravans)
|-
| WBX || BMW SUV
|-
| WBY || BMW i car
|-
| WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WB1 || BMW Motorrad 
|-
| WB2 || Blyss (trailer)
|-
| WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS
|-
| WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin
|-
| WB5 || BMW i SUV
|-
| WCD || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019
|-
| WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer)
|-
| WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] &amp; Maybach
|-
| WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car
|-
| WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French &amp; Spanish built models – Citan &amp; Vito &amp; X-Class)
|-
| WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019
|-
| WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDT || Dethleffs (caravans)
|-
| WDW || Dodge Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009
|-
| WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009
|-
| WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDZ || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck
|-
| WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses)
|-
| WEG || Ablinger  (trailer)
|-
| WEL || e.GO Mobile AG
|-
| WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH
|-
| WFC || Fendt (caravans)
|-
| WFD || Fliegl Trailer
|-
| WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH
|-
| WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany
|-
| WF1 || Merkur
|-
| WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH
|-
| WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer)
|-
| WHB || Hobby - Wohnwagenwerk, Ing. H. Striewski GmbH (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| WHL || Hulco (trailer)
|-
| WHW || Hako GmbH
|-
| WHY || Hymer GmbH &amp; Co. KG (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer)
|-
| WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus
|-
| WJR || Irmscher
|-
| WKE || Krone (truck trailers)
|-
| WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer)
|-
| WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans)
|-
| WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers)
|-
| WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers)
|-
| WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers
|-
| WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane)
|-
| WMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus 
|-
| WME || smart (from 5/99)
|-
| WMG || Demag Cranes
|-
| WMM || Karl Müller GmbH &amp; Co. KG (truck trailers)
|-
| WMP || M &amp; V GmbH (truck trailers)
|-
| WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar)
|-
| WMW || MINI car
|-
| WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG &amp; Mercedes-AMG GT &amp; Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America)
|-
| WMZ || MINI SUV
|-
| WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE
|-
| WP0 || Porsche car
|-
| WP1 || Porsche SUV
|-
| WRA || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| WRJ || Riese &amp; Müller (bicycle)
|-
| WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers)
|-
| WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers)
|-
| WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers)
|-
| WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers)
|-
| WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group
|-
| WS5 || StreetScooter
|-
| WS7 || Sono Motors
|-
| WTA || Tabbert (caravans)
|-
| WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car &lt;br&gt; (includes '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet &amp; '06 S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan &amp; '16-'18 S8 Plus &amp; non-North American mkt. Q7 V12 TDI)
|-
| WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV
|-
| WVG || Volkswagen SUV &amp; Touran &amp; N. American mkt. ID Buzz '25
|-
| WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN
|-
| WVP || Viseon Bus
|-
| WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan
|-
| WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok)
|-
| WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus)
|-
| WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (incomplete vehicle: chassis cab/cutaway)&lt;br&gt; [includes Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)]
|-
| WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok &amp; T7 Transporter made by Ford)
|-
| WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford)
|-
| WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer)
|-
| WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer)
|-
| WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America)
|-
| W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer)
|-
| W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall &amp; Holden
|-
| W0L || Holden Zafira &amp; Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand
|-
| W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall &amp; Holden (since 2017)
|-
| W04 || Buick Regal &amp; Buick Cascada
|-
| W06 || Cadillac Catera
|-
| W08 || Saturn Astra
|-
| W09/A55 || Artega Automobile
|-
| W09/A71 || Apollo
|-
| W09/B09 || Bitter Cars
|-
| W09/B16 || Brabus
|-
| W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer)
|-
| W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus)
|-
| W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E04 || Eder (trailer)
|-
| W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/F57 || Twike
|-
| W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/G64 || Gumpert
|-
| W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau
|-
| W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/H49 || H&amp;W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/J02 || Isdera
|-
| W09/K27 || Krupp
|-
| W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/L05 || Liebherr
|-
| W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles)
|-
| W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer)
|-
| W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn)
|-
| W09/R06 || RUF
|-
| W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R38 || Rewaco
|-
| W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus)
|-
| W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH &amp; Co. KG  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer)
|-
| W09/W59 || Wiesmann
|-
| W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W1A || smart
|-
| W1H || Freightliner Econic
|-
| W1K || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck
|-
| W1V || Mercedes-Benz van
|-
| W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1Z || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle
|-
| W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia)
|-
| XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece)
|-
| XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece)
|-
| XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece
|-
| XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. &amp; Co. (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece
|-
| XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece)
|-
| XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia)
|-
| XKM || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| XLA || DAF Bus International
|-
| XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars)
|-
| XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands
|-
| XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V.
|-
| XLE || Scania Netherlands
|-
| XLH || Hapert (trailer)
|-
| XLJ || Anssems (trailer)
|-
| XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XLR || DAF Trucks &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| XLU || Henra (trailer)
|-
| XLV || DAF Bus
|-
| XLW || Terberg Benschop BV
|-
| XL3 || Ebusco
|-
| XL4 ||Lightyear
|-
| XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV
|-
| XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks
|-
| XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars
|-
| XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer)
|-
| XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen
|-
| XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer)
|-
| XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers)
|-
| XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter)
|-
| XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes
|-
| XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus
|-
| XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer)
|-
| XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/363 || Spyker
|-
| XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer)
|-
| XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer)
|-
| XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/527 || GINAF
|-
| XL9/530 || Ebusco
|-
| XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer)
|-
| XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD)
|-
| XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD)
|-
| XMG || VDL Bus International
|-
| XMR || Nooteboom Trailers 
|-
| XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper)
|-
| XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD)
|-
| XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD)
|-
| XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer)
|-
| XNL || VDL Bus &amp; Coach
|-
| XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XPN || Knapen Trailers
|-
| XPP || Atec Trailers
|-
| XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg)
|-
| XRP || Proline (trailer)
|-
| XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer)
|-
| XR7 || Qarry
|-
| XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia)
|-
| XTC || KAMAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTF || GolAZ (Russia) 
|-
| XTH || GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTK || IzhAvto (Russia)
|-
| XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997
|-
| XTP || Ural (Russia)
|-
| XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer)
|-
| XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia)
|-
| XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia)
|-
| XTW || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTY || LiAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTZ || ZiL (Russia)
|-
| XUF || General Motors Russia
|-
| XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Korea SKD, Kaiyi Auto)
|-
| XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM)
|-
| XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer)
|-
| XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XVU || Start (truck trailer)
|-
| XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan)
|-
| XWD || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD)
|-
| XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD)
|-
| XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD)
|-
| XWK || Kia assembled in Russia by IzhAvto 
|-
| XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia
|-
| XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia (VW, Skoda)
|-
| XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg)
|-
| XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer)
|-
| XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus)
|-
| XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia)
|-
| X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia)
|-
| X1E || KAvZ (Russia)
|-
| X1F || NefAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1M || PAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1P || Ural (Russia)
|-
| X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia)
|-
| X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD)
|-
| X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia)
|-
| X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia)
|-
| X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia)
|-
| X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] &amp; Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia)
|-
| X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus
|-
| X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus
|-
| X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus)
|-
| X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus)
|-
| X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus)
|-
| X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus)
|-
| X89/FY1 || Sherp 
|-
| X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles
|-
| X8U || Scania Russia
|-
| X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO
|-
| X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ  (Chevrolet Niva &amp; Viva)
|-
| X9N || Samoltor (minibus)
|-
| X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks)
|-
| X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways
|-
| X9X || Great Wall Motors 
|-
| X96 || GAZ
|-
| X99/000 || Marussia
|-
| X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer)
|-
| X0T || Tonar (truck trailer)
|-
| YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers)
|-
| YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers)
|-
| YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers)
|-
| YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis
|-
| YA2 || Atlas Copco Group
|-
| YA5 || Renders (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/128 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet
|-
| YA9/180 || EOS (bus)
|-
| YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/195 || Denolf &amp; Depla (minibus)
|-
| YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe)
|-
| YBD || Addax Motors
|-
| YBW || Volkswagen Belgium
|-
| YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck)
|-
| YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis)
|-
| YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium)
|-
| YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK
|-
| YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle)
|-
| YC3 || Eduard Trailers
|-
| YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium)
|-
| YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium)
|-
| YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium)
|-
| YE6 || STAS (truck trailer)
|-
| YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer)
|-
| YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland)
|-
| YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland)
|-
|YG6
|Majava Group Oy; Majava trailers (Finland)
|-
| YH1 || Solifer (caravans)
|-
| YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles)
|-
| YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive
|-
| YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland
|-
| YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto
|-
| YK9/003 || Kabus (bus)
|-
| YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus)
|-
| YK9/016 || Linkker (bus)
|-
| YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab)
|-
| YSM || Polestar cars 
|-
| YSP || Volta Trucks AB
|-
| YSR || Polestar SUV
|-
| YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) 
|-
| YS3 || Saab cars
|-
| YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory)
|-
| YS5 || OmniNova (minibus)
|-
| YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus)
|-
| YTN || Saab made by NEVS
|-
| YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles)
|-
| YT9/007 || Koenigsegg
|-
| YT9/034 || Carvia
|-
| YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer)
|-
| YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles)
|-
| YVV || WiMa 442 EV
|-
| YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars
|-
| YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks
|-
| YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis
|-
| YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV
|-
| YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway)
|-
| YYC || Think Nordic (Norway)
|-
| YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway)
|-
| Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway)
|-
| Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus)
|-
| Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus)
|-
| Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus)
|-
| Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus)
|-
| Y3M || MAZ (Belarus)
|-
| Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus)
|-
| Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus
|-
| Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus)
|-
| Y6B || Iveco (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ, Chevrolet Lanos made by ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Lada, &amp; Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) 
|-
| Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine
|-
| Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine)
|-
| ZAA || Autobianchi
|-
| ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024-
|-
| ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet
|-
| ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter)
|-
| ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles
|-
| ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]]
|-
| ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera
|-
| ZAR || Alfa Romeo car
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud &amp; Sprint through 1989
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018-
|-
| ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002)
|-
| ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA9/A33 || Bucher Schörling Italia (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System
|-
| ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus)
|-
| ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper)
|-
| ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL
|-
| ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]]
|-
| ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro
|-
| ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus)
|-
| ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
|-
| ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus)
|-
| ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus)
|-
| ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali
|-
| ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale
|-
| ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina
|-
| ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus)
|-
| ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBB || Bertone
|-
| ZBD || InBus
|-
| ZBN || Benelli
|-
| ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum
|-
| ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy)
|-
| ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta
|-
| ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership
|-
| ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus)
|-
| ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A.
|-
| ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCZ || BredaBus
|-
| ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A.
|-
| ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati
|-
| ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA
|-
| ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino
|-
| ZDJ || ACM Biagini
|-
| ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA
|-
| ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA
|-
| ZDY || Cacciamali
|-
| ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA &amp; Belgarda SpA
|-
| ZD3 || Beta Motor
|-
| ZD4 || Aprilia
|-
| ZD5 || Casalini
|-
| ZEB || Ellebi (trailer)
|-
| ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis &amp; Mobilvetta recreational vehicles
|-
| ZES || Bimota
|-
| ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle)
|-
| ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFA || Fiat
|-
| ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV &amp; Ram Promaster City
|-
| ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200)
|-
| ZFE || KL Motorcycle
|-
| ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]]
|-
| ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFM || Fantic Motor
|-
| ZFR || Pininfarina
|-
| ZF4 || Qvale
|-
| ZGA || Iveco Bus
|-
| ZGP || Merker (truck trailer)
|-
| ZGU || Moto Guzzi
|-
| ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle)
|-
| ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership
|-
| ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – )
|-
| ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle)
|-
| ZJM || Malaguti
|-
| ZJN || Innocenti
|-
| ZJT || Italjet
|-
| ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle)
|-
| ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership
|-
| ZLA || Lancia
|-
| ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA
|-
| ZLM || Moto Morini srl
|-
| ZLV || Laverda
|-
| ZNN || Energica
|-
| ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l.
|-
| ZN3 || Iveco Defence
|-
| ZN6 || Maserati SUV
|-
| ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV
|-
| ZPY || DR Automobiles
|-
| ZP6 || XEV
|-
| ZP8 || Regis Motors
|-
| ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA
|-
| ZR1 || Microlino
|-
| ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV
|-
| ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia)
|-
| Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia)
|-
| Z3D || Tauriga UAB; Tauras trailers (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan)
|-
| Z8M || Marussia (Russia)
|-
| Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus &amp; Nissan and Datsun models made by AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| Z8P || IRITO
|-
| Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia)
|-
| Z8U || [[w:SsangYong Korando#Third generation (C200; 2010)|Ssangyong Actyon]] made by Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia)
|-
| Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Manufacturing Rus / Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia)
|-
| Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia)
|-
| Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (Hyundai, Kia) (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia)
|-
| Z07 || Volgabus (Russia)
|-
| 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only
|-
| 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc.
|-
| 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera)
|-
| 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 &amp; Bugatti EB110)
|-
| 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC)
|-
| 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 1AF || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 1AM || American Motors Corporation car &amp; Renault Alliance 1983 only
|-
| 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002
|-
| 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995
|-
| 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers
|-
| 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles
|-
| 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles through mid-2002
|-
| 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles
|-
| 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus
|-
| 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV
|-
| 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1BL || Balko, Inc.
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012–
|-
| 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/291 || CX Automotive
|-
| 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus)
|-
| 1C9/737 || Corbin Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer)
|-
| 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International
|-
| 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation
|-
| 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation)
|-
| 1CY || Crane Carrier Company
|-
| 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc.
|-
| 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009
|-
| 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only
|-
| 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1D9/628 || Dymac Vehicle Group (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc.
|-
| 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre &amp; Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus)
|-
| 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries)
|-
| 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle)
|-
| 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ
|-
| 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor
|-
| 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus)
|-
| 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford
|-
| 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|- 
| 1FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009)
|-
| 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC
|-
| 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. 
|-
| 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes
|- 
| 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp.
|-
| 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus
|-
| 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA
|-
| 1G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984
|-
| 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017
|-
| 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G5 || Pontiac incomplete vehicle 1989-1990, 2003-2006
|-
| 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010
|-
| 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 1G9/495 || Google &amp; Waymo
|-
| 1GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck 
|-
| 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GF || Flxible bus
|-
| 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM
|-
| 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986
|-
| 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004
|-
| 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020
|-
| 1GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987–
|-
| 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987–
|-
| 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV
|-
| 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987-
|-
| 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck 
|-
| 1GW || Grumman Olson Kubvan (truck)
|-
| 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV
|-
| 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 1HD || Harley-Davidson &amp; LiveWire
|-
| 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV
|-
| 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 1HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks &amp; Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 1H9/484 || Hughes Trailers (Based in Canyon, TX) (trailer)
|-
| 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group
|-
| 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer)
|-
| 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JU || Marmon Motor Company (truck)
|-
| 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1KB || Holiday Rambler Corp. 1981-2010 (trailer)
|-
| 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine)
|-
| 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer)
|-
| 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car
|-
| 1LV || Lectra Motors
|-
| 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers
|-
| 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine
|-
| 1L9/155 || LA Exotics
|-
| 1L9/234 || Laforza
|-
| 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co.
|-
| 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 1MR || Continental Mark VI &amp; VII 1981–1985 &amp; Continental sedan 1982–1985
|-
| 1M0 || John Deere Gator
|-
| 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck)
|-
| 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider)
|-
| 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus)
|-
| 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus)
|-
| 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive
|-
| 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019
|-
| 1N4 || Nissan car
|-
| 1N6 || Nissan truck
|-
| 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA
|-
| 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California)
|-
| 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus)
|-
| 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck)
|-
| 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV
|-
| 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp
|-
| 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles)
|-
| 1P9/213 || Panoz
|-
| 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1PY || John Deere USA
|-
| 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles)
|-
| 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT)
|-
| 1S9/842 || Saleen S7
|-
| 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer)
|-
| 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC
|-
| 1S9/944 || SSC North America
|-
| 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer)
|-
| 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles
|-
| 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck)
|-
| 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA
|-
| 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper
|-
| 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC
|-
| 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
|-
| 1UJ || Jayco, Inc.
|-
| 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General
|-
| 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 1VH || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 1VW || Volkswagen car
|-
| 1V1 || Volkswagen truck
|-
| 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV
|-
| 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive
|-
| 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works
|-
| 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck)
|-
| 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider)
|-
| 1WT || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V.
|-
| 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck)
|-
| 1WV || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis &amp; front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)]
|-
| 1WW || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class B Motorhome built on Renault chassis [Winnebago LeSharo, Centauri, Itasca Phasar]
|-
| 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider)
|-
| 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W5 || Western Recreational Vehicles (Alpenlite)
|-
| 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars
|-
| 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 &amp; later)
|-
| 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation
|-
| 1XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987
|-
| 1XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc.
|-
| 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider
|-
| 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]]
|-
| 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer)
|-
| 10R || E-Z-GO
|-
| 10T || Oshkosh Corporation 
|-
| 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 11V || Kalmar Solutions (Truck - Terminal Tractor)
|-
| 12A || Avanti
|-
| 137 || AM General Hummer &amp; Hummer H1
|-
| 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer)
|-
| 15G || Gillig bus
|-
| 16C || Clenet Coachworks
|-
| 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010)
|-
| 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome
|-
| 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 18X || Western Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 2A3 || Imperial
|-
| 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only
|-
| 2AY 2AZ || Hino
|-
| 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2BP || Ski-Doo
|-
| 2BV || Can-Am &amp; Bombardier ATV
|-
| 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV
|-
| 2BX || Can-Am Spyder &amp; Canyon 3-wheelers
|-
| 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder &amp; Canyon
|-
| 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002
|-
| 2B5 || Dodge &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002
|-
| 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager &amp; Volkswagen Routan) 2012-
|-
| 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005
|-
| 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors
|-
| 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles
|-
| 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only
|-
| 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only
|-
| 2CM || American Motors Corporation car
|-
| 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only
|-
| 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only
|-
| 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003
|-
| 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003
|-
| 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2DG || Ontario Drive &amp; Gear
|-
| 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation
|-
| 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager)
|-
| 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 2FU || Freightliner (truck)
|-
| 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle)
|-
| 2FY || New Flyer
|-
| 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|- 
| 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada
|-
| 2G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 2G5 ||  GMC MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2G5 ||  Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023-2026
|-
| 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 2G7 ||  Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2G8 ||  Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 
|-
| 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2GC || Chevrolet truck 
|-
| 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus &amp; GM Classic series bus 
|-
| 2GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– 
|-
| 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– 
|-
| 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- 
|-
| 2GT || GMC truck 
|-
| 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HM || Hyundai Canada
|-
| 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) 
|-
| 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo
|-
| 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse
|-
| 2LM || Lincoln SUV
|-
| 2LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck)
|-
| 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider)
|-
| 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on)
|-
| 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV
|-
| 2M9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries
|-
| 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NV || Nova Bus 
|-
| 2P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000
|-
| 2P5 || Plymouth &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983
|-
| 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995
|-
| 2PC || Prevost 1996-
|-
| 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited
|-
| 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC
|-
| 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2W9/044 || Westward Industries
|-
| 2WK || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 2WM || Western Star (glider)
|-
| 2XK || Kenworth (truck)
|-
| 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2XP || Peterbilt (truck)
|-
| 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only
|-
| 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck)
|-
| 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer)
|-
| 3AX || Scania Mexico
|-
| 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses)
|-
| 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BH || Western Star (truck)
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BP || Peterbilt  (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993
|-
| 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012–
|-
| 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662)
|-
| 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico
|-
| 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V.
|-
| 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009
|-
| 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009
|-
| 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011
|-
| 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011
|-
| 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer)
|-
| 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont)
|-
| 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford &amp; IMMSA
|-
| 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico
|-
| 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck)
|-
| 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 &amp; Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 3F6 || Sterling Bullet
|-
| 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico
|-
| 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
| 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020
|-
| 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV
|-
| 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV
|-
| 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico
|-
| 3GC || Chevrolet truck
|-
| 3GK || GMC SUV
|-
| 3GM || Holden Suburban
|-
| 3GN || Chevrolet SUV
|-
| 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM
|-
| 3GS || Saturn SUV
|-
| 3GT || GMC truck
|-
| 3GY || Cadillac SUV
|-
| 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV
|-
| 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers)
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016-
|-
| 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico
|-
| 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 3HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor)
|-
| 3HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck)
|-
| 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus)  
|-
| 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV &amp; Can-Am Ryker 3-wheeler)
|-
| 3JC || BRP Mexico (Can-Am Origin &amp; Pulse electric 2-wheel motorcycles)
|-
| 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX
|-
| 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX
|-
| 3LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995)
|-
| 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2)
|-
| 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011)
|-
| 3MF || BMW M car
|-
| 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico
|-
| 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico)
|-
| 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30)
|-
| 3MW || BMW car
|-
| 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation
|-
| 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3)
|-
| 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car
|-
| 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck &amp; Chevrolet City Express
|-
| 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV
|-
| 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV
|-
| 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV
|-
| 3P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS
|-
| 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC
|-
| 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT
|-
| 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV
|-
| 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car
|-
| 3WK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 3WP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck)
|-
| 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car
|-
| 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV
|-
| 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4B9/038 || BYD Coach &amp; Bus LLC
|-
| 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer)
|-
| 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle)
|-
| 4C9/561 || Czinger
|-
| 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc.
|-
| 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus)
|-
| 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer)
|-
| 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford
|-
| 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford
|-
| 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM
|-
| 4G5 || General Motors EV1
|-
| 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM
|-
| 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra
|-
| 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM
|-
| 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV
|-
| 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer)
|-
| 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck)
|-
| 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 4KD || GMC W-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 4KL || Isuzu N-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors]
|-
| 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 4M9/220 || Meyers Manx, LLC (Manx 2.0 EV) [Passenger Car - Replica]
|-
| 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division
|-
| 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company (Mid-1995 – )
|-
| 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford
|-
| 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM
|-
| 4PR || Hughes Trailers of Jackson (trailer)
|-
| 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA
|-
| 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994
|-
| 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only
|-
| 4RK || Nova Bus &amp; Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc.
|-
| 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive &amp; 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA
|-
| 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car
|-
| 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV
|-
| 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles
|-
| 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer)
|-
| 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck
|-
| 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars)
|-
| 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.)
|-
| 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi)
|-
| 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive
|-
| 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc.
|-
| 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors
|-
| 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc.
|-
| 4US || BMW car
|-
| 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation &amp; &lt;br /&gt; gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Thomas Built Buses FS-65 &amp; Saf-T-Liner C2
|-
| 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995
|-
| 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003
|-
| 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+
|-
| 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle)  1996+
|-
| 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider)
|-
| 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999
|-
| 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck)
|-
| 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only)
|-
| 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales
|-
| 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC
|-
| 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM
|-
| 4XA || Polaris Inc.
|-
| 4X4 || Forest River
|-
| 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle)
|-
| 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc.
|-
| 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer)
|-
| 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 43C || Consulier
|-
| 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment)
|-
| 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle
|-
| 46J || Federal Motors Inc
|-
| 478 || Honda ATV
|-
| 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck)
|-
| 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011
|-
| 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer)
|-
| 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc.
|-
| 5BP || Solectria
|-
| 5BZ || Nissan &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA)
|-
| 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5CX || Shelby Series 1
|-
| 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC
|-
| 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer, Inc. (Formerly Advance Mixer, Inc.) (truck)
|-
| 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle
|-
| 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer)
|-
| 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles)
|-
| 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama 
|-
| 5FT || Feeling Trailers
|-
| 5FY || New Flyer
|-
| 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV
|-
| 5GD || Daewoo G2X
|-
| 5GN || Hummer H3T
|-
| 5GR || Hummer H2
|-
| 5GT || Hummer H3
|-
| 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV
|-
| 5G8 || Holden Volt
|-
| 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets
|-
| 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer)
|-
| 5J1 || Big Dog Motorcycles (Mid-2002 – )
|-
| 5J5 || Club Car (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck)
|-
| 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 5KM || Vento Motorcycles
|-
| 5KT || Karavan Trailers
|-
| 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009)
|-
| 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle
|-
| 5LD || Ford &amp; Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014)
|-
| 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV
|-
| 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck
|-
| 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets
|-
| 5N1 || Nissan &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5N3 || Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5NH || Forest River
|-
| 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA
|-
| 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA
|-
| 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA
|-
| 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA
|-
| 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC
|-
| 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles
|-
| 5S3 || Saab 9-7X
|-
| 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV)
|-
| 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor)
|-
| 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI
|-
| 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV &amp; Lexus TX made by TMMI
|-
| 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX
|-
| 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer)
|-
| 5UM || BMW M car
|-
| 5UX || BMW SUV
|-
| 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer)
|-
| 5VP || Victory Motorcycles
|-
| 5V4 || Autocar truck
|-
| 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer)
|-
| 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck)
|-
| 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG
|-
| 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG
|-
| 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC)
|-
| 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS
|-
| 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021)
|-
| 5YM || BMW M SUV
|-
| 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc.
|-
| 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI
|-
| 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV)
|-
| 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles)
|-
| 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck)
|-
| 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan
|-
| 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car
|-
| 50G || Karma Automotive
|-
| 50H || Norstar Company (truck trailers, truck beds)
|-
| 516 || Autocar truck
|-
| 51R || Brammo Motorcycles
|-
| 51T || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Monaco (trailer)
|-
| 51U || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Holiday Rambler 2010- (trailer)
|-
| 51V || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: R-Vision (trailer)
|-
| 51X || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: McKenzie (trailer)
|-
| 51Z || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Monaco RV [Roadmaster Chassis] (incomplete vehicle) 
|-
| 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group)
|-
| 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc.
|-
| 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric
|-
| 538 || Zero Motorcycles
|-
| 53G || Coda Automotive
|-
| 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN
|-
| 546 || EBR Motorcycles
|-
| 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer
|-
| 54D || Isuzu &amp; Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group
|-
| 54F || Rosenbauer Motors (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 55S || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| 56E || Armor Lite Trailer Mfg. (truck trailers)
|-
| 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary)
|-
| 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer)
|-
| 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer)
|-
| 57R || Oreion Motors
|-
| 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles)
|-
| 57W || Mobility Ventures
|-
| 57X || Polaris Slingshot
|-
| 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES)
|-
| 6AB || MAN Australia
|-
| 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs)
|-
| 6F1 || Ford
|-
| 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd.
|-
| 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia
|-
| 6F5 || Kenworth Australia
|-
| 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia
|-
| 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia
|-
| 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002), Chevrolet 2000-2013, Vauxhall Monaro &amp; VXR8 ('08-'17), Daewoo Statesman &amp; Veritas
|-
| 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] made in Australia ('04-'06 GTO &amp; '08-'09 G8)
|-
| 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV &amp; SS performance sedan 2014-2017, Middle East mkt. Chevrolet Caprice '14-'17
|-
| 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002)
|-
| 6KT || BCI Bus
|-
| 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia 
|-
| 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994
|-
| 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia
|-
| 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia
|-
| 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand
|-
| 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 7AB || MAN New Zealand
|-
| 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009
|-
| 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand
|-
| 7A3 || Honda New Zealand
|-
| 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand
|-
| 7A5 || Ford New Zealand
|-
| 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand
|-
| 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009
|-
| 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand
|-
| 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 7FC || Rivian truck
|-
| 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. 
|-
| 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors
|-
| 7G0 || Faraday Future
|- 
| 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks &amp; Texas-built Cybertruck)
|- 
| 7H4 || Hino truck
|-
| 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle
|- 
| 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV
|- 
| 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car
|- 
| 7JS || White River Marine Group (trailer)
|- 
| 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on
|- 
| 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works
|- 
| 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer)
|-
| 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|- 
| 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|-
| 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck
|-
| 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles
|-
| 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense
|- 
| 7NY || Lordstown Motors
|- 
| 7PD || Rivian SUV
|- 
| 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions
|- 
| 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y))
|-
| 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group
|-
| 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX
|-
| 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022-
|- 
| 7SY || Polestar SUV
|-
| 7TN || Canoo
|-
| 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV
|-
| 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer)
|-
| 7VV || Ree Automotive
|-
| 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV)
|-
| 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle
|-
| 7XB || Denago EV Corporation (Low-Speed Vehicle)
|-
| 7YA || Hyundai &amp; Kia MPV/SUV made by HMGMA
|-
| 7ZJ || Meyers Manx, LLC (Manx EV Resorter) [Low Speed Vehicle]
|-
| 7Z0 || Zoox
|-
| 71T || Slate Auto (truck)
|-
| 71V || Slate Auto (MPV)
|-
| 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty)
|-
| 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck &amp; bus (Argentina)
|-
| 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America)
|-
| 8AD || Peugeot Argentina
|-
| 8AE || Peugeot van
|-
| 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina
|-
| 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina
|-
| 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina
|-
| 8AK || Suzuki Argentina
|-
| 8AN || Nissan Argentina
|-
| 8AP || Fiat Argentina
|-
| 8AT || Iveco Argentina
|-
| 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina
|-
| 8A1 || Renault Argentina
|-
| 8A3 || Scania Argentina
|-
| 8A7 || Minarelli S.A.
|-
| 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A.
|-
| 8BC || Citroën Argentina
|-
| 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| 8BR || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8CH || Honda motorcycle
|-
| 8C3 || Honda car/SUV
|-
| 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault
|-
| 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot
|-
| 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile
|-
| 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador
|-
| 8LF || Maresa (Mazda)
|-
| 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor &amp; Kia)
|-
| 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto)
|-
| 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela
|-
| 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A.
|-
| 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia)
|-
| 9BD || Fiat Brazil &amp; Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil
|-
| 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil
|-
| 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil
|-
| 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil
|-
| 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck &amp; bus
|-
| 9BN || Mafersa
|-
| 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 9BS || Scania Brazil
|-
| 9BU ||Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct Brazilian automaker)
|-
| 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil
|-
| 9BY || Agrale S.A.
|-
| 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil
|-
| 9DF || Puma
|-
| 9DW || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil
|-
| 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles
|-
| 92H || Origem Brazil
|-
| 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 935 || Citroën Brazil
|-
| 936 || Peugeot Brazil
|-
| 937 || Dodge Dakota
|-
| 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil)
|-
| 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV
|-
| 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil
|-
| 93P || Volare
|-
| 93S || Navistar International
|-
| 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006
|-
| 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016
|-
| 93V || Navistar International
|-
| 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny
|-
| 93Y || Renault Brazil
|-
| 93Z || Iveco
|-
| 94D || Nissan Brazil
|-
| 94N || RWM Brazil
|-
| 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais
|-
| 95P || CAOA Hyundai &amp; CAOA Chery
|-
| 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) &amp; Ducati, KTM, &amp; MV Agusta assembled by Dafra
|-
| 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016
|-
| 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 953 || VW Truck &amp; Bus / MAN Truck &amp; Bus
|-
| 96P || Kawasaki
|-
| 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd.
|-
| 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant)
|-
| 98M || BMW car/SUV
|-
| 98P || DAF Trucks
|-
| 98R || Chery
|-
| 99A || Audi 2016-
|-
| 99H || Shineray
|-
| 99J || Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| 99K || Haojue &amp; Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos
|-
| 99L || BYD
|-
| 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-)
|-
| 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa)
|-
| 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda)
|-
| 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.)
|-
| 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano)
|-
| 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy)
|-
| 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>nwdmvk8obkdamzlyn7zvftt04y6n53h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. c3</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672308</id>
      <parentid>4672307</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:10:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 4. c3 · Classical variation */</comment>
      <origin>4672308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2087" sha1="6489n7f1rfvc84rcrnrg34q5otsjudv" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Classical variation
|eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C53]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|Italian game]] → [[../|3...Bc5]]
}}
== 4. c3 · Classical variation ==
White increases control of the d4 square. 

This prepares to play d4, e.g. if Black plays a passive move like [[/4...d6|'''4...d6''']]. After 5. d4 exd4 6. cxd4 Bb6, the La Bourdonnais variation, White has achieved a strong, two-pawn centre and all the space it controls. 

[[/4...Nf6|'''4...Nf6''']] is by far the main move. Because White has occupied the c3 square, Black takes advantage of this by attacking the e4 pawn, and White no longer has Nc3 to defend it. The main line is 5. d3 to defend e4, reaching the main tabiya of the giuoco pianissimo (the &quot;quietest game&quot;, otherwise reached by the move order 4. d3 Nf6 5. c3). More combative options include 5. d4, attacking the bishop and intending 5...exd4 6. e5, the Greco gambit, or 5. b4!?, Bird's attack. which may try and trap the Black bishop. White's secondary aim is to bring the queen to b3, thus intensifying the pressure on Black's f7-pawn.

[[/4...Qe7|'''4...Qe7''']], the '''closed variation''', is a minor sideline. Perhaps Black hopes to win a pawn with 5. d4 exd4 6. cxd4 Qxe4+, but these plans are scuppered if White castles and it's not clear if Black's queen isn't misplaced on the e-file.

==Theory table==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}

'''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. c3'''
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;6&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;7&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Nf6|Nf6]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d3&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;O-O&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Re1&lt;br&gt;Bg4&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Closed&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;...&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Qe7|Qe7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;d4&lt;br&gt;Bb6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;O-O&lt;br&gt;d6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;Bg5&lt;br&gt;Nf6&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;+=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{wikipedia|Giuoco Piano}}
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>6489n7f1rfvc84rcrnrg34q5otsjudv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ZK/How-Tos/Installation-and-Configuration</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>173980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672398</id>
      <parentid>4245990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T05:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>installaton &gt; installation</comment>
      <origin>4672398</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29954" sha1="bkqermlj4cezut605iluoqyj9i1u2g5" xml:space="preserve">== Installation and Configuration ==
=== Tomcat ===
[[Image:ZK framework sandbox.PNG|thumb|upright=2]]
'''Install ZK on Tomcat'''

'''1'''. Download Tomcat from http://tomcat.apache.org and install it, if you haven't installed it yet. (Tested by using link http://localhost or http://localhost:8080)

'''2''' Stop Tomcat

'''3'''. Unzip [http://www.zkoss.org/download/ zk-*.zip or zk-*.tar.gz]

'''4'''. Copy dist/lib/*.jar,dist/lib/zkforge/*.jar and dist/lib/ext/*.jar to the $TOMCAT_HOME/shared/lib ($TOMCAT_HOME is where your tomcat installed). Don't use a subfolder structure within the $TOMCAT_HOME/shared/lib folder.

'''5'''. Start Tomcat

'''6'''. Browse to http://localhost/manager or http://localhost:8080/manager and deploy demo/bin/zkdemo.war to Tomcat or by copying it to $TOMCAT_HOME/webapps directly. If you prefer copying directly, you have to stop Tomcat first. If the file is missing, get [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zk1/files/ZK/zk-6.0.0/zk-sandbox-6.0.0.zip/download zksandbox.war] instead.

'''7'''. Browse to http://localhost/zkdemo/userguide, or http://localhost:8080/zkdemo/userguide, or http://localhost:8080/zksandbox/, depending on your configuration for Tomcat.

==== Tomcat 4.1 ====
ZK works with Tomcat 4.1 seamlessly since version 3.0 because it no longer depends on the JSP 2.0 technology.

If you are using older version of ZK before 3.0, you have to copy jsp-api.jar to $TOMCAT_HOME/common/lib.
The jsp-api.jar file can be found in Tomcat's download, or [http://svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/zk1/trunk/dist/lib/ext Subversion].

==== Tomcat 5.0.30 ====
The ZK's logger not support Tomcat 5.0.30 version.

==== Tomcat 5.5 installed on Ubuntu 7.10 Security Policy Configuration ====
&lt;p&gt;Thank to Ed Clement&lt;/p&gt;
To fix:
java.security.AccessControlException: access denied (java.util.PropertyPermission org.zkoss.util.resource.checkPeriod read) 
[followed by stacktrace] 

1) Open the Tomcat web applications permission file. In my case this was located at /etc/tomcat5.5/policy.d/04webapps.policy (Not sure how much this location or the file name will very) 
2) I added the following lines to the bottom of the file: 
&lt;pre&gt;
//added for zkdemo webapp 
grant codeBase &quot;file:${catalina.home}/webapps/zkdemo/-&quot; { 
permission java.security.AllPermission; 
}; 
&lt;/pre&gt;
 
3) Save the file and restarted tomcat (not sure if this was needed but I did it anyway) 
 
Obviously this solution should work for an zk webapp, you will just need to change the &quot;zkdemo&quot; to the name of the web application you are trying to deploy/run.

=== Apache + Tomcat ===

TBD.

=== Tomcat Authentication ===

ISSUE: Executions.getCurrent().getRemoteUser() return null.

SOLUTION: Enable Tomcat Authentication Configuration

web.xml
&lt;pre&gt;
 &lt;security-constraint&gt;
    &lt;web-resource-collection&gt;
      &lt;web-resource-name&gt;zkLoader&lt;/web-resource-name&gt;
      &lt;url-pattern&gt;*.zul&lt;/url-pattern&gt;
      &lt;http-method&gt;GET&lt;/http-method&gt;
      &lt;http-method&gt;POST&lt;/http-method&gt;
    &lt;/web-resource-collection&gt;
    &lt;web-resource-collection&gt;
      &lt;web-resource-name&gt;auEngine&lt;/web-resource-name&gt;
      &lt;url-pattern&gt;/zkau/*&lt;/url-pattern&gt;
      &lt;http-method&gt;GET&lt;/http-method&gt;
      &lt;http-method&gt;POST&lt;/http-method&gt;
    &lt;/web-resource-collection&gt;
    &lt;auth-constraint&gt;
      &lt;description&gt;Authorized Users Group&lt;/description&gt;
      &lt;role-name&gt;test&lt;/role-name&gt;
    &lt;/auth-constraint&gt;
    &lt;user-data-constraint&gt;
      &lt;transport-guarantee&gt;NONE&lt;/transport-guarantee&gt;
    &lt;/user-data-constraint&gt;
  &lt;/security-constraint&gt;

  &lt;login-config&gt;
    &lt;auth-method&gt;BASIC&lt;/auth-method&gt;
  &lt;/login-config&gt;

  &lt;security-role&gt;
    &lt;description&gt;Test role&lt;/description&gt;
    &lt;role-name&gt;test&lt;/role-name&gt;
  &lt;/security-role&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;

tomcat-users.xml
&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;tomcat-users&gt;
  &lt;user name=&quot;testuser&quot; password=&quot;testpassword&quot; roles=&quot;test&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/tomcat-users&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Resin ===
'''1'''. Download Resin from http://caucho.com/download/index.xtp and install it, if you haven't installed it yet.

'''2'''. Stop Resin

'''3'''. Unzip zk-1.0.0.zip or zk-1.0.0.tar.gz

'''4'''. Copy dist/lib/*.jar to $RESIN_HOME/lib ($RESIN_HOME is where you installed Resin.)

'''5'''. Copy dist/lib/ext/*.jar to $RESIN_HOME/lib

'''6'''. [Optional] Copy dist/lib/zkforge/*.jar to $RESIN_HOME/lib (It depends whether you need component from ZK Forge)

'''7'''. Deploy demo/bin/zkdemo.war to Resin by copying it to $RESIN_HOME/webapps directly.

'''8'''. Start Resin.

'''9'''. Browse to http://localhost/zkdemo/userguide or http://localhost:8080/zkdemo/userguide, depending on your configuration.

by Peter Manchev

=== Jetty ===
1. Download Jetty from http://www.mortbay.org/jetty/index.html and install it, if you
haven't installed it yet.

2. Stop Jetty.

3. Unzip zk-1.x.x.zip or zk-1.x.x.tar.gz

4. Copy dist/lib/*.jar to $JETTY_HOME/lib
   ($JETTY_HOME is where you installed Jetty.)

5. Copy dist/lib/ext/*.jar to $JETTY_HOME/lib

6. [Optional] Copy dist/lib/zkforge/*.jar to $JETTY_HOME/lib
   (It depends whether you need component from ZK Forge)

7. Deploy demo/bin/zkdemo.war to Jetty by copying it to $JETTY_HOME/webapps directly.

8. Start Jetty.

9. Browse to http://localhost/zkdemo/userguide or http://localhost:8080/zkdemo/userguide, depending on your configuration.

=== JBoss 4.0 and above ===


1. Download Jboss from http://www.jboss.com/downloads/index and install it,if you haven’t installed

2. Test the Jboss using link http://localhost:port, if it’s OK stop the server.

3. Unzip zk-2.2.0-RC.zip or zk-2.2.0-RC.tar.gz

4.  Copy dist/lib/*.jar and dist/lib/*/*.jar to the $JBOSS_HOME/server/default/lib

5. Copy zkdemo.war to $JBOSS_HOME/server/default/deploy

6. Start the server.

7. Browse to http://localhost/zkdemo/userguide or http://localhost:8080/zkdemo/userguide depending on you configuration for Jboss.

by Juan Jose Buendia Mardones (Chile)

=== JBoss 3.2.2 + tomcat 4.1 ===

1. follow the instruction to install ZK Ajax on tomcat 4.1. 

2. Download the files:
   bsh-bsf-2.0b4.jar
   bsh-core-2.0b4.jar
   bsh-2.0b2.jar
   and copy them to the lib directory under default. 

3. Change the web.xml so that it will fit servlet 2.3 specifications. 

4. We are still working on some problems and I will update this record when I'll have the full solution. 

When I tried the solution given by Mars Chen some of the components built upon the Jboss platform didn't function anymore. When doing my solution however one of the ZK components (the upload file) didn't work. But for now I did a workaround to use tomcat 5.5 in the background. 

by Yaniv Ran (USA)

2.1 There I got another simple solution: using ZK distribution's bsh.jar into JBoss lib directory to replace  bsh-core-version.jar.

Please refer BeanShell official site. == http://www.beanshell.org/download.html ==
The bsh-version.jar contains all files in bsh-core-version.jar.

by Mars Chen (Taiwan)

=== Oracle OC4J and Oracle OPMN Release 3 ===

Intro: OC4J 10.1.3 (release 3) is the first production version of Oracle Containers For Java to support J2EE 1.4 specification (Servlet 2.4). Prior versions 10.1.20.2, 10.20.1.1 supports only J2EE 1.3 (with Servlet 2.3) and ZK will not work with this versions.

1. Download OC4J 10.1.3 or later from http://www.oracle.com and install it.

2. You must setup OC4J to run with the -userThreads parameter at the command line (oc4j.cmd, on OPMN this is done inside the opmn.xml &lt;kbd&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;data id=&quot;oc4j-options&quot; value=&quot;-userThreads&quot; /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt;)

3. Unzip zk-1.2.0-2006-04-07.zip or later version

4. Copy dist/lib/*.jar and dist/lib/ext/*.jar to the $OC4J_HOME/j2ee/home/applib

5. Start OC4J server and enter a new oc4jadmin's password if prompted or restart the server if it is already up

6. Open &quot;Enterprise Manager&quot; application - just browse to http://localhost:8888/em/

7. Login as oc4jadmin and go to Applications --&gt; Deploy page

8. Deploy zkdemo.war (follow the on-screen instructions)

9. Browse to http://localhost:8888/zkdemo/userguide

* Substitute &quot;/zkdemo&quot; with the context uri you entered in EM during deployment
* Start OC4J Server:
   bin/oc4j -start

=== BEA WebLogic ===

'''Note''': [[This install guide is for Windows.]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

1. Download Weblogic 9.1 from [http://commerce.bea.com/showproduct.jsp?family=WLS&amp;major=9.1&amp;minor=0]

2. Start the Weblogic installer and accept all defaults.

3. Once the default installation is complete, create a weblogic domain by clicking Start-&gt;Programs-&gt;BEA products-&gt;Tools-&gt;Configuration Wizard.

4. Select &quot;Create New Weblogic Domain&quot; and click Next.

5. Accept the defaults on &quot;Select Domain Source&quot; and click Next.

6. Enter a password in &quot;Configure Administrator Username and Password&quot; and click Next.

7. Accept all defaults on &quot;Configure Server Start Mode and JDK&quot; and click Next.

8. Select No on Configure Environment Setting and Services&quot; and click Next.

9. Accept all defaults on &quot;Create Weblogic Domain and click Create.

10. Once the domain is created, check the check box labeled &quot;Start Admin Server&quot; and click Done.

11. The server will start up.

12. The HTTP port is default to 7001 unless you change it.

'''The easiest way to deploy your application is to copy your war/ear (it could be in an exploded format) to the autodeploy directory under the weblogic installation directory. If you followed the instruction above that directory is located at C:\bea\user_projects\domains\base_domain\autodeploy.  When you place your war/ear file in that directory, weblogic will detect it and do a hot deployment.'''

If you want to copy ZK libraries to the domain, put them under 
c:/bea/user_projects/domains/base_domain/lib

Libraries that have to be copied include
bsh.jar commons-fileupload.jar commons-el.jar pxcommon.jar pxweb.jar zk.jar zul.jar zhtml.jar

=== IBM WebSphere quick start ===
1.IBM offers a websphere application server community edition, go to 
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/downloads/ws/wasce/?S_TACT=105AGX10&amp;S_CMP=WASCE to download it.&lt;br&gt;
2.follow the instruction to download, you might need to register for an account if you don't already have one.&lt;br&gt;
3. under downloads, choose Server and 32bit IBM SDK 1.4.2 SR4-1, procees to download.&lt;br&gt;
4. start the installer and accepts all defaults.&lt;br&gt;
5. once installation is completed, go to All Programs-&gt;IBM Websphere-&gt;Application Server-&gt;Profiles-&gt;Default-&gt;Start the Server, this will start the server.&lt;br&gt;
6. Browse http://localhost:9060/ibm/console/secure/logon.do to deploy application&lt;br&gt;
7. After deployed, applications can be access via http://localhost:9080/myapp
for additional documentation and tutorials, 
go to http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/wasce/Front_en.html


=== Eclipse ===
[[/HowToSetupEclipseWtpForZK|How To Setup Eclipse Wtp For ZK]]

[[/HowToSetupEclipseWtpAndXAMPPForZK|How To Setup Eclipse Wtp And XAMPP For ZK]]

see also:
http://www.zkoss.org/smalltalks/eclipse/ek.html

==== How to setup the zul.xsd schema into Eclipse ====
# You should have setup Eclipse to work with ZK. The details is in the above smalltalk.
# Execute the Eclipse SDK.
# Select '''Window/Preferences...''' from the menu and the '''Preferences''' dialog popup.
# Select '''XML/XML Catalog''' from the left sidebar tree menu and the right side is the '''XML Catalog''' panel.
# Select '''User Specified Entries''' in the '''XML Catalog Entries''' field and press the '''Add...''' button.
# The '''Add XML Catalog Entry''' dialog now popup:
#* In '''URI''' field, type in ''' http://www.zkoss.org/2005/zul/zul.xsd'''. Or, type in ''' ZK_HOME/dist/WEB-INF/xsd/zul/zul.xsd''' (ZK_HOME is the directory where ZK's zip file was unziped).
#* In '''Key Type''' field, select '''Schema Location'''.
#* In '''Key''' field, type in '''http://www.zkoss.org/2005/zul/zul.xsd'''.
#* Press '''OK''' button.
# Now you should see a new entry '''http://www.zkoss.org/2005/zul/zul.xsd''' under the '''User Specified Entires'''.
# Done.

==== How to generate ZUL files from the ZUL schema using Eclipse ====
# You should have setup the zul.xsd schema into Eclipse.
# Select '''File/New/Other...''' from the Eclipse SDK menu and the '''New''' dialog popup.
# In '''Select a wizard''' page, select '''XML/XML''' from the tree menu and press '''Next &gt;''' button.
# In '''Create XML File''' page, select '''Create XML file from an XML schema file''' and then press '''Next &gt;''' button.
# In '''XML File Name''' page, type or select a proper parent folder for your project. It is generally under the '''WebContext''' folder of your project. Then type in the ZUL file name you want to create(e.g. helloworld.zul) and press '''Next &gt;''' button.
# In '''Select XML Schema File''' page, select '''Select XML catalog entry''' option. You should see the '''http://www.zkoss.org/2005/zul/zul.xsd''' in the '''XML Catalog''' list. Now select the entry and press '''Next &gt;''' button.
# In '''Select Root Element''' page:
#* In '''Root Element''' field, pick a proper root element. In most ZK applications, it is generally a '''window''' or an '''zk''' element.
#* In '''Content options''' field, you can leave as is.
#* In '''Namespace Information''' field, you can select the entry and press '''edit...''' button to take out the prefix or change the prefix.
#* Press '''Finish''' button.
# The ZUL file is created and opened on an XML editor window.
# Now you can start editing your ZUL file. Press '''Alt-/''' to open the '''Content Assist''' popup window to help you fill up proper ZUL elements and attributes.
# Done.

==== How to setup Eclipse to work with zhtml ====
# Select '''Window/Preferences...''' from the Eclipse SDK menu and the '''Preferences''' dialog will popup. 
# Select '''General''' and '''Content Types''' Catalog from the left sidebar tree menu and the right side is the '''Content Types''' panel.  
# Select '''Text''' and '''XML''' in the Content types and press the '''Add...''' button . 
# Add *.zhtml or such as *.zul, *.jsp, *.html etc. 
# Finally, you can press the '''RightClick''' on your file and choose the '''XML editor''' in the '''Open With''' menu. 
# Done.

==== How to setup the Rational Application Developer RAD version of Eclipse to work with zhtml ====
# Select '''Window/Preferences...''' from the SDK menu and the '''Preferences''' dialog will popup. 
# Select '''Workbench/File Associations''' then click on the top '''Add''' to add a file type *.zhtml
# Click on the lower '''Add''' and select '''HTML Source Page Editor''' and set it to be default
# Done


=== Installing Liferay (on tomcat) and a ZK Portlet ===


==== Liferay installation ====

There are several way in which you can do this, one is to goto [http://www.liferay.com Liferay] and download the pre-bundled liferay tomcat bundled. This is the easiest method, but of course not ideal if you have a pre-existing tomcat server.

If you have a tomcat server already and don't particularly feel like deploying another one, you can download the liferay war. Liferay's installation typically removes the ROOT from the server, but I don't particularly like doing that so I'll explain with out having to loose your root

* First, if you don't have tomcat, download and install the latest stable tomcat on the OS of your pleasure (you can try other app servers but experience has taught me other ones might be trickier to begin with as the configuration is usually more lengthy). 

* Next download the non-bundled liferay war (Liferay Portal Professional 4.2.1 WAR) from [http://www.liferay.com Liferay]

* Also download the additional file called Liferay Portal 4.2.1 Dependencies, and unzip it to shared/lib

* In order to keep your ROOT you'll need to extract the contents of the war into a folder, call it 'myportal' fo instance.

* Under the WEB-INF folder create a 'classes' folder, in this folder create a file called 'portal-ext.properties', in the file put the following (note you may of course change the portal.ctx and/or the lucene and jackrabbit directory depending on your later configurations):

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
portal.release=professional
portal.ctx=/myportal
auto.deploy.dest.dir=../webapps
portal.instances=1
lucene.dir=C:/home/liferay/lucene
jcr.jackrabbit.repository.root=C:/home/liferay/jackrabbit
omniadmin.users=
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

* Go back into the WEB-INF folder and edit the web.xml change the root_path to have a param value of '/myportal', so the top of the web.xml will look as follows:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;

&lt;web-app xmlns=&quot;http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot; xsi:schemaLocation=&quot;http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd&quot; version=&quot;2.4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;context-param&gt;
		&lt;param-name&gt;company_id&lt;/param-name&gt;
		&lt;param-value&gt;liferay.com&lt;/param-value&gt;
	&lt;/context-param&gt;
	&lt;context-param&gt;
		&lt;param-name&gt;root_path&lt;/param-name&gt;
		&lt;param-value&gt;/myportal&lt;/param-value&gt;
	&lt;/context-param&gt;
	&lt;filter&gt;
		&lt;filter-name&gt;Auto Login Filter&lt;/filter-name&gt;
		&lt;filter-class&gt;com.liferay.portal.servlet.filters.autologin.AutoLoginFilter&lt;/filter-class&gt;
	&lt;/filter&gt;
.
.
.
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

* Now go into the META-INF folder and add a file called 'context.xml' and add the following (configure this to your own specifics just make sure the context path attribute is '/myportal', if you don't use mysql database and just want liferay to use hSQLdb, just strip out the first Resource element):

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;Context path=&quot;/myportal&quot; reloadable=&quot;true&quot; &gt;
    &lt;Resource
        name=&quot;jdbc/LiferayPool&quot;
        auth=&quot;Container&quot;
        type=&quot;javax.sql.DataSource&quot;
        driverClassName=&quot;com.mysql.jdbc.Driver&quot;
	  url=&quot;jdbc:mysql://localhost/lportal?useUnicode=true&amp;amp;characterEncoding=UTF-8&quot;
        username=&quot;liferay&quot;
        password=&quot;yarefil&quot;
        maxActive=&quot;100&quot;
        maxIdle=&quot;30&quot;
        maxWait=&quot;10000&quot;
    /&gt;
    &lt;Resource
                name=&quot;mail/MailSession&quot;
                auth=&quot;Container&quot;
                type=&quot;javax.mail.Session&quot;
                mail.transport.protocol=&quot;smtp&quot;
                mail.smtp.host=&quot;localhost&quot;
    /&gt;
    &lt;Realm 
                className=&quot;org.apache.catalina.realm.JAASRealm&quot;
                appName=&quot;PortalRealm&quot;
                userClassNames=&quot;com.liferay.portal.security.jaas.PortalPrincipal&quot;
                roleClassNames=&quot;com.liferay.portal.security.jaas.PortalRole&quot;
                debug=&quot;99&quot;
                useContextClassLoader=&quot;false&quot;
    /&gt;
&lt;/Context&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

* Now for the real trick, liferay 4.2 has a small bug when you change the context to something other than the ROOT. In the folder html/portal you will find a file called load_render_portlet.jsp, open the file up and go to line 55-56should look as follows:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
			function &lt;%= namespace %&gt;loadPortlet() {
				var path = &quot;/c/portal/render_portlet&quot;;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

however it should look as follows:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
			function &lt;%= namespace %&gt;loadPortlet() {
				var path = &quot;/myportal/c/portal/render_portlet&quot;;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

Ok I'm sure there is a better way of doing that, but I'd rather let the liferay boys do that themselves.

* If you wish to use mySQL, you'll need to modify the context.xml to your own configurations, you'll also need to download the liferay-mysql script file and run it against your database.

* Now on you root folder (i.e. C:\ for windows, / for UNIX/LINUX) you'll need to create a 'home' folder (if it doesn't exist) and in that a 'liferay' folder. Make sure tomcat has permission to modify the folder.

* Now all you need do is re zip the folder and rename the zip file to myportal.war, drop it into tomcat's webapps deploy directory and (hopefully) you have a working liferay portal.

==== Deploying a ZK portlet ====

Here I'll assume you are familiar with and have created a ZK war.

* First, you need to tell liferay about your portlet so create a class that looks like this:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
/**
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2006 Liferay, LLC. All rights reserved.
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the &quot;Software&quot;), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED &quot;AS IS&quot;, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 * SOFTWARE.
 */

package za.co.mypackage.portlet;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.portlet.ActionRequest;
import javax.portlet.ActionResponse;
import javax.portlet.GenericPortlet;
import javax.portlet.PortletException;
import javax.portlet.PortletRequestDispatcher;
import javax.portlet.RenderRequest;
import javax.portlet.RenderResponse;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

/**
 * @author  Brian Wing Shun Chan
 * @modified Glenn Keith
 */
public class JSPPortlet extends GenericPortlet {

	public void init() throws PortletException {
		editJSP = getInitParameter(&quot;edit-jsp&quot;);
		helpJSP = getInitParameter(&quot;help-jsp&quot;);
		viewJSP = getInitParameter(&quot;view-jsp&quot;);
	}

	public void doDispatch(RenderRequest req, RenderResponse res)
		throws IOException, PortletException {

		String jspPage = req.getParameter(&quot;jspPage&quot;);

		if (jspPage != null) {
			include(jspPage, req, res);
		}
		else {
			super.doDispatch(req, res);
		}
	}

	public void doEdit(RenderRequest req, RenderResponse res)
		throws IOException, PortletException {

		if (req.getPreferences() == null) {
			super.doEdit(req, res);
		}
		else {
			include(editJSP, req, res);
		}
	}

	public void doHelp(RenderRequest req, RenderResponse res)
		throws IOException, PortletException {

		include(helpJSP, req, res);
	}

	public void doView(RenderRequest req, RenderResponse res)
		throws IOException, PortletException {

		include(viewJSP, req, res);
	}

	protected void include(String path, RenderRequest req, RenderResponse res)
		throws IOException, PortletException {

		PortletRequestDispatcher prd =
			getPortletContext().getRequestDispatcher(path);

		if (prd == null) {
			_log.error(path + &quot; is not a valid include&quot;);
		}
		else {
			prd.include(req, res);
		}
	}

	protected String editJSP;
	protected String helpJSP;
	protected String viewJSP;

	private static Log _log = LogFactory.getLog(JSPPortlet.class);

}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

* Next in your WEB-INF create a 'liferay-display.xml' file that looks as follows:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE display PUBLIC &quot;-//Liferay//DTD Display 4.0.0//EN&quot; &quot;http://www.liferay.com/dtd/liferay-display_4_0_0.dtd&quot;&gt;

&lt;display&gt;
	&lt;category name=&quot;category.test&quot;&gt;
		&lt;portlet id=&quot;portletone&quot; /&gt;
	&lt;/category&gt;
&lt;/display&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

* Now also in the WEB-INF create a file called 'liferay-portlet.xml' that looks as follows:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE liferay-portlet-app PUBLIC &quot;-//Liferay//DTD Portlet Application 4.1.0//EN&quot; &quot;http://www.liferay.com/dtd/liferay-portlet-app_4_1_0.dtd&quot;&gt;

&lt;liferay-portlet-app&gt;
	&lt;portlet&gt;
		&lt;portlet-name&gt;portletone&lt;/portlet-name&gt;
		&lt;instanceable&gt;true&lt;/instanceable&gt;
	&lt;/portlet&gt;
	&lt;role-mapper&gt;
		&lt;role-name&gt;administrator&lt;/role-name&gt;
		&lt;role-link&gt;Administrator&lt;/role-link&gt;
	&lt;/role-mapper&gt;
	&lt;role-mapper&gt;
		&lt;role-name&gt;guest&lt;/role-name&gt;
		&lt;role-link&gt;Guest&lt;/role-link&gt;
	&lt;/role-mapper&gt;
	&lt;role-mapper&gt;
		&lt;role-name&gt;power-user&lt;/role-name&gt;
		&lt;role-link&gt;Power User&lt;/role-link&gt;
	&lt;/role-mapper&gt;
	&lt;role-mapper&gt;
		&lt;role-name&gt;user&lt;/role-name&gt;
		&lt;role-link&gt;User&lt;/role-link&gt;
	&lt;/role-mapper&gt;
&lt;/liferay-portlet-app&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

* Now again in WEB-INF create a 'portlet.xml' file that looks as follows:

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;

&lt;portlet-app xmlns=&quot;http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/portlet/portlet-app_1_0.xsd&quot; version=&quot;1.0&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot; xsi:schemaLocation=&quot;http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/portlet/portlet-app_1_0.xsd http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/portlet/portlet-app_1_0.xsd&quot;&gt;
	&lt;portlet&gt;
		&lt;portlet-name&gt;portletone&lt;/portlet-name&gt;
		&lt;display-name&gt;Sample JSP Portlet&lt;/display-name&gt;
		&lt;portlet-class&gt;za.co.mypackage.JSPPortlet&lt;/portlet-class&gt;
		&lt;init-param&gt;
			&lt;name&gt;view-jsp&lt;/name&gt;
			&lt;value&gt;/view.zul&lt;/value&gt;
		&lt;/init-param&gt;
		&lt;expiration-cache&gt;0&lt;/expiration-cache&gt;
		&lt;supports&gt;
			&lt;mime-type&gt;text/html&lt;/mime-type&gt;
		&lt;/supports&gt;
		&lt;portlet-info&gt;
			&lt;title&gt;Sample JSP Portlet&lt;/title&gt;
			&lt;short-title&gt;Sample JSP Portlet&lt;/short-title&gt;
			&lt;keywords&gt;Sample JSP Portlet&lt;/keywords&gt;
		&lt;/portlet-info&gt;
		&lt;security-role-ref&gt;
			&lt;role-name&gt;guest&lt;/role-name&gt;
		&lt;/security-role-ref&gt;
		&lt;security-role-ref&gt;
			&lt;role-name&gt;power-user&lt;/role-name&gt;
		&lt;/security-role-ref&gt;
		&lt;security-role-ref&gt;
			&lt;role-name&gt;user&lt;/role-name&gt;
		&lt;/security-role-ref&gt;
	&lt;/portlet&gt;
&lt;/portlet-app&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

* You'll note the /view.zul reference in this file is the 'index' file of the portlet, also note throughout all these file I have referenced 'portletone', you'll need to change this to the name of your war.

* Finally at the top of your web.xml file after &lt;web-app&gt; add the following (followed by the typical ZK stuff):

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
.
.
.
	&lt;display-name&gt;sample-jsp-portlet&lt;/display-name&gt;
	&lt;context-param&gt;
		&lt;param-name&gt;company_id&lt;/param-name&gt;
		&lt;param-value&gt;liferay.com&lt;/param-value&gt;
	&lt;/context-param&gt;
	&lt;listener&gt;
		&lt;listener-class&gt;com.liferay.portal.kernel.servlet.PortletContextListener&lt;/listener-class&gt;
	&lt;/listener&gt;
.
.
.
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

BJaouad

You'll notice I left the company_id as liferay.com. I've left it like this because changing the value also means digging around the liferay database, it's not that hard to find all the place to modify the value, so if you do, your on your own.

* Deploy the resulting war into /home/liferay/deploy directory, 

* Access and sign in to your portal, click on 'Add Content' link, under the category 'Test' add 'Sample JSP Portlet'.

Hey presto, one portal with ZK portlet

=== Pluto ===
==== Deploy a ZK Porlet ====

1)web.xml
&lt;p&gt;Define the definition of porlet in web.xml&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;web-app&gt; 
&lt;display-name&gt;ZK Portlets&lt;/display-name&gt; 
 
&lt;servlet&gt; 
&lt;description&gt;ZK loader for ZUML pages&lt;/description&gt; 
&lt;servlet-name&gt;zkLoader&lt;/servlet-name&gt; 
&lt;servlet-class&gt;org.zkoss.zk.ui.http.DHtmlLayoutServlet&lt;/servlet-class&gt; 
&lt;init-param&gt; 
&lt;param-name&gt;update-uri&lt;/param-name&gt; 
&lt;param-value&gt;/zkau&lt;/param-value&gt; 
&lt;/init-param&gt; 
&lt;load-on-startup&gt;1&lt;/load-on-startup&gt;&lt;!-- Must --&gt; 
&lt;/servlet&gt; 
 
&lt;servlet-mapping&gt; 
&lt;servlet-name&gt;zkLoader&lt;/servlet-name&gt; 
&lt;url-pattern&gt;*.zul&lt;/url-pattern&gt; 
&lt;/servlet-mapping&gt;  

&lt;servlet-mapping&gt; 
&lt;servlet-name&gt;zkLoader&lt;/servlet-name&gt; 
&lt;url-pattern&gt;/zk/*&lt;/url-pattern&gt; 
&lt;/servlet-mapping&gt; 
 
&lt;servlet&gt; 
&lt;description&gt;The asynchronous update engine for ZK&lt;/description&gt; 
&lt;servlet-name&gt;auEngine&lt;/servlet-name&gt; 
&lt;servlet-class&gt;org.zkoss.zk.au.http.DHtmlUpdateServlet&lt;/servlet-class&gt; 
&lt;/servlet&gt; 
&lt;servlet-mapping&gt; 
&lt;servlet-name&gt;auEngine&lt;/servlet-name&gt; 
&lt;url-pattern&gt;/zkau/*&lt;/url-pattern&gt; 
&lt;/servlet-mapping&gt; 

&lt;servlet&gt; 
&lt;servlet-name&gt;zkportlet&lt;/servlet-name&gt; 
&lt;servlet-class&gt;org.apache.pluto.core.PortletServlet&lt;/servlet-class&gt; 
&lt;init-param&gt; 
&lt;param-name&gt;portlet-name&lt;/param-name&gt; 
&lt;param-value&gt;zkportlet&lt;/param-value&gt; 
&lt;/init-param&gt; 
&lt;load-on-startup&gt;1&lt;/load-on-startup&gt; 
&lt;/servlet&gt;
 
&lt;servlet-mapping&gt; 
&lt;servlet-name&gt;zkportlet&lt;/servlet-name&gt; 
&lt;url-pattern&gt;/PlutoInvoker/zkportlet&lt;/url-pattern&gt; 
&lt;/servlet-mapping&gt;
 
&lt;session-config&gt; 
&lt;session-timeout&gt;120&lt;/session-timeout&gt; 
&lt;/session-config&gt; 
 
&lt;welcome-file-list&gt; 
&lt;welcome-file&gt;index.zul&lt;/welcome-file&gt; 
&lt;welcome-file&gt;index.zhtml&lt;/welcome-file&gt; 
&lt;welcome-file&gt;index.html&lt;/welcome-file&gt; 
&lt;welcome-file&gt;index.htm&lt;/welcome-file&gt; 
&lt;/welcome-file-list&gt; 
&lt;security-role&gt; 
&lt;role-name&gt;tomcat&lt;/role-name&gt; 
&lt;/security-role&gt; 
&lt;/web-app&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

2) portlet.xml
&lt;p&gt;Define a ZK portlet in portlet.xml.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
 &lt;portlet-app 
xmlns=&quot;http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/portlet/portlet-app_1_0.xsd&quot; 
version=&quot;1.0&quot; 
xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot; 
xsi:schemaLocation=&quot;http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/portlet/portlet-app_1_0.xsd 
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/portlet/portlet-app_1_0.xsd&quot;&gt; 
 
 
&lt;portlet&gt; 
&lt;description&gt;ZKloader for ZUML pages&lt;/description&gt; 
&lt;portlet-name&gt;zkportlet&lt;/portlet-name&gt; 
&lt;display-name&gt;ZK Portlet Loader&lt;/display-name&gt; 
&lt;portlet-class&gt;org.zkoss.zk.ui.http.DHtmlLayoutPortlet&lt;/portlet-class&gt; 
&lt;init-param&gt; 
&lt;name&gt;zk_page&lt;/name&gt; 
&lt;value&gt;/index.zul&lt;/value&gt; 
&lt;/init-param&gt; 
 
&lt;expiration-cache&gt;0&lt;/expiration-cache&gt; 
 
&lt;supports&gt; 
&lt;mime-type&gt;text/html&lt;/mime-type&gt; 
&lt;portlet-mode&gt;VIEW&lt;/portlet-mode&gt; 
&lt;/supports&gt; 
 
&lt;supported-locale&gt;en&lt;/supported-locale&gt; 
 
&lt;portlet-info&gt; 
&lt;title&gt;ZK&lt;/title&gt; 
&lt;short-title&gt;ZK&lt;/short-title&gt; 
&lt;keywords&gt;ZK,ZUML&lt;/keywords&gt; 
&lt;/portlet-info&gt; 
 
&lt;security-role-ref&gt; 
&lt;role-name&gt;plutoTestRole&lt;/role-name&gt; 
&lt;role-link&gt;tomcat&lt;/role-link&gt; 
&lt;/security-role-ref&gt; 
 
&lt;/portlet&gt;  
&lt;/portlet-app&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== How to resolve Session Timeout ====
&lt;p&gt;The cause of this problem is that ZK cannot find the desktop from its session. Why? ZK desktop was stored in the session of pluto instead of ZK webapp because pluto pass its session to ZK webapp while doing cross-context in Tomcat. This breaks the spec of servlet. So far, there is no good solution. But here is a workaround that ZK stores desktop in application scope instead of session scope to avoid the problem. Please add the following lines in your zk.xml &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;system-config&gt; 
   &lt;cache-provider-class&gt;org.zkoss.zk.ui.impl.GlobalDesktopCacheProvider&lt;/cache-provider-class&gt; 
&lt;/system-config&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{BookCat}}

[[fr:ZK/Installation]]</text>
      <sha1>bkqermlj4cezut605iluoqyj9i1u2g5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A Quick Introduction to Unix/TODO</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>241605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672396</id>
      <parentid>3248609</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T05:13:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>introducton &gt; introduction</comment>
      <origin>4672396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="812" sha1="7v0owelzrfpjbs8wftdot7jvrpp5at0" xml:space="preserve">=To Do List for ''A Quick Introduction to Unix'' wikibook=
While the individual sections of the book are near complete, some additions are called for.

* [[A Quick Introduction to Unix/Environment Variables|Environment Variables]]
* [[A Quick Introduction to Unix/Getting Help|Getting Help]] (use of man and info etc)
* [[A Quick Introduction to Unix/Root|Root Access]] (sudo / su etc. what is root)

=To be added for RITS=

&lt;u&gt;Before RITS training&lt;/u&gt;
shell, stdin stdout stderr export and shell variables
basic commands
file structure
'''heredoc'''
redirection
piping
text editing
a .sh file

# Elaborate on the shell - variables and process.  Theory/philosophy. Multiple shells.
## exporting
# Command history
# Tab completion, last argument etc.
# elaborate piping. add tee.
# $editor in .bashrc

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>7v0owelzrfpjbs8wftdot7jvrpp5at0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shell Programming/Introduction</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>244356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672399</id>
      <parentid>3982206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T05:51:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jets42</username>
        <id>3626871</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reworded intro to Shell scripting, making it easier for beginners to understand.</comment>
      <origin>4672399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8380" sha1="ezqtvjutibhn25bk4p1pvicjxrb8986" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- NAVIGATION NOT INCLUDED IN PRINTABLE --&gt;
&lt;!-- &lt;noinclude&gt;{{Shell Programming/Navigation Start|What is Shell}}&lt;/noinclude&gt; --&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{prognav|Shell Programming|Shell Programming|What is shell}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

A [[w:shell script|shell script]] is a text file containing Unix commands, so the entire stored group of command lines may be treated as a single program that performs many steps.  The script can be read and executed by a standard [[w:Unix shell|Unix shell]], which normally works as the [[w:command line interpreter|command line interpreter]], allowing users to type commands from the keyboard.  When a user types in the name shell script on the command line, the shell will read from the script file, and try to parse+interpret+run each command in the file, as if they were quickly typed at the command line. This avoids retyping, simplifies work for the user, and allows the script to be used as any other program on the computer. Shell scripts have programming features that are seldom used directly on the command line, such as loops, variables, and conditional logic statements. These code features allow parts of the script to be repeated multiple times, or script logic may decide to skip other command lines that may not be needed at that time. By using shell scripts, the command line shell supports a [[w:scripting language|scripting language]] that can be used to tell the host operating system how to perform more complex tasks than users normally type with a single command.

Basic shell scripts are very easy to write using a text editor, and they do not need to be compiled into a binary format: This often makes shell scripts much faster to write than compiled programs in C, Java, or Fortran. People may write simple shell scripts in fifteen minutes, while C programs with similar abilities may take hours or weeks to write. However, shell scripts run slowly compared to compiled programs (such as C), because the shell interpreter must read+parse text for each command line in the script file, and decide what actions to perform. (code/command interpretation is performed in advance for compiled programs, and translated to binary executable programs that run more efficiently)  Using shell scripts can still be thousands of times faster than typing individual statements by hand, since a shell script containing hundreds of lines may be run by the user by typing a single statement on the command line. One other aspect that makes shell scripts slower than compiled programs is that C programs often work as a single executable process, while shell scripts gain much of their capabilities by calling separate external programs, which may run three processes or thousands of other programs.

Since shell scripts contain text that is readable by people, script programs are more easily modified to meet new requirements, and also easily contain documentation and comments to explain how the script is to be used, and a written log of any code changes made. 

Shell scripts are primarily suited for simple tasks that call other programs on the operating system. Examples may include – file manipulation – [[Subject:System administration|system administration]]  – process control – text manipulation and formatting – repetitive tasks – job scheduling.  More complex or performance-sensitive tasks are more commonly written in general-purpose languages, traditionally C, more recently Perl or Python. Due to ease of writing, shell scripts are also well-suited for one-off code or for rapid prototyping, as with other scripting languages, and provide a very good introduction both to programming generally and operating systems specifically, particularly for users familiar with the command line.

==Languages==
This book treats sh-compatible shells.

There are various shells, with slightly different syntax and behaviors, and variations for programming languages features. Most shells are variants of the original [[w:Bourne shell|Bourne shell]] developed in the 1970;s (sh; see [[Bourne Shell Scripting‎]]), sharing the basic syntax but adding features, and the associated programming languages are referred to as “dialects” of sh. Today most common, particularly on Linux, is [[w:Bash (Unix shell)|bash]], the “Bourne-again shell” (see [[Bash Shell Scripting]]), which is a complex shell providing many features. The [[w:Korn shell|Korn shell]] (ksh) also sees use, primarily on proprietary Unix systems (per POSIX standard) and BSD OSes. However, other shells are used, such as the [[w:Almquist shell|Almquist shell]] (ash), particularly in resource-constrained environments, for security, or for licensing – such shells typically omit interactive features, which make them smaller and more secure – and writing a script which is compatible across dialects of sh is called “portable shell scripting”. Portable shell scripting requires restricting oneself to a subset of features compatible across the target languages – this is largely equivalent to restricting oneself to the original Bourne shell language, but there are subtle edge cases to beware of.

The [[w:C shell|C shell]] (csh), and variants, is the primary non-sh-compatible shell. It is also scriptable (see [[C Shell Scripting]]), but this is uncommon, due to severe problems with the language.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ooblick.com/text/CshProgrammingConsideredHarmful.html &quot;Csh Programming Considered Harmful&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Accordingly, csh was primarily used as an interactive shell in the 1980s and 1990s, alongside some variant of sh for scripting. This has largely disappeared, due to sh-compatible shells adding the interactive features of csh. Thus for the purpose of this book, a shell means an sh-Bourne-compatible shell.

==Applications==
Shell scripts are fundamentally ''scripting'' languages for the operating system, and thus are suited to tasks that involve invoking operating system facilities, such as file operations, or multiple other commands, with relatively little logic or advanced language facilities. By contrast, tasks that involve complicated logic or invoke few other commands – or can call a library instead of a separate command – are better written in a general-purpose language, today typically a high-level language like [[Python]] or [[Ruby]]. Earlier [[Perl]] was written for precisely this purpose – more advanced shell scripting – and retains much of the flavor and syntax of shell scripting; it was very popular from the late 1980s to early 2000s, but has since declined in popularity.

The main applications of shell scripting are either automating a repetitive task or writing a one-off script for a complicated one-time task. Shell scripting is a key skill in [[Subject:System administration|system administration]], and is also used to script a program or combination of programs when there is a good command-line interface but no built-in scripting language or libraries.

The key advantage of shell scripts over other languages is the ease of invoking other commands, without verbose syntax (explicit function call and quoting), while the key disadvantages are limited facilities, awkward and delicate syntax (particularly due to compatibility with interactive use and due to quoting), and slow execution (due to overhead on running separate processes, particularly [[w:context switch|context switches]]).

=== Alternatives ===
Instead of a shell script that executes separate commands, if libraries are available one can instead write a program that calls the libraries, which avoids the separate process time overhead (and space overhead, if dynamically linked), at the cost of linking in the libraries. This incurs other costs: if statically linked this requires a time cost at compile time, space cost on disk, and space cost at run time (due to including the libraries); while if dynamically linked this incurs a time cost at run time, though dynamic linking is only required once per library.

Conversely, for very simple commands, particularly one-liners, a shell alias avoids the overhead of executing a separate script. For example, for a directory listing shortcut, the alias:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=bash&gt;
alias lsal='clear;ls -al'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
is faster and simpler than the script:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=bash&gt;
#!/bin/sh
clear
ls -al
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

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If you're interested in chess and wish to improve, you might want to consider installing a chess program onto your computer to help train you. Some programs are dedicated to certain areas of the game (such as endgame or opening study, or tactical exercises), while others allow you to input your games into a database and have the computer analyse them for errors and suggestions.

Most regular tournament players usually have some sort of chess engine installed on their computer. These engines are programmed to find the best possible moves in any position given to them and determine who is ahead by means of algorithms. When plugged into an interface, you can either play directly against the engine or submit vary widely in quality and playing style. Some are commercial, others are freeware and available to download over the internet. Due to advances in technology in the 21st century, some of these engines have become so strong that even the best human players in the world have difficulty beating them, even on an average-speed home computer. A non-Master will probably never be able to beat - or even draw - a strong engine unassisted. In a sense, having a good chess program running over your games is almost like having a Grandmaster on hand to discuss your games with you.

Engines are not all the same. Depending on how it's programmed, it may favour moves that are attacking and tactical, while others prefer solid, positional moves and don't take as many risks. Formerly, commercial engines were the strongest, but now some freeware engines are just as good or even better.

;Online
If you don't want to install your own engine, you may play against one on a free online service. Be aware that these do not play at full strength and may not be allocated a lot of thinking time. In summary, they do not play at the highest level they can play at.

* [http://lichess.org/#ai lichess.org] features the powerful Stockfish engine in levels 1 through 8 (Glicko-2 ranges 1500 to 2361 -- near Grandmaster), with 50 to 400 ms thinking time. &lt;!-- ref = http://lichess.org/blog/U4mtoEQAAEEAgZRL/strongest-chess-player-ever --&gt; You may set up positions using the [http://lichess.org/editor Board Editor]. You may analyse the games afterwards with Stockfish at nearly full strength, with 2 seconds of thinking time for each move.
* [http://gameknot.com/chess-computer.pl GameKnot] features a proprietary engine at levels ranging from ~1000 Elo rating to 2200+ (Grandmaster) Elo rating. Allows setting up a position from the [http://gameknot.com/chess-games-database.pl Games DB]. Does not offer a takeback option. Requires a Java Runtime.
* The [http://www.shredderchess.com/play-chess-online.html Shredder Chess website] features the engine of the same name on easy, medium and hard levels. The hard level is particularly difficult for players of all skills.
* [https://chess.com Chess.com] allows for users to play against other users, or against bots. Post-game review is also available for users to analyze their games. There are also paid subscriptions available, which offer more bots.

;Interfaces

Before you can use an engine, you first have to run it through an interface. There are many that can be used, the most common of which are listed:

*&quot;Fritz&quot; interface - This is one of the most popular interfaces in use by professionals today. It generally comes prepackaged when you buy one of the commercial engines sold by ChessBase (Fritz, Shredder, Hiarcs, et al.). As such, it's considered commercial, although older versions of the interface may be released as freeware. (Be aware though, that there may be compatibility problems in this case.)
*[http://playwitharena.com/ Arena] = This is the most common freeware interface. It is compatible with Mac, Windows, and Linux.
*Chessmaster - This interface comes prepackaged with the King chess engine. There are multiple training tools available as well, such as an openings book, tactics exercises, etc., so you don't have to purchase a separate program to do this. However, it may be harder to install independent chess engines to run underneath this interface.

;Engines

Free and open-source:
*[http://www.stockfishchess.com/ Stockfish] = Very strong open-source engine, consistently ranked as first or second strongest in the world.

;Software
*[[/Battle Chess/]]
*[[/Star Wars Chess/]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chess/Navigation|Tournaments|Puzzles}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

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[[#Native]]

[[#Hosted]]

[[#Build]]

[[#Hardware]]

[[#References]]

[[#Future]]


==Introduction==


[[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]]

Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running 


Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. 
*With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb.
*With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c 
*With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c 


Pi500+ keyboard wedge - 

Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - 


* Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) 
* Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 
* Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling 


* Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 


===Native===

* 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work
* 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb
* 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi]  
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] 
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5]
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM]


'''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 

64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] 

Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 

Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested 

Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card 

Speed write wise (top faster) 
&lt;pre&gt;
*NVME Pi5 untested    &gt;1000MB/sec  or faster if matched correctly 
*Sata3 ssd              500MB/sec
*SD        V90           90MB/sec  4K maybe 8K 
*SD        V60           60MB/sec  1080p 
*SD     U3 V30           30MB/sec  720p 
*SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2     10MB/sec  minimum should be used now 
*SD C06                   6MB/sec  
*SD C04                   4MB/sec 
&lt;/pre&gt;


As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -&gt; View -&gt; All files

Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. 

Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc 


Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. 
Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop 

In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works 

For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage 

If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. 


Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually 

Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++  or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice 


For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every reboot. Another thing to try, press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again. Sometimes Disconnect and try Connect. 


For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is 
*lan9514  Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment 
*lan7515  Pi3b+ type into Device  usblan78xx.device as net0:  remove other device(s) 
*bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device  
 (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) 


Summary
*3b    ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works 
*3b+   wifi working but ethernet untested 
*4     untested 
*400   wifi and ethernet untested 
*5     
*500   
*500+  


[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&amp;page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) or iPhone setting in menus. Html5test gives 190 out of 555. 

You may have to delete the cache (in same drawer/folder) to fully retest big updates. 


There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] 

*Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W 
*Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd  Pi3B+, Pi4 
*Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd  Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 

*bthid    keyboard mouse support 
*btserial serial 
*btpan    short range wireless connecting devices 


Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g.  date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 


It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. 

USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process 
*usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w 
*[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], 


Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones
*[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games 
*[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] 
*[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] 


[https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] 

Some exceptions:

*Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used
*The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V
*For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15).

With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented.

Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi.

In the shell 

 GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K

Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' 

*PIN   -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12).
*SET   -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH).
*GET   -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1).
*MODE  -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate).
*PULL  -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN.

EXAMPLES
&lt;pre&gt;
GPIO 12 MODE OUT
GPIO 12 SET 1
GPIO 12 GET
GPIO 13 PULL UP
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] 


Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&amp;pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] 


The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. 
vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. 
VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. 

Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] 

A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. 

The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called &quot;the firmware&quot;. Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. 


Youtube 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&amp;pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], 


[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&amp;t=612s&amp;pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Pi
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 2D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Single Core 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 2D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 3D
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |SMP 3D 
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Pi--&gt;Pi3 
| &lt;!--Single Core 2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Single Core 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Single Core 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 2D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--SMP 3D--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD 


===Hosted===


AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&amp;pid=13910#post_13910 here] 


[http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] 


==== Hosted ====

=====64bit=====

[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80&amp;pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] 

[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], 


=====32bit=====

Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013]

 ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf  --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib

arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux)

*armel - many of the &quot;android&quot; machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. 
*armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP)

Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI.

Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets.

*needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target 
*as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes.

with—disable-crosstools  $AROS_CC  is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC  ?  If  so,  this  is  wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. 
Yes,  Android  port  will  build.  And  even  work. But it's not good because  the  port  will  not  be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example:

&lt;pre&gt;
enum test {foo, bar};
enum test testvar;
&lt;/pre&gt;

sizeof(testvar)  will  be  equal  to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS)  and  sizeof(short)  on  Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example.

Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts.

Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS.

compiler=kernel  is  appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or  barebone  hardware,  if  we  talk  about  native).  This includes bootstraps,  their  linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations.

No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows,  Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work.

If  you  want  to  compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append  the  following  to  USER_INCLUDES  (or  USER_CFLAGS,  this  is effectively the same):

 -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to:

 -isystem  &lt;your_os_includes&gt;  -isystem  &lt;host_OS_gcc_private_includes&gt;
 -nostdinc

This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs.

If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH).

Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one.

Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types.

Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but &quot;./configure --target=raspi-armhf&quot; is enough to start, then &quot;make arosboot-raspi&quot; will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc).  It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output.

*armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, 
*armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise,

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armel' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
 ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \
             --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
    ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \
                --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is:

 make


==Build==

===64bit===


===32bit===


# download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/
# make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports
# make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf
# cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -:

&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf
&gt;/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports
&gt;make
&gt;make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it.

You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi.

The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows ..
&lt;pre&gt;
./configure --target=raspi-armhf
make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder.

NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first

arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console &quot;emulation&quot; via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library

arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS.

The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom).

the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO)


Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM

Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device.
Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error:

&lt;pre&gt;
    Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic
    configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x
    checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no
    checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no
    checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu
    checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
    checking whether build environment is sane... yes
    checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip
    checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
    checking for gawk... no
    checking for mawk... mawk
    checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
    checking whether make supports nested variables... yes
    checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc
    checking whether the C compiler works... no
    configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic':
    configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables
    See config.log' for more details
    make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77
    [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512
    [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory
    make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10
    make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2
&lt;/pre&gt;


looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic

found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi
so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick
and the missing lib was built.

now the next stop is at
fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory
and
fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory
in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed?

fixed with adding
-I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
to where is missing on mmakefiles like
USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles.


Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again.

My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a &quot;template&quot; to compare to native compilation under arm linux.


Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild).
The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC.

For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script.

Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config&quot; and do make on &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build&quot; dir.

Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh


Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there:

#MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm

Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this.

Try adding this line (and the variant &quot;linklibs-armhf&quot; instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do &quot;linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick&quot;.
Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile

To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case.

With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with
&quot;cannot find -laeabi &quot; so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok.


== Hardware ==

===64bit===


====BCM2712====

With the Pi5 

Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h264 and VP9 cpu only. 

*Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board 
*Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe
*Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 
*Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 
*Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme
*GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2
*


*2024 RPI AI HAT    - Hailo  20TOPs  no LLMs 
*2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo  40TOPs  slightly better? 


[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi]
*Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor
*Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor
*Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels


====BCM2711====

With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 

the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c 

*2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues 
*2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design 
*Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE 

*[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different 
The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles.
The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same.

Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes.
Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation)
With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register.

the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions 

the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of &quot;one read port, one write port&quot; to one &quot;two read ports, one write port&quot; block)

The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. 
*vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers.
*vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread.
*vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads.

With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible 

The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer)

A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver.

Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats.

h264/x264 as Pi3 

All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 

H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1
HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates 

Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs
If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised 

Possible maximum performance 
&lt;pre&gt;
VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s
VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s
VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s
&lt;/pre&gt;

Faster LPDDR4 memory.


====BCM2837==== 

With the Pi3 
* Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] 

The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. 

Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x264/h264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help 


ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. 


===32bit===

=== Core Kernel ===


====BCM2708(family)====
which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&amp;nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM)

*Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox 
*IRQ scheduler, etc 
*Arasan based SD Card controller 
*Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&amp;catid=45:raspberry-pi&amp;Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf],  [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], 
*[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip 
*CMOS RAM 
*VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc 
*Audio Driver 
*Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) 
*[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers]
*I2S 
*Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) 
*[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO]

BCM2836 
* For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board

*[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features],


 Implemented so far... 

# Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target.
# Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display.
# Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function.
# Implemented serial debug support
# Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc)
# Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers.
# Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer.
# Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media.
# Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The &quot;rom&quot; image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot.
# Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else.
# fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi ..


Improvements...

# Implement a USB chipset driver &quot;OR&quot; finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the &quot;virtual&quot; hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) 
# Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) 
# Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI]
# fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code
# Graphics depend on having a decent &quot;bcmdma.resource&quot; implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for &quot;blitting&quot;. 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver  - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 
# The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate.


 Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards 

On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition.

The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks

*On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf 
*The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it
*configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU
*reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings)
*loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition
*activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image

The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU.

RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named &quot;kernel.img&quot; at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem)

Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf.

You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling.

At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
?          - alias for 'help'
mtest      - simple RAM test
autoscr    - run script from memory
base       - print or set address offset
bbm        - BBM sub-system
bdinfo     - print Board Info structure
boot       - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootd      - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootm      - boot application image from memory
bootp      - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
cmp        - memory compare
coninfo    - print console devices and information
cp         - memory copy
crc32      - checksum calculation
echo       - echo args to console
fatinfo    - print information about filesystem
fatload    - load binary file from a dos filesystem
fatls      - list files in a directory (default /)
go         - start application at address 'addr'
help       - print online help
iminfo     - print header information for application image
itest      - return true/false on integer compare
jade       -
loadb      - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loads      - load S-Record file over serial line
loady      - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode)
loop       - infinite loop on address range
md         - memory display
mm         - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
mtest      - simple RAM test
mw         - memory write (fill)
nfs        - boot image via network using NFS protocol
nm         - memory modify (constant address)
pci        - list and access PCI Configuration Space
ping       - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv   - print environment variables
rarpboot   - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
reset      - Perform RESET of the CPU
run        - run commands in an environment variable
saveenv    - save environment variables to persistent storage
saves      - save S-Record file over serial line
setenv     - set environment variables
sleep      - delay execution for some time
tftpboot   - boot image via network using TFTP protocol
USB        - USB sub-system
usbboot    - boot from USB device
version    - print monitor version
&lt;/pre&gt;


And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way...  u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot.

Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1,

the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for
hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS  routed  only  raw  hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt.  1:1 relationship between CPU  and hardware interrupts is present only on PC.

IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class.  PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant  to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain &quot;Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means&quot;. They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system.

Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No.  A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was &quot;abstract timer interrupt&quot;, used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea.

Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work?
 
Poseidon.library creates its &quot;Poseidon Event Task&quot; during RTF_COLDSTART -&gt; then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example.

You miss what happens next...
 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch().
 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible:
 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run.
 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list.

My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop.

There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures.

The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table.

The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :)

Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this:

        movw r0, #:lower16:label

        movt   r0, #:upper16:label

In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations.

There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to &quot;fake&quot; executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need.

Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. 


 GPU 

VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU.   Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute.

The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API.   The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf).   That's also the bad news.  Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much.  It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly.

The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated.   It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later.

Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC.  If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected.
 
have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled.

If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work.

L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled.

Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics.
 Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever.
 I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp).

    #warning &quot;TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory&quot;
        /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */
        for(x = 0; x &lt; 4096; x ++)
        {
            pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04);
        }

Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages?

Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device).

You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached)

    So ..
     
     pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | 2;

     
    should be enough?

No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80'

tell dosboot the correct defaults to use

Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead,  display  drivers  should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=&gt;instantiate itself. This   should   make  things way simpler. With this approach you only need  to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. 
Currently  VESA  and  VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it.

they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context).

AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM
marked as chip.

BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code?

Also, IIRC we have support for &quot;external memory allocators&quot;. Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox.

All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats.

trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET).
Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units.
The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ.

Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port?
It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port.  You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource.

You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs.

So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work.

Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this.

That should have done it.

If you set &quot;#define DEBUG 1&quot; in  arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output?

have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display?

Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting?
The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot

Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm.
 
To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen.
 
Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks).
 
have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress..

was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression.
Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. 
it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks.

Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. 
It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right)

The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place.  If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur.  I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian.  It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary.  They were both little-endian.
The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode).

 
What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest?

Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems?
You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it.
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback.  In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) 

So far have -:

vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well
vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object.
vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise
vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer,

vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. 

RasPi has to speak to the &quot;operating system&quot; which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls.

The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required.

The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and  composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied.

The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds).
must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. 
For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says &quot;interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer.&quot; so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data.

The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out).

openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface

To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits.


Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons.
This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP.
Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting.

As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there.

struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi.  AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol.

&lt;pre&gt;
redmask: 0x0000F800
greenmask: 0x000007E0
bluemask: 0x0000001F
alphamask: 0

redshift: 16
greenshift: 21
blueshift: 27
alphashift: 0
&lt;/pre&gt;

It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE

This stuff is a bit confusing.  The &quot;names&quot; of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory,
ignoring endianess. So for example:

ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines.

The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending
on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and
stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/).

With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine
to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag.
(RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to
be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG).

The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31).

The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered,
the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt-&gt;stdpixfmt) already in the system,
and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one.

In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the
gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use
HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt
tag list based on that.
15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5
(or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped).
 aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count.
But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses
in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc.

Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you
are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be.

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B.

read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment .
 
Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening.

The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red.


 Kickstart 

The  idea  is  to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's  life  easier.  So,  the kickstart was split into 'base' (which  does  not  contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This  way,  for  example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and  make  CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's.

Next  there  was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are   filesystems.  Hosted  ports  do  not need them to boot up, so on hosted   they  are  left  out.  At  the  other  hand,  they  are  also architecture-agnostic.  So  i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem').


 USB 

Poseidon  is  one  more  big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run  on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is  hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard).

AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code.  Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running.  Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong.

Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side.  Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode &amp; switching modes once it's up and running.

Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup.

* Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. 
* Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub.

Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components.

Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the &quot;virtual&quot; root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals.


The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”).

There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg].

The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code.

The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port).

Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider....

* Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile
* Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) )
* Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start.

the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB.

Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. 

After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. 

The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have &quot;prefixed&quot; it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. 


Trident saw this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

and this:

    Product     : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 255
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 1
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 60416
    DevVers   : 0200

and even this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;)

So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. 

[http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio]


 Audio 

The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. 

The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI.  HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface.

Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. 

[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] 

The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality

the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures

Analogue audio

Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 &amp; 1.4


 Ethernet 

10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket


 GPIO 

GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins)

Probably a resource rather than a device...

Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p


 GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration 

Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... 


 Miscellanous

hdmi issues

Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there.

You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal.

If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to &quot;set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode

Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options.

Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA.
If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost

composite video

changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box

Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't?

Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat  What's the result?

Put back config.txt What's the result?

for PAL mode   sdtv_mode=2

dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached
hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected

&lt;pre&gt;
# NOOBS Auto-generated Settings:
#hdmi_force_hotplug=1
#config_hdmi_boost=4
#overscan_left=24
#overscan_right=24
#overscan_top=16
#overscan_bottom=16
#disable_overscan=0
start_x=1
gpu_mem=128
&lt;/pre&gt;

tvservice -c &quot;PAL 4:3&quot;

&lt;pre&gt;
/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s   or tvservice -s 
state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA
Group CEA has 1 modes:
(native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT
Group DMT has 0 modes:
&lt;/pre&gt;

sudo amixer cset numid=3 1

forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in

config.txt

the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says

There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others.

What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground.


The wiring for the 4 pole are:

TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH)

RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW

Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way.

Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug.

Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one.


External devices

* Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&amp;nbsp;nm, peak at 880&amp;nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths 
* Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - 
* Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle

N.B.  dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles.  It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board.  the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. 
The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible.  currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219.  The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd  be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. 
Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board.


== References ==


===Good sites to visit===

*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] 
*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] 
*[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] 


Linux only
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] 
*[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] 
*[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore]
*[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] 
*[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] 


*[ FydeOS]
*[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] 
*[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] 


*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] 
*[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] 
*[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] 
*[ retropie pi1 and 2] 


Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS 
*[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] 
*[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4]
*[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] 
*[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] 
*[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] 
*[ HaikuOS]
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] 
*[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot]

*[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] 


Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc 

[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] 

*Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested 
*Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested 
*Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 
*Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested 
*Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested 
*Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested 
*Box  Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested 
*Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested 


*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux]
*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - 
*Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested 
*Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested 


*Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested 
*Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested 
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] 
*Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested 
*[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted 
*Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? 


CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 
*Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' 
*Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested 
*Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob 


*[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested 
*[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested 


*[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed 
*[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3&quot; HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, 
*[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS 
*[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor 
*[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 


&lt;pre&gt;
2008 Trustees collected for Foundation
2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 
2010 
2011 First Raspberry prototypes 
2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835
2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 
2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 
2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 
2013 Over two million sold 
2014 Over three million sold 
2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 
2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 
2015 Over four million first gen pis sold  
2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 
2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 
2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 
2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 
2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 

2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 
2015 Over a million pi2s sold 


2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 
2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 
2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 
2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 
     1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 
2017 12 million pis sold in total 
2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 
2019 Over 15 million sold 
2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 
2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 
     1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 
2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 
2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge
 

2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 
2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 
2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 
2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board 
     CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM 
     CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite 
     CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite 
     CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules 
     CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc 
     CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite 
     CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc
2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - 
     CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite
     CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash
     CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite
     CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite
     CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 
2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 
2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 


2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 
2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 
2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 
2024 Pi 5 v1.1 
2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board 
     CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 
2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 


2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 
2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 


2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom  
2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 
2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 
2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 
2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 
2026 
2027 


2028 Pi 6 
&lt;/pre&gt;


==Future==


[https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] 


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  <page>
    <title>HKDSE Geography/M1/Distribution of Tectonic Hazards</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>302922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672394</id>
      <parentid>3442560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T04:09:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51737-56</username>
        <id>3626884</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Two Belts */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1432" sha1="8q8eidf130j5s5ubdn1ig19yomearco" xml:space="preserve">Tectonic hazards are not equally distributed over the earth's surface.

== Plate Boundary Types and Hazard Occurrence ==
Most hazards occur at plate boundaries, with some exceptions we will see in the next chapter.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! !! Earthquakes !! Volcanic Eruptions !! Tsunamis
|-
| Constructive || Somewhat rare || Common || Somewhat rare
|-
| Destructive || Common || Common* || Common*
|-
| Conservative || Common || None || None 
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Mostly at the Circum-Pacific Belt.

Note that:
* Volcanic eruptions are common in constructive plate boundaries, but they have less destructive power because the overlying seawater and the seabed suppresses the outpouring of magma.
* Tsunamis are most active at destructive plate boundaries and are mostly concentrated along coastal areas around the Pacific Ocean; however, they have occurred in the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans as well. The Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 is an important example.

== Two Belts ==
Two regions face serious tectonic hazards:
* '''Circum-Pacific Belt''': It runs around the Pacific. Most of the earth's volcanoes and sources of earthquakes and tsunamis are found here. With reference to volcanoes, it is known as the '''Pacific Ring of Fire''' because of the ring-like spatial distribution of volcanoes here.
* '''Alpine-Himalayan Belt''': It runs from the Alps to the Himalayas, and earthquakes are very active here.

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      <text bytes="1438" sha1="kzaxk2pm47itllwhw1bu9t1bf40n2t8" xml:space="preserve">Tectonic hazards are not equally distributed over the earth's surface.

== Plate Boundary Types and Hazard Occurrence ==
Most hazards occur at plate boundaries, with some exceptions we will see in the next chapter.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! !! Earthquakes !! Volcanic Eruptions !! Tsunamis
|-
| Constructive || Somewhat rare || Common || Somewhat rare
|-
| Destructive || Common || Common* || Common*
|-
| Conservative || Common || None || None 
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Mostly at the Circum-Pacific Belt.

Note that:
* Volcanic eruptions are common in constructive plate boundaries, but they have less destructive power because the overlying seawater and the seabed suppresses the outpouring of magma.
* Tsunamis are most active at destructive plate boundaries and are mostly concentrated along coastal areas around the Pacific Ocean; however, they have occurred in the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans as well. The Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 is an important example.

== Two Belts ==
Two regions face serious tectonic hazards:
* '''Circum-Pacific Belt''': It runs around the Pacific Ocean. Most of the earth's volcanoes and sources of earthquakes and tsunamis are found here. With reference to volcanoes, it is known as the '''Pacific Ring of Fire''' because of the ring-like spatial distribution of volcanoes here.
* '''Alpine-Himalayan Belt''': It runs from the Alps to the Himalayas, and earthquakes are very active here.

{{DSEGeogM1}}</text>
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    <title>Listen and Learn Science/Heat</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>4672320</id>
      <parentid>4091632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>-periods</comment>
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      <text bytes="20861" sha1="byau8mwlxxtkkr5rj5cv2a47uu2303x" xml:space="preserve">
== Heat ==

 Heat is always understood, as a process of transfer.
 It is absorbed or produced, as an energy exchange.
 Heat always flows, from a hotter body, to a colder body. 
 For heat to flow, it needs a medium.
 The medium through which heat flows, can be a solid, liquid, or gas.
 Heat cannot flow, in a vacuum.
 In other words, there can be heat, only when there is a substance.
 When heat flows through a solid, it is called conduction.
 When heat flows through a liquid or gas, it is called convection.

 
== Temperature scales ==

 The relative hotness, or coldness, of a body, is the temperature.
 This temperature can be measured, with a standard scale.

 The most commonly used scale, for measuring temperature, is centigrade or celsius.
 The boiling point, and the freezing point, of water, is used to define this scale.
 The freezing point of water, is defined as, 0 degree centigrade.
 The boiling point of water, is defined as, 100 degree centigrade.
 The temperature difference, between the boiling point and freezing point, 
  is divided into 100 equal degrees.
 That is why, it was called as the centigrade scale.
 Now it is called, as the ‘Celsius scale’.
 The symbol for Celsius, is ‘c’.
 For example, we can say, that the body temperature, is 37 degrees ‘c’.

 Another temperature scale, is the kelvin scale.
 Scientists have determined, the lowest temperature, that can be achieved.
 This they found out to be, as minus 273.15 degrees celsius.
 This is called the absolute 0, of temperature.
 That is temperature can never go, below minus 273.15 degrees ‘c’.
 This temperature is defined as 0 degrees kelvin, in the kelvin scale.
 All temperatures are measured, relative to 0 degree kelvin.
 The kelvin scale, is widely used by scientists.
 The symbol for kelvin is ‘k’.
 Kelvin is the S I unit, for temperature.
 One degree kelvin is the same as 1 degree celsius.

 An older temperature scale, that was used, was Fahrenheit.
 In the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water, is 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
 The boiling point of water, is 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
 The difference between the boiling point and the freezing point,
  is divided into 180 degrees.
 The symbol for Fahrenheit, is ‘F’.
 Though this scale is obsolete, some countries like U S, still use it.

 
== Conversion of Scales ==

 We can easily convert temperature, from one scale to another.
 Converting from celsius to kelvin.
 Temperature in celsius, + 273.15 is temperature in kelvin.
 So, in the kelvin scale,
 freezing point  of water, is 273.15 degree kelvin,
 boiling point of water, is 373.15 degree kelvin.

 Converting from Fahrenheit to celsius.
 Degrees celsius = open bracket, degree fahrenheit minus 32, close bracket,
 multiplied by 5 by 9.
 Examples.
 Open bracket, 32 degree fahrenheit minus 32 Close bracket, 
 multiplied by,  5 by 9 .
 = 0 degrees ‘c’.
 So, 32 degree fahrenheit = 0 degree celsius.

 Open bracket, 212 degree fahrenheit minus 32 Close bracket,
 multiplied by, 5 by 9.
 = 100 degrees ‘c’.
 So, 212 degree fahrenheit = 100 degrees celsius.

 The normal human body temperature, is 98.6 degrees fahrenheit.
 Open bracket, 98.6 degree fahrenheit minus 32 Close bracket,
  multiplied by, 5 by 9.
 = 37 degrees ‘c’.
 So, 98.6 degree fahrenheit = 37 degrees celsius.

 
== Thermometer ==

 A thermometer, is used to measure temperature.
 A thermometer, can measure temperature, within a given range.
 A clinical thermometer, is used to measure body temperature.
 This is normally, about 37 degrees celsius, 
 or, 98.6 degrees fahrenheit.
 The clinical thermometer, has mercury enclosed in a thin glass tube.
 When the temperature increases, the mercury expands.
 The thermometer is calibrated, to show the expanded mercury level, 
 as degrees of temperature.

 
== Sample temperatures ==

 The temperatures, on earth varies depending on location, season, etc.
 The average temperature is about 15 degrees celsius.
 One of the hottest temperature recorded, 
 was about 57 degrees celsius, in death valley California.
 The coldest temperature recorded, 
 was about minus 89 degrees celsius, in Antarctica.
 The temperature in an incandescent lamp, is about 2200 degrees celsius.
 The temperature in the sun, is many million degrees.
 Surprisingly, the temperature in outer space, is about 2.7 degrees kelvin,
 which is about, minus 270 degrees celsius.
 This is close to absolute 0.
 We are aware that  absolute 0, is the lowest temperature possible.
 When the temperature in the sun is many million degrees, 
 It may cause us to wonder, why outer space is so ultra cold.
 This is because, outer space is a vacuum. 
 It has no substances.
 The sun’s rays travel in outer space, without altering the temperature,
 because, there is no substance to heat up, in outer space.
 When the sun’s rays reach the earth, they heat up the atmosphere, the oceans,
 and the earth.
 The atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth, are substances, 
 which are amenable of getting heated.
 This is how, the heat from the sun, is transferred to earth.

 When a thermo nuclear weapon explodes, the temperature can reach, many million degrees.
 At this temperature, most substances evaporate.
 When the first nuclear bomb, was exploded over Hiroshima,
 thousands of people just evaporated.


== Thermal properties ==

 Heat affects all matter, in a basic way.
 This happens at the molecular level.
 When heat is applied to a substance, the molecules get excited.
 That is, kinetic energy of the molecules increase.
 This happens to all substances.
 But the effect of heat, on a substance, varies from substance to substance.
 So scientists, have studied the effect of heat, of all commonly used substances.
 Every substance has unique thermal properties.
 The Thermal properties, of each substance, is well documented.
 We will discuss, some of the important thermal properties, of a substance.

 
== Heat Capacity ==

 The amount of introduced heat,
 to effect a given temperature change, 
 is called the heat capacity of the material.
 If delta Q, is the increase in heat, 
 and delta T, is the increase in temperature,
 then heat capacity, C, = delta Q by delta T.
 Heat capacity is expressed, in Joules per celsius.

 
== Specific Heat ==

 The specific heat of a substance, is the quantity of heat, 
 required to raise the temperature, of  a unit mass of the substance,
 by a unit of  temperature.
 Specific heat capacity = heat capacity of the body, divided by the mass of the body.

 Specific heat is expressed as joules per kg degree kelvin.
 For example, the specific heat of water, 
 is 4186 joules, per kg degree kelvin.
 This means, that it requires 4186 joules of heat, to raise the temperature,
 of 1 kg of water, by 1 degree kelvin or celsius.

 The specific heat of Aluminium, is 900 joules per kg degree kelvin.
 This means that Aluminium, will heat up faster than Water. 
 The specific heat of Gold, is 134 joules per kg degree kelvin.
 This means that Gold, will heat up much faster than Aluminium.

 
== Thermal conductivity ==

 The property of a material, to conduct heat, is called thermal conductivity.
 Some such materials, are good conductors of heat.
 For example, Copper, Iron, Aluminium are  good conductors of heat.
 Some material resists conduction of heat. 
 They are also called as insulators.
 Examples are, porcelain, glass, wool, etc.
 We wear woollen clothing in winter, to help retain body warmth.

 
== Latent heat ==

 A substance can exists as a solid, liquid, or a gas.
 For example, water can exists as ice, water, or as water vapour.
 These are called, states of matter.
 When matter changes from one state to another, it is called a phase transition.
 For example, when water becomes water vapour, it is a phase transition.
 When water becomes ice, it is a phase transition.
 This process of phase transition, always involves heat.
 But there is a interesting, and an important difference, of the effect of heat.
 Normally heat results, in a change of temperature. 
 In a phase transition, heat is transferred, without a change of temperature.
 For example, when water is boiled, to 100 degree celsius,
 water undergoes, phase transition to water vapour, at 100 degree celsius.
 There is  no change in temperature, but the water vapour carries the heat.
 This heat is called the latent heat, of vaporisation.
 Similarly, when ice at  0 degree celsius melts,
 it undergoes a phase transition to water,  at 0 degree celsius.
 There is no change of temperature, but heat is absorbed, from the  water.
 This is called the Latent heat of fusion.
 Every substance will have, a unique latent heat of vaporisation, and fusion.
 This is measured by the specific latent heat, L.
 The specific latent heat, is the amount of heat, Q.
 required to effect a phase change, 
 of a unit of mass, m, usually in kg.
 Latent heat, L = heat, Q, divided by mass,m.
 It is expressed in kilo joules, per kg.
 or, Q is = to m into L.
 Every substance will have a unique specific latent heat of fusion,
 and a specific latent heat of vaporisation.
 For example, the latent heat of water fusion, is 334 kilo joules, per kg.
 Latent heat of water vaporisation is 2260 kilo joules, per kg.
 In other words 2260 kilo joules of heat, is required, 
 to convert 1 kg of water, at 100 degree celsius, 
 to water vapour at 100 degree celsius.

 
== Thermal expansion ==

 Thermal expansion, is the tendency of matter, to change in volume, 
 in response to change in temperature, through heat transfer.

 Thermal expansion properties, vary from substance to substance.
 Every substance will have, a unique thermal expansion property.
 This property is measured, by the coefficient of thermal expansion.
 The coefficient of thermal expansion, of a given substance, 
 is the degree of expansion, divided by the change in temperature.

 
== Thermal expansion of Solids ==

 A solid is characterised by structural rigidity, 
 and resistance, to change of shape, or volume.
 The atoms in a solid, are tightly bound to each other.
 The atoms in the solid, vibrate.
 When a solid is heated, this vibration increases.
 Since this vibration is at the atomic level, we cannot see it.
 We can only feel the heat, of the solid.

 Solids conduct heat by thermal conduction.
 Heat  diffuses from one part of a solid, to other parts, in a linear way.
 If we heat one end, of a metal wire,
 the heat will diffuse to the other end.
 Capacity to conduct heat, is called as thermal conductivity.

 Solids expand on heating.
 When this expansion, is measured in one direction,
 it is called as, the coefficient of linear expansion.
 The coefficient of linear expansion, is the increase in length, divided by original length,
 per degree kelvin.
 If a rod, of length L1 is heated, by one degree kelvin,
 expands to length L2, the coefficient of linear expansion, 
 Alpha is =, L2 minus L1, divided by L1, per degree kelvin.
 For example, the coefficient of linear expansion of steel,
 is about 12, divided by 10 power 6, per degree kelvin.
 Let us take a railway track, 100 meters in length, and heat it, by 2 degree kelvin.
 So, the expansion will be 12 multiplied by 100, multiplied by 2, divided by 10 power 6 meters.
 To convert to millimetre, we can multiply by 1000, which will be 2.4 millimetres.
 So, a hundred meter railway track, if heated by 2 degree kelvin, will expand by 2.4 millimetres.
 This is the reason, engineers leave a small gap in the railway track, to allow for thermal expansion.
 You would have also noticed, electric wires sag in summer, due to thermal expansion.

 A solid plate has a length and breadth, and an area,
 it also expands by heating.
 If the plate expands, when heated by 1 degree kelvin, from area A1 to A2,
 coefficient of area expansion, Beta, will be A2 minus A1, divided by A1, per degree kelvin.
 Coefficient of area expansion, Beta, is always twice, 
 coefficient of linear expansion, Alpha.
 Beta is = 2 Alpha.

 A solid object has volume.
 It also expands by heating.
 If a solid object expands, when heated by one degree kelvin, from volume V1 to V2,
 the coefficient of volume expansion, Gamma, 
 Is V2 minus V1, divided by V1,   per degree kelvin.
 Coefficient of volume expansion, Gamma, is always thrice,
 coefficient of Linear expansion, Alpha.
 Gamma is = 3 Alpha.


== Thermal Convection ==

 In liquid and gases, heat is conducted, through thermal convection.
 If we heat a vessel containing water, the temperature of the water,
 at the bottom of the vessel increases.
 These heated water molecules move up, and colder water on top,
 moves down.
 This process continues, till all the water reaches the same temperature.
 The process of thermal convection can be observed.
 There is a physical movement of water molecules.
 This kind of movement, is not possible in solids.

 A similar process happens in gases also.
 When a gas is heated, its volume increases.
 Its density decreases.
 It becomes lighter.
 The heated gas, moves up.
 The colder gas, moves down.

== Heat and Planet Earth ==

 Heat plays a major role on life on Planet Earth.
 Many factors are involved in this.

== Goldilock Zone ==

 The sun is the source of energy,
 for all the planets in the solar system.
 The Earth is one of the planets, in the solar system.
 The Earth’s orbit around the Sun, is not too close to the Sun.
 That would have made the Earth, unbearably hot.
 It is also not too far away from the Sun.
 That would have made the Earth too cold.
 The Earth is just about the right distance from the Sun.
 It is said to be in the Goldilock Zone.
 Life does not exist, in any other planet in the solar system.
 Earth being in the Goldilock Zone, is blessed with life.

 
== Sunlight ==

 The largest source of heat, to planet earth, is sunlight.
 The earth receives, about 120 watts of solar radiation, per square meter.
 The total solar energy absorbed by the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land,
 is about, 385 thousand exajoules, per year.
 One exa joule is equal to 10 power 18 joules.
 More energy comes from sunlight  in one hour, 
 than the energy, used by the whole world, in one year.
 Photosynthesis captures about 3000 exajoules, per year, in bio mass.
 That is, plants and trees, absorb this energy, and convert it into biomass.
 This is a very small fraction, of the energy we receive from the sun.
 Most of the absorbed energy from the sunlight, is converted to heat energy.
 This plays a major role in life on the planet.

== Atmosphere ==

 The atmosphere absorbs a significant portion of the sun’s energy.
 The earth rotates, on its axis, every 24 hours.
 So, we have day time and night time.
 During day time, we receive sunlight, or solar energy.
 During night time this is missing.
 Normally this would cause, a wild fluctuation, between day and night temperatures.
 Fortunately, the earth is surrounded, by a blanket of air, we call the atmosphere.
 The atmosphere acts as a giant temperature regulator, for earth.
 It helps in retaining the heat, that is absorbed.
 This is called the green house effect.
 Without the atmosphere, the earth will become extremely hot during the day,
 and extremely cold during the night.
 That is, without the atmosphere, we will boil during day time,
 and freeze during night time.

== Equator and Poles ==

 Maximum sunlight is received at the Equator.
 The North pole and the South pole, receive very little sunlight.
 The arctic region, around the North pole, is very cold through out the year.
 The antarctic region, around the South pole, is also very cold through out the year.
 The region between 33.5 degree North latitude,
 and 33.5 degree South latitude, is called the tropics.
 The tropics are close to the equator.
 Since this region, receives a lot of sunlight, 
 It is relatively warm through out the year.
 Summer can be very warm in the tropics.

== Altitude ==

 At higher altitudes, air pressure reduces.
 The temperature also drops, at higher altitudes.
 The temperature decreases, by about 6.4 degree centigrade,
 for every kilometre, of increase in altitude.
 That is why it is relatively cool, in hill stations.
 Mount Everest is more than 8 km in height.
 The peak of Everest is so cold, 
 that it is always snow capped, through out the year.

 
== Seasons ==

 The Earth orbits the sun, once in a year.
 The axis of the Earth is tilted.
 Due to this, the northern and southern hemisphere, 
 receive differential sunlight, or solar energy.
 During the northern summer, the northern hemisphere,
 receives more sunlight.
 During the same time, the southern hemisphere, receives less sunlight.
 It experiences winter.
 The opposite happens, during the northern winter.
 In northern hemisphere, receives less sunlight, and experiences winter.
 During the same time, the southern hemisphere, experiences summer.


== Weather ==

 The weather keeps changing, from place to place,
 and from season to season.
 Local weather conditions, depend on many factors.
 Heat plays a major role, directly or indirectly, in determining weather conditions.

 Due to the tilt in the axis of the earth, the air in the atmosphere, 
 gets differentially heated, in the northern and southern hemisphere.
 This difference in temperature, causes air currents.
 Warm air moves to cooler regions, and vice versa.
 When the Air crosses, the oceans, it picks up moisture.
 This can precipitate as rain or snow.
 The air in the atmosphere, is constantly on the move, 
 due to differences in temperature.
 These air currents have a pattern, which can be studied.

 70% of the earths surface, comprises of oceans.
 The water in the oceans, act as a vast reservoir, of heat.
 It absorbs sunlight, and solar energy.
 This warms up the water in the ocean.
 This warming up also happens differentially.
 Some parts of the oceans warm up more, and some less.
 This causes ocean currents.
 Warm water moves towards cooler areas, and vice versa.
 The water in the oceans are constantly on the move.
 These are called ocean currents, and follow a pattern.
 Ocean current influences, weather conditions.

 Weather is a resultant of many factors, which are interrelated, in a complex way.
 The study of weather, is a science by itself.
 It is called Meteorology.
 Meteorological scientists, use super computers to study weather.
 But even then, we still cannot predict weather accurately.

== Fossil Fuels ==

 To sustain our life style, we need a lot of man made energy.
 Energy is required, by Households, and by Industry.
 We derive this energy, directly or indirectly, from fossil fuels.
 Examples of fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
 Fossil fuels were created by nature, millions of years of ago.
 They are not renewable.
 They have potential thermal energy.
 When fossil fuels under go combustion, they release heat, or thermal energy.
 This thermal energy, can be converted, and used in a many ways. 
 In vehicles like trains or cars, we burn diesel or petrol, to provide locomotive energy.
 Thermal power plants use coal or natural gas.
 This is burnt to heat water, and produce steam.
 Steam is used to drive turbines.
 These turbines produce electrical energy.
 Electrical energy, is the most widely used man made energy.
 Fossil Fuels are used to produce this energy.
 More than 86% of our man made energy requirements,
 comes from fossil fuels.

 
== Global Warming ==

 When fossil fuel is burnt, it releases polluting gases.
 Chief among this is carbon dioxide.
 Gases like carbon dioxide, and methane are called green house gases.
 The earth’s atmosphere, reflects about 30% of the energy it receives,
 back into space.
 Man made green house gases, accumulate in the atmosphere.
 These green house gases, reflect the heat, from the earth’s surface,
 back to earth.
 This effect is called as the green house phenomena.

 Since the Industrial revolution, green house gases have been accumulating,
 in the atmosphere.
 This is causing increased intension of heat, in the earth.
 This is causing the Earth, to warm up, more than normal.
 Global warming, as this called, has many negative impacts, 
 on the Earth’s environment.
 Global warming can cause extreme weather incidents.
 It can cause floods and drought.
 It can result in the rising of the sea levels of the oceans,
 which can cause Submersion of land, in coastal areas.
 Only now, countries have began to wake up, to the seriousness of the threat,
 of Global warming.
 Most countries, have now come to an informal understanding, 
 to limit emission of green house gases, by 2020,
 which will limit global warming,  to 2 degrees centigrade.

 Scientists and Engineers, in the future, not only have to be, 
 inventive and innovative, they also need to be, ecologically sensitive.
 Future development, for our own good, has to be eco friendly.


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      <text bytes="354318" sha1="4h1ccmn2uhplqj26mjfo0zjq4e5f8cr" xml:space="preserve">We have our own resources including financial and '''operators''' dedicated to this task. We had to get to his phone and hack his device. When he connected to his home (net) he simply send our program to every devices connected to this net. Now if person wants to use any (:Http:,html source) it will always redirect to our fake websites created for this purpose. That's how we control whole browsing even basic function of this devices. Every day we are showing some context on '''random''' pages (which is particularly similar with some actions in his life), or even his own medical condition. In devices PRA-LX1 we operate over 1year and we can (delete emails, send '''emails'''&lt;nowiki&gt; to random contacts, download and create any data we need for our task). We demand to cover additional cost. You have already done some damages to our cause. {{crossref|printworthy=y|For more details on parser &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''functions'''&lt;nowiki&gt; that relate to page names and namespaces, see: {{section link|meta:Help:Page name#Variables and parser. &lt;/nowiki&gt;

calls using named parameters).

* They can be [[WP:Transclusion|transcluded]], even variables &quot;about the current page&quot;. This is ensured by the parsing order.
* Instead of magically transforming into HTML instructions, {{tag|[[help:wikitext#Nowiki|nowiki]]|o}} tags remove this magic so a magic word can itself be displayed (documented)

=Public and Private Spheres in the Digital Age=

==Introduction==
This chapter of [[An Internet of Everything?]] cores and discusses main concepts and ideas of the [[#Public Sphere Definition|Public]] and [[#Private Sphere Definition|Private]] Spheres in the [[#Digital Age Definition|Digital Age]]. The main question to ask is how far the usage of internet influences our private sphere and if individuals can still decide where the public sphere begins and where the private sphere ends. This change in private and public spheres is created by an evolution of the Internet and emergence of digital media which include specific [[#Characteristics of Digital Media|characteristics]]. An important effect of this evolution can be described as  [[#Uncoupling of Space and Time|uncoupling of space and time]] because of content from all over the world which is available at every time. The Internet as a hybrid medium creates and enhances [[#Publicity Online|publicity online]] and is driven by the process of impression management which appears in several forms, as discussed in [[#Narrative of the Self|Narrative of the Self]]. This chapter will although prove how far the activities in the internet can be describes as [[#Anonymity in the Private Sphere|anonymous]] as there are many arguments for an anonymous web but although many against it looking on [[#Hackers and Hacktivism|Hackers]] and  [[#Trolling|Trolling]]. As a consequence of the blurring of the private and public sphere online and the visibility [[#Privacy on digital media|privacy]] and [[#Security and Sphere Invasions|security as well as sphere invasion]] is becoming an issue.

This chapter also talks about [[#Online-activism by Citizens|Online-activism by Citizens]] which had an important impact on past event such as the [[#Arab Spring|Arab Spring]]. Therefore it will look on how [[#The Rise of Digital and Social Media in Political Activity|social media can be used in a political way]].

Finally, the concepts of public and privates sphere are discussed by several [[#Theorists|Theorists]] such as [[#Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]] who wrote about the ideal of a public sphere which would contain discussions in public to influence political decisions and [[#John Thompson|John Thompson]] who belongs to Habermas main critics saying that there is a new form of mediated publicness and [http://mfarchive.plymouthart.ac.uk/journalvol1/papers/hamid-van-koten.pdf Hamid van Koten] who talks about [http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/clc/414417 McLuhans] temperature scale.

== Disambiguation ==
Before presenting the main concepts of [[w:public sphere|public]] and [[w:private sphere|private spheres]] in the [[w:Information Age|digital age]], a [[w:Word-sense disambiguation|disambiguation]] of the title's three key terms shall give an overview and avoid misunderstandings.

=== Private Sphere Definition ===

In Greek philosophy,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Public_sphere.aspx#3-1O88:pblcsphrvrssprvtsphrdstnc-full&lt;/ref&gt; the difference between private and public sphere was based on a public world of politics and a private world of family and economic relations. In modern sociology, the distinction is normally used in reference to a separation of home and employment. The private sphere has always been associated with the family or home. It serves to enforce a binary opposition between public and private spheres.

Additionally it is also associated with [[w:privacy rights|privacy rights]]. [[w:Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]] argued that it was through the private sphere where one can truly express themselves. The use of the private sphere by the individual is primarily a secure space where he or she can be alone – but not lonely, or isolated – and can present themselves however they want.

Furthermore, the private sphere is inclusive of the home, but as Raymond Williams&lt;ref&gt;Private Sphere, Papacharissi, Chapter 5&lt;/ref&gt; notes the term of [[w:mobile privatisation|&quot;mobile privatisation”]] society can now travel, and experience the world, through the comfort of their couch. Technology has made it easier to share our experiences, but it has made it difficult to keep them private as well.

The private sphere in digital media is were the individual can guarantee themselves a certain level of authority. This is why on most Social Network Sites (SNSs), they all contain a [[w:privacy|privacy]] option, to make the user feel more secure an din control of their online usage.

=== Public Sphere Definition ===

[[w:Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]] defined the public sphere as a “''virtual or imaginary community, which does not necessarily exist in any identifiable space. In its ideal form, the public sphere is &quot;made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state''”

The idea of a public sphere was generated in the eighteenth century yet there is not doubt that it has a modern relevance and is essentially a way for civil society to articulate its interests. It has been argued that the internet has facilitated the phenomenon of the public sphere as it acts as a forum where public opinion is shaped. But what is the role of the public sphere in the cyber age?

The internet has made way for individuals to have direct access to a global forum where they are able to express their arguments and opinions without censorship. Moreover, we have seen that the emergence of the electronic mass media have radically changed the eighteenth century definition of the public sphere, and the idea is still very much alive in the network society today. Furthermore, even though the public sphere is alive and well recent technological advances mean it will never be the same again. Its future lies with digital media which is an exciting concept. Habermas' classical argument regarding the public sphere being inherently threatened by power structures is correct, as digital media platforms make way for individuals to feel empowered.

=== Digital Age Definition ===
{{Quote|text=&quot;Last time I checked, the digital universe was expanding at the rate of five trillion bits per second in storage and two trillion transistors per second on the processing side.&quot;}}
{{Quote|&quot;I don't know a single person who is not immersed in the digital universe. Even people who are strongly anti-technology are probably voicing that view on a Web site somewhere. Third-world villagers without electricity have cellphones.&quot;|| [[w:George Dyson|&lt;small&gt;George Dyson&lt;/small&gt;]]}}

After technological innovation such as the [[w:Steam engine|Steam engine]] firstly determined society during the [[w:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] in the 18th century, the second &quot;machine age&quot; started in the middle of the 20th century by the development [[w:computer|computers]] and their integration and networking. The resulting information and communication technology lead to information societies since the beginning of the third millennium - according to Lemke and Brenner this is the digital age.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lemke 2015&quot;&gt;Lemke, C., Brenner, W. (2015). '' Einführung in die Wirtschaftsinformatik, Band 1: Verstehen des digitalen Zeitalters'', pp. 11-51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. Retrieved 03/08, 2016 from http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783662440643-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1486970-p176975505&lt;/ref&gt;

However, [[w:Thomas Friedman|Thomas Friedman]] describes the digital age as the [[w:Thomas Friedman#Globalization|''globalisation 3.0'']]: According to him the technological progress in the 18th century lead to globally acting countries, conquering the world politically and economically. Following till year 2000 ''globalisation 2.0'' let multinational company groups arise, reinforced by the ([[w:hardware|hardware]]) technological development. Finally the still lasting third globalisation allows every single person to act internationally and thereby shape and influence technological improvement; the world has shrunk to a ''flat platform''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedman 2006&quot;&gt;Friedman, T.L. (2008). ''Die Welt ist flach: Eine kurze Geschichte des 21. Jahrhunderts''. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt;

Representative for the digital age, which is strongly connected with the [[w:information age|information age]], is, that information is mostly saved and transferred in a digital form. &quot;The multiple possibilities of [[w:Digitizing|digitalization]] and [[w:Computer network|networking]] of information, data and applications as well as the mobility and miniaturizing of infrastructure and hardware determine during the digital age developments in society as a whole and will decide about mechanisms of a globalized world, about social structures and about economic relationships in future.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lemke 2015&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{| style=&quot;align:center; text-align:center&quot;
|+ style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; | '''Evolutionary stages of the digital age'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Lemke 2015&quot; /&gt;
|- style=&quot;background: grey; color: white;
|| 1st stage
|| 2nd stage
|| 3rd stage
|| 4th stage
|-
| [[#first|Emergence and dispersal]]
| [[#second|General acceptance and daily mobile usage]]
| [[#third|General maturing and Internet of Things]]
| [[#fourth|Complete mergence of the real and digital networked world]]
|-
| 1990 - 2000
| 2000 - ca. 2015
| 2015 - ca. 2030
| 2030 - ?
|}
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The conceptional framework of the digital age can be traced down to [[w:Alan Turing|Alan Turing]] and [[w:Vanavar Bush|Vanavar Bush]]. The first one introduced the [[w:Turing machine|Turing Machine]], a model, that pictures the principles of a computer's operation in a very simple and mathematical analysable way. Vanvar Bush however predicted in his famous article [http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/ &quot;As we may think&quot;] kinds of digital media invented after his publishing. He describes an imaginary so-called [[w:Memex|''memex'']] machine, with which each of us would operate from a ''desktop'' enabling us to store, access and share information with each other &lt;ref name=&quot;Bush 1945&quot;&gt;[http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/] Bush, V. (1945). As We May Think. ''Atlantic Monthly''. Retrieved 02/28, 2016 from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/&lt;/ref&gt; - the basis for i.e. [[w:personal computers|personal computers]], the [[w:internet|Internet]], [[w:hypertext|hypertext]] and the [[w:World Wide Web|world wide web]].

The development of [[w:Personal Computer|Personal Computers (PC)]], especially those affordable for the greater population, set the course for the digital age. The inventor of the first PC is disputed; after the a contest one agreed on John Blankenbaker’s [[w:Kenbak-1|Kenbak-1]] from 1970 as the first PC,&lt;ref name=&quot;CHM 2016&quot;&gt;[http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/297], Computer History Museum. (2016). ''Personal Computer''. Retrieved 03/08, 2016, from http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/297&lt;/ref&gt; but there are records of [[w:Edmund Berkeley|Edmund Berkeley]] presenting his [[w:Simon (computer)|Simon]] earlier in 1949. The Blinkenlights Archeological Institute gives a good [http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml overview] about the first introduced personal computers.

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Turing machine.png|thumb|left|Operating concept of a Turing machine]]&lt;/div&gt;
{|class=wikitable
|-
|&lt;small&gt;Computers evolved primarily for military, scientific, government, and corporate users with substantial needs…and substantial budgets. They populated labs, universities, and big companies. Homes? Small businesses? Not so much.&lt;br&gt;Over time, however, costs dropped. Equally important, computers grew sophisticated enough to hide their complex, technical aspects behind a user-friendly interface. Individuals could now afford and understand computers, which dramatically changed everyday life.&lt;ref name=&quot;CHM 2016&quot; /&gt; &lt;/small&gt;
|}
&lt;div id=&quot;first&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Starting from this point Lemke and Brenner's evolutionary ladder describe and predict past, current and future changes in digital age. The networking of computers is the focus of the first phase. The invention of the Internet followed by its [[w:user interface|user interface]], [[w:Tim Berners-Lee|Berners-Lee]] [[w:World Wide Web|World Wide Web]], for the first time enabled a non-scientific use and (distant) access to online and computational resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lemke 2015&quot; /&gt; The first website ever was republished a couple years ago and is still accessible [http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html here].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cern 2014&quot;&gt;[http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html], Cern. (2014). ''World Wide Web''. Retrieved 03/08, 2016, from http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html&lt;/ref&gt; A more detailed introduction to the characteristics of the Internet and the WWW can be found [[#Characteristics of Digital Media|further below]].

Important for the digital Age is that information is handled as a resource and good, commonly managed, networked and accessible through the new media and finally changing societies into knowledge-based and information infrastructures. Accordingly Rheingold states:

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Internet of Things.svg|thumb|right|Technological Roadmap: Internet of Things]]&lt;/div&gt;
{|class=wikitable
|-
|&lt;small&gt;The most successful recent example of an artificial public good is the Internet. [...] The internet is both the result of and the enabling infrastructure for new ways of organising and collective action via communication technology. This new social contract enables the creation and maintenance of public goods, a commons for knowledge resources. &lt;br /&gt;The personal computer and the Internet would not exist as they do today without extraordinary collaborative enterprises in which acts of cooperation were as essential as microprocessors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rheingold 2002&quot;&gt;Rheingold, H. (2002).  Technologies of Cooperation. ''Smart mobs : the next social revolution''. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/small&gt;
|}

&lt;div id=&quot;second&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
It were changes like this and the constant craving for innovation such as the invention of the smartphone, that has deeply embedded mobile and online networking in our society and even led to an always-on culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;boyd 2012&quot; /&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;third&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Finally the concept of the [[w:Internet of Things|Internet of Things]] slowly replaces personal computers trough ''intelligent items'' that should support one's activities unconsciously.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vermesan 2013&quot;&gt;Vermesan, O., Friess, P. (2013). ''Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems''. Aalborg: River Publishers. Retrieved 03/08, 2016, from http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/Converging_Technologies_for_Smart_Environments_and_Integrated_Ecosystems_IERC_Book_Open_Access_2013.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;fourth&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; In combination with advances in [[w:Virtual reality|virtual reality]] technologies the fourth evolutionary stage predicted by Lemke and Brenner is heralded. The question left open is how the digital age will change in future and when will it end in order to give space to a new era?

== Characteristics of Digital Media ==
In order to exemplify what influence '''digital media''' has on [[w:private sphere|private]] and [[w:public sphere|public]] spheres, the characteristics of this media type have to be determined first, specifically how it differs from [[w:Old media|traditional media types]] like [[w:print media|print medias]] (i.e. newspapers, magazines, printed books) or [[w:analog signal|analogue]] medias (i.e. film and audio tapes, radio, television). As this book focuses on the '''Internet''', there will also be a closer look to the characteristics of this specific medium.

As [[w:Digital media|digital media]] all media types are counted which are based on digital information and communication technology (i.e. the Internet) as well as technical devices for 
*[[w:digitalization|digitalization]]
*[[w:Digital recording|recording]]
*processing and calculation
*retention/[[w:Data storage device|storage]]
*presentation and
*distribution
of digital content and final products such as digital arts or music.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kossek 2012&quot;&gt;Kossek, B., Peschl, M.F. (2012). ''Digital Turn?''. Vienna: V&amp;R unipress GmbH.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;floatleft&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;
|  colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; boader=&quot;no&quot; |'''Examples for digital media'''
|-style=&quot;background: grey; color: white;&quot;
| Type || Examples
|-
| Storage Medium &amp;nbsp;
| CD, DVD, Disk, USB Stick, FlashCard
|-
| Devices
| 
*Keyboard, Camera, Microphone
*MP3-Player, PC, Navigation System &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Networking
| Internet, Mobile Network, Social Media
|-
|  ||  ||
|}


One can also say: &quot;Digital media is the product of digital data processed electronically, stored as a file, and transmitted within computer systems and across networks.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tasstudent.com&quot;&gt;Tasstudent.com (n.d.) ''Purpose and Characteristics of Digital Media.'' Retrieved: 03/02, 2016, from http://www.tasstudent.com/characteristics-of-digital-media/&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Digital information is coded in a binary system using the only signs off='''0''' and on='''1'''. Digital information of all different kinds can be presented through the application of this arithmetic and can be copied perfectly as many times as wanted with no degradation of quality. But therefore firstly a digitising devices is necessary to convert [[w:Analog signal|analogue signals]] into [[w:Digital signal|digital data]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Tasstudent.com&quot; /&gt; and as well as device for reception and manipulation afterwards.

Although often used as a synonym for Internet, the World Wide Web is only the Internet's [[w:User interface|user interface]] established by [[w: Tim Berners-Lee|Tim Berners-Lee]]. Berners-Lee determined, that each website in the network is assigned to and accessible through a unique address, the [[w:Uniform Resource Locator|Uniform Resource Locator]] (URL). Content then could be connected through cross references, the [[w:Hyperlink|hyperlinks]], which contains the URL.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot;&gt;Bleicher, J.-K.(2010). ''Internet''. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berners-Lee 1999&quot;&gt;Berners-Lee, T. (1999). ''Der Web-Report. Der Schöpfer des World Wide Webs über das grenzenlose Potential des Internets''. München: Econ.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Motivation for creating the World Wide Web.webm|thumb|right|Development and concepts of the World Wide Web]]&lt;/div&gt;
This non-linear so-called [[w:hypertext|hypertext]] structure enhances the interactivity over the Internet, thereby being primarily a pull medium with content, which can be accessed time - and place – independently as well as self-determined. Generally, this approach is available on every part of the Internet, but [[w:Web search engine|search engines]] can help users selecting it. This differs from traditional media such as the [[w:television|television]], which follows a time-dependent programme &lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; and is only receivable in the reach of the broadcasting frequencies.

Nowadays the Internet connects people all over the world on a communicative but also interpersonal level. Via offers like [[w:Instant messaging|instant messaging]], [[w:Social media|social media]], [[w:email|email]] or [[w:blog|webblogs]], people can communicate one-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-many,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; meaning varying between [[w:interpersonal communication|interpersonal communication]] and [[w:mass communication|mass communication]]. Additionally, communication on the Internet is reciprocal and interactive; sender and receiver can exchange roles without time delay. And basically everyone with [[w:internet access|Internet access]] can present their own content (even [[w:Anonymity|anonymously]]), known as [[w:User-generated content|user-generated content]]. In contrast, the press and broadcasting are institutionally organized; interactions are therefore media initiated (i.e. via letters to the editor) and the reactions of the audience is time delayed.

[[w:Marshall McLuhan|McLuhan’s]] theory says, that the new media contain the old ones &lt;ref name=&quot;McLuhan 1994&quot;&gt;McLuhan, M. (1994). ''Die magischen Kanäle''. Dresden/ Basel: Verlag der Kunst.&lt;/ref&gt; and no medium does this more obviously than the Internet: Countless crossmedial offers like [[w:Web television|web TV]], [[w:Video on demand|video-on-demand]] or [[w:Online newspaper|online newspaper]] are mostly just digitalised offers of the traditional medias. The digital content form on the Internet asks for technical aids for the reception (Computers, mobile final products) &lt;ref name=&quot;Hickethier 2003&quot;&gt;Hickethier, K. (2003). ''Einführung in die Medienwissenschaft''. Stuttgart/ Weimar: Verlag J.B. Metzler.&lt;/ref&gt; but it also holds a higher reproducibility and possibility of saving.

=== Uncoupling of Space and Time ===
{| class= &quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;| '''Space and Presence between Analog and Digital Media'''&lt;ref name=&quot;analog&quot;&gt;[http://www.media-ecology.org/publications/MEA_proceedings/v12/8_time.pdf] Kweon,S. et al. Time and Space Perception on Media Platforms in ''Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association'', Vol. 12, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background: grey; color: white;&quot;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Analog 
|Digital
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Media Space
|Type of Time Space
|
* Space biased 
* Synchronous
* One point to multipoint
* One way
|
* Spatiotemporal biased 
* Asynchronous
* Multipoint to multipoint
* Interactivity
|-
|Relationship in Space
|
* Sender orientation
* World society
|
* Communicator orientation
* Network
|-
|Mode of Presence
| Presence Method
|
* Atom
* Electronics
* Linear
* Sound &amp; Image
|
* Bit
* Wire, wireless, hybrid
* Non-linear
* Convergent
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Society 
|
* Modern 
* Construct 
* State oriented
* Simulation 
|
* Post-modern
* De-construct
* Post-state
* Cybernetics
|}

Firstly introduced by Thompson,&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson 1995&quot;&gt;Thompson, J. B. (1995). ''The media and modernity: A social theory of the media. Cambridge: Polity.''&lt;/ref&gt; this term is used to indicate new [[w:Convergent Technologies|convergent technologies’]] ability to bend the [[w:Spacetime|space-time continuum]]. In its most specific forms, it signifies the ability for media users and produced information not to be constrained by geographical and temporal boundaries. While this is not a new event in the history of technologies, the development of Internet-based media has certainly accelerated and further separated this two concepts from each other. Indeed, while in nature the where is inextricably linked to the when, the modern era has firstly disrupted some of this limitation:&lt;ref name=&quot;Giddens 1990&quot;&gt;Giddens, A. (1990). ''The consequences of modernity.'' Cambridge: Polity Press.&lt;/ref&gt; TV broadcasts, telegraphs, telephones and radios first permitted to spread a message to further 'where' and not necessarily at the same 'when', with pre-recorded programs and advertisements but the medium itself had to have a fixed and public 'where' such as a broadcasting station.

Notably, it's only in the new digital world that the perception and cognition of time and space as two tied notions has been allowed complete separation, while also changing the experience that we have of them in our social and everyday life. In fact, transformation of these two concepts is fundamental to understanding the interrelation of a public and a private sphere, both among humans interactions and the way we make sense of the world for ourselves through news outlets and information acquisitions.

For instance, we no longer need to be physically present to a [[w:Public space|public place]] to attend an event but we can do so from our own private and personal sphere, which is geographically restricted to i.e. our home or office. We can also attend simultaneous events through access to Internet [[w:Livestream|livestreams]], with always more websites providing this service even in a non-[[w:Pay-per-view|pay-per-view]] format, such as [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4R8DWoMoI7CAwX8_LjQHig YouTube #Live].

Likewise, we can get public information and news from all over the world in real time without accessing [[w:Mainstream media|mainstream media]] institutions but relying on people who themselves are geographically based there. At the same time, we can too invite the public into our private sphere and entertain quasi-face-to-face interactions within our sphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot;&gt;Papacharissi, Z. A., (2013). Private Sphere: Democracy in ''A Digital Age''. Cambridge, Malden, MA: Polity Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Similarly, the digital age also makes us less bound by time. Events that formerly required our physical presence at ''a certain time'', can nowadays be recorded and as [[w:Digital data|digital information]], which is easily copied and distributed, and can be watched delayed and multiple times.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; Accordingly, whenever people invite others into their private sphere, it is not necessary that all parties are present at the same time, but messages and information can be stored by digital media&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; and accessed with a time shift.  Consequently publicity through digital media does neither need the physical nor the simultaneous presence of all parties.

However, even on media with time-invariant programmes, such as television, broadcasting services can send small filming teams to live events and then air the programme time-delayed and repeatedly (see [[w:Broadcast delay|broadcast delay]]). This is enhanced through digital recording possibilities, which are nowadays accessible for private customers as well, and the possibility to reproduce and upload digital information without degraded quality to a wide spectrum of digital broadcasting platforms. For instance, the app [https://www.periscope.tv/ Periscope] allows private users to broadcast to their followers anywhere in the world whichever event, protest, scene that is happing near them. The broadcast is also recorded and can be seen from anyone who looks up its title for up to 24h. Commenting on it, the creators explicitly said that they wanted to build the closest thing to tele-transportation. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2015/12/010/what-is-twitters-new-periscope-app/]

Therefore, whichever the message, senders both institutional or private, can get into the public sphere and target their public audience more precisely: 
#They are less time-bound even on traditional media platforms. 
#They can choose the right time and right media platform either convenient for them or for the audience. 
#They reach a high coverage through greater [[w:Advertising media selection#Frequency|OTS]].

Concluding, the way these two spheres, the public and private, whose interconnection has characterised our lives for centuries, bear now a new appearance thanks to the disruption between temporal and spatial constraints.

=== Mobile Privatization ===
[[w:mobile privatisation|Mobile Privatization]] describes the connection between an individual and a mobile device that connects it to his private environment and creates a feeling of a 'comfortable zone' within the usage of that device. The term mobile can be seen as a non-geographical setting of privatization as people can transfer their home, which is originally seen as a building with four walls in each room, to every place that is connected to the internet.

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Lee Myung-Bak and Ji So-Yun.jpg|thumb|Former South Korean President Lee Myung-Bak and footballer Ji So Yun]]&lt;/div&gt;
[[w:Zizi Papacharissi|Zizi Papacharissi]] describes in his book &lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt; that 'within this private sphere, the citizen is alone, but not lonely or isolated. The citizen is connected, and operates in a mode and with political language determined by him or her.'
This act of privatization can take place everywhere the individual uses the device with a private reason. This can be a phone-call or even a photo which is being shared on Facebook.

Sharing and filming plays an important role in the current ongoing privatization of public places. A reason for that might be the 'uncoupling of space of time' argues [[w:John Thompson (sociologist)|John Thompson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson 1995&quot; /&gt;
Content can be watched everywhere and everytime so that people don't need to meet anymore to know what the other is doing.
[[w:Raymond Williams|Raymond Williams]] describes the term of mobile privatization as 'the ability media offer audiences to simultaneously stay home and travel places'.

This movement started with [[w:Selfie|Selfies]] when people took photos of themselves in order to share it with their friends. This conflict between of private photos made public using a device that can connect to the [[w:world wide web|World Wide Web]].
The next developments are [[w:Video blog|Vlogs]] in which people start documenting their lives using a camera and upload their videos to a public sphere such as YouTube. This form of mobile privatization can be seen critical as people can decide which parts of their private life can be seen online but on the other hand they have no control of who can see these videos.

Castells &lt;ref name=&quot;Castells&quot;&gt;Castells, Fernandez-Ardevol, Linchuan Chiu &amp; Sey 2006&lt;/ref&gt; explains that 'The mobility of this private sphere further permits that everyday routines be interlaced in ways that render the individual reachable anywhere and anytime, in a way that may &quot;revolutionalize&quot; control of everyday life'.

Therefore mobile privatization can be a fitting description for an ongoing movement in the society but although a threat of losing control about our everyday life.

=== Digital Photography and Picture Sharing ===

With the advent of [[w:Digital photography|digital photography]], public and private spheres are becoming interchangeable and what used to be intimate and private is becoming public. For instance, as [[w:Smartphone|smartphones]] are becoming accessible to anyone, people can take pictures or video wherever they are, thus breaking the boundaries of other people’s privacy. People can take photos of strangers or of themselves and then show these pictures on websites like [[w:Flickr|Flickr]] or [[w:Deviantart|Deviantart]], making them available to strangers. As this kind of practice is becoming very popular, the concern about privacy issues related to it has attracted media attention.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasen 2009&quot;&gt;[http://www.academia.edu/446728/Digital_Photography_and_Picture_Sharing_Redefining_the_Public_Private_Divide] Lasén, A., &amp; Gómez-Cruz, E. (2009). ''Digital Photography and Picture Sharing: Redefining the Public/Private Divide''. Knowledge, Technology &amp; Policy, 22(3), 205-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12130-009-9086-8&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Kamako native taking pictures at ASG arrival (7175918542).jpg|thumb|left]] &lt;/div&gt;

Despite there is not a general [[w:Photography and the law|law]] that forbids people from taking pictures of people in public and subsequently publish them (unless the person photographed is identifiable), people involved in this practice against their will might feel like their privacy (or private sphere) has been invaded.&lt;ref name=&quot;Otago 2007&quot;&gt;[http://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago036267.pdf] Knewstubb, E. (2007). ''Photography in Public Places and the Privacy of the Individual (Bachelor of Laws (Honours)''. University of Otago.&lt;/ref&gt;
From a research carried out by Edgar Gomez on Flickr, we can clearly see how taking pictures of a stranger without a consent from that person might generate conflicts. The girl whose photo was taken without her knowing it, in fact, got upset when she found out that Flickr users had started a forum conversion with two photos of her with the title: &quot;''Someone Knows Her?''&quot;.[https://www.flickr.com/groups/49503016789@N01/discuss/72157600082355441/#comment72157602203711401] From her point of view they were breaking her privacy even though she was in a public space when the photo was taken. This is also a relevant point regarding social media and pictures being posted without the consent of the person actually in them.

According to [[w:Alan Westin|Alan Westin]], when people are in a public place, they are still seeking for '''anonymity''' and they try to find freedom from identification and [[w:Surveillance|surveillance]].&lt;ref&gt;Westin, A. (1967). ''Privacy and freedom''. New York: Atheneum.&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore being in a public space does not mean that everything we do is public, on the contrary, we still expect some privacy and we do not think that we will become the focus of attention or that someone will record us and publish picture of us on the web.&lt;ref name=&quot;Otago 2007&quot;/&gt; However, the users of the internet, used to the big amount of self-portraits and to the related disclosing facilitated by new technologies, apps and social networks, do not find sharing their private lives with strangers a problem,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasen 2009&quot;/&gt; hence they feel free to break into other people’s lives.

One popular social network recently created has been [[w:Snapchat|Snapchat]]. It is an application on smartphones where people can take [[w:selfie|&quot;selfies&quot;]] and videos of anything they wanted. On some levels, Snapchat could be considered private. Videos and photos can’t last more than 10 seconds, and after that the video or photo disappears. However in those 10 seconds, the recipients of the Snapchats can quickly take a screenshot and thus invading someone’s trust and privacy.

When Snapchat was first created, it had no option to reply anything people sent to another. As it grew and developed so did its options, and the medium evolved and a reply function was added. This therefore can allow any one to repeat a Snapchat as many times as it wants. Thus losing its purpose of the original idea of the app. Furthermore, Snapchat can be seen as one of the most private social networks due to the fact that others may only follow you on it if you give them your unique username. It is far harder to be found on Snapchat than it is on more public sites such as Facebook, thus meaning that the limited audience on Snapchat is something that you create yourself.

Different from [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] where anyone can find yourself with just your first and last name. With digital media it is very difficult to find a site that is completely private. Snapchat can be seen as more private than others because it’s most likely that only your closest peers will have access to your Snapchat, so only a handful of people have access to the videos and photos posted. However, under the [[w:Terms and Conditions|&quot;Terms and Conditions&quot;]] of Snapchat it has been noted that Snapchat can keep anything posted, and use it.

=== User-generated Content ===
User-generated content (UGC) (also known as user-created content or user-driven content) comprise all digital content that is created, edited and published by the users of websites instead of the website´s publisher. This includes &quot;any form of content such as blogs, wikis, discussion, forums, posts, chats, tweets, podcasts, digital images, video, audio files, advertisements and other forms of media that was created by users […]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chua, Juanzi, Moens 2014&quot;&gt;Chua, T.; Juanzi, L.; Moens, M. (2014). Mining user generated content. Chapman and Hall/CRC. p. 7. {{ISBN|9781466557406}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Right before the internet was mainstreamed the content was pre-selected and edited by publishers of the mass media and their recipients only consumed the content in a one-sided, passive way.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elsner 2012&quot;&gt;Elsner, M.(2012). Essay I: Spreading the Word – Assessing the Factors that Determine the Popularity of User-generated Content”, In ''Marketing im globalen Wettbewerb'' - Marketing &amp; Global Competition, Volume 2 : Information Propagation on the Web 2.0 : Two Essays on the Propagation of User-Generated Content and How It Is Affected by Social Networks, p. 21. Peter Lang AG, Frankfurt. ProQuest ebrary., Web. 9 March 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 
But the fast diffusion of the Internet in the early 21 century and der rise of Web 2.0 driven technologies &lt;ref name=&quot;Elsner 2012&quot; /&gt; have mainly enabled the development of the web to a “participative web“.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chua, Juanzi, Moens 2007&quot;&gt;[http://www.oecd.org/sti/38393115.pdf] Chua, T.; Juanzi, L.; Moens, M. (2007) OECD (2007). PARTICIPATIVE WEB: USER GENERATED CONTENT. DSTI/ICCP/IE(2006)7/FINAL. p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; As part of this fundamental change towards user-driven technologies, the phenomenon of user-generated contents occurs and leads to a shift or new trend concerning the supplier of content online. In the early years of the internet, the majority of the content was coordinated and created by paid and professional administrators of websites. Due to this, the usage of the internet was limited to a passive use of the existing content. This form of one-sided publishing is still relevant and is applicable to a majority of the content that is provided online. Emphasised through the emergence of social networks and further user-driven platforms in 2005&lt;ref name=&quot;Chua, Juanzi, Moens 2014&quot; /&gt; the user-generated content phenomenon was pushed with the effect that the content is merely “pulled“ by users rather than “pushed” on them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elsner 2012&quot; /&gt; Nowadays internet users produce and share content at a high rate and do not merely consume it as several surveys reveal. “&lt;ref name=&quot;Chua, Juanzi, Moens 2007&quot; /&gt;

The [http://www.oecd.org/ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)] has defined central characteristics that outline three criteria that user-generated content needs to fulfil:&lt;ref name=&quot;Chua, Juanzi, Moens 2007&quot; /&gt;
# '''publication requirements''' state that the work must be published in some context on a publicly accessible website or a one that is only accessible to a selected group (e.g. social media sites) 
# '''creative effort''' implies that that users must add their own creative effort and value by creating content. This also includes if users are adapting existing content to make it a new one as a kind of collaborative work 
# '''Creation outside of professional routines and practices''' emphasis that work should not content any institutional or commercial market context


There are different formats of user-generated content that can be divided into four categories:&lt;ref name=&quot;Bauer 2011&quot;&gt;Christian A. (2011). User Generated Content – Urheberrechtliche Zulässigkeit nutzergenerierter Medieninhalte. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 6-8&lt;/ref&gt; texts, photo and images, audio and music as well as video and film. The most common format of user-generated content is the text type. Thereby the users create original texts, poems, novels, quizzes or jokes or just expanding the existing work and share this with the community. Most of the content are published on blogs, social networks or on websites as a kind of review. In this case, the phenomenon of [[w:Fan fiction|fan fiction]] is important. Further increasingly important types are user-created photos and images. Most of them are taken with digital cameras or smartphones and shared on platforms like [http://instagram.com Instagram], [http://snapchat.com snapchat], [http://pinterest.com Pinterest], [http://flickr.com Flickr] or [http://facebook.com Facebook].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cooper 2012&quot;&gt;[http://qubemedia.net/social-media/rise-photographs-social-media/] Cooper, N.. (2012). The growing importance of digital photo sharing to brand&lt;/ref&gt; Those uploads are maybe manipulated with several photo editing software. Self-created music, mash-ups or remixes of existing songs to a single track as well as podcasts belong to user-generated audio and music content. Besides of photos user also produce or edit video and film content. User provide homemade video content, remixes of pre-existing works or combine those two forms. The most important hosting platforms in Europe are Blip.tv, VideoEgg, Dailymotion, YouTube, Veoh and Google Video.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey 2006&quot;&gt;[http://www.lightreading.com/cable-video/video-services/top-ten-video-sharing-websites/d/d-id/630759] Harvey, P. (2006). Top Ten Video Sharing Websites. Retrieved from&lt;/ref&gt;

The distribution of user-generated content takes place on many different platforms and serve different purposes. The following chart shows a selection of distribution platforms for user-generated content and their characteristics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chua, Juanzi, Moens 2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolbitsch, Maurer 2006&quot;&gt;Kolbitsch, J.&amp; Maurer, H (2006). The Transformation of the Web: How Emerging Communities Shape the Information we Consume in ''Journal of Universal Computer Science'', Vol. 12, No. 2 (2006), pp. 187-213.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;left; margin-right: 10px;&quot;
! Platform
! Description of the user-generated content
! Examples
|-
| Blogs
| Blogs contain newsgroup-like articles that were updated at frequent intervals. Postings consist text, photos, audio, video, or a combination. Blogs resemble a cross between diaries, newspaper editorials, and hotlists where owners write down information important to them
| [http://blogger.com Blogger], [http://tumblr.com Tumblr], [http://WordPress.com WordPress], [http://nucleuscms.org/ Nucleus CMS], [http://movabletype.com Movable Type]
|-
| Wikis and other collaboration formats (text)
| Websites where user add, remove, or otherwise edit and change content collectively 
| [http://Wikipedia.com Wikipedia], [http://Wikibooks.com Wikibooks], [http://PBWiki.com PBWiki], [http://JotSpot.com JotSpot], [http://SocialText.com SocialText], [http://Writely.com Writely]
|-
| Forums 
| Platform where people talk about different topics
| [http://2channel.com 2channel], [http://Yahoo!_groups.com Yahoo! Groups], [http://phpBB.com phpBB]
|-
| Group-based aggregation
| Collecting links of online content and rating or tagging collaboratively
| [http://digg.com Digg], [http://reddit.com reddit], [http://buzzfeed.com BuzzFeed]
|-
| Podcasting and video sharing
| 
*Distribution of a multimedia file over the Internet using syndication feeds, for playback on mobile devices or personal computers
*Posting and sharing of self-made or remixed video clips
|
*[http://iTunes.com iTunes], [http://feedbruner.com FeedBruner], [http://ipodderx.com iPodderX], [http://winamp.com WinAmp],
*[http://YouTube.com YouTube], [http://vimeo.com vimeo]
|-
| Social network sites
| Sites allowing the creation of personal profiles and where users interact with other people in terms of chatting, writing messages, or posting images or links
| [http://Facebook.com Facebook], [http://Twitter.com Twitter], [http://Instagram.com Instagram], [http://vk.com VK], [http://snapchat.com snapchat]
|-
|}

The user creation movement, in addition, influences the way how [[An Internet of Everything?/Access to Knowledge and Data in Everyday Life#User-Generated Content in Professional Media|traditional mass media work]] and emerges new forms of participatory journalism.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNair, B.; Heinrich, A.; Volkmer, I; Firdaus, A.; Graham, T 2013&quot;&gt;McNair, B.; Heinrich, A.; Volkmer, I; Firdaus, A.; Graham, T. (2013). “Part 2: Participatory forms of Journalism”, In Peters, C.; Broersma, M. (eds.) Rethinking Journalism, pp. 73-128. Routledge, Oxon. {{ISBN|978-0-203-10268-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite its originally non-commercial context, user-created content has already changed to be an important economic phenomenon, too.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chua, Juanzi, Moens 2007&quot; /&gt; Companies try to develop and establish successful business models based on UGC, like the video-sharing website YouTube. In cooperation with really successful YouTube stars, they connect the user-generated videos with advertisements and generates more than $200 million ad dollar per year. 
 
==== Ownership of User-Generated Content ====
One of the issues with the internet is the ability of people being able to take content such as literary work, art, music or videos and upload or repost it without the artist's credit. The internet also gives them the opportunity to take credit for these works. [[w:Copyright|Copyright laws]] state that this is in fact, illegal, for 'the author of any work is the first owner'.&lt;ref&gt;Copyright, designs and patterns act 1988&lt;/ref&gt; This includes work that is posted online.&lt;ref&gt;Stokes, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; However, despite these laws the internet has made it extremely easy to bypass these regulations. There are thousands of instances where artists online, such as photographers, have to put watermarks on their images, lower the resolution and size or confront art thieves in order to protect their work. There are [http://www.artpromotivate.com/2012/02/online-art-theft-what-to-do-about-it.html websites] which tell artists that they have the right to start a lawsuit, however, this is often an expensive and long process and may not always be a feasible solution. It is difficult to locate thieves of small, online-artists and writers and file law-suits against them. That could mean tracking them down via an IP address which could come from anywhere in the world, followed by high costs in lawsuits. The internet has therefore made it increasingly difficult to legitimize the credits that certain creators deserve, regardless of the copyright laws.

However, it is more difficult than just having art stolen, for the lines of copyright are very blurred when it comes to things such as parodied videos, images from television shows that have been altered, fanart and other [[w:fan labor|fan labor]]. In fact, people have profited off of the art and literary work they have produced inspired or including ideas from books, TV-shows and films, such as [[w:Fity Shades of Grey|Fifty Shades of Grey]]. Certain fan-art forms are seen as theft, such as taking clips from a TV-show.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lothian, 2009&quot;&gt;Lothian, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Creative commons licenses can offer some leeway in these situations, but that is not always the case. Here it becomes difficult to decide what counts as theft and what counts as artistic expression. On the one hand, the original content of such an art form is not made by the user itself, but because they transform the art and create a new kind of art, new user-generated content has been created. There are organizations that support the idea that these transformed artworks are indeed legitimate content that should be credited to the user.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lothian, 2009&quot;/&gt; However, the debate remains difficult to whom the art truly belongs to; the original artist, or the user who altered it.

== Narrative of the Self ==

=== Dramaturgical Representation of the Self, Ancient Greek Theatre Notion of Persona ===

The word [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/persona#Latin persōna] is the [[w:Latin|Latin]] equivalent of the [[w:Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] word [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/πρόσωπον πρόσωπον]([[w:Prosopon|Prosopon]]). The Greek word itself is composed by the preposition pros- which stands for ‘towards’ and the word ops- which usually is translated with the words hole or eye. Hence, Prosopon can be translate as face (that which is before our eyes), front, character and appearance but it can also mean [[w:Mask|mask]], [[w:Personality|personality]]. &lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Mask youngster Louvre S3044.jpg|thumb|right|Theatre Mask Representing A Young Man. Louvre Museum.]] &lt;/div&gt;

Even though the etymological tie between these two words is conjectural, the modern conception of persona still relies on its original Greek meaning.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sasso 2001&quot;&gt;Sassi, M. (2001). The science of man in ancient Greece. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, when we talk about the concept of [[w:Persona|Persona]], we usually link its meaning back to the [[w:Theatre of ancient Greece|Theatre of ancient Greece]] and to the notion of mask. In the Classical Greek period, the word Prosopon was used to mean both the mask that actors wore in order to play different characters on the stage and the human face.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vovolis 2009&quot;&gt;[http://www.academia.edu/1086294/Prosopon.The_Acoustical_Mask_in_Greek_Tragedy_and_in_Contemporary_Theatre]
Vovolis, T. Prosopon.The Acoustical Mask in Greek Tragedy and in Contemporary Theatre. Academia.edu. Retrieved 9 March 2016, from http://www.academia.edu/1086294/Prosopon.The_Acoustical_Mask_in_Greek_Tragedy_and_in_Contemporary_Theatre&lt;/ref&gt;

The mask’s function was to depict the main characteristics of specific characters so that the [[w:Audience|audience]] could understand the characters’ role.&lt;ref&gt;Kostera, M. (2012). Organizations and archetypes. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.&lt;/ref&gt; In an open-air theatre, like the [[w:Theatre of Dionysus|Theatre of Dionysus]], the very intense, extroverted expressions of the masks with wide-open mouths were able to bring the characters’ face closer to the spectators, thanks to their features.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vovolis,Zamboulakis 2007&quot;&gt;[http://www.didaskalia.net/issues/vol7no1/vovolis_zamboulakis.html] Vovolis, T., &amp; Zamboulakis, G. (2007). The Acoustical Mask of Greek Tragedy. Didaskalia, 7(1). Retrieved from http://www.didaskalia.net/issues/vol7no1/vovolis_zamboulakis.html&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, the shape of the mask itself formed a resonance chamber which not only allowed the audience members in the distant seats to hear the characters better, but also created a connection between the character and the theatre. Furthermore, it lead the human body behind the mask to a metamorphosis, hence the human face became the mask.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vovolis,Zamboulakis 2007&quot;/&gt;

During the theatrical [[w:Performance|performance]], the actor had to vanish into the role of the character. The actor had to become the character in order to establish a particular kind of [[w:Social relation|interaction]] with the public. Starting from this concept of theatrical performance, [[w:Erving Goffman|Erving Goffman]] compared the way people construct their own identity in everyday life with the way actors perform characters.

In ''[[w:The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life|The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life]]'', Goffman employs a [[w:Dramaturgy (sociology)|dramaturgical]] approach in his studies about human interaction. Interaction is viewed as a performance and it depends on time, place and audience; human beings therefore act accordingly to some cultural beliefs depending on their environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnhart 2003&quot;&gt;[http://web.pdx.edu/~tothm/theory/Presentation%20of%20Self.htm] Barnhart, A. (2003). Erving Goffman. Web.pdx.edu.&lt;/ref&gt;

One of Goffman’s key concepts is the distinction between private and public, which are represented by the '''back region''' and the '''front region'''. The back region can be considered as a private or hidden space where individuals can be themselves and where they do not need to act in a certain way or conform to social norms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ritzer 1992&quot;&gt;Ritzer, G. (1992). Sociological theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.&lt;/ref&gt; Whereas the front region corresponds to a public space where people have to perform a specific identity and where performers are on guard, careful not to give the wrong impression to the audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aspling 2011&quot;&gt;[http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:431462/FULLTEXT01.pdf] Aspling, F. (2011). The private and the public in online presentations of the self A critical development of Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective (1st ed.). Stockholm. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:431462/FULLTEXT01.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Digital Age, it is not only physical spaces, such as a classroom or the stage of a theatre, that fall into this category, but also social networks and online communication. The way human beings perform their identity online is not too different from the way they perform the self in real life situations. In fact, nowadays, people can influence the impressions others have of them in many different ways online. For instance, individuals can decide not to share some information like their age or location on their [[w:Social networking service|Social Network]]; can set their privacy settings so that different people will only see certain things on their social media accounts; and can manipulate their pictures so that others will have a specific opinion of them and view them in a certain way. This [[w:Consciousness|conscious]] or [[w:Subconscious|subconscious]] process was already present in face-to-face interactions and it is known as [[w:Impression management|Impression Management]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Aspling 2011&quot;/&gt;

Goffman coined this term, which can also be associated with the concept of self-presentation. According to him, impression management is about “successfully staging a character”. In order to create a perfect theatrical character, actors “must subscribe to a variety of concerns to foster a desired impression before their audience”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grove and Fisk 1992&quot;&gt;[http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/7341/volumes/v19/NA-19] Grove, S., &amp; Fisk, R. (1992). The Service Experience As Theater. Advances In Consumer Research, 19, 455-461. Retrieved from http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/7341/volumes/v19/NA-19&lt;/ref&gt; Goffman adopted the term '''Personal Front''' in order to describe one of these concerns, which consists of items needed to perform, items “that we most intimately identify with the performer himself and that we naturally expect will follow the performer wherever he goes”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goffman 1959&quot;&gt;Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.&lt;/ref&gt;
Presumably, Goffman had in mind the Theatre of ancient Greece,&lt;ref name=&quot;D'hondt, Östman,Verschueren 2009&quot;&gt;D'hondt, S., Östman, J., &amp; Verschueren, J. (2009). The pragmatics of interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.&lt;/ref&gt; as the performance he described recalls the performance typical of the ancient Greek Drama where the use of the mask was crucial in order to stage and become a character.

=== Different Personas for Different Audiences: Jungian Conception of Mask ===

With all the advantages that social media and other forms of online communication offer us, there also comes a certain pressure to 'perform' online; to present a version of yourself to the internet and subsequently the public. This is something psychologist [[w: Carl Jung|Carl Jung]] defined as a [[w:Persona (psychology)|persona]], or a 'mask', that is explored in [[w: Two Essays on Analytical Psychology|Two Essays on Analytical Psychology]].

Indeed, Jung identified the persona as the mean through which the individual establishes a relationships between himself and the outside world. However, it constitutes a partial way of connection because it does not have to necessarily match a person's self and [[w: ego|ego]]. This is the reason it is often referred to as a mask: although it retains properties of the person who wears it, is mainly functional in relation to the social role that it is meant to entertain. According to Jung, is perfectly normal from a psychological point of view to have a persona and it is indeed fundamental for the development of the individual and the society which he is part of. In fact, it represents a compromise between the high demands that sophisticated social relationships require and what the person wishes they would be or they wish they could appear to be. Therefore, it is a system of behaviour that is partially dictated by society and partially dictated by the expectations and wishes of oneself regarding oneself.&lt;ref name=&quot;partially&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyi7THb2Wvs] Jung on Persona&lt;/ref&gt;
It is easy to see why the notion of masquerading fits so well with the performance individuals stage online, all playing different roles at once.

Human beings are complex, meaning no one form of social media allows us to express every persona or element of our personality that we can exhibit in real life. The invisible and often anonymous nature of online communication means that people can present any persona of their choosing and this can be liberating for some. Theorist Adrian Athique's arguments tie into those of Jung. Athique comments in his book [http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0745662285.html Digital Media and Society: An Introduction] that the &quot;social norms guiding group interaction had the potential to break down online, primarily due to the loss of visual cues that defined the social hierarchy.&quot; 
This is a noteworthy argument. For many, there is nothing holding people back online. People who are perhaps introverted and anxious in public and social interactions can find a sense of freedom online, a chance to put on the 'mask' that they are not able to do in real life and say things on the internet that they feel they can't in person.

Jung sees the persona as a real and honest way to both free an individual and also conceal their 'true nature'. The way that we navigate our online worlds and present these personas online, however, is complicated. 
Audiences, both in person and on the internet, will all receive a slightly different persona from one another. You probably would not feel comfortable speaking to your employer the same way that you would speak to close friends. Social media can be restrictive in this way. Having not only your friends, but also family members and both current and potential employers on networking sites such as [https://en-gb.facebook.com/login/ Facebook] means that is unlikely you will can truly be yourself, as you have a variety of audiences to please and entertain using only one or two of your 'masks' and online personas.

The internet can often restrict the image you present of yourself on any one social media site. This can be why people usually have multiple online accounts on a variety of sites, from [https://www.tumblr.com/ Tumblr] to [https://uk.pinterest.com/ Pinterest]. Different sites are aimed at different audiences and can often limit people to only one of their personas. You are encouraged to share and explore different elements of both your personality and your life in different spaces online. What people express on [https://twitter.com/login?lang=en-gb Twitter] they may not feel like they can post on [https://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]. Different groups of the public require a different mask, from professional to personal. Networking sites purely for job hunting and professional pursuits are emerging, a popular site being [https://gb.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. These kinds of audiences obviously would be presented with a different persona than the ones exhibited on more casual social media sites. Jung himself observed that every different profession and occupation require a different set of characteristics and personas.

Our social identities are fluid and evolving, and it appears sometimes that the nature of certain social media sites does not allow for us to present all of our 'personas' at once. 
Social media allows people to create an online space, privately or publicly, to be whoever they want to be and to wear whichever mask they want to wear. Different audiences in different areas of our lives all receive a different interpretation of ourselves in real life, and this does not change online. Different masks suit different situations both online and off, and your online persona may be closer to your true self than the image you portray to people in the real world. 
Nonetheless, Jung warns us, it must be maintained that identification with oneself’s persona is detrimental; the subject must be conscious that he/she is not identical to the way in which they appear through their persona. If not, that is if this persona freely controls a subject unconsciously, a discrepancy might arise between the way one appears in different contexts and in the way in which one perceives himself in relation to others. This too can happen online, with equally serious consequences.

=== Narcissism and Asceticism ===

The mythological character [[w: Narcissus|Narcissus]] was seen as an example to avoid, especially in Ancient Greece where the self-absorption and selfishness on the citizens’s was seen as detrimental for public values of community, democracy and political participation. Indeed, although self-expression was considered a powerful tool for people to contribute their opinion in public places such as the [[w:Ecclesia|Ecclesia (ancient Athens)]], a self-centred opinion was not accepted.

Time has passed, but [[w:narcissism|narcissism]] is still often described in negative terms. However, Papacharissi,&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt; drawing from [[w:Richard Sennett|Richard Sennett]] and [[w:Christopher Lasch|Christopher Lasch]] work, argues that in a social media context narcissism does not necessarily retain its pathological and pejorative characteristics. Indeed, it works along side of post-modern values of autonomy, self-expression and control and itself favours a need for introspection and self-centredness that relies on the rapidity with which the subject can shift or merge the private and public sphere. 
That is because, unlike in ancient times, narcissism of this form is self-directed and self-based but it is not in itself pathologically selfish. Namely, while it does favour auto-promotion and presentation, the social media tools of which the subject makes use through personalisation are not by themselves intended to benefit the subject directly: recognition happens through others.
Other issues might emerge from the amount of possible personalisations of a topic in terms of reliability within a democratic debate, but these narcissistic practices, whether they take the shape of blogs entries on [https://it.wordpress.com/ WordPress], [https://en-gb.facebook.com/login/%20Facebook Facebook] profiles or [https://twitter.com/login?lang=en-gb%20Twitter Twitter] updates, they are fundamentally part of a search for contact among different subjects.

However, contrary to the opinions expressed in the ecclesia, what social media users announce from their pulpit is not finalised at contributing to the public sphere; these opinions might be used to monitor civic engagement and to a certain degree they do constitute a form of political and social expression of one’s thoughts, but first of all they are based on self-fulfilling evaluation of content by those who produce them. 
Similarly, according to Lasch these tendencies, unlike pathological behaviour, arise from a sense of insecurity and self-interrogation that cross the boundaries of public and private and which cannot in this sense be oriented to exclusively selfish desire. Notably, this form of narcissism arises from desperation in a society that does not provide a clear distinction between public and private &lt;ref name=&quot;Lasch 1991&quot;&gt;Lasch, C. (1991). The Culture of Narcissism: American life in an age of diminishing expectations. New York,: W. W. Norton, 26-33&lt;/ref&gt;

This can be explanatory of the recent phenomenon of [[w:Selfie|Selfie]], where just the name itself speaks for values of self-referentiality and self-absorption. However, despite several critiques about selfies promoting narcissistic behaviour and [[w:hubris|hubris]] in those who post them,&lt;ref name=&quot;hubris&quot;&gt;[http://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/mar/13/selfie-social-media-love-digital-narcassism] Premuzic,T. Sharing the (self) love: the rise of the selfie and digital narcissism in ''The Guardian'', 13 March 2014&lt;/ref&gt; the phenomenon has also been identified as a form of re-assessing and re-assuring self-esteem through sharing with others. This presents this interpretation of narcissism as something far from disorder and more as new way through with the self projects itself into the world by a self-controlled mediation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fosco 2014&quot;&gt;[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/molly-fosco/taking-a-selfie-has-more-_b_4901315.html] Fosco, Molly. Taking a Selfie Has More to Do With Self Worth Than You Realize in ''The Huffington Post'', 5 June 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Analyzing why people post 'selfies' can take away from the fundamental fact that in many ways they are a form of expression. For many, a 'selfie' is an act of self expression, celebration, liberation and autonomy, rather than a ploy for attention or praise.

At the same time, Sennett identifies narcissism in this sense as a form of [[w:asceticism|asceticism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sennett 1977&quot;&gt;Sennett, R. (1977). The fall of public man. N.Y., Knopf.&lt;/ref&gt; Drawing from [[w:Heinz Kohut|Heinz Kohut]] work in psychology, Sennett suggests that narcissism is less a clinical condition and more a preoccupation that one has of his self-hood and the role of the self “as a source of initiative, intentionality and unity for the personality” plays.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt;
What Narcissus is looking for when he drowns, Sennett argues, is certainly his self-image but at the same time this self and its depth is an alluring form of “Other”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sennett 1977&quot;/&gt; That is, the reflected image presents a self that is more deep, interesting and seductive than the original one. The Image, that Narcissus sees and construct of himself exits the inside world and wants to reach out to him and be apprehended, drawn, out of the water. Therefore, self-absorption  is not selfishly fixated on psychological interiority and magnification, but rather it concentrates on that surfacing image which appears more likeable and intriguing. This is the image that Narcissus wants the outside to see and the one he wants to be recognised for. 
Despite a sense of lack within the self, Sennet identifies the ability of the self to take interiority as a starting point for withdrawal from its own self in search for a better image as a form of asceticism.
Namely, the subject who retreats ''from'' its self manages self-examination and reflection ''on'' itself, thus promoting self-understanding and autonomy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sennett 1977&quot;/&gt;
Nonetheless, Narcissus, as preclusively closed and stagnant towards activities that do not revolve around the self and its characterisation in the ways explained above, eludes an active public sphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sennett 1977&quot;/&gt;

=== Private spheres as an environment of autonomy, control and self-expression ===

“Participating in a MoveOn.org online protest, expressing political opinion on blogs, viewing or posting content on YouTube, or posting a comment in an online discussion group represents an expression of dissent with a public agenda, determined by mainstream media and political actors. It stands as a private, digitally enabled, intrusion on a public agenda determined by others.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt;

In this digital age, society have been given the tools to speak freely on the internet. Once users have gained access to posting within a [[w:Private sphere|private sphere]] online, individuals gained the control over their audiences. On sites like [[w:Instagram|Instagram]], [[w:Twitter|Twitter]] and [[w:Facebook|Facebook]], users have the autonomy to craft a public image to a select audience. The privacy settings on these sites allows users to privatise posts, and gives them a sense of control over their own content. These social media sites are the only place people can exhibit and experience total self control as they can choose what they say and how they present themselves.

Photos posted online are a good example of the images people can construct of themselves and their lives and then present online. For example, on Instagram there are many filter options and ways to edit a photo being posted, as well as. If photo is edited in some way, it could mean that the portrayal of the user's life is edited for the public eye online. People can choose to omit certain details of their lives online. Facebook profile pictures are chosen to show the best angles, and is the photo that represents users to their &quot;friends&quot; and any other strangers who may click on their account. The privacy of Facebook means users have the control over who they are friends with, and in turn who sees their posts. However, even profile pictures and cover photos are outwith the private sphere of this website, so, when choosing these photos people tend to have the idea of the public sphere in their mind, and thus having control over how the public sees them as well as their audience. Many of the photos and opinions that people post on social media may not be suitable for every one of their online audiences, which is something to take in to consideration regarding the subject of self expression.

In relation to the previously mentioned quote, using online forums for personal expression is another way in which the private sphere can be used. The possibility of becoming anonymous on a website and giving opinions could be considered part of the private sphere, as anonymity is protects personal image. The private sphere gives people the chance to express themselves in a digitally enabled community. This aspect of anonymity can be liberating for many people, who may be reluctant to speak out freely if they had to do so in public. This sense of confidentiality can be encouraging in both negative and positive senses. Negative, as people are more willing to be rude or 'troll' other people online when they know they will not be caught out. Positive, as it may give people a sense of confidence to express their beliefs.

For many, social media accounts may be the only place that a lot of people get to exhibit and experience total self control. They can choose what they say and how they present themselves and are able to create private online area that can encourage creativity and self-acceptance. The public and private versions of individual's online selves can differ, meaning that many social media users begin to 'craft' a version of themselves to present to their online audiences.

The way in which people can present themselves among their peers within a mediated environment could potentially mean an issue with realism. Creating personas on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram can be construed as painting a false image of yourself and also what real life looks like. Despite the positives behind posting on a private page, within a gated community, it can be argued that people are still using this as a way to create false personas to impress their followers.

It can also be argued, however, that it is within these online gated communities that people are often able to express their true selves and communicate with people that they believe to be more on their wavelength than the people they know in real life. Depending on the audience they may be catering to online, it can be believed that many people do not seek out a place online to 'perform' or show off, but a place that they have created themselves where they feel safe enough to present an image and persona that is closer to who they truly are than the one they exhibit in day to day life.

=== Identity Performance and Management of the Impressions of the Self ===
As [[w:Goffman|Erving Goffman]] explains,&lt;ref name=&quot;Goffman 1959&quot;/&gt; the individual who is part of a social group and in the immediate presence of other becomes at once initiator and part of a staged performance. Within this performance, the individual will intentionally or unintentionally express himself, and the other individuals of the group will in return be impress in various way by him. While the impression that the individual gives off cannot be entirely predicted in the way it will be received, the main interest for the subject is that to try and construct and impression that is consistent with the way in which the subject wishes to be seen.

That is, the subject works to influence, in its formulation, impression directed at others in the attempt to have them receive the impression that was meant to be conveyed, thus also shaping the situation which the recipient finds himself in. However, sometimes a subject might. In addition, the degree to which the subject disclose certain aspects of their life, thus censoring some information and making available others through a form of “crafting” of the represented-self, enormously shapes the perception given. Within this performance, the observes too have a role that doesn't comply with merely observing, The spectator, whom is part of the spectacle, knows that he's being allowed to perceive and knows the his perception serves the performance, but at the same time, even more if he's a performer himself, he knows that something is being hidden. However, his role is confined to the front region and he cannot access the subject’s backstage. Nonetheless, if the observer is enough close to the subject, he might disrupt, even unintentionally, the constructed impression that the subject has tried to give to themselves, thus resulting in the subject embarrassment. This could be the case when, for instance, pictures in which the subject has been tagged on SNS differs a lot from the staged self-presentation that the latter has crafted.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mendelson 2010&quot;/&gt;

The [[w:impression management|Impression Management]] process that the subjects controls, therefore, inevitably concerned with the dialectic of social relations. For this reason, the subject has to satisfy his desire for control with regard to the situation and ways in which his own self-representation will be perceived by others. However, just like he has under-played and over-played some aspects of their representation, so have done others too in the role of subjects, especially in the way they feel about him. Therefore, all the relevant social data about other in order for a complete control are unavailable. In their absence, the individual tends to employ cues, tests, hints, expressive gesture, status symbols that works as predictable devices for his characterisation in others’ minds. 
Indeed, to avoid a by-product impression of his representation, the subject has the option to reframe their representation in a way that the observer will be manipulated by those cues, [[w:signs|Sign]] and [[w:symbols|Symbol]] in his interpretation. 
That is, a sign can be employed by the subject in the absence of knowledge of what the observer’s interpretation of the sign’s signified would be. For this reason, a convincing impression is not necessarily concerned with what the subject is or has but these elements can be engineered enough to convince, in their absence, the observer that they are indeed possessed.

In regards to presentation of the self and impression management, Goffman has stated: “people give a ‘performance’ when they allow themselves to be photographed, in the sense that they make allowance for a public that will ultimately see the photograph.” He uses the term ‘performance’ to refer to ‘all the activity of a given participant on a given occasion which serves to influence in any way any of the other participants’. The 21st century has brought the introduction of Internet and therefore new [[w:Social Networks|Social Networks]], such as [[w:Facebook|Facebook]]. Through websites such as these, society has managed to use photographs unconsciously and consciously to express themselves in various forms.

There are many contributing factors that go into taking and choosing photographs that one may decide to put online. A process has been used in Chalfen’s Snapshot Versions of life (1987):

- [[w:Planning|Planning]]

- [[w:Shooting (on-camera)|Shooting (on-camera)]]

- [[w:Shooting (off-camera)|Shooting (off-camera)]]

- [[w:Editing|Editing]]

- [[w:Exhibition|Exhibition]]

However, after analyzing Mendelson and Papacharissi’s “Look at us: Collective Narcissism in Facebook Photos”,&lt;ref&gt;Networked Self, Papacharissi, Chapter 12&lt;/ref&gt; there is more than just planning, posing, shooting, that goes behind uploading a picture on any Social Network Sites (SNSs). Media gives the opportunity for people to express themselves in various forms. 
“While people are purportedly presenting themselves, they are presenting a highly selective version of themselves. Social Network Sites (SNSs) present the latest networked platform enabling self-presentation to a variety of interconnected audiences.” (Mendelson and Papacharissi) SNSs allow people to present themselves different for different audiences. For example, in some cases people create multiple versions of Facebook, one for their parents and one for their peers. As well, people edit their photographs according to who their audience may be. Consciously and unconsciously people work to define the way they are perceived by others, hoping to cause a positive impression. For this to happen, have to put effort in their appearance, the way they act, and try to hide their flaws. Uploading a profile picture, or any photo, is a process because it represents who a person is. A deciding influence to choosing a photo to upload is the thought of who will be seeing it. For example, having your grandmother on Facebook stops one from posting photos from a social night that only your social group would find amusing.

Donath and Boyd define SNSs as: “online environments in which people create a self-descriptive profile […] Participants in social networks sites are usually identified by their real names and often include photographs; their network of connections is displayed as an integral piece of their [[w:self-presentation|self-presentation]].” The more personalized photographs individuals take emphasize how they wish their lives to be remembered. Consciously and unconsciously individuals transform themselves before the camera; portraying a version of ourselves we hope to be. In networked environments that blend private and public boundaries, like SNSs, Facebook, inadvertently communicate content of a performative nature to a variety of audiences.

=== Celebrity Culture ===
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{| style=&quot;float:left; text-align: center;&quot;
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&lt;big&gt;'''Facebook and Twitter News Use is on the Rise'''&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;''% of users who get there news there'' &lt;ref name=&quot;journalism.org&quot;&gt;http://www.journalism.org/2015/07/14/the-evolving-role-of-news-on-twitter-and-facebook/&lt;/ref&gt;
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The demand for celebrities to be part of the ‘always-on’ culture is continuing to grow. The demand is ever increasing from fans for interaction with celebs. An interesting quote completely sums up this point about the effects which [[w:social media|social media]] has on celebrities:

{{Quote|text=&gt;&gt;The most important thing about a technology is how it changes people.&lt;&lt;|| &lt;small&gt;John Lanier&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanier 2010&quot; /&gt;}}

This demonstrates the matter that once celebs become successful, technology is the first tell-tale of their identity, their social morals and how their success impacts them as people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanier 2010&quot; /&gt;
In fact, many celebrities have built their entire careers around 'always-on' culture and the power of social media as a platform that encourages celebrity culture. Nowadays, 'celebrities' are developing through sites such as [https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube], [https://www.snapchat.com/ SnapChat] and [https://vine.co/ Vine].

Due to every celebrity’s massive succession, fans feel the need to have a constant connection to their idols. This puts a constraint on celebs to be always available and connected to their fans, providing what is deemed to be appropriate content. Celebs face massive challenges involving the type of content which they post online and what is seen to be the ‘right’ opinion.

This can result in people losing their sense of identity and conform to society's ideology - post appropriate content, always looking ‘perfect’, have the ‘right’ opinion and convey a positive image. Although social media provides many advantages for us to reach many different people, it is still limited to time and amount of attention we have at one moment.&lt;ref name=&quot;boyd 2012&quot;/&gt;

A key point to be made here is that technology is less political and more about [[w:Power (social and political)|power]] and [[w:social status|social status]]. Technology becomes the centre to influence of succession and technology acts as a base to build social status across the globe, key to all celebs. Celebrity dominance over all aspects of social media has led to a noticeable imbalance of power, and encourages the belief that celebrities are deities rather than human beings who make mistakes online.

This can also lead to a [[w:narcissism|narcissistic]] image of celebrities. The attention which celebs receive on a daily basis is massive and so it is likely a transition will take place: a change from a ‘normal’ everyday user to an obsession of self-image and a focus shifted to them and who they portray. The mediation on images and publications is so selective and the majority of the time it is not in the control of the celebrity but in the hands of their manager.

As expressed by Lanier, newspapers are in decline so more value is now being placed on the internet, which could be problematic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanier 2006&quot;&gt;Lanier, J. (2006) DIGITAL MAOISM: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism, Edge&lt;/ref&gt; People are much more likely to check social media above any other source according to a report by the Pew Research Centre.&lt;ref name=&quot;journalism.org&quot;/&gt; The priority which social media takes for news is a rising issue for celebrities as major platforms are notorious for spreading news either correct or not.

Trolling is one of the biggest issues connected to celebrities and their privacy online. Particularly on social media, trolling is extremely common. Either fan bases or the opposition could pose to be a celebrity and therefore create a fake account or page based upon this person. This is problematic as celebs personal information is up for interpretation and this is also how spread - leaving the celebrity with no control or privacy rumours. This can lead to misrepresentation and becomes much more personal online.

A common theme among celebrities due to social media and access to information and data is leaking of harmful content. This is a growing problem for celebrities as journalists and media users are abusing there power in order to gain hidden content. An example of the way that the internet can be used to abuse the platform that celebrities have been given is the hacking of female celebrities and subsequent leaking of nude and private images. Women in the limelight are targeted and violated by different forms of media and have their private property stolen and leaked online, where the images will last forever.

&quot;The incredible amount of activity in contemporary culture that explores the boundaries of the personal, the private, the intimate, and the public resembles the discourse of celebrity but expands pandemically beyond that realm because it deals with the general population.&quot; - &lt;small&gt;David Marshall&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall 2014&quot;&gt;Marshall, P. David. Celebrity and Power : Fame in Contemporary Culture. Minneapolis, MN, USA: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Social media also instigates 'stalking' on celebrities. The ability to access open pages, interpretative pages of a celeb and profiles creates a path for celebrities to be stalked, with all of their information at major risk. In a study of stalking and psychological behaviour, it was made clear that the main access and vocal point of stalking is media. “Stalkers of celebrity figures are the sensation of the popular media, particularly if they have threatened or been violent toward the object of their pursuit.” &lt;ref name=&quot;Meloy 2008&quot;&gt;Meloy, J. Reid, and Sheridan, Lorraine. Stalking, Threatening, and Attacking Public Figures : A Psychological and Behavioral Analysis. Cary, NC, USA: Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Celebrities convey this [[w:celebrity culture|idealised culture]]; a culture which in many ways is desired by others and is that of luxury and high style. However, in other ways celebrities do attempt to show a 'normal' life narrative; make them more human. This narrative may include instances where celebrities pose doing activities which the average person might or associating themselves with brands which the 'common' person may like. But, what really distinguishes celebrities from the average person is the level of publicity they receive and this is out of their control. Once someone has delved into the deep end of celebrity culture, all privacy is out of the window.

=== Online Identity - Pushing the Boundaries of Public and Private ===

Our [[w:Online identity|online identity]] and the identity we take online can change our usage of the Internet; this narrative of us changes the functions of the digital media. The narrative of self is important to create boundaries of public or private in our online usage. The self that we choose to create and display online is beginning to place boundaries on the public and private functions of the Internet and due to our growing society, has changed our perceptions of public and private.

One form which our online identity can take and is most popular is that of [[w:open source|open source]]. This means that our profiles are available with lots of information about us published, pushing the boundary of private. This factor can make being private more difficult because of the amount of information the user has allowed online. Additionally part of our online appearance is out of our control, i.e. shared information, that companies [[#Nothing Created or Destroyed|track down]]. And as characteristically digital data is easily copyable,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; one cannot restraint, that these companies or people, we shared content with, spread these further - our private sphere is extended to a part, that is invisible to us.
Another point of concern is perhaps the inherent nature of sharing on [[w:social media|social media]], in that we can never truly control what circulates on these sites about our private lives. Often information is published on social media by both individuals and larger companies without our permission. To a large extent we have no control over the images that are posted of us without our knowledge or consent. It is in this way that our online identities are shaped into something that we perhaps do not recognize or support.

So our perception of public means that we believe our information to be available to everyone, and anyone can view our content. However, since this is becoming more acceptable, it needs to be made more aware of the dangers of being public online. This is pushing the boundaries of public as the type of user we choose to be alters this public stance.

Online identity is the make- up of our character online and who we choose to be online. The choice of sharing real life information can alter [[w:Privacy|privacy]] or oppose it; can change the [[w:Publicity|publicity]] as we may choose to reserve certain information thus making our profile more private. The information that we choose to make either public or private about ourselves online can shape the identity that we create and then present to our online audiences. [[#Altered Narratives of the Self|''(see section 1.7.2: Altered Narratives of the Self)'']]

So, this brings about the question to what extent our identity defines privacy? Are we really private if we still have information online? This question highlights the boundaries to which social media pushes privacy and shows that despite being private on [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] for example, we still need a profile picture and basic information.

This can also be linked to key theorist [[#Hamid Van Koten|Hamid Van Koten]] who suggests a link between identity and culture. He implies that what we choose to display about ourselves and choice of public or private says a lot about us as people and our identities and our culture.&lt;ref name= &quot;Van Koten 2009&quot;&gt;Van Koten, H (2009). The Digital Image and the Pleasure Principle: the Consumption of Realism in the Age of Simulation in ''Digital Visual Culture: Theory and Practice''. Bristol: Intellect Books. p89-92.&lt;/ref&gt;

As society evolves, we become more controlling over our social media and we gain more agencies over our own profiles and the way we use and display our information online. This raises issues of responsibility online. Since we have so much control, are we fully to blame when something goes wrong?

The problematic issue of fraud can be very common among users with reports in America in 2014 showing almost 50% of people are being [http://money.cnn.com/2014/05/28/technology/security/hack-data-breach/ hacked] into a year.  Social media programmes are changing so much that the company itself is moving away from being the first to blame and more the [[w:User|user]]. So, in turn it works two ways – the user gains more control and power but in return, they are responsible almost entirely for their problems online.&lt;ref&gt;http://money.cnn.com/2014/05/28/technology/security/hack-data-breach/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publicity Online ==

Whereas the radio needed over 30 years to reach 50 million receivers, the Internet succeeded that in less than 5 years (see [http://visual.ly/reaching-50-million-users infographic]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Köhler 2001&quot;&gt;Köhler, M., Arndt, H.-W., Fetzer, T. (2001). ''Recht des Internet''. 7th ed. Heidelberg: C.F. Müller.&lt;/ref&gt; With that in mind the question is, how the Internet as a hybrid medium &lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; creates and enhances publicity and what effect this has on the private and public sphere.
In our discussion we need to consider the following dimensions of publicity:
*Publicity in the sense of a public room anyone can enter
*Publicity through [[w:Public communication|public communication]] and public communication systems
*Publicity as in [[w: Public opinion|public opinion]]

The demand for publicity came up historically as a monitoring tool for and legitimation of political decisions. Therefore a sphere has to be created open for any topic and where everyone can equally, reciprocal express his/her opinion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schulz 2008&quot;&gt;Schulz, W. (2008). ''Politische Kommunikation: Theoretische Ansätze und Ergebnisse empirischer Forschung''. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.&lt;/ref&gt; The Internet like no other medium offers through various information channels a forum for (political) discourse, that in theory anybody can access. Additionally, the roles of speakers and recipient are changing continuously especially on social media platforms and the variety of examined issues is huge.
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Creating such a room also means creating a [[w:Communications system|communication system]], that in earlier days could be a marketplace: Public communication, closely related to [[w:mass communication|mass communication]], is aimed to be transparent and therefore accessible for anyone. Normally they imply a huge and anonymous audience,&lt;ref name=&quot;Schulz 2008&quot; /&gt; which makes the [[w:Reach (advertising)|reach]], reflection and impact of the message immeasurable and uncontrollable, but with online tracking tools and the possibility to immediately reply on i.e. [[w:social media|social media]] the possibility to verify the online audience increases. However, as the Internet connects people all over the world, the audience is nowadays more disperse. According to Schulz this are in fact real public spheres, as they are international in comparison to presence public sphere, which are only segmented public spheres, likewise the marketplace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schulz 2008&quot; /&gt;

Public communication differs from private or secret communication, as the access to the message of communication or the communicating situation is openly accessible&lt;ref name=&quot;Schulz 2008&quot; /&gt; – but facilitated by the high copyability of digital media&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; private messages can be published to a bigger audience even without each other’s consents.

A public opinion is in commons sense the dominant opinion, which is enforced through public communication. This has to be distinguished from a published opinion, an opinion expressed in public, making it especially online accessible for everyone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schulz 2008&quot; /&gt; Mass media can mirrors the public opinion, but with [[w:Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann|Noelle Neumann's]] [[w:spiral of silence|spiral of silence]] in mind, this does not has to be the thinking of the majority.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hill 2002&quot;&gt;Hill, C. (2002). ''Öffentlichkeit im Internet''. München: Grin Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noelle-Neumann 1996&quot;&gt;Noelle-Neumann, E. (1996). ''Öffentliche Meinung: die Entdeckung der Schweigespirale''. Berlin: Ullstein.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, the premise for publicity online is the that every group of interest has access to that sphere. But the [[w:digital divide|digital divide]] precludes that, because not everyone has a technical devices with Internet access, nor the time and ability to deal with the technology ([[w:digital analphabetism|digital analphabetism]]) or [[w:information overload|information overload]]; the latter hinders the finding of websites, that are not [[w: search engine optimization|search engine optimized]].

=== Public Displays of Connection ===
People displaying that they are connected to other people isn't a new thing that has come with the digital age, it has been around for years as we are always eager to let people know that we have friends. In recent years showing our connections has changed however, with the introduction of [[w:Social networking services|social networks]].
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

[[w:Facebook|Facebook]] in particular, with the introduction of tagging people in photos, has made it easy for users to showcase their friends/connections to the world. This has been around for a lot longer however, even on the internet, if we refer back to [[w:Bebo|Bebo]] users had the choice not only to choose their top friends but also to choose an &quot;other half&quot;. [[w:Myspace|Myspace]] allowed users to choose their top friends,  in the article Public Displays of Connection &lt;ref name=&quot;boyd and Donath 2004&quot;&gt;boyd, d. Donath, J. (2004). Public Displays of Connection accessed 03/10 from http://www.danah.org/papers/PublicDisplays.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; look to find what these displays mean and what they represent in the modern era. The article talks about first the public displays of connection we use in the &quot;real&quot; or &quot;physical&quot; world which includes introducing our friends to each other, because we either think they will become friends with each other or admire each other, which in turn means they will admire you for having a friend like them. This could be through hosting a party and bringing your friends together or even by something as simple as name dropping.

On websites like [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] there is the ability to tag in photo's but also displaying &quot;mutual friends&quot; is a huge part of the site. When a user adds you as a friend, you can see what mutual friends you have together. This may be the first thing users look for when deciding whether or not to accept someone as a friend, as you can see how many similar friends you have and if you're likely to know them or meet them in the future. [[w:Twitter|Twitter]] also introduced this with the &quot;Followers You Know&quot;, followers are similar to friends on Facebook however someone can follow you and you do not need to follow them back and vice versa. The &quot;followers you know&quot; feature displays all of the users that you follow who follow them also, which, like the Facebook mutual friends may affect your decision on whether or not you follow them back. Research by Konstantin Besnosov, Yazan Boshmaf, Pooya Jaferian and Hootan Rashtian of the University of British Columbia &lt;ref name=&quot;Beznosov, K. Boshmaf, Y. Jaferian, P. Rashtian, H. (Date Not Available&quot;&gt;Beznosov, K. Boshmaf, Y. Jaferian, P. Rashtian, H., To Befriend or Not? A Model of Friend Request Acceptance on Facebook, University of British Columbia. Accessed 03/10 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2d3d/f8c0923dd249f370f287a1b236af1ecf0934.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; showed that whether not the user had mutual friends and the closeness of the mutual friends was one of the most important factors in deciding to accept their friend request.

Although closeness of the mutual friends is an important aspect in deciding whether or not to accept someone's friend request it is difficult to distinguish the relationships between the mutual friend and the person who has sent you a friend request. As boyd and Donath &lt;ref name=&quot;boyd and Donath 2004&quot;/&gt; talk about in their article just by looking at mutual friends there is no real way of knowing the connection. A mutual friend could range from a best friend, family member, partner to a relative stranger who they perhaps have only met once or twice, if at all.

Tagged photo's can be a more effective way of finding out a persons solid, real life relationships with your mutual friends. Tagged photos give a user a better idea of the kind of person someone is, what social circles they belong to and if they are someone that they either know, are likely to meet at some point or perhaps want to know. Tagged photos and photo's in general are a huge part of displaying your connections to your digital circle. In their research Beznosov, Boshmaf, Jaferian and Rashtain &lt;ref name=&quot;Beznosov, K. Boshmaf, Y. Jaferian, P. Rashtian, H. (Date Not Available&quot;/&gt; found that the very first thing someone looks for when accepting a friend request is their profile picture.

Most people would look for a profile picture with them in it, however the rest of the photo's available on their profile are also hugely important. Picture's, specifically tagged ones, can prove the authenticity of a person and their profile and can basically prove or at least convince someone that they are &quot;real&quot;. boyd and Donath &lt;ref name=&quot;boyd and Donath 2004&quot;/&gt; talk about this and say that displaying connections on your profile is a way of verifying your personal identity.The more connections someone has, mutual friends, tagged photos etcetera makes them seem more like a real person. With the rise of [[w:Catfishing|catfishing]] [[#Catfishing|''(see section 1.7.2.3)'']]this is something that has became more of a concern, increasing the importance of connections being displayed on social media profiles.

boyd and Donath also talk about how these connections could also help showcase &quot;incompatible&quot; connections &lt;ref name=&quot;boyd and Donath 2004&quot;/&gt; meaning you could look at someone's mutual friends and tagged photos to quickly see who they are and who they assosciate with, and if you do not like what you see you are able to make the informed decision of declining their friend request. The opposite of this is also true.

You could also look at displaying connections on your profile as a way to assure other people that you are popular and have friends. Many people will not only tag themselves in photos, but also with the addition of Twitter's &quot;@&quot; tagging method you can tag your friends in general posts on Facebook and start public conversations with them using this over Twitter. People display their public connections in this way because they want people to know how many friends they have and who they are. Public displays of connection mainly are not about who your friends are but are always trying to reinforce the idea of who ''you'' are.

=== Democratic but not Democratising ===
[[#Characteristics of Digital Media|The characteristics of digital media]], which shape the new relationship between the private and public sphere, also touch upon the concept of [[w:democracy|democracy]] and [[w:citizenship|citizenship]]. Indeed, a private sphere enabled with mobile privatisation, de-spatialised simultaneity and that integrates values of [[#Private spheres as an environment of autonomy, control and self-expression|self-expression, control and autonomy]] inevitably interplays with the concerns of the public sphere. 
We can identify two major trajectories among the ways in which digital media influence and at the same time are conditioned by civic life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carlisle and Patton 2013&quot;&gt;[http://www.jstor.org/stable/23612065 link ] Carlisle, J. E., &amp; Patton, R. C. (2013). Is social media changing how we understand political engagement? An analysis of Facebook and the 2008 presidential election in ''Political Research Quarterly'', 66(4), 883-895.&lt;/ref&gt;
The first one considers how the internet is a communication tool that can be used in [[#Public and Private Spheres on Social Media and Political Agendas|campaigns by parties and candidates and thus serving certain political agendas]]. The second, instead, seeks to understand the role and the effects of new media on one’s private sphere and participation to public sphere, that is one’s individual civic and political behaviour within a democratic society. Understanding the relationship between these elements is important and is currently the object of research.

Putman explains that an individual’s participation in offline social networks, such a bowling team, not only fosters interpersonal trust and cooperation but also offers to the people that are part of this network the chance to discuss and exchange political, social and economic opinions and beliefs that ultimately, on a larger scale, serve values of community and democracy in the real world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putman 1995&quot;&gt;Putnam, Robert. (1995a). Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital in ''Journal of Democracy'' 6 (1): 65-78.&lt;/ref&gt;
Here, we can easily see the intended comparison between offline and online social networks and also notice that this activities are transported in the online world. However, the way in which this transfer actually takes place is controversial. 
For instance, Bimber argues that that while new media lower the cost of accessibility and divulgation of political information, therefore potentially giving more people the possibility to engage in a civic debate, on the internet the same disparities of the real world are often replicated: engagement comes from those who already have the means to both afford access to internet sources and the knowledge required to be engaged in a political or economic argument.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bimber 2003&quot;&gt;Bimber, Bruce, and Richard Davis. (2003). Campaigning Online: The Internet in U.S. Elections. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

In this sense it worth mentioning [[#Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]]’ interpretation of the internet’s commonality. Initially, in [[w:The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere|The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere]] Habermas too falls into the trap of thinking that the internet is free from the real world’s disparities. In fact, he attempts a historical comparison between the public sphere of the [[w:Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] in the 18th and 19th centuries and the internet. While he does explain that subsequent consolidation of [[w:hegemony|hegemony]] within the bourgeoisie has changed this decision-making procedure, he founded his analogy with the internet as based on the bourgeois’s public sphere’s openness to all and its formal principle of disregarding class hierarchies in the name of arguments that prevailed because of better argumentations rather than because of coercion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Habermas 1989&quot;/&gt;

Salter dismisses this comparison.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCaughey &amp; Ayers 2003&quot;&gt;Salter, L. Democracy, New Social Movements and the Internet in McCaughey, M. (2003). Cyberactivism: Online activism in theory and practice. New York, NY; London: Routledge&lt;/ref&gt; Firstly, it only remarks both the internet’s and bourgeoisie acceptance of disparities: indeed, the public sphere of the bourgeois was only formally open to all, as for example women where excluded from participating. This is certainly in accord with disparities which the internet and social media have been already accused of. For instance, boyd and Hargittai explain how even social networks like [http://www.facebook.com Facebook], although accessible by almost everyone, have a built-in demographic bias, both because internet access and literacy is required to be part of it and because, from the beginning, Facebook had as user-base constituted by academics from privileged american institutions and thus has a fundamental american-bourgeois element to it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt;

Secondly, while the bourgeois’s public sphere was intentioned to find a political common will, the internet seems to fragment or question the idea of universality and common interest, hence facilitating the exact opposite: a pluralism of wills.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCaughey &amp; Ayers 2003&quot;/&gt;
Papacharissi too argues in favour of this interpretation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt;
She explains that the interrelation of private and public sphere, facilitated by digital media, allows for values of autonomy,control and expression to determine our social-networked conduct and to let us blend with the public space. However, the degree to which these values serve democracy is questionable. In fact, because they satisfy ego-centred needs and function as an expression of personal opinions and beliefs,  they are potentially and always more easily (unlike within the 18th bourgeoisie) applicable by everyone to everything. Therefore, they progressively distance themselves from a 'common will'. That is, while they might be democratic in affordance, they do not inherently make society better unless the pluralism of self-serving private spheres that broadcast themselves onto the public sphere actually come together to serve the public sphere selflessly.

=== Public and Private Spheres As A Political Power ===
Government intervention within media channels and legislation impacting on networks has created discourses concerning its political validity and judgement of power use. Such discourses include the reasoning regarding the control of a libertarian networked environment and employed strategies used within the media framework that serve to uphold a political perspective or agenda.

==== Political Power and the Public Sphere: The Media ====
There are three distinct concepts of mediation that governments use to serve vested interests or uphold perceived standards as set by a political power. These concepts are:
* '''Authoritarian Concept'''. This concept dates back to [[w:Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg's]] invention of the printing press and is the oldest media concept. Under this concept the press are subject to direct or implied control from the state. Forms of diversity are harmful and irresponsible to a countries development, and any gathered news must not criticize or challenge leadership in any way.
* '''Communist Concept'''. Under control from this concept, published news has to concentrate on nation building and the goals and policies of a society set by leadership. The characteristics of this concept included the press being one-party, incoming and outgoing news are heavily controlled, news must be positive and further party goals rather than refle|cting interests of the people and, it is a means of exercising control over the people aided by secret police.
* '''Developmental Concept'''. Traditionally used in underdeveloped and poorer countries. The Developmental Concept states that mass communication should aid with nation building and fighting illiteracy and poverty, media should follow government rather than challenge it, each country may restrict flow of news between borders in an attempt to limit incoming information from western countries that may threaten cultural traditions, and have control over content about themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anonymous&quot;&gt;Anonymous. ''Government controlled media''. Retrieved 06/03/2016 from http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/STUDENTS/McCormick/govern.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Political Power and the Private Sphere: The Network ====
Since the 1970s governments have heavily monitored online activity in an attempt to halt criminal activity. However, within the last two decades the objectivity of criminal activity has been blurred and replaced, in some societies, by the subjectivity of a leadership's definition. Even with influential figures such as [[w:Vint Cerf|Dr. Vint Cerf]] -one of the fathers of the internet- stating that government control over the Internet will fail,&lt;ref name=&quot;Khalip, A, 2007&quot;&gt;[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-internet-cerf-idUSN1420689320071114?sp=true] Khalip, A. (2007). Cerf sees government control of Internet failing&lt;/ref&gt; this has not hindered governments from inducting their own policies regarding how individuals and groups can use the network, most notably the Chinese government. 
In 1993 the Chinese government initiated the [[w:Golden Shield Project|Golden Shield Project]] in an attempt to legislate and control access to the internet within the Chinese mainland. A variety of methods were implemented with the aim of censoring the internet which included:&lt;ref name=&quot;Meikle, G &amp; Young, S, 2012&quot;&gt;Meikle, G &amp; Young, S. (2012). ''Regulation, Policy and Convergent Media. In: Media Convergence: Networked Digital Media in Everyday Life.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 172-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt, Eric, E, 2014&quot;&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/12/opinion/the-future-of-internet-freedom.html] Scmidt, Eric, E. (2014). ''The Future of Internet Freedom.''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zittrain, J &amp; Edelman, B, 2003&quot;&gt;Zittrain, J &amp; Edelman, B. (2003). ''Empirical Analysis of Internet Filtering in China.'' Berkman Center for Internet &amp; Society Harvard Law School. Retrieved 05/03/2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

*'''Blocking IP addresses'''. Certain IP addresses will be denied and effects protocols such as HTTP, FTP and POP.
*'''Filtering and redirection of DNS'''. Certain domain names are blocked or incorrect IP addresses are returned via DNS hijacking.
*'''Portal Censorship and search result removal'''. Major portals such as search engines are effectively blocked. The Chinese government have censored access to Google. In 2006 Google launched Google.cn in an effort to maintain a presence within China, however due to increasing demands over censorship and Google being the subject of hacking by the Chinese Government, Google ended its Google.cn service in 2010.

While China practices extreme measures of censorship, further measures have been taken by other nations. In 2011 Egypt disconnected itself entirely from the network in an effort to reduce the power of protesters rallying against the [[w:Hosni Mubarak|Mubarak]] regime. Such action was deemed necessary after an uprising in Tunisia which has been dubbed the [[w:Twitter Revolution|Twitter revolution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Meikle, G &amp; Young, S, 2012&quot; /&gt; The actions of censorship and complete network disconnection exhibited by the Chinese and Egyptian Governments are political tactics that maintain asymmetrical power as the aforementioned actions do not benefit society as a whole,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fuchs, C, 2014&quot;&gt;Fuchs, C. (2014). ''What is a Critical Introduction to Social Media. In: Social Media: a Critical Introducion.'' London: Sage. pp. 7-25.&lt;/ref&gt; and only proves that despite the political rhetoric, governments do possess the power to control the internet and intervene within the sectors of society that individuals are granted control over.

The Chinese and Egyptian government's intrusion into the private sphere has effectively expanded the reach of the public sphere by disarming users of the network control over produced and viewed content. A prominent example is the banning of Facebook and Youtube by the Chinese government. Both sites operate within the private sphere as they allow for virtually unmediated control of produced content by outside organisations. They subsequently now fall under the domain of the public sphere; controlled so heavily they are completely inaccessible. Further impositions include regulation of internet cafes, as these establishments now enforce age restrictions. Users must be over the age of 21, and a log book is required to be signed by each user. Once online, activity is heavily monitored. Such restrictions have brought about the conception of underground internet cafes, where underage users can freely access the network. However, access to the network is the only element of control experienced by users, even within the confines of an underground establishment, content is still heavily mediated and monitored.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meikle, G &amp; Young, S, 2012&quot; /&gt;

==== Public and Private Spheres on Social Media and Political Agendas ====


===== Political Agendas and Digital/Social Media =====

In Politics, the rise of Digital media and [[w:Social media|Social media]] usage has allowed for politicians and [[w:Political party|political parties]] to pursue, promote, and campaign for certain [[w:Political agenda|political agendas]]. Due to the nature of digital and social media creating their own unique concepts of private and public spheres, politicians and political parties now utilise these spheres in order to pursue their chosen agenda(s).&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2009&quot;&gt;Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The virtual sphere 2.0: The Internet, the public sphere, and beyond. Routledge handbook of Internet politics, 230-245.&lt;/ref&gt;

Political [[w:Website|websites]], [[w:Email|e-mails]] and social media platforms are now [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235632721_Social_Media_and_Political_Communication_-_A_Social_Media_Analytics_Framework some of the most common methods of political communication]. In order to inform individuals of their agenda, for example a [[w:Manifesto|manifesto]], party policy or campaign, the first place this is now published is usually on the party website, and advertised further through e-mails to party members, supporters, and volunteers. Internet technologies like this are the main ways in which parties and politicians now spread information amongst their members and supporters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Römmele 2003&quot;&gt;[http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/9/1/7.short],Römmele, A. (2003). Political parties, party communication and new information and communication technologies. Party Politics, 9(1), 7-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Whilst other, more traditional methods are still widely used to spread a political message, such as [[w:News program|news programmes]], [[w:Flyer (pamphlet)|leaflets]], and [http://campaignhandbook.gef.eu/canvassing-door-to-door face to face communication],&lt;ref name=&quot;Zetter 2007&quot;&gt;Zetter, L. (2007). The Political Campaigning Handbook: Real life lessons from the front line. Harriman House Limited.&lt;/ref&gt; the fastest way to do this is via an online medium, i.e. the internet. This can be done through a number of methods;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Method
! Description
! Example
|-
| Party Website
| A dedicated website domain for a certain political party, organisation, or politician. usually where information is first posted, where individuals can go to to find out information about a party/politician, political agenda, campaign, or issue. Also where individuals can register to join or support a party or politician.
| [http://www.labour.org.uk]

|- 
| [[w:Facebook|Facebook]]
| A dedicated public page for a party or politician to share information about themselves or a political agenda, and where other Facebook users can 'like' the page to show support, and 'share' information from the page to their timeline.
| [https://www.facebook.com/theSNP The Official [[w:Scottish National Party|Scottish National Party (SNP)]] Facebook page]

|- 
| [[w:Twitter|Twitter]]
| A social networking site where parties or politicians can have their own Twitter feed to promote their agendas, and where they can further promote their agendas by creating a hashtag for users to follow. Other Twitter users can engage publicly by sending a tweet to the party, or privately through Direct Messaging.
| [https://twitter.com/unitetheunion Official Twitter of the [[w:Trade union|trade union]] [[w:Unite the Union|Unite]]

|- 
| [[w:Online petition|Online Petitions]]
| Various websites which allow any individual, including politicians and political parties, to start a petition in order to campaign about and raise public support for an issue.
| [https://www.change.org Change.org], A website which allows users to start, sign, and share petitions online.
|}


Although politicians and political parties use all of these methods, as social media has such a large audience which is not restricted to just members and supporters, this approach is becoming increasingly popular.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shirky 2011&quot;&gt;Shirky, C. (2011). The political power of social media. Foreign affairs, 90(1), 28-41.&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, much of the information on any political agenda is then spread by the party or politician themselves, members and activists on social media. This can be an extremely successful method of promoting a political agenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNair 2011&quot;&gt;[http://blogs.unpad.ac.id/teddykw/files/2012/05/An-Introduction-to-Political-Communication.pdf], McNair, B. (2011). An introduction to political communication. Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt;

Viral spreading of information online is another method used both socially and politically to reach wider audiences, and this is done so through platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr and other popular social media sites. This is a method of spamming, which can be done through consistent advertising, whether that is paid for or spread by [[w:Internet celebrity|online celebrities]] to reach a wider audience. Social examples of viral spreading include youtube videos e.g. Anything posted by the notoriously known 'viral video creator', [https://www.youtube.com/user/tommcflytwitter Tom Fletcher], or shocking and exciting images that were perhaps posted online in order to become 'viral'. As it seems, contemporary audiences of political announcements tend to discuss or voice their opinions online via social media, therefore this viral spreading of political messages will be best received through such platforms.

===== Working Tax Credits =====
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Stop-the-tax-cuts.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[w:Labour Party (UK)|The Labour Party]] campaign material for the Working Tax Credit campaign. Credit: The Labour Party UK]]&lt;/div&gt;
Take for example the [http://press.labour.org.uk/post/130387490714/labour-launches-national-campaign-to-stop-tory-tax recent campaign against cuts to [[w:Working tax credit|Working Tax Credits]] in the United Kingdom], organised by [[w:The Labour Party (UK)|The Labour Party]] in opposition to the [[w:Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party's]] plans. The vast majority of the work to mobilise individuals and communicate information in this campaign was through social media platforms, e-mails, and an [http://www.labour.org.uk/page/s/tory-tax-credit-cut online petition]. This allowed the campaign to become very widely known and supported in a short period of time. The outcome of this campaign was that [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34915218 the Conservatives had to scrap their plan] to cut the Working Tax Credits scheme.

=====Public and Private Spheres in Relation to Political Agendas=====

Peter Dahlberg argues that there are a number of different Internet based public spheres which contribute to modern political communication, including;

{|style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};width:750px;margin:none;border:1px solid lightgrey&quot; align=center
|- 
| style= &quot; text-align: center; padding: 10px 0 0 0&quot;| 1. Versions of ''e-government'', usually with a top-down character, where government
representatives interact with citizens and where information about governmental
administration and services is made available. While interaction may be
relatively constricted, it can still at times serve as a sector of the public sphere.
This sector is sometimes distinguished from e-governance, which emphasizes
horizontal civic communication and input for government policy.

2. The ''advocacy/activist domain,'' where discussion is framed by organizations with
generally shared perceptions, values, and goals—and geared for forms of political
intervention. These include traditional parliamentarian politics, established
corporate and other organized interest group politics (e.g., unions), and the new
politics of social movements and other activists.

3. The vast array of ''diverse civic forums'' where views are exchanged among citizens
and deliberation can take place. This is generally understood as the paradigmatic
version of the public sphere on the Net, but it would be quite erroneous to
neglect the others.

4. The ''prepolitical or parapolitical domain'', which airs social and cultural topics
having to do with common interests and/or collective identities. Here politics is
not explicit but always remains a potential. Clearly, there is no absolute way in
which the boundary between the nonpolitical and the parapolitical can be drawn,
since it is always in part discursively negotiated and changeable.

5. The ''journalism domain'', which includes everything from major news organizations
that have gone online (e.g., newspapers and news programs) to Net-based news organizations
(usually without much or any original reporting) such as [[w:Yahoo!|Yahoo! News]]
News, alternative news organizations, as
well as one-person weblog sites (also known as [[w:Blog|“bloggers”]]). Interestingly, the
research literature has tended to focus mainly on deliberative interaction in terms
of online public spheres and/or mass media journalism. We should not forget
that the online journalism sector is a core element of the public sphere on the
Internet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlgren 2005&quot;&gt;[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10584600590933160], Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, public spheres, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation. Political communication, 22(2), 147-162.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}


It is the activist/advocacy domain and civic forums where political agendas and the utilisation of the public and private spheres of social media come into play the most. In particular, the contrast between campaigns which are shaped by the party or politicians, and campaigns which are shaped by 'ordinary' individuals. The way in which political parties and politicians manipulate what they share on private and public spheres and the influence this has on the promotion of political agendas is of particular importance.


The Working Tax Credits campaign was not only successful due to the high profile social media campaign, but also because it used the private and public spheres of the internet and social media to its advantage. By informing members and supporters with key information an tools through e-mails, the face of this campaign became 'ordinary people' being helped by a party, not just a Party campaign, and this became what is commonly known as a [[w:Grassroots|'grassroots campaign']]. These types of campaigns are normally more supported by individuals, as it is seen as more authentic and trustworthy than a slick political machine type campaign.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fieldhouse 2009&quot;&gt;[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123409000726], Fieldhouse, E., &amp; Cutts, D. (2009). The effectiveness of local party campaigns in 2005: combining evidence from campaign spending and agent survey data. British Journal of Political Science, 39(02), 367-388.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Publicly''', due to the amount of 'ordinary' people sharing and supporting the campaign on social media, and all activities being run by ordinary people, this was outwardly a very grassroots campaign which won over the electorate.
* '''Privately''', this campaign was run by The Labour Party just like any other political campaign, as they provided activists with all the materials, information, and instructions they needed to successfully front the campaign. This tactic is just one example of how public and private spheres on the internet and social media can influence political agendas.


This utilisation of how individuals perceive political agendas, especially through Internet mediums, is also used in more sinister fashions by political parties and politicians in order to promote an agenda. The most prominent example of this behaviour is [[w:Smear campaign|political smear campaigns]]. This is where a certain party or politician will 'leak' information from a private sphere, i.e an individual's personal life, in order to discredit that individual, be it another party or politician, and promote an agenda within that expose. This leaked information is often untrue or taken out of context to suit an agenda, and therefore why it is a 'smear'. A privately orchestrated smear campaign can also be exposed by individuals, again in order to discredit the individual who planned the campaign and promote a political agenda. The use of smear campaigns and the exposing of a smear campaign are two similar yet different practices which show how political parties can promote an agenda through manipulating private and public spheres online.

=====John McCain's 'Illegitimate' Child=====

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:John McCain.jpg|thumbnail|right|x150px|John McCain, Republican Party. Credit:[[w:Federal government of the United States|US Government]].]]&lt;/div&gt;

In 2000 during the [[w:Republican Party presidential primaries#2000|Republican Presidential Nomination]] race, [[w:John McCain|John McCain]] was set to to win the state of South Carolina against [[w:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]]. This was thwarted however by one of Bush's strategists, [[w:Karl Rove|Karl Rove]], who orchestrated a [[w:Whispering campaign|'whispering' campaign']] via an anonymous [[w:Open access poll#Online poll|online poll]] to voters which asked the question &quot;Would you be more or less likely to vote for John McCain…if you knew he had fathered an illegitimate black child?&quot; McCain was at the time campaigning with his dark-skinned daughter, Bridget, adopted from Bangladesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nittle |first=Nadra Kareem |date=2016-01-08 |title=Racist Republican Smear Campaigns in the 21st Century |url=http://racerelations.about.com/od/diversitymatters/tp/Racist-Republican-Smear-Campaigns-In-The-21st-Century.htm |newspaper=About News |access-date=2016-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; This campaign was a huge contributor to the result of this, which was that Bush did indeed win the state and go on to secure the Republican nomination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Banks |first=Ann|date=2008-01-14 |title=﻿ Dirty Tricks, South Carolina and John McCain |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/dirty-tricks-south-carolina-and-john-mccain |newspaper=The Nation |access-date=2016-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By circulating this untrue information into the public sphere online, Rove successfully manipulated the lines between public and private spheres via the Internet and managed to help Bush pursue his political agenda.

==== The Rise of Digital and Social Media in Political Activity ====

This political campaign tactic of manipulating public and private spheres online has become widely popular due to the rise of social media in political communication. Social media is now not only one of the main forms of distributing political information, but has also [http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/10/19/social-media-and-political-engagement become a major tool for political engagement].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rainie&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Rainie |first=Lee |date=2012-10-19 |title='Social Media and Political Engagement' |url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/10/19/social-media-and-political-engagement |access-date=2016-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Through social networking sites such as [[w:Facebook|Facebook]], [[w:Twitter|Twitter]], and even [[w:YouTube|YouTube]], politicians and political organisations are employing creative and more accessible methods of engaging with individuals.

* {{font color||yellow|'''Facebook'''}}
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:FBshareLC.png|thumbnail|right|The Facebook 'share' function.]]&lt;/div&gt;
:Facebook is [http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/largest-social-networks-worldwide/504044 the largest social networking site on the Internet],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bennett |first=Shea |date=2014-12-24 |title='The 10 Biggest Social networks Worldwide' |url=http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/largest-social-networks-worldwide/504044 |newspaper=Social Times |access-date=2016-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; sitting at approximately [http://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users 1.55 billion users as of January 2016]. Increasingly, Facebook has become the place where more and more people are getting the majority of their political information from. According to a study by the [[w:Pew Research Center|Pew research Center]], the percentage of Facebook users who classed the site as their main source of news had risen from 47% in 2013, to 63% in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Barthel |first=Michael |date=2015-07-14 |title='The Evolving Role of News on Twitter and Facebook' |url=http://www.journalism.org/2015/07/14/the-evolving-role-of-news-on-twitter-and-facebook |access-date=2016-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, around 66% of Facebook users are reported to participate in [[w:Civic engagement|civic]] or [[w:Political campaign|political activities]] through this channel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rainie&quot;/&gt;

:* {{font color||thistle|Public engagement}}
:: There are a number of ways in which [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] allows politicians and political party's to engage with individuals in a public sphere online. On a very simplistic level, Facebook pages allow an individual to connect with certain parties and politicians, keeping them up to date with political information through [[W:Facebook features#Like|'liking']] the page and therefore seeing anything that page posts on their [[w:Facebook features#News Feed|personal 'news feed']] - similar to a [[w:Home page|homepage]] on a website. The act of 'liking' a page or post by a political party or politician also enables an individual to publicly show support for that particular party/politician or agenda. More complex functions of political engagement which can be constructed through Facebook include Facebook [[w:Q&amp;A|Q&amp;A sessions]] with politicians, [http://www.facebook.com/poll Facebook polls] which allows users to express a public opinion on certain issues and inform the [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/O/op_original_poster.html original poster] of this opinion, and also [[w:facebook features#Facebook groups|&quot;Open&quot; Facebook groups]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/220336891328465 |title= 'What are the Facebook Group Privacy Settings?'}}&lt;/ref&gt; which are extremely useful  mediums where any user can join, see discussions and engage with - political types of these groups are useful for communicating information and campaign material, and also provide a valuable political [[w:Political criticism|debating/discussion]] platform for individuals.

:* {{font color||MistyRose|Private engagement}}
:: Privately, Facebook offers a [[w:Personal message#Social media|private messaging service]], [[w:Facebook Messenger|Facebook Messenger]], where users can create a private discussion space through what is usually a public forum. This is particularly useful as it can allow political parties, politicians, and individuals to have more detailed, personal conversations about political issues, as there is less fear and risk of judgement from the public sphere.

:: Referring back to the concept of Facebook Groups, Facebook also allows [[w:Facebook features#Networks and groups|'Closed' and 'Secret' groups]]. Again, the extra level of privacy granted by these [[w:Privacy issues of social networking sites#Facebook|settings]] often allows individuals to be more comfortable discussing political issues. Furthermore, this also allows for political groups themselves to easily organise, share materials, and communicate in a singular pace, without fear of [[w:Entryism|'infiltration']] by those who seek to do them harm.

* {{font color||yellow|'''Twitter'''}}
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
:* {{font color||thistle|Public engagement}}
:: Similar to Facebook, [[w:Twitter|Twitter]] offers a public platform for individuals to engage with political parties and politicians. Any user can send a [[w:Twitter|'tweet']] to another user, including political parties. Twitter is useful as it limits each tweet to 140 characters, and therefore questions can be asked and answered very quickly, and political debates are very fast-paced.

:: Twitter also pioneered with [[w:Hashtag|'hashtags']] which users can follow. By typing in '#[insert text]' in a tweet, an individual can contribute to a mass discussion on the same issue. Also, by searching the hashtag on Twitter, users can follow any discussion surrounding that topic. This makes Twitter one of the most accessible and fast-growing social networking sites for political communication and agenda promotion.

:: &lt;u&gt;Example; [[#Hong Kong's Umbrella Revolution|The Hong Kong 'Umbrella Revolution']] - #UmbrellaRevolution &lt;/u&gt;

:* {{font color||MistyRose|Private engagement}}

:: Twitter is much less limited with what it allows users to do privately. Direct Messaging (DM's) is Twitter's private messaging service, and this serves the same function for political engagement that Facebook Messenger does. Although, it does also have the 140 character limit, which can make it difficult to communicate detailed information.&lt;ref&gt;Al-Deen, H. S. N., &amp; Hendricks, J. A. (2011). Social media: usage and impact. Lexington Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{font color||yellow|'''YouTube'''}}
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Logo Canale YouTube (2013-2017).jpg|thumbnail|right|x100px|Current YouTube Logo. Credit:[[User:Ash-03]]]]&lt;/div&gt;
:YouTube, the Internet's [http://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2?IR=T largest video sharing platform],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Dickey |first=Megan Rose |date=2013-02-13 |title='The 22 Key Turning Points in the History of YouTube' |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2?IR=T}}&lt;/ref&gt; is now becoming more popular as a platform for political agendas to be promoted in the online public sphere, with YouTube now even [http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/03/youtube-launches-campaign-toolkit-for-politicians launching a political toolkit for campaigners an politicians].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Leena |title='YouTube Launches Campaign Toolkit for Politicians' |newspaper=TechCrunch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:* {{font color||thistle|Public engagement}}
:: Videos on YouTube can be seen by millions of individuals. As videos are shared from YouTube to other social network sites also, it can make the possibility for political persuasion phenomenal. YouTube videos also allow for discussion and debate to take place via a [[w:YouTube#User comments|comments]] section on videos which are [[w:YouTube#Uploading|uploaded]].

:: Example; The [[w: United States presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential campaign in the US]].
:: In this election, YouTube was extremely prominent in voter persuasion and encouraging political engagement. Both [[w:Barack Obama|Barack Obama]] and [[w:Mitt Romney|Mitt Romney's]] teams were posting [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ8c28lmnoM creative, tailored video content] online, and videos containing the tags 'Obama' and 'Romney' were viewed approximately 2.7 billion times.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Krashinsky |first=Susan |date=2012-11-02 |title='How YouTube has transformed the 2012 presidential election' |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us-election/how-youtube-has-transformed-the-2012-presidential-election/article4871244 |newspaper=The Globe And Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:* {{font color||MistyRose|Private engagement}}
:: Similar to Twitter, YouTube has sparse private engagement methods. There is again a private e-mail service, but that is about it. YouTube does however allow for any video to be made public or private, so the user does have some manual control over who they share the video with.

==== Political Communication Online ====
Following Maletzke's definition of [[w:Mass communication|mass communication]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Maletzke 1963&quot;&gt;Maletzke, G. (1963). ''Psychologie der Massenkommunikation: Theorie und Systematik''. Hamburg: Hands-Bredow-Institut.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[w:Lasswell's model of communication|Lasswell's model of communication]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Lasswell 1948&quot;&gt;Lasswell, H. D. (1948). ''The Structure and Function of Communication in Society.'' in The Communication of Ideas. A Series of Addresses. Bryson, L. (ed.). New York: Norton.&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Political communication|political communication]] is that kind of communication, where [[w:Player (political)|political players]] construct messages, which are transmitted by means of technically instrumental media to a disperse audience and which are used by the latter and provoke an effect on those. But political communication can also go into the opposite direction, meaning citizens communicating to political players, or horizontally, between players or between citizens.

The strongest form of political communication is information with persuasion as a special form, which tries to influence the political [[w:Participation (decision making)|participation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schulz 2008&quot; /&gt; Hence, political information uses the public sphere to influences the public opinion and finally the opinion of individuals in their private sphere. This section therefore focusses on the forming of public opinion through political communication online.

On the Internet the presentation modes are multifaceted in comparison with many other media types: Information is mediated with under through Youtube-videos, newsletters, Wikipedia or online journal articles, social media posts or pictures - adapting to different user preferences to acquire information. For instance, texts can be received slower than videos.

The crucial part of all offers are their [[#Characteristics of Digital Media|digital characteristics]]. Not only does it facilitates the storage of information [[#Uncoupling of Space and Time|uncoupled of space and time]], but it also enables the reproduction of the messages and an immediate (interpersonal) response by the audience, i.e. in discussion forums (see [[#User-generated Content|user-generated content]]). Consequently the public disperse audience and its public discussion are enlarged and networked: People can get in touch with opinions that they would never get to know in their physical public sphere and they can do so without moving out of their physical private sphere.

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Two step flow of communication.png|thumb|left|Concept of the Two step flow of communication]]&lt;/div&gt;
Catalysed by the possibility for everyone to become an author, public information is not filtered by traditional [[w:Gatekeeper|gatekeepers]] (i.e. journalists), but normal citizens can post about topic. On one hand they increase the diversity of opinions, but as they can become opinion leaders and as they often pick up information from mass media, they thereby create a double filtering of the public opinion (“[[w:Two-step flow of communication|Two-Step-Flow of Communication]]”).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schulz 2008&quot; /&gt; Additionally the growing participation online worsens the information overload, so that search engines are asked to filter and manage the amount. Everything that is not registered by them belongs to the invisible web &lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; - consequently search engines have a huge effect on formation of public opinions as well.

With regard to [[w:Wikileaks|Wikileaks]], one may think, that the transparency of the public sphere increases online, but it might actually worsen the [[w:spiral of silence|spiral of silence]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;Noelle-Neumann 1996&quot; /&gt; Through public measurement tools, i.e. &quot;clicks&quot; or &quot;[[w:Like button|likes]]&quot;, a public opinion is emphasised as highly supported, although it in fact he might be not.

Additionally, this kind of political communication is  unproven in quality and validity (in comparison with institutional [[w:Journalism|journalism]]; i.e. in Germany newspapers are only allowed to publish information, proven by two separate news agencies).

Finally the biggest weakness of the internet is, that it is a pull-medium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleicher 2010&quot; /&gt; Hence one can only reach those, who are already interested in and looking for an issue, that they have heard about before. The danger is, that people are informed one-sided and in combination with various possibilities to filter the information overload, they could be kept in an [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/05/facebook-keeping-you-political-bubble &quot;''political bubble''&quot;].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bohannon 2015&quot;&gt;[http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/05/facebook-keeping-you-political-bubble] Bohannon, J. (2015). Is Facebook keeping you in a political bubble? '' American Association for the Advancement of Science''. Retrieved 03/06, 2016, from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/05/facebook-keeping-you-political-bubble&lt;/ref&gt; The [[w:Knowledge gap hypothesis|knowledge gap hypothesis]] adds, that people with a higher-education and political interest can receive information faster than people without these preconditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bentele 2003&quot;&gt;Bentele, G., Brosius, H. B., Jarren, O. (2003). ''Öffentliche Kommunikation: Handbuch Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft''. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH.&lt;/ref&gt; In combination with [[w:digital divide|digital divide]] and digital analphabetism, through which a certain part of the world's population is excluded from &quot;public&quot; online discussions, the knowledge gap increases: Higher-educated and political interested people with access to and competence to deal with (controversial) political communication cultivate more and more, whereas people without these basis get less antithetic stimuli resulting in them staying in their political bubble. Therefore political communication strategies should be applied cross-medial, for instance [[w:Agenda-setting theory|setting an agenda]] in push media first to encourage as much citizens as possible to inform themselves further through online research.

=== Online-activism by Citizens ===
Online-activism, also known as [[w:Internet activism|Internet activism]] is commonly identified as a practice where politically motivated citizens use the internet and various online technologies to achieve certain goals. 
As explained by Sandor Vegh,&lt;ref name=&quot;Vegh 2003&quot;&gt;Vegh,S. Classifying Form of Online Activism in McCaughey, M. (2003). ''Cyberactivism: Online activism in theory and practice''. New York, NY; London: Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; the strategies implied can be either ''internet-enhanced'' or ''internet-based''. The former indicates a situation where the internet is used to enhance traditional techniques for protests, such as spreading awareness on a topic, creating e-petitions on websites like [https://www.change.org/en-GB/petitions Change.org] and call for action, either online or offline. The latter indicates form of activism that only happen online, like [[#Hackers and Hacktivism|hackers's activities]] identified as [[w:hacktivism|hacktivism]], targeting or protests against [[#Online Piracy and S.O.P.A|internet-related bans]].

Online-activism generally divides in three categories, each of them emphasising different aspects of protests against someone or something, the people involved and the methods applied:&lt;ref name=&quot;Vegh 2003&quot; /&gt;

*'''''Awareness/advocacy:''''' this category characterises the type of people who produce and receive information. The goal of activists in this part of the process is that to divulge information regarding certain topics through a distribution networks made of online petitions, Facebook pages, blogs or email lists. In this case, content producer are most likely to be individual citizens or independent organisation and they have as their main goal that of sharing and putting out for public condemnation those information which might have gone underreported or not reported at all, concealed by mainstream media because of an undemocratic regime, or internal cases such as breach of human rights. Similarly, online advocacy involves both spreading awareness and promoting a certain way of action. Indeed, it can focus on both asking for intervention on a singular case or for continual effort for a future and long-distant goal about a great issue, such as [[w:climate change|climate change]]. A form of advocacy is identified in [[w:lobbying|lobbying]] which differs accordingly to the target of a lobbyist’s action. For instance, [http://www.arthritis.org/new-york/state-advocacy/e-advocates.php e-Advocates] are groups of activist that offer lobbying on behalf of organisation and individuals that lack the internet knowledge and practices to successfully involve people in campaigns. This form of online-activism increases the scale of people that can be potentially informed and consequentially involved, either online or offline. Likewise, it is time- and cost- saving as it allows to use the internet to virtually spread a message. Moreover, through discussion pages and social media people can exchange information [[#Uncoupling of Space and Time|asynchronously and despite geographical constraints]].


*'''''Organisation/Mobilisation:''''' this category includes two different ways of proceeding in regard to how the internet can be used for activist mobilisation. Firstly, it can be used to call for offline action, meaning that information will be provided regarding the place and time at which a protest or demonstration will happen. In this case the trajectory is online → offline. Secondly, it can be used to encourage actions that traditionally happen offline but that would have a better outcome if done online, such as requesting explanations and stating demands through emails, petitions and tweets with a specific person or company as receiver. Here, the trajectory becomes offline → online


*'''''Action/Reaction:''''' this category includes activism that can only happen online and often takes the form of hackers attacks, massive spamming campaigns and [[w:smurf attacks|Smurf attack]] that aim at taking down or saturate the servers of entities identified as detrimental.


All these forms and steps of online-activism, especially if combined, can help bring about cultural, social and political changes. The degree of efficacy and duration of these changes remains debatable.

==== Forms and Platforms ====
As explained in [[#Online-activism by Citizens|Online-activism by Citizens]] there are two ways in which online activism occurs: ''internet-enhanced'' and ''internet-based'' activism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vegh 2003&quot;/&gt; 
Related to those forms are different kind of platforms where the citizen can participate to achieve the certain goal of the activism. Certain platforms can give ordinary people a voice to express their opinions and can encourage change. Therefore, each platform provides specific characteristics that can advance or even strengthen the outcome and purpose of the action. This section discusses several platforms and their usage as a kind of 'promoter', nevertheless this represents only a fraction of the most widely used platforms that are related to online activism practices.
 
Social networks are merely used as an additional communicative tool for arising awareness or to coordinate the traditional, off-line protest forms. Especially the usage of the two largest social media platform [http://facebook.com Facebook](59 billion monthly active users)&lt;ref&gt;Company Info | Facebook newsroom. (2004, February 4). Retrieved March 11, 2016, from https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/&lt;/ref&gt; and [https://twitter.com/ Twitter](320 million monthly active users).&lt;ref&gt;Company | About. (2016). Retrieved March 11, 2016, from Twitter, https://about.twitter.com/company&lt;/ref&gt; Users and activists can exchange text messages, video or audio files, photos and other information on their profiles. Word spreads quickly online and online fundraising can raise a staggering amount of money in a very short period of time if enough people back the cause and spread the information on social media. Additionally, activists on Facebook can join common-interest user groups, spread specific content and organise off-line protests or strategies for the action. Twitter and Facebook are separated in their opportunities for information sharing as Twitter is a micro-blogging platform, where user can declare messages with a maximum amount of 140 characters. The interconnected nature of Facebook and Twitter leads to an easier way of information sharing and can generate a huge amount of traffic&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis 2014&quot;&gt;Lewis, K. &amp; Gray, K. &amp; Meierhenrich, J. (2014). “The Structure of Online Activism.” In ''Sociological Science'' 1: 1-9. DOI: 10.15195/v1.a1&lt;/ref&gt; in a less time and cost-consuming way as well as up-to-date status.&lt;ref&gt;Reesh, Anna. (2013). Digital and Online Activism. Retrieved from https://en.reset.org/knowledge/digital-and-online-activism&lt;/ref&gt; 
A development related to the online activism on social networks and one of the strongest tools is the so-called [[w:Hashtag activism|hashtag activism]] as the use of them can coordinate the traffic and, in addition, function as a measurement tool. A research by Emily Vraga reveals that videos “can be shared easily, quickly, and effectively through a variety of other mechanisms, including e-mail, other social media, and even print media, and then watched at the viewer’s leisure”&lt;ref name=&quot;Vraga 2013&quot;&gt;Vraga, Emily K. (2013). The Rules of Engagement: Comparing Two Social Protest Movements on YouTube in ''CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND SOCIAL NETWORKING.'' DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2013.0117&lt;/ref&gt;  via the platform [http://youtube.com YouTube]. 
It further emphasis, that videos related to a political action can serve a “communal resource, informing, motivating, and connecting like-minded others”&lt;ref name=&quot;Thorson 2013&quot;&gt;Thorson K, Driscoll K, Ekdale B, et al. (2013). YouTube, Twitter, and the occupy movement connecting content and circulation practices in ''Information, Communication, and Society'' 2013; 16:421–451.&lt;/ref&gt;  as well as target new audiences precisely and boost viewership. Video sharing platforms provide tools to catch people´s attention as moving images have a more emotional driven effect. Such tools and platforms are also used for cause-related activism such as [[w:Lobbying|lobbying]] and [[w:Fundraising|fundraising]].

Online-petitions (also known as e-petitions or internet petitions) are an extended tool of the traditional petitions as they are less time and cost-consuming and include the opportunity to reach and participate a bigger group of people. Those internet-based petitions also follow the purpose to protest against and urge for positive policy changes on any topic by sending them to the government or organisations. Thereby e-petition can be implemented through two forms: e-mail and world wide web.&lt;ref name=&quot;Earl 2006&quot;&gt;Earl J. (2006). Pursuing Social Change Online: The Use of Four Protest Tactics on the Internet in ''Social Science Computer Review'', Vol. 24 n 3&lt;/ref&gt; The former sends petitions or certain information to subscribers or members of a website or platform based on [[w:Electronic mailing list|electronic mailing list systems]] (so-called [[w:LISTSERV|Listserv]]). The latter indicates websites like [https://www.change.org/ Change.org] or [http://front.moveon.org/ Moveon.org] where people can address a petition. When a website hosts a petition, visitors have to sign in electronically and are often required to give personal data like their name and e-mail. Furthermore, petitions like those on [http://change.org change.org] or [http://moveon.org moveon.org] could be integrated with social media channels and as a consequence achieve a higher participation. Since 2015, citizens in the UK are able to petition against the policy of their government nearly 7,190 petitions were registered and even 20 of them were debated in parliament.&lt;ref&gt;UK Government and Parliament. Petitions. Retrieved from https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions&lt;/ref&gt; Many NGOs or charities use online petitions, too, to reach their goals in environmental issues like [https://secure.greenpeace.org.uk/page/content/sta-time-is-running-out greenpeace.com].

In addition, the mostly negatively associated form of hacktivism belongs to online activism. Originally this kind of activism “is a politically motivated single-incident online action, or a campaign thereof, taken by nonstate actors in retaliation to express disapproval or to call attention to an issue advocated by the activists.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Vegh 2003&quot; /&gt;
Hackers make use of [[w: denial-of-Service attacks|denial-of-service attacks]] to get access to private or secret governmental information. As nearly all spaces of the public and private sphere depend on technologies that are driven by computer networks, attacks become more and more threatening. Regarding Sandor Vegh, hackers are divided into “wired activists”, just adapting the internet to their strategy and “politicised hackers”, adopting political causes as the justification of their acting.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vegh 2003&quot; /&gt;

==== Effects ====
Some experts argue that the rise in activism online has caused a negative effect regarding the amount of activism that is done in real life. This so-called [[w:Slacktivism|Slacktivism]] causes people to do less for their community as they feel 'satisfied by their participation in the low-cost online activism'.&lt;ref&gt;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.416.6446&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf], Reference Required&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, there is less activism in the public sphere outside of the online communities because people feel as if they have been doing their good deeds online. Furthermore, there are experts who argue that it is oversimplified to say that technology is the reason that certain activist movements are so effective.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rahaghi, 2012&quot;&gt;Rahaghi, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; An online revolution often does not help a revolution in the real world; face-to-face action is needed to help a cause move forward. Online communities are too impersonal and do not have the influence that a mob of demonstrating participants may have.

However, it can be argued that online activism has positive effects as well. It has become easier to use your voice through various websites such as [https://twitter.com/ Twitter], [https://www.change.org/start-a-petition change.org], [http://www.tumblr.com Tumblr] and [http://www.facebook.com Facebook] people are able to spread information and news about activism quicker than ever before. The effect of this is that a larger audience is brought into contact with views, issues and campaigns that are associated with certain online activist movements. In large protest movements, a great number of people can be contacted online and made aware of this movement, as the examples in the next sub-section will discuss. Though it might be difficult to join a demonstration in a city far away from you or help with a campaign in a different country, online-activism provides a platform for many people to have their voice heard regardless. It's a cost-effective way of spreading a message and creating dialogues; people are able to discuss, exchange ideas and offer different perspectives on the subject, and that without having to start an expensive, wide-spread campaign via for example radio or television. This can lower barriers for minority voices, creating a platform for a more diverse, large group of people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rahaghi, 2012&quot;/&gt;

What online activism also changes is the way people protest. For example, people are less likely to go to a sit-in or to a demonstration, but they are more likely to sign petitions or tweet, e-mail or message celebrities, government officials or institutions or other important figures.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jstor.org/stable/40376135 link] Reference Required&lt;/ref&gt; Important figures in the public have to be more careful what they post online, as a wave of comments on their tweets and Facebook posts is inevitable. This [[w:Fourth-wave of Feminism|call-out culture]] is a key effect that online-activism has had. Everything that a public figure may post online is challenged or confronted if it is problematic in some way, causing them to be more careful and more aware of activist movements. This happens with people in every-day life, too; discussions on social media about political movements and social activism. Some people may deem this as a negative development considering it is difficult to post views online without it being commented on, others may argue that this way the online society can move forward and be more considerate of individuals and aware of different movements.

Lastly, online-activism can offer a different perspective from mainstream media. Considering that [[w:Corporate Media|corporate media]] is an issue that causes companies to have influence in the media, the goals and stories of certain news articles cannot always be trusted. There are instances in which social media showed an incredibly different view of an event than mainstream media, for example with the #blacklivesmatter&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/&lt;/ref&gt; movement. Online movements can provide information to those who do not trust the stories of the main news channels, or at the very least provide a different perspective from people posting live from events. Therefore, online-activism has created a different news outlet, and an individual information source when it comes to countless movements and organisation.

==== Past Events ====

===== ''Arab Spring'' =====
At the end December 2010 the Arab world saw an unprecedented series of social movements, protests and revolutions overall identified as [[w:Arab Spring|Arab Spring]]. 
{{Rquote|left|Blogs and forums fueled the changes in the Arabian world, [[w:new media|new media]] became the means for self empowerment. Still: The [[w:Revolution|revolution]] took place on the streets. |The German news magazine &quot;[[w:Der Spiegel|Spiegel]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;El Difraoui 2011&quot;&gt;[http://www.bpb.de/internationales/afrika/arabischer-fruehling/52420/die-rolle-der-neuen-medien?p=all], El Difraoui, A. (2011). ''Die Rolle der neuen Medien im Arabischen Frühling.'' Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Retrieved 02/27, 2013 from http://www.bpb.de/internationales/afrika/arabischer-fruehling/52420/die-rolle-der-neuen-medien?p=all&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Numerous considerations and studies have been made regarding the role and relationship between uprisings and social media networks for their diffusion and coordination. Namely, people interacted with each other and the world through various platforms that ultimately made the message uncontrollable by their regimes. Although the causes of people’s resentment toward their governments had already economic and political foundation, the triggering event happened and propagated online: [[w:Mohamed Bouazizi|Mohamed Bouazizi]], a street vendor, on the 17th December in [[w:Sidi Bouzid|Sidi Bouzid]], [[w:Tunisia|Tunisia]] set himself on fire in front of a government’s office in protest against officials violence, humiliation and the seizing of his goods and cart. Videos recorded on mobile phones were quickly posted on the internet, from where they spread across [https://en-gb.facebook.com/login/%20Facebook Facebook] and [https://twitter.com/login?lang=en-gb%20Twitter Twitter] gathering thousands of protesters first in the small town and eventually in the capital. The [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHw_auqod6Y video], together with those of the spontaneous uprisings just few hours after Mohamed's self immolation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qP0ZGsAD_6M][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6chjIV--QlI], reached even satellite news channels like [[w:Al Jazeera|Al Jazeera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackey 2011&quot;&gt;[http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/video-that-triggered-tunisias-uprising/] Mackey, R. (2011). Video That Set Off Tunisia’s Uprising in ''The New York Times'', 22 January 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

In similar circumstances, six months before the blogger and activist [[w:Khaled Saeed|Khaled Saeed]] was beaten to death by the police while being taken from a cybercafe in [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]].
Photos of his disfigured corpse were taken by his brother while visiting the morgue and shared online. After five days from his death, an anonymous activist created a page on Facebook titled [https://www.facebook.com/ElShaheeed We Are All Khaled Saeed] and divulged the pictures. By the 15th of July more than 130,000 had joined the page, making it the biggest dissent page in Egypt ever.&lt;ref name=&quot;Preston 2011&quot;&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/middleeast/06face.html] Preston, J. (2011). Movement Began With Outrage and a Facebook Page That Gave It an Outlet in ''The New York Times'', 5 February 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
Following these events, on December 18 youth activist [[w:Asmaa Mahfouz|Asmaa Mahfouz]] posted on [http://www.youtube.com YouTube] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIuiWLTMonY video appeal] to urge her fellow citizens to protest [[w:Tahrir Square|Tahrir Square]] with her on 25 January against the regime of [[w:Hosni Mubarak|Hosni Mubarak]].

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:2011 Egyptian protests Facebook &amp; jan25 card.jpg|thumb|right|Social Media and their extensive usage in the Arab Spring]]&lt;/div&gt;
While it is difficult to isolate the amount of importance that each of these events from the way that they were shared, there is no doubt that how they were circulated online gave ordinary, non-activist people a way to connect with battles for human rights against government’s oppression and police abuse of power. Notably, “social media carried a cascade of messages about freedom and democracy across North Africa and the Middle East, and helped raise expectations for the success of political uprising, while people who shared interest in democracy built extensive social networks and organised political action. Social media became a critical part of the toolkit for greater freedom.” &lt;ref name=&quot;O'Donnell 2011&quot;&gt;[http://www.washington.edu/news/2011/09/12/new-study-quantifies-use-of-social-media-in-arab-spring/] O’Donnell, C. (2011). New study quantifies use of social media in Arab Spring in ''University of Washington Today'', 12 September 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
In fact, social media platforms made it easier to involve people and get out the news for everyone to see and discuss, especially because newspaper and state television were biased and monitored. Indeed, all but one of the protests called for on Facebook ended up coming to life on the streets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang 2011&quot;&gt;[http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/facebook-and-twitter-key-to-arab-spring-uprisings-report] Huang, C. (2011). Facebook and Twitter key to Arab Spring uprisings: report in ''The National'', 6 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
In particular Facebook was one of the primary source to both get information and organise protesters in the Arab regions, with an increase of 30% of users between January and April 2010, and almost double the users (27.7m against the 14.8 of 2010).&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang 2011&quot; /&gt;
This strengthened both the volume of protests and the rapidity with which protests spread across the Arab world. Moreover, protest and supporters broke geographical boundaries boundaries thanks to social media: After Mubarak resignation, there was an average of 2,400 tweets per day from people in neighbouring countries about Egypt. In Tunisia, after Ben Ali resignation, there were about 2,200.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Donnell 2011&quot; /&gt;

The way the message has been spread across countries and people, the output and reading of unbiased information and the bypass of government’s hold during the Arab Spring represents one of the most important example of people coming together to advocate for democracy. This defines for dictators a new enemy: &quot;If for a long time they had only political and fragmented ones, they now found opponents that use social media to identify goals, build solidarity and organise demonstrations.”&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Donnell 2011&quot; /&gt;
That is, if disagreement and anger among citizens have always existed, social media offer a tool to coordinate and push forward a reaction.

===== ''Hong Kong's Umbrella Revolution'' =====

The [[w: Umbrella Revolution|Umbrella Revolution]] or Umbrella Movement refers to the [[w: Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] protests for [[w: universal suffrage|universal suffrage]] and democracy that developed between 26 September and 15 December 2014 thanks to a group called [[w: Occupy Central With Love &amp; Peace|Occupy Central with Love and Peace]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ivengar 2014&quot;&gt;[http://time.com/3471366/hong-kong-umbrella-revolution-occupy-central-democracy-explainer-6-questions/] Iyengar, R. (2014). Six Questions You Might Have About Hong Kong’s Umbrella Revolution in ''The Time'', October 5, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
Similar protests in Hong Kong against the [[w: Beijing|Beijing]] government had also interested almost half a million of people in July 2003, but, although having a successful outcome that managed to protect Hong Kong from China's interference, they did not have both the same growth and coverage of the Umbrella Revolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parker 2014&quot;&gt;[http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/social-media-hong-kong-protests] Parker, E. (2014). Social Media and the Hong Kong Protests in ''The New Yorker'', October 1, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
Indeed, protests organised in 2014 received a global network of online support and protesters themselves exceed locality and restriction in their manifestation events.  
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:台灣民主團體隔海聲援香港 (2).jpg|thumb|left| Pro-democracy protesters show flash lights outside the Government headquarters, 3 October 2014.]]&lt;/div&gt;

After being tear-gassed and pepper-sprayed by riot police in [[w:Admiralty|Admiralty]] two days after the beginning of protests, Josie Tao Cai-yi immediately shared what had happened to her online “First time I’ve actually witnessed the tear gas and pepper spray. Absolutely terrifying.” &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee 2014&quot;&gt;[http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1628305/role-social-media-occupy-protests-ground-and-around-world] Lee, D. (2014). The role of social media in Occupy protests, on the ground and around the world in ''South China Morning Post'', Thursday, 30 October 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
This propelled a flow tweets in support of the Occupy Central movement, thus bringing it to global attention. At the peak of police intervention in riots, 12 tweets about [[w: Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] were posted per second, with images and messages about police violent behaviour towards protesters being shown and shared by users all over the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee 2014&quot; /&gt;
This brought Scott Likens, analytics consulting lead at PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) China and Hong Kong, to comment on the events saying “we have seen progressive new ways to connect [on social media], serving the needs of something like this in real time... and making sure we’re always connected, [just so] the message can get out fast.” &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee 2014&quot; /&gt;
In addition, Occupy Centre’s profiles on [https://www.facebook.com/ Facebook] and [https://twitter.com/ Twitter], only two days after the beginning of protests gathered respectively 100,000 and 25,000 followers, followed by a series of pages aimed at explaining to anti-Occupy audiences the reason of protesters and convince them to join the cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee 2014&quot; /&gt;

The way people started sharing images, tweets and videos of protests prompted Beijing government to censor both protesters and those who showed sympathy for them, with also almost a dozen of people being detained after scrutiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mozur 2014&quot;&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/02/business/protesters-are-targets-of-scrutiny-through-their-phones.html] Mozur, P. (2014). Protesters in Hong Kong Are Targets of Scrutiny Through Their Phones in ''The New York Times'', October 1, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
Censorship had as its main focus [http://weibo.com/login.php?lang=en-us Weibo], China’s version of Twitters, with analytics reporting that only in September 28 the rate of censorship outweighed the one adopted in occasion of the 25th anniversary of [[w: Tiananmen Square|Tiananmen Square]]. Because people were sharing pictures and videos on Instagram, access to the app was blocked, in agreement with previously arranged censorship in China of websites like [https://www.facebook.com/ Facebook] and [https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube].&lt;ref name=&quot;Parker 2014&quot; /&gt;

As expected, this did not stop the protesters: virtual private networks were used to bypass the [[w: firewall|firewall]] and purposely misspelled words and codes were used to jump over targeted censor bots. 
In particular, protesters used [https://www.whatsapp.com/ Whatsapp] to coordinate messages about meeting in one place at once. 
The app [http://opengarden.com/firechat/ FireChat], which allows users to communicate through [[w:bluetooth|bluetooth]] and cellphone radio through mesh networking in a nearby chat,&lt;ref name=&quot;Chat&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=had4HLUnjic] FireChat Free instant messaging app For Android works without Internet&lt;/ref&gt; was used when authorities tried to shut down mobile networks and cut off internet networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay 2014&quot;&gt;[http://mic.com/articles/100148/here-s-the-ingenious-way-protesters-in-hong-kong-are-organizing-themselves] McKay, T. (2014). Here's the Ingenious Way Protesters in Hong Kong Are Organizing Themselves in ''World.Mic'', September 30, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
This meant that as long as phones remained in range with other, there was no way for authorities to prevent flow of messages apart from physically seizing phones. Only on September 29 [http://opengarden.com/firechat/ FireChat] users in Hong Kong were involved in 800,000 chat session and these were only the ones that were trackable. The company who owns FireChat in fact could only witness users who were online but once they wen off the grid, the actual number of people communicating was unguessable. More than 100,000 only in the first day had downloaded the app, with people using both for communication and to remain in contact with their families, as many of the early protesters were young people from the student community.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay 2014&quot;/&gt;

In protests like 2014 Hong Kong [[w: Umbrella Revolution|Umbrella Revolution]] the Internet, convergent technologies and social media not only offer a powerful tool to fuel initiative, aggregation and coordination but also creates a window onto this events: if repression, censorship, violence from governments against its own citizens do happen, the entire world would be watching.

===== ''Occupy Wall Street'' =====
The so-called ''Occupy Wall Street'' (OWS) protest movement began in the late summer of 2011 in the [[w: Zuccotti Park|Zuccotti Park]], located in [[w: Financial District (Manhattan)|New York´s financial district]] and was mainly driven by [[#Online-activism by Citizens|online activism]]. The movement, which called for an end to the worldwide social and economic inequality and challenged the amount of corporate influence on government,&lt;ref&gt;Rees, A. Digital and online activism. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from https://en.reset.org/knowledge/digital-and-online-activism&lt;/ref&gt; increased its global attention and participation through the usage of social media platforms like [https://twitter.com/ Twitter], [http://facebook.com Facebook] and [https://youtube.com/ YouTube].

As the movement occurred, the international banking and finance crisis belongs to the past since almost three years and the [[#Arab Spring|Arab Spring]] was running for nearly six months. Among others, those events can be determined as influencing factors of the protest emergence. [[w: Kalle Lasn|Kalle Lasn]], executive editor of the Canadian, anti-consumerist, pro-environment magazine [http://adbusters.org Adbusters], initiated the call for the first protest on September, 17, in the Wall Street district via [https://twitter.com/ Twitter]. Nearly 5000 activists attended but the police pretended them to bore their way to the finance district's Wall Street. Nevertheless, the opponents succeeded in arranging a camp in the nearby Zuccotti park which from then on functions as the base of the protests.&lt;ref&gt;Die Occupy-Bewegung. (2011). Retrieved March 11, 2016, from http://www.bpb.de/politik/wirtschaft/finanzmaerkte/135540/occupy-bewegung?p=all&lt;/ref&gt; The movement´s call for a more fairly tax system and diminution of the gap between rich and poor was supported by the slogan [[w:We are 99 percent|“We are the 99%“]]. This referred to income inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population that was stated by the economist und former chief economist of the World Bank, [[w: Joseph E. Stiglitz|Joseph E. Stiglitz]], a few months before.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Intellectual Roots of Wall St. Protest Lie in Academe — Movement's principles arise from scholarship on anarchy&quot;. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; This first actions in September did not receive a large media or public attention. That changed on October, 1, as the police arrested more than 700 activists because of traffic obstruction during a demonstration that should lead over the [[w: Brooklyn Bridge|Brooklyn Bridge]]. This intervention causes a worldwide reaction and a large media coverage which can be seen as the breakthrough of the movement. In the following the movement swapped over to other countries all over the world. On October, 15 European movement activists from Madrid called for worldwide demonstrations as they claimed for an extension of the movements claims on the international bank and finance level. Finally, they achieved it to encourage people in more than 82 countries to join and support the occupy movement in less than one month. The movement could not achieve a noticeable change as the objective reasons are not solved until now.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlgren 2013&quot; /&gt;

As described in [[#Organisation/Mobilisation|Organisation/Mobilisation]] by Sandor Vegh,&lt;ref name=&quot;Vegh 2003&quot; /&gt; the movement was partially but most importantly based on social networks to mobilise its activists for the off-line actions. Peter Dahlgren points out significant advantages or key tools as those platforms served the extent that occupies reach to other locations and turns out to become a component that facilitated an extensive web-based engagement, with much discussion or global linkage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlgren 2013&quot;&gt;Dahlgren, Peter. (August 2013). The Political Web. {{doi|10.1057/9781137326386}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 
By this, the usual kind of social media content consumer shifts to a “producer”,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlgren 2013&quot; /&gt; as they are consuming information of the social media platforms but also produce own content [[#User-generated content|user-generated content]]. The sharing of YouTube content via Twitter or Facebook and the sharing of current cell phone footage as well as historical archive materials were central to the developed social media practices.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlgren 2013&quot; /&gt; From Septmeber, 17 to October, 10 the platform [https://twitter.com/ Twitter] generated the following traffic.&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:trendistic_-_occupywallst.jpg|thumb|right|Twitter statistic concerning the content traffic of the &quot;Occupy Wall Street&quot; © cdn.static-economist.com.]]&lt;/div&gt; At the end of October “approximately 70,000 results, including contributions from the OWS movement itself, as well as groups and individuals across a vast global political spectrum”&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlgren 2013&quot; /&gt; were yielded on [https://youtube.com/ YouTube].

Nevertheless, Dahlgren reveals that the actions of those political producers are involved in a continual process of adaptation while the user often ‘fast freeze’ the definitions of the mainstream. ”&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlgren 2013&quot; /&gt; Based on this phenomenon, the critic of the activism being less effective arises due to the fact the most of the activism remains to [[#Effects (under condition)|“clicktivism” or “slacktivism”]]. This argument of the activism lose in the actual activism movement was reinforced as the Occupy Wall Street movement has not produced the anticipated results.

===Collective Action Dilemma===

[[w:Howard Rheingold|Howard Rheingold]], born in [[w:Phoenix|Phoenix]], [[w:Arizona|Arizona]], is a critic, writer, and teacher who specialises on the cultural, social and political implications of media communication such as the internet. He attended [http://www.reed.edu/ Reed College] where he began his studied of his lifelong fascination with mind augmentation and its methods. In his book ''Smart Mobs'', he talks about the developments of the internet and he addresses the idea of Collective Action Dilemma, particularly in Chapter two: Technologies of Cooperation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rheingold 2002&quot;/&gt;
He states that [[w:Mizuko Ito|Mizuko Ito]] enable him to understand different behaviours regarding teenage groups and the use of mobile phones. He wanted to know how this type of activity could mean for entire societies, and so the majority of the chapter is based on a conversation he had with friend and colleague Marc Smith. 
He defines the [[w:CollectiveAction|Collective Action]] action dilemma as the perpetual balancing of self-interest and public goods. It’s a situation which would benefit many individuals but various factors such as cost and space prevent it from happening to one individual. The ideal situation is then that the cost is shared amongst others and creates a balance between this and public goods, which is a resource from that all can benefit from, regardless of whether they help create it or not. Public goods increase in value the more people share them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rheingold 2002&quot; /&gt;

He also states that people who enjoy a public good without contributing anything towards it are called free riders. Rheingold quotes Smith who describes more about free riders: ''“If everyone, acting in their own interest, free rides, then the public good is never created, or it is over consumed and goes away. Everyone suffers. There’s your dilemma. What’s good for you can be bad for us.&quot;''

[[w:Elinor Ostrom|Elinor Ostrom]] studied the way that people shared forestry in Japan and pasturelands in Sweden. Rheingold states in ''Smart Mobs'' that she defined eight ‘design principles’ of Common Pool Resources (CPRS’s)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| Group boundaries clearly defined ||Rules governing use of collective goods matched to local needs||Most individuals affected by rules play part in modification  || Rights of community to devise own rules accepted by Government
|-
| Community undertake monitoring to ensure rules are adhered to ||Graduated system of sanctions used|| Community have access to low cost conflict resolution mechanisms || CPRs in larger systems provision, monitoring and conflict resolutions are organised in multiple layers of nested enterprises
|}

These cope with free riding and have since been expanded to include a number of additional variables believed to affect the success of self-organised governance systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poteete and Ostrom 2010&quot;&gt;Poteete, J. and Ostrom, E. (2010). Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practice. Princeton University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Privacy on digital media ==

In an increasingly digital world, privacy is becoming a thing of the past. True privacy in the traditional sense, in the &quot;real&quot; or &quot;physical&quot; world is something that a lot of people strive for and previously were able to achieve. However, with the introduction of the internet we are given the illusion of privacy but seldom do we actually get it.

On the internet everything we do is tracked, all our information is stored and can be brought back at any point. Even if the user tries to delete it. Everything from our locations to our shopping habits is tracked and stored, and can be bought by companies. Although many users prefer not to be private at all and see digital media as a great outlet to publicly post about their lives, many users who feel like they have the option in actual fact do not. Privacy online has become something of an oxymoron because the two are completely incompatible with each other, this topic in the following sections will go on to describe how users cannot achieve real privacy in any form online.

=== Privacy rights and Awareness of Privacy Settings ===

When you are online, you tend to provide information about yourself almost every step of the way; this might range from your name to your address. The information you provide online is one similar to a puzzle with pieces of information that need to be connected before the full picture is revealed, for example, information you may provide when signing up to Facebook may be combined with information you may give when online shopping. When this information is all gathered together you may be surprised at how much one person can find out about you.

[[w:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|Global surveillance disclosures]] triggered a debate about the right to privacy in the digital age so it seems relevant that our privacy rights are explored in greater detail.

In one way or another we are all concerned with our privacy and our privacy rights online, as we all have aspects of our life we want to protect from others.  So much so that it has become a fundamental human right and we have a duty to protect our rights. [http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/wpcharter/archives/53 This article] gives an in depth understanding of our privacy rights online.

In order to get an understanding of our privacy rights online it is important to consider the following things:

'''Social Networking'''- how do we utilise privacy settings in order to improve or distort our public selves

The three main ways in which you are likely to access the Internet are as follows;
An ISP, a mobile phone carrier or a Wi-Fi hotspot. Every computer that is connected to the Internet has a unique IP address (Internet Protocol Address) and it is that number that actually allows you to send and receive information over the Internet. When you visit a website, the site can see your IP address which can in turn let the site know your geographical region. Moreover, there are ways in which you can block your IP address such as the website [https://www.torproject.org Tor Project ]

Furthermore, as technology is continuing to advance many of us now access the Internet via our smartphones. In this way you access the Internet using a data plan, which is tied to your phone service (Vodafone, Three, T-Mobile). Your phone provider collects data about your usage. Wi-Fi hotspots present serious security issues and it is crucial the terms and conditions are read before you set up a Wi-Fi hotspot.

'''Using Search Engines'''

Search Engines such as [https://www.google.co.uk Google] and [https://uk.yahoo.com Yahoo] have the ability to track each and every one of your searches. They have the ability to record your IP address, the time of the search and the search terms used. Major search engines have weighed in on this debate by saying IP addresses need to be accessed in order to provide a better service and to combat fraud quickly and effectively. Google and Yahoo have now shorted the time they store this information from one year to 9 months.

[https://duckduckgo.com DuckDuckGo] is a search engine that “''does not collect or share personal information''”  so there are other options available to us if you are concerned about your IP address bring tracked. They are not widely talked about though so if you didn’t know about them you probably didn’t think sites like DuckDuckGo ever existed.

'''Using Mobile Apps'''

Mobile Apps can collect all sorts of data and transmit it to the app maker or third party advertisers, which can then be shared or even sold. By installing an app you are allowing it to access certain data on your phone. Obviously, the first question, which many people ask is what data does it collect? These answers would normally be on the privacy terms and conditions, however, many mobile apps do not provide these terms and conditions. The data collected can include things such as; your phone contacts, call logs, Internet data etc.

'''Social Networks''' 
'''[https://www.facebook.com/ Facebook] [https://twitter.com/?lang=en-gb Twitter] [https://www.tumblr.com/ Tumblr]'''
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
What do the majority of us all have in common? If you are one of the hundreds of millions of people using social networks, then there is a strong chance that you are linked to them through an online relationship. The information you share with your contacts online completely depends on you. However, you cannot control what other people do with the information you post online, and it is this secondary use of information that is posted online that is a major problem.

This website http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/ goes into detail about the percentage of Facebook users that actually use their privacy settings and how aware of them they are.

By adjusting the privacy settings on your social media accounts to the highest level it can limit the amount of information leaked by secondary users, however, it does not stop it altogether. This brings up some debates surrounding how we utilise our privacy settings online to maybe improve the image of ourselves. For example, our online identity may be narrative or it may be real, online presence seems to construct a story of us but in many ways it also portrays a real view of ourselves. We need to ask ourselves, do our actual identities align with our online identities? Or do we utilise the privacy settings to to create a narrative of our life.


'''Facebook Tagging and Facial Recognition'''

One thing that social media users may be unaware of is that by tagging people in photographs on Facebook, many users may be unaware that not only are they making the pictures visible to an increasingly wide audience, but also helping to contribute to Facebook’s database and improve facial recognition technology. Not only an invasion of privacy to many, but an abuse of people’s understanding when it comes to the repercussions of tagging, which are not made clear to users. This application of cognitive surplus,&lt;ref&gt;Shirky, C. (2011). Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers Into Collaborators, New York: Penguin&lt;/ref&gt; using the by-products of social media users seemingly harmless tagging, is contributing on a wider scale to invasions of people’s privacy and private spheres on a global scale. By (for the most part unwittingly) assisting Facebook to improve facial recognition technology in this way, it becomes increasingly likely that the online activity of individuals may become interconnected against their knowledge or wish, through what they are tagged in. Tagging could also become automated which would take away part of the control the user has over how their image is displayed in the public sphere.&lt;ref&gt;Bloomberg Business. (2015). Facebook’s Use of Facial-Recognition Tool Draws Privacy Ire. 03/08, 2016, from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-28/facebook-s-use-of-facial-recognition-tool-draws-privacy-concerns&lt;/ref&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

The ability for such technology to recognise a person from a single picture [http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/facebooks-deepface-ai-system-scarily-5137505] could lead to individuals being searched online at random by someone who may, for instance, pass them in the street and snap a photograph. Putting this on the internet could bring up any amount of connected personal information they may have shared online, bringing the concern for safety and privacy offline as well. Management of settings or the ability to opt out can always curb these things but the lack of communication between providers and users is the main issue here- many are most likely unaware of how their activity may impact themselves and their circle in the near future, because this information is not widely circulated and is certainly not common knowledge despite the number of people it affects worldwide.

Beyond facial recognition even is the growing ability for Facebook to recognise and suggest tags for people by other characteristics such as their hair, their clothes or their body shape.&lt;ref&gt;Business Insider UK. (2015). Facebook's scarily accurate facial-recognition tech can now recognise you even if it can't see your face. Retrieved 03/08, 2016, from http://uk.businessinsider.com/facebook-facial-recognition-technology-ai-cant-see-face-2015-6?r=US&amp;IR=T&lt;/ref&gt; Individuals wishing to keep their physical identity private by declining to share or be tagged in pictures of their face for whatever reason are now having to jump through more hoops to maintain their privacy when they may only want to use the network to reach contacts rather than portray a full image of themselves online.

=== Data and Traffic Tracking ===

When using the Internet in the 21st century, individual privacy online is of key importance to users. In a recent study, it was reported that approximately [https://econsultancy.com/blog/64209-89-of-british-internet-users-are-worried-about-online-privacy-report 89% of Internet users are becoming increasingly worried abut their online privacy].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://econsultancy.com/blog/64209-89-of-british-internet-users-are-worried-about-online-privacy-report |title='89% of British Internet users are worried about Privacy Online:Report'}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, most individuals do not realise that most of their online activity is tracked through various methods, and that very little online activity is private. Data tracking, otherwise known as [[w:Behavioral targeting|Behavioral targeting]], is not new, yet;

  &quot;Most people have ''no idea'' this is going on&quot; - Sharon Goott Nissim, [[w:Electronic Privacy Information center|Electronic Privacy Information Center]]

Websites, companies, and [[w:Web browser|web browsers]] store [[w:Personally identifiable information|personal information]] in a variety of different methods, and for a number of different reasons. Mostly, this is used to tailor the user's online experience to the things they want to see. However, as the specifics of information collected through these online data tracking methods is [http://finance.yahoo.com/news/keep-data-brokers-from-tracking-you-online-anonymously-202256230.html rarely publicised]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/keep-data-brokers-from-tracking-you-online-anonymously-202256230.html |title='How to keep companies from tracking you online - for good'}}&lt;/ref&gt; outwith the collector, it is difficult to know whether that is all that our personal data is being used for.

==== Encryption ====

[[w:Encryption|Encryption]] is a form of protection widely used by companies to protect personal data which they collect. Encryption can be used to protect data &quot;at rest&quot;, such as information stored on computers, storage devices, and mobile phones. Encrypting personal data which is at rest in online storage helps protect it should any physical security measures fail.

Encryption is also used to protect data in transit, for example data being transferred via [[w:Computer network|networks]], e.g. the Internet, [[w:E-commerce|e-commerce]], mobile telephones, [[w:Bluetooth|Bluetooth devices]] and bank automatic teller machines.

This method of protection is now commonly used in protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems. For example, the [[w:Computer Security Institute|Computer Security Institute]] reported that in 2007, 71% of companies surveyed utilized encryption for some of their data in transit, and 53% utilized encryption for some of their data in storage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Richardson |first=Robert |title=2008 CSI Crime and Computer Survey |url=http://i.cmpnet.com/v2.gocsi.com/pdf/CSIsurvey2008.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Cookies ====

Now, when individuals click on or log in to a website for the first time, they may receive a message which states something along the lines of {{font color||LightSalmon|'This site uses cookies, do you agree to this?'}}. Most users just click 'Yes' to get the message off of the screen so they can continue browsing, without actually knowing what they have just agreed to.

[[w:HTTP cookie|Cookies]] are small bits of data which are collected and stored by websites, web browsers, and social media sites whilst the user is browsing. Each time a user logs on to an account or clicks onto a website, the browser sends the cookie back to the server to notify the user's previous activity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='HTTP State Management Mechanism - Overview' |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265#section-3 |source=IETF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cookies were originally designed to tailor users online experience, by allowing websites to remember important pieces of information about their activity.  Cookies can also store passwords and form content a user has previously entered, such as a credit card number or an address; for example, [[w:Autofill|Google AutoFill]] and similar tools are powered by cookie storage.


==== Advertisement Recommendations ====

From cookie storage came the development of advertising tracking and [[w:Targeted advertising|advertising recommendations]]. By analysing the stored data of what websites individuals look at online, what they put in their [[w:Shopping cart software|shopping baskets]] on [[w:Amazon.com|Amazon]] etc., and what pages they like on Facebook, sites such as [[w:Web search engine|search engines]] and Facebook are able to promote certain products which they think the user would buy/enjoy, based on this previous activity.

All of these methods blur the distinction between public and private spheres online. What individuals deem as 'private browsing' is, in most cases, not truly private. Individuals private browsing history, then seems to bleed into what are deemed as public domains, such as Facebook News Feed's and 'Recommended' [[w:YouTube|YouTube]] videos. Although it is only the individual who can see things such as Advert Recommendations, it outwardly appears to be public as it is on a public medium. Not only that, but the fact that individuals browsing activity is already stored and shared by companies in the first place makes this information somewhat public.&lt;ref&gt;McDonald, A. M., &amp; Cranor, L. F. (2010, October). Americans' attitudes about internet behavioral advertising practices. In Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society (pp. 63-72). ACM.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tags and Privacy: How They Shape Online Performance ===

On the internet, tagging can mean a lot of different things, but is generally used as a way to link different pieces of information to either certain topics, or specific people. The most famous use of tagging is from Twitter with hashtags going viral, but there's also using tagging to gain visibility and therefore increasing how &quot;public&quot; a person or their content is. Tagging and Privacy settings are often conflicting each other, as one is used to gain attention and the other is used to get less attention, especially from the public.

Tagging represents an online connection between people and a digital relationship or aquaintance is made. This is a common feature of multiple social media platforms and acts as a way to bring users together and provides interaction. However, privacy can be a barrier for this interaction, limiting the content allowed on pages and the types of people accessing it.

==== Facebook ====
[[w:Facebook features#Wall|Tagging]] is one of the basic features used in social media. [https://en-gb.facebook.com/ Facebook] uses this tagging element to enhance the feature and interaction with other users. This commonly used feature of Facebook helps users to feel part of something rather than a sole user. Social media can create a different identity of ourselves and can &quot;negotiate social boundaries&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;boyd 2012&quot;&gt;boyd, d. (2012) &quot;Participating in the Always-On Lifestyle&quot;. In Mandiberg, M. (Ed.). ''The Social Media Reader'' pp.71-76. New York and London: NYU Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tagging represents an online connection between users and is seen to create social acceptance. Tags automatically involves&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Facebook en aula2.jpg|thumbnail|Facebook responses to tagging]]&lt;/div&gt; other people and so this photo/video/status appears across all the pages. However, this is where tagging can be very problematic. One user has control over the content being displayed and have the power to select the users to be tagged and the caption to go along with the content. The structure of technologies (their function and availability) can impact on our own self image and the world we live in. 
Through tagging people can build up a persona online from the perspective of multiple other people, and it can often conflict with - and contradict - the persona and image that they are trying to create online themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lanier 2010&quot;&gt;Lanier, J. (2010). &quot;Missing Persons&quot;. In ''You Are Not A Gadget'' (pp.3-23). London: Penguin.&lt;/ref&gt;

This factor of Facebook denies the users tagged any ability to control the image for example posted. However, Facebook does have a setting which users can approve the content being posted to their page, but Facebook does not promote this setting as it almost defies the use of the application.

Simply by including a tag in a picture, it creates opportunities to go [[w: Viral phenomenon|viral]]. Whether a tag of a friend or a celebrity, this picture has the chance to be seen by a wider range of people. This is where the issue of publicity and privacy is introduced. Although a profile is private, a picture can be seen and available across platforms. This brings about the question - are we private even though we can be seen across many different pages because of a tag?

A tag also represents - for a user being tagged by someone else - a non mediated self. Since the image is controlled by one central user, all others tagged in a photo display a non selective version of themselves; one which could be different from the image shown by themselves. A digital photograph on social media can present a past experience, can be retold and can be an expression of our own identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mendelson 2010&quot; /&gt; This creates an alternative and most likely more realistic image of a person online, breaking a barrier of them being so 'perfect' and 'idealistic'. This begins to create more judgements across social media and as Sherry Turkle says: &quot;the risk that we come to see others as objects to be accessed&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Turkle 2011&quot;&gt;Turkle, S. (2011). ''Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other'', pp.134-149. New York: Basic Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

In terms of [[w: Cyberformance|online performance]], this is affected in many different ways.

Tagging can either create a positive or negative effect on online performance. This reaction by the user is interesting to understanding the users’ morals but also identity.

Individual's personal profiles are mediated and carefully selected by them, in order to created a desired self. Any one 'tag' could alter the image and persona that the individual is trying to create online. Since tags are controlled by others, it alters the shape of online performance, as it may not have censored certain things that the individual does not want to appear online.

This online performance takes two sides:
* Desired image - one side of who is desired by others and a 'positive' image controlled by us.
* 'Real life' image - tags and posts by others which represent a more realistic, different side.

Privacy can create an inactive performance. It can limit the features of the app and so affects overall online activity and performance of users. Conventions on social media create boundaries of acceptable content.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mendelson 2010&quot; /&gt;

Tagging could also be seen to be gendered as in an experiment on tagging in college students revealed women were higher than men for posting/tagging pictures and for comments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mendelson 2010&quot; /&gt;

Online performance is structured around activity which mainly involves tagging. Being private creates boundaries around Facebook's function and so when tagging is limited; the profile is less believable and appreciated.

==== [https://twitter.com/login Twitter] ====
With the majority of Twitter users being between 18–34 years of age and with a graduate degree &lt;ref name=&quot;Fuchs, C. Social media&quot;&gt;Fuchs, C. Social media&lt;/ref&gt; there seems to be a particular niche in who uses this form of media. 
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Trending on Twitter is used as a way of making other users see what is most talked about at that current time. Hash tags are used by users and if enough of the public all use the particular hash tag this creates a topic that is trending. Often these trends tend to be issues relating to the relevant lives of the people who have Twitter accounts such as shared experiences and events they are currently experiencing. Sometimes new words or phrases can be brought about through hash tagging if a hash-tag is particularly successful such as throwback Thursday where users reminisce over past memories but this hash tag has become a well known phrase in society. Even a few years ago no one would have known this phrase at all let alone used it as a hash tag. Politics is discussed less where as everyday events, common situations, sports or music tend to be what people are discussing more than in depth politics where opinions may be divided. Twitter tends to focus around common interests shared between users to do with entertainment and experiences for their particular niche rather than the discussion of major topics that affect people globally such as current affairs and politics. Users have created Twitter to be a place of entertainment and leisure rather than the use of in depth discussion which is aimed at a particular group of people.


Advertisers also use this hash tag system to their advantage. When Twitter first started advertising did not exist through the site yet today it appears through the live feed between user posts. Advertisers are aware of what is trending through participating in the site and it is a great way for them to get an insight into what people are talking about and the current topics people are taking an interest in and discussing. They can then use this information to target their adverts to the people who will see it and be viewing it specific to their interests. Twitter also organizes its top tweets in preference of its advertising clients rather than tweets that may actually be trending. This search for what is trending is actually not true and is manipulated in that Twitter rate celebrities and well known people get priority over people who are not known in the media and live generally normal lives. Therefore people with economic power will come out on top as the most popular but may not be most popular by true statistics of trending.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fuchs, C. Social media&quot;/&gt;

==== Tumblr ====

Tagging on Tumblr is primarily a way to categorise the content created and posted on the platform. Tumblr posts may include text, photos, audio, and videos, which all can be tagged. These tags are also used when users are searching for specific content, such as pictures of Scotland, so when they search &quot;Scotland&quot;, they will see all the posts tagged with ''#Scotland''. They can also refine their search so that they can either see the most recent or the most popular post, and to see only one type of post. Tags are found at the bottom of a post, in a smaller grey font from the rest of the text on the post, with a hashtag symbol (#) in front of each tag.

Users can tag their own posts in order to make it searchable on Tumblr. If they don't include any tags, the only people who can see the post are their followers or anyone who knows the url of their blog, which may not be much. Therefore, if a user wants more people to see what they post, tagging their content in popular tags can increase their visibility.

If a user want to see more content with the same tag, they can &quot;track&quot; it.  Tracking a tag creates a link on the user's dashboard so they can click that tag at any time to see what's new in the tag. This is similar to subscribing or following a tag rather than a person or a blog. This is often used for the user's own username to see if anyone's mentioned them in a post, or if a user is particularly invested in a fandom and wish to see everything that is being posted about that fandom. If someone is particularly active on a tag, they may gain followers, if not just attention, which in turn makes them more public.

People also can also create an uncommon tags if they only want to see specific things, or have a way of grouping a series of posts together. For example, if a group of users are creating a specific week to create lots of posts about something, such as an underappreciated movies, they will create a tag that no one else has used, like ''#underapreciatedcharacterweek'', and everyone will post their content using that tag. This way, all those posts are in one place for easy access and increased visibility.

Tags are also used to organise the posts together on a user's blog so they can have easy access to them later, such as ''#selfies'' and ''#personal post'', or even more specific, like a Disney-themed blog would have a page with a link to all the tags for the different movies and characters.

Users with private, password protected blogs can also tag their posts so they can easily search through their own blog, but their posts will not show up on anyone's dashboard or in the Tumblr tag search. A user with a public blog but making a private post can also tag it for their own reference, but no other user will see it on their dashboard, when they search for that tag, or when they go onto that user's public blog.

Tags can also be used to [[w:Blacklist (computing)|blacklist]] certain types of posts. A software extension is needed for this since Tumblr does not provide the ability to blacklist specific tags. Creating a blacklist prevents posts with these tags from showing up on their dashboards, but not other people's blogs. This is often used for possible &quot;triggers&quot; for people with certain fears or trauma, but also for things like spoilers or negative opinions. Although, as stated, Tumblr itself doesn't have a feature that lets users blacklist specific tags, it does use the ''#NSFW'' ([[w:Not safe for work|Not safe/suitable for work]]) tag in order to filter what will show up in the safe search option. Additionally, if a user searches negative tags, such as ''#depression'', users will [https://www.tumblr.com/psa/search/depression see a message] offering them advice and support instead of allowing them to view a huge array of negative posts that could potentially worsen their wellbeing.

In 2014, Tumblr introduced a new way to &quot;tag&quot; other users in posts, calling them &quot;mentions&quot;. Now, instead of adding a hyperlink to their blog and tagging them in the bottom of the post and hoping they check the tag to see it (or sending them a personal message about it), users can type a username with an @ in front, and they will get a special notification that they have been mentioned in a post. Users often use this to show funny or important posts to their friends instead of sending them the link to the post, or if they are giving &quot;shoutouts&quot; or promoting specific users to their followers.

==== Instagram ====

[[w:Instagram|Instagram]][http://www.instagram.com] is a mobile social network platform mainly used and intended for the online sharing of photographs and videos. Users are capable of sharing their contents publically and privately, changing the security settings on the app. With over 300 million users as of December 2014,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiegerman 2014&quot;&gt;Fiegerman, Seth (2014). ''Instagram tops 300 million active users, likely bigger than Twitter''. Mashable.&lt;/ref&gt; there are immense amounts of content generated every day, and must be administrated in some way.

Tagging on Instagram can be used in three ways: much like on [[w:Facebook|Facebook]], users can tag other users on their own photographs, and mention them on post’s comments so other users receive a notification and can view the same post: and much like on [[w:Tumblr|Tumblr]], a user can tag a post by assigning it to a category related to what they are posting about, using the hashtag (‘#’, hence ‘tag’) symbol.

The first two ways of tagging mentioned have got more to do with the online social communication aspect of Instagram. Tagging someone who appears on a photograph will show up on their personal account, (under the section ‘photos of [username]’). This can be very controversial, since it can result in both positive and negative effects.

A user’s online performance can be very influential on their personal life and mental health, and since Instagram is specifically an online photo-sharing service, it focuses largely around personal image in most cases. There is a certain self-management and management of the online performance in order to not create any negative images and representations of the self. Because of this, many users have felt the need to digitally modify and manipulate images of themselves. However, when a someone uploads a photograph of another user (usually without their explicit permission) and tags them on it, they are stripping them off of every right to edit their appearance and shape their own online identity in concordance to how they wish to be perceived by others.&lt;ref name=&quot;Turkle 2011&quot; /&gt;

Since photographs are not always a realistic representation of the physical self, some photographs might largely deviate from the desired public image and online identity that a user may have. This can usually create many issues for users; mental health issues like anxiety, depression or self-loathing, as well as other issues that can also be indirectly damaging to one’s mental health, like [[#Cyberbullying|cyberbullying ''(see 1.7.4)'']] .

On the contrary, being tagged on someone’s photograph or tagging another user on one’s own can broaden an individual’s social circle and enhance their own personal experience in photo-sharing with this app.

=====Misuse of tags on Instagram=====
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The search function for tags on Instagram was meant to be used in a certain way in order to connect with people who have the same interests.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrara 2014&quot;&gt;Ferrara, E., Interdonato, R. and Tagarelli, A. (2014) ''Online popularity and topical interests through the lens of Instagram’, Proceedings of the 25th ACM conference on Hypertext and social media - HT'' 14, . doi: 10.1145/2631775.2631808.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, tagging a photograph with ''#sunset'' will appear on the tag’s own feed and therefore will be shown to people searching the same tag. Usually, this is how users can discover and ‘follow’ people that share the same interest in sunsets. However, with the growing popularity of Instagram, its abundance of daily content and the cultural desire of being popular within the platform (which is usually measured in terms of ‘likes’ and ‘followers’), users have developed new ways of getting in other user’s feeds and creating the opportunity of gaining more popularity.

This is usually through the misuse of tagging. In order to get as much visibility on their post as possible, users have wrongly tagged their photographs with tags that are not related to the content they are posting. These tags are usually “trending”, that is, many users within the Instagram community have used it recently and consequently the page for the tag has a larger viewing audience, (like for example, tagging a photograph or a ‘selfie’ with the tag ‘#oscars’ during the [[w:Academy Awards|Academy Awards]] will create a higher chance for users to see and ‘like’ a picture and perhaps ‘follow’ the user, rather than tagging it with a more unusual, less visited tag). Users can find out which tags are trending by searching a specific tag, and Instagram shows the exact amount of photographs tagged with it, or through specific websites or apps (like [http://www.instag-app.com/ Instag]) that list the trending tags. This abuse has created a rather crowded environment in the tagging service of the app and an [[w:Information overload|‘information overload’]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Toffler 1960&quot;&gt;Toffler, A. (1960), ''Future Shock''. United States: Random House.&lt;/ref&gt; which consequently dilutes the desired content within each tag when searched,&lt;ref&gt;Hemp, Paul (2009) Death by Information Overload. Harvard Business Review. September Issue. Available at: https://hbr.org/2009/09/death-by-information-overload&lt;/ref&gt; and generates an inconvenient photo-sharing experience in the app’s search function. This is also a problem on other social media platforms mentioned, like Tumblr and Twitter.

=== Nothing Created or Destroyed ===
{{Rquote|left|The Internet's not written in pencil, Mark, it's written in ink.| Erica Albright|[[w:The Social Network|The Social Network]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Social Network 2010&quot;&gt;[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1285016/quotes] IMBd. (n.d.). ''The Social Network (2010) Quotes''. Retrieved 02/17, 2016, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1285016/quotes&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fincher 2010&quot;&gt;''The Social Network''. Fincher, D., (Director). (2010). [Motion Picture]. [[w:Columbia Pictures|Columbia Pictures]].&lt;/ref&gt;}} 
The Internet is enormous and ever-changing. So much information is floating around on the web and sometimes it is not wanted. Sometimes it is taken without permission or used out of context. With such a vast amount of information, it is all but impossible to try and control it, especially on a personal level. It takes whole governments to try and contain, remove, or censor online information, and even then it does not totally work. An example of someone failing to control what happens on the internet is [[w:Barbara Streisand|Barbara Streisand]]. She tried to sue a photographer to have a photo of her house taken off the internet and the result was an explosion of copies, re-posts, and mirrors of that photo being spread all over the internet, effectively making it impossible to get rid of. This became known as the [[w:Streisand Effect|Streisand Effect]] and is an example of the volatile and uncontrollable nature of the web.

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; [[File:Social Media Chart.png|thumbnail|Chart showcasing social media usage.]] &lt;/div&gt;
The average young person spends up to 27 hours per week on the Internet&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson 2015&quot;&gt;[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/11597743/Teenagers-spend-27-hours-a-week-online-how-internet-use-has-ballooned-in-the-last-decade.html], Anderson, E. (2015). Teenagers spend 27 hours a week online. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 03/02, 2016, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/11597743/Teenagers-spend-27-hours-a-week-online-how-internet-use-has-ballooned-in-the-last-decade.html&lt;/ref&gt;
. The result of this huge amount of time spent on the Internet is an equally large digital footprint, meaning that most people nowadays cannot escape leaving their mark on the Internet. 
The average person spends most of their time on the Internet on [[w:Social Media|social media]] sites such as [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] and [[w:Twitter|Twitter]]. These sites have become huge hubs of information with over 500 million tweets being posted each day. Many see these websites as a harmless way to communicate with friends and family, however posting too much information on these websites can be dangerous. As they may appear to give you the option to delete posts as you please, nothing on the Internet is ever fully removed and the digital footprints that we leave stay there forever.

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File: How_to_create_a_Facebook_Account.jpg|thumbnail|Necessary information to register on Facebook]] &lt;/div&gt;
With that in mind, one has to distinguish between:

1. two kind of '''information sharing''' with
:* the companies, providing the wanted service, in order to be able to create an account and to use the platforms and the connected services - often the contact details are mandatory and it is in our interest. 
:* circle of acquaintances, e.g. on Facebook, where one can actively create the online identity,&lt;ref name =&quot;Mendelson 2010&quot;&gt;Mendelson, A.L., Papcharissi, Z., (2010). 'Look at Us: Collective Narcissism in College Student Facebook Photo Galleries'. In Papcharissi, Z., (Ed.). ''A Networked Self'', pp. 251-273.  Hoboken: Taylor &amp; Francis.&lt;/ref&gt; or via messaging services to stay connected via interpersonal interaction.

2. and two types of '''shared information'''
:* with our consents, meaning we actively decide to share the information by typing them into a form for instance, or
:* without our knowledge via tracking of the companies providing the platforms I use - this also contains individual-related surfing habits, transactions and connection data. Hence they can create an online profile about us e.g. about our likings via our [https://panopticlick.eff.org/ &quot;online fingerprint&quot;].
Sherry Turkle &lt;ref name=&quot;Turkle 2011&quot; /&gt; talks about people forgetting how much of a footprint we leave behind as we browse the internet &quot;the experience of being at ones computer or cell phone feels so private we could easily forget our own circumstance: with every connection we leave an electronic trace&quot;. Most of us happily give over information to websites like Facebook and Twitter when signing up, however what we do not realise is the information that is gathered from us as we move around the internet, without us realising it at all. Our information is sold to large companies often without our consent or without us even knowing about it, this is why for example if you have been browsing an online shop you will find advertisements for that shop popping up all over the internet as you browse. Facebook does this often and specifically tailors the advertisements on its page to you and what you look at when you use the internet.

All this information is stored, partly for commercial and market research purpose, but also partly due to [[w:Telecommunications data retention|data retention laws]] and they are saved by many parties such as [[w:Digital subscriber line|DSL]] providers (i.e. Vodafone), applications (i.e. [[w:Google Chrome|Google Chrome Browser]]), devices and [[w:operating systems|operating systems]] (i.e. [[w:Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[w:iPhone|iphone]] and [[w:iOS|iOS]]) and finally websites (i.e. Facebook). En plus through the data retention law the government has access to part of this information amount ''for many years''; thereby the methods for crime solving shall be enhanced, but at the same time everyone is any time under general suspicion of having committed a crime.&lt;ref name=&quot;n.a. 2014&quot;&gt;[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/27/pdfs/ukpga_20140027_en.pdf] n.a. (2014). ''Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014''. Retrieved 03/11, 2016, from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/27/pdfs/ukpga_20140027_en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

Even if there are also laws about deletion of personal data, as the example above shows, information online can never truly be deleted. With this in mind it raises the question if there really is such a thing as privacy in the digital world. Even users who choose to remain anonymous and can be traced back using their [[w:IP address|IP address]] meaning that, when it comes to the internet and everything digital the traditional ideas of privacy are non existent.

An example of this is the [[w: Ashley Madison Data Breach|Ashley Madison Data Breach]], [[w:Ashley Madison|Ashley Madison]] was a site in which users were able to conduct and organise affairs. The website retained every users personal information, which included all of their real names and details as users used fake names. This website was hacked and all of the private details of the users were released and made available to the public. Users of the site truly believed that their personal information was protected and so was their privacy, but with this and with most other cases on the internet private information is never truly private, and can be obtained and released very easily.

== Anonymity in the Private Sphere ==

Online communication on the Internet is commonly described as 'anonymous' when users do not post any personal details, and often use a username instead. There are many different levels of anonymity (lack of identifiability, visual anonymity and dissociation of online and real identities), that are thought to have different components of interpersonal motivation, which are able to influence self-conception. Morio and Buchholz (2009) &lt;ref name=&quot;Morio 2009&quot;&gt;Morio, H. and Buchholz, C. (2009). How Anonymous are you Online? Examining online social behaviours from a cross-cultural perspective. ''Al &amp; Society'', 23, 297-307&lt;/ref&gt; have suggested that someone can essentially become a different person by creating a new online identity, allowing space to create and adopt different values and personalities, and even, in some cases, a new age, gender or race. Luppicini and Lin (2012) argue that this is because “online anonymity allows there to be (in varying degrees) a dissociation of real and online identities where someone’s online behaviours are not directly tied to that person’s physical self”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luppicini 2012&quot;&gt;Luppicini, R. and Lin, X. (2012) ‘Student 2.0 Revisited: The Paradox of Anonymity and Identity in the Digital World’, in Luppicini, R. and Haghi, A.K. (eds.) Education for a digital world: Present Realities and Future Possibilities. Toronto: Apple Academic Press, pp. 185–196.&lt;/ref&gt;  Due to this type of dissociation, there is usually less accountability for how users behave online in comparison to how they behave in their ‘real’ lives.

Social media platforms like [http://www.tumblr.com Tumblr], [http://www.youtube.com YouTube], [http://www.twitter.com Twitter] and [http://www.yikyak.com/home Yik Yak] can be said to belong in the private sphere of digital media, due to the fact that these websites mainly operate with the use of a username, and so a user does not necessarily need to give away any of their personal details. These websites have become largely popular among its audiences because users find a certain type of reassurance on keeping their ‘real’ identities private by hiding behind a username.

The use of anonymity in online platforms has subsequently created one of the largest (and on-going) problematic conundrums in the social use of present day Internet, resulting in positive and negative outcomes. An anonymous online identity can be empowering for a user because it allows them to explore the depths and different aspects of their own identity, occupy different social roles and positions and embrace their own diversity in ways that might be impossible to realise in real life. On the other hand, online anonymity can also lead to many problematic issues like [[w:Cyberbullying|cyberbullying]], information and identity theft, [[w:Catfishing|'catfishing']] and defamation. The following sections will explore the positive and negative aspects of online anonymity in more detail.

=== Freedom of Expression in Private Spheres of Social Media===
As mentioned above, some social media platforms belong in the private sphere due to the fact that users may choose to remain anonymous, and operate through the website while using a username. This can possibly motivate users to ‘speak their minds’ and publicly express (while remaining anonymous) their passions and interests, and personal opinions on a specific topic of choice. While some individuals might be demotivated to do so in public spheres (like Facebook) because they might fear contributing to a type of information overload, where they could flood other user’s feed with their lengthy posts, or because they might fear if their public identity and image might suffer if given certain opinions, the anonymity of private social media platforms might encourage users to write without holding back.

It is quite interesting to compare how both types of platforms (public and private) can motivate or mute an individual’s expression. It is also known that some artist social media users feel more comfortable with posting their artwork in websites like Tumblr or Deviantart due to the fact that their contribution will remain completely anonymous. In terms of artistic abilities, an individual can be particularly sensitive to critical evaluation and exposure, especially if they are still in the earlier still-developing artistic stages of their own skills. For this reason, users might feel too shy or insecure to upload this type of very personal content into public social networks like Facebook, where they might feel like open visibility to all of their friends might be too much exposure.

Uploading this type of content on public networks can also contribute to an individual’s anxiety due to the ‘liking’ concept; where they can become obsessed with a number and with the thought that ‘likes’ are equivalent to an individual’s worth. On the other hand, this can also be applied to private social networking platforms like Tumblr, because most of social media platforms nowadays operate with the use of ‘likes’, ‘followers’ and ‘shares/reblogs’. However, it can also be argued that an anonymous user (through a username) liking or commenting on an individual’s post is certainly less impacting and less personal than an individual’s personal profile doing the same thing. Because of the fact that no one necessarily knows anything of a user from their username alone, it feels less so like a person evaluating an individual’s creative work.

It is also interesting to link this to [[w:David Gauntlett|David Gauntlett’s]] [http://www.davidgauntlett.com] work on [[w:Web 2.0|‘Web 2.0’]] [http://www.theory.org.uk], where he states that Web 2.0 is ‘harnessing the collective abilities of the members of an online network, to make an especially powerful resource or service. But thinking beyond the Web, it may also be valuable to consider Web 2.0 as a metaphor, for any collective activity which is enabled by people’s passions and becomes something greater than the sum of its parts.’  &lt;ref&gt;Gauntlett, D. (2011) ''Making is connecting: The social meaning of creativity, from DIY and knitting to YouTube and web 2.0.'' Malden, MA: John Wiley &amp; Sons.&lt;/ref&gt; This way we can understand the idea behind the desire for users to contribute in private spheres of social media in regards to their own interests; to feel part of a larger community which may form a part of their identity.

=== Altered Narratives of the Self ===

An individual’s online behavioural patterns and online performance tend to deviate largely when in the private sphere in contrast to when in the public. Depending on the website or social network being used, a media consumer will create and manage a different narrative or identity to adjust to how they would like to be seen within the platform’s society. Because of this, one could argue that different online platforms are made of different societal norms and have a certain appeal to a specific target audience; therefore, a specific type of behavioural pattern is expected from each user. This is also enhanced by the privacy each platform within the private sphere provides. Social media networks like [[w:Tumblr|Tumblr]][http://www.tumblr.com] and [[w:Youtube|YouTube]] [http://www.youtube.com] operate with usernames (unlike [[w:Facebook|Facebook]][http://www.facebook.com]), providing the option for users to completely remain in anonymity by only using a username (or in case of Tumblr, a [[w:Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] ), instead of giving away any of the user’s personal details.  It is important to note that, while users do have the complete liberty to give away their personal details if they wish to do so, it is a rather unpopular mode of action since most users find a larger appeal and a certain type of reassurance in staying completely anonymous with the use of a username.

Having this type of liberty in terms of self-management and online identification and expression have lead to many different usages of anonymous narratives in social media.

====The Private sphere as an empowering tool for self-identification.====

{{Rquote|left| We judge on the basis of what somebody looks like; skin colour, whether we think they’re beautiful or not. That space on the Internet allows you to converse with somebody with none of those things involved. | [[w:Bell Hooks|Bell Hooks]] }}

An anonymous online identity can be very beneficial in terms of self-exploration and self-identification. It can be an empowering tool for individuals to embrace their diversity and explore the identity they are most comfortable identifying themselves with, or as Gies (2008) writes, “ anonymous online settings are empowering because they facilitate identity exploration, or occupying identity positions which may be difficult to occupy in real life”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gies 2008&quot;&gt;Gies, L. (2008) ''Law and the Media: The Future of an Uneasy Relationship''. Oxson: Routledge-Cavendish&lt;/ref&gt;

Because there is a lack of identifiability, users can feel free to explore their own personal identities (like sexual orientation and gender) and interests without the pressure that usually comes with the public sphere of digital media and maintaining a public image with its open exposure to the public. [[w:Martin Heidegger|Martin Heidegger]] argued that it is only in the private sphere that one can be one's authentic self, as opposed to the impersonal and identikit [[w:Generalized other|They]] of the public realm.&lt;ref&gt;J. Collins and H. Selina eds., Heidegger for Beginners (1998) p. 64-9&lt;/ref&gt; It is also important to understand that different types of social media audiences shape an individual’s online identity. While, for example, on public social media like Facebook an individual’s audience tends to be their ‘friends’ (which can be constructed of actual friends, family and acquaintances), on private social media like Tumblr the audience can be composed mainly of strangers. This creates a more comfortable sharing environment because of the minimal intensity of the public sphere’s exposure. While someone could be more comfortable exploring their sexual orientation in a private, anonymous platform, it is highly improbable that they would feel comfortable doing so openly to, for instance, family members. It is also very common to not reveal an individual’s username in private spheres of digital media to friends and family. While some people do share this, it is most likely shared to an audience they trust deeply, like close friends, rather than, for instance, a parent.

On the other hand, [[w:Sherry Turkle|Turkle]] [http://web.mit.edu/sturkle/www/](1996) noted that the Internet allows individuals to hide parts of their identity which could lead to discrimination (for example, race or gender).&lt;ref name=&quot;Turkle 1996&quot;&gt;Turkle, Sherry. (1996). &quot;Who Am We? : We are moving from modernist calculation toward postmodernist simulation, where the self is a multiple, distributed system,&quot; Wired Magazine, Issue 4.01, January 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;  Due to the visual anonymity that social media within the private sphere provides to its users, key features to one’s personal identity are not always visible, or rather, not necessarily (unless the user has specifically chosen to share them). This can create a more accepting environment for users, particularly in the case of exploring one's identity without being pulled back by stereotypes associated with certain identities, perhaps to do with gender, race or sexual orientation. However, it could also be argued that this can have negative psychological impacts on an individual's state of mind in regards to their own identity; having different public reactions when showing different aspects of an identity than when showing none might have discriminatory connotations and could motivate an individual to feel ashamed of their identity.

====Idealised versions of the self and Alter Egos in the Private Sphere====

While pressures to maintain a specific online identity are more common in public spheres (like for example, pressures to ‘prove’ one’s social life&lt;ref name=&quot;Turkle 2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boyd &amp; Donath 2004&quot;&gt;boyd, d. &amp; Donath, J. (2004). Public Displays of Connection. Retrieved 03/10, 2016, from http://www.danah.org/papers/PublicDisplays.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; and reassuring one’s role within a social circle,&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt; and pressures to create an acceptable and aesthetically pleasing impression of an individual’s physical identity), a user of a private sphere social media can also form idealised versions of themselves. Because all that an audience needs to necessarily know about each user is a username, they could become anyone they have always wanted to be.

When adopting an anonymous online identity there is a type of dissociation of an individual’s real and online identities. This way, they have absolute freedom to create an identity and ‘perform’ themselves online how they want to be seen, without this identity being associated with their physical selves.

An interesting aspect of this dissociation would be the use of alter egos in social media. While at a first glance could seem like a public profile that belongs to the public sphere, the original user (and therefore, the real identity) remains anonymous, and more often than not, completely dissociated from it. This way, it can be argued that alter egos blur the boundaries between public and private spheres, since an individual can never know for certain if the identity presented online is an individual’s ‘real’ identity rather than an alter ego.

The most recent and relevant example of the use of an alter ego to blur the lines between public and private spheres would be in the case of Instagram star [http://www.amaliaulman.eu/ Amalia Ulman] [https://www.instagram.com/amaliaulman/?hl=en]. Ulman created and performed in a staged social media experiment, where she created the alter ego of a girl perusing the dream of becoming an ‘It girl’ in Los Angeles. Her performed self had dyed blond hair and a stylish wardrobe, underwent breast-enlargement surgery and was self-consumed and narcissistic. After months of continuous posting and gaining of followers, Ulman announced the reality of her performance by uploading one last picture captioned ‘the end’. When confronted her experience, she says:

{{cquote |
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Java&quot;&gt;
&quot;Everything was scripted. I spent a month researching the whole thing. There was a beginning, a climax and an end. I dyed my hair. I changed my wardrobe. I was acting: it wasn’t me.”
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|30px|author= &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Amalia Ulman&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sooke, Alastair, (2016), Is this the first Instagram masterpiece?, The Telegraph, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/photography/what-to-see/is-this-the-first-instagram-masterpiece/&lt;/ref&gt; [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/photography/what-to-see/is-this-the-first-instagram-masterpiece] }}

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:User Avatar Comparison to real life.jpg|thumbnail|Comparison of a user's avatar with a picture of themselves.]]&lt;/div&gt;
Another example of creating an idealised version of oneself is through [[w:Virtual reality|virtual reality]]. Users of a virtual reality website or online social platform often have to create a character of sorts that replicates and tries to imitate their personal selves, known as their [[w:Avatar(computing)|avatar]]. Due to an individual's natural desire for aesthetic perfection, they tend to design these avatars as idealised or perfected versions of themselves. These avatars later interact with other user's avatars and people usually tend to take the visual representations of said avatars as a very realistic representation of how the individual's physical self might resemble. This can create many problematic issues, like affecting user's expectations of real life beauty making them unrealistic (which could lead to problems associated with mental health problems and sexism) and catfishing.

====Catfishing====
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Catfish example.jpg|thumbnail|Catfishing example. Left: singer and dancer “Megan Faccio”; Right: Angela Wesselman-Pierce, who made Faccio up.]]&lt;/div&gt;

[[w:Catfishing|Catfishing]] is when an individual uses deceiving techniques in order to adopt a different identity (through identity theft, usually by posting another person's photograph as their own and pretending to look that way physically). The modern term originates from the 2010 American documentary [[w:catfish (film)|''Catfish'']].&lt;ref&gt;Harris, Aisha (2013). &quot;Catfish meaning and definition: term for online hoaxes has a surprisingly long history&quot;. Slate. Retrieved March 10, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; The usual purpose for this is to engage in an online romantic relationship with someone else across the Internet. Reasonings behind this include self-loathing of one's physical appearance, attempting to increase the number of potential love candidates by increasing the physical aesthetic appeal and presenting it as their own identity and/or other psychological reasons.

Because public social networking sites are so popular and more often than not they provide a realistic representation of one's true self, a large majority of people are likely to trust and believe in the reality value of a public profile if it meets the following expectations;

# A numerous or acceptable quantity of pictures of the same individual
# A large number of these pictures that seem personal or have been taken by themselves (for example, '' 'selfies' '') and with other social media users
# A large social circle of friends (which all seem to meet the above as well)

However, because of the numerous personal pictures of many different individuals available online (which can be found with a simple google images search), it can be extremely easy to create a fake online social network profile. This way it can be argued that there can always be anonymity in the public spheres of social media, since there can never be real proof or a real reassurance of someone's online identity being their 'real' identity.

=== Anonymity in Help Forums ===

When using any medium online, not only social or digital media platforms, it can become obvious that any degree of anonymity afforded to a group or an individual can alter their behaviour, causing them to present themselves differently to how they may when they bear their real name or personal details, and this can be both positive and negative. One manifestation of the help forum where anonymity is a key element is any one of a number of mental health chat forums, where individuals can anonymously and confidentially seek help, advice or just to feel they have someone who will listen to them, and have a trained professional on the receiving end to assist them. The anonymity in this instance is crucial as visitors to these sites may feel ashamed, embarrassed or insecure about their issues to the point that they cannot communicate with or seek help from those around them, or talk to a local healthcare professional for fear of, for example, family members becoming involved. They are there to provide support to anyone who cannot seek it anywhere else due to time or money restraints, or if they are perhaps part of a culture that is not very supportive of mental health issues. The anonymity encourages users to be more open and honest, and helps them to receive the specific support they may require.

Traditional help and advice forums such as [https://answers.yahoo.com/ Yahoo Answers] work simply by users around the world, with usernames or pseudonyms and cartoon avatars as their icons, asking questions and in turn helping others. This model can also more recently be seen in the social media application and website [https://www.yikyak.com/home YikYak], where anonymity is not optional to users, and the default feed presented is of content posted by users within a certain geographical radius. Users have the option to ‘peek’ at other locations around the world but posting and replying is limited to the local area. It was developed for college and university campuses in America as an anonymous way to interact with peers about local events or news, but has subsequently been banned and restricted from school campuses with younger pupils due to bullying.

Though it may not necessarily be the intended function nor the primary use of YikYak, advice seeking and provision is nonetheless present on the site. Amongst the humorous observations, jokes and other relatable content, users can take the opportunity to seek the opinions, wisdom or support of those around them, widening their online social sphere without letting anyone in. The anonymity afforded by YikYak may also be empowering users with a kind of confidence they may not have online otherwise, and gives them a place to ask questions or express thoughts or feelings they may be afraid or embarrassed to on a platform where they are connected with and known to their peers offline. Questions of health, sexuality, romance, mental illness, and other topics that the individual may not feel comfortable talking about openly elsewhere online are discussed freely, and like those posing the questions, users with answers are also more free to share these, creating a kind of help network. This positive use of anonymity on social media is an example of users extending their private sphere to people they do not know in order to gain or share something, within the public sphere as it is visible to many others in the local area and shared and stored online. The disinhibition&lt;ref name=&quot;Suler 2004&quot;&gt;Suler, J. (2004). ''CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior''. July 2004, 7(3): 321-326. doi:10.1089/1094931041291295&lt;/ref&gt; experienced by users of YikYak, though, may be hindered by the ever-possible notion that you may be conversing with somebody whom you know in real life and would never dream of discussing such topics with.

Along with genuine requests for help and appropriate answers and discussions, there are inevitably people who use their anonymity for less than favourable reasons and behaviours. Though they do not know who exactly they are targeting, individuals may direct abuse or insults at people regardless of what they may have originally posted, it can be entirely unrelated and unprovoked. The option to hide all content from a specific user is available in the instance of such behaviour but, because of the anonymity and the way commenters are unable to be traced between threads, it is unclear just how many users at one time may be acting in this way; one individual could pose as many, or vice versa. The creation of multiple user names for the purpose of trolling is a similar phenomenon on help forums, where anonymity, though beneficial for some, is used in a negative way in the public sphere while protecting the user’s privacy.

=== Cyberbullying ===

Bullying is a serious social problem. It can happen anywhere at any time, from the workplace to your bedroom, however its all-encompassing reach is only a recent development. Spitzberg and Hoobler have stated that the digital and information revolution has merged into a communications revolution:&lt;ref name=&quot;Spitzenberg 2002&quot;&gt;Spitzberg, B.H. and Hoobler, G. (2002) ‘Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism’ in ''New Media &amp; Society'', 4(1), pp. 71–92. doi: 10.1177/14614440222226271.&lt;/ref&gt; as a result messages can now reach you anywhere. Therefore the potential for bullying via electronic communications has grown with the advancement of communications and technology.&lt;ref&gt;Li, Q. (2007) &quot;New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools,&quot; Computers in Human Behavior (23), pp 1777–1791.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cyber bullying is a modern form of bullying usually practiced through electronic or online forms of contact e.g. SMS, Social Media, [https://www.youtube.com/ Youtube]. Cyberbullying has been perceived to be worse than traditional bullying for a number of reasons in reference to the consequences for the victim.&lt;ref&gt;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-012-9867-3&lt;/ref&gt;  The consequences can be seen as worse because of the larger audience that may be privy to the abusive content online, for instance leaving a comment on a Youtube video is available to be seen by everyone. Most importantly there is also an increased potential for anonymous bullying online.

 
{{Rquote|left| An aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself. | [[w:Peter K. Smith|Peter K. Smith]],Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths College, University of London&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith 2008b&quot;&gt;Smith, P.K., and Slonje, R. (2008b) &quot;Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?,&quot; ''Scandinavian Journal of Psychology'':49&lt;/ref&gt; }}

Social media websites such as Facebook have the potential to create fake accounts where the bully can anonymously harass their victims. The anonymous nature of the harassment can have a different psychological effect to that of regular bullying upon the recipient due to the insidious nature of abuse. The unknown identity of cyberbullies can cause fear and distraction for the victims&lt;ref name=&quot;Shariff 2006&quot;&gt;Shariff, S., &amp; Gouin, R. (2006), Cyber-dilemmas: Gendered hierarchies, new technologies and cybersafety in schools. ''Atlantis - A Women’s Studies Journal'', 31 (1)&lt;/ref&gt; and our online privacy is therefore damaged by the anonymous nature of cyberbullying, eliminating the sense of security one can feel online.&lt;ref&gt;Brescia, H. (2014, December 3). Analysis of policy regarding Cyberbullying. Retrieved March 9, 2016, from http://sites.duke.edu/cyberbullying/2014/12/03/who-what-where-and-why/&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:FILE CYBERBULLYING.jpg|framed|Percentage of which social media networks teens are being cyberbullied on [http://www.statisticbrain.com/cyber-bullying-statistics/] ]]&lt;/div&gt;
The security of hiding behind an online URL or user name also encourages bullying. Aricak’s studies have shown that electronic communications associated with anonymity have been shown to promote cyber bullying behaviour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aricak 2008&quot;&gt;Aricak, T., Siyahhan, S., et al., C. (2008) &quot;Cyberbullying among Turkish Adolescents,&quot; ''Cyberpsychology &amp; behavior'' (11:3)&lt;/ref&gt; [https://www.tumblr.com Tumblr], which has an anonymous messaging service built into the website, confirms these studies due to the many instances of online [http://www.dictionary.com/browse/hate-mail “hate mail”] users receive through the anonymous messaging service. This has become commonly known on the website as “anon hate”.

Cyberbullying exhibits all the characteristics of not having a face-to-face communication/experience – facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice and reactions ect.- which can reduce the emotional responsibility and social accountability the bully would normally experience, this consequently makes them feel less guilty when taking part in vindictive or hostile communications.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herring 2002&quot;&gt;Herring, S.C., 2002, ''Annual review of information science'', Chapter 3: Computer-Mediated Communication on the Internet&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, the potential for anonymity online in private and public spheres can produce bullies who would never normally take part in traditional face to face bullying – feeling empowered by their anonymous profiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell 2005&quot;&gt;Campbell, M. (2005) &quot;Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise?&quot; in ''Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling'' (15:1), pp 68-76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cyberbullying therefore thrives off the potential for anonymity created by the internet as well as the continued evolution of technology into a more connected age. Even though it may seem less harmful to bully through the cybernetic world in reality it can be far more destructive than traditional bullying invading both our private and public spheres of communications.&lt;ref&gt;LLC, V. M. (2015, March 9). There is a lack of research on the longterm effects of Cyberbullying. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://motherboard.vice.com/read/why-dont-we-have-real-science-on-cyberbullying&lt;/ref&gt;

====Digital Self-Harm====
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Elizabeth Englander's study on Digital Munchausen.jpg|framed|Elizabeth Englander's study on Digital Munchausen]]&lt;/div&gt;
Digital self-harm is the act of abusing one-self anonymously online. In 2010 [[w:danah boyd|Dr. danah boyd]] published an online article about &quot;digital self-harm&quot; describing &quot;teens who are self-harassing by 'anonymously' writing mean questions to themselves and publicly answering them&quot;&lt;ref&gt;boyd, danah. (2010, December 7). Digital Self-Harm and Other Acts of Self-Harassment. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2010/12/07/digital-self-harm-and-other-acts-of-self-harassment.html&lt;/ref&gt; This phenomenon was initially uncovered by the staff at a website, [https://www.twoo.com/ Formspring] (now known as [[w:Spring.me|Spring.me]]) which investigated some cyber bullying and found that the alleged victims had actually posted the cruel comments against themselves.

A study by [[w:ELizabeth Englander|Elizabeth Englander]] at the [http://marccenter.webs.com/ Massachusetts Agression Reduction Centre] labelled the phenomenon as &quot;Digital Munchausen&quot; as the process undertaken by these teens mirror certain symptoms of the psychiatric disorders [[w:Munchausen syndrome|Munchausen Syndrome]] and [[w:Munchausen syndrome by proxy|Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy]]. The syndroms primary characteristic is the patients infliction of self-harm in a quest for sympathy, attention and admiration as they attempt to cope with their victimization. In 2011 a study was undertaken that discovered that 9% of teens took part in digital self-harm - making a cruel comment anonymously against themselves or cyber bullying themselves: a higher proportion of boys (13%) admitted to this than did girls (8%). About half of these “digital self-harmers” had done this only once or very infrequently; the other half reported that they had cyber bullied themselves more regularly or had one, ongoing episode which lasted at least several months.&lt;ref&gt;Elizabeth Englander, “Preliminary Report: Bullying	and	Cyberbullying	in Massachusetts 2011-12” (presented at the Workshop:	PCP Interventions,  Freehold, NJ,  2011).&lt;/ref&gt;

The potential afforded by anonymous question forums like Formspring, as well as the potential for anonymity on almost any digital or social media has clearly been used as a tool to &quot;harm&quot; and &quot;victimize&quot; oneself for various purposes. danah boyd speculates that teens use online anonymity to harm themselves as an outcry for help, to appear cool or to attempt to trigger compliments. Elizabeth Englander's study shows that they took part in digital self-harm to get the attention of a peer or to prove they could &quot;take it&quot; among other reasons. For both boys and girls, about 35% said that the self-cyberbullying strategy was successful for them, in that it helped them achieve what they wanted, and felt better after their anonymous self-abuse.&lt;ref&gt;Englander, E. (2012, June). DIGITAL SELF-­‐ HARM: FREQUENCY, TYPE, MOTIVATIONS, AND OUTCOMES. Retrieved from http://webhost.bridgew.edu/marc/DIGITAL%20SELF%20HARM%20report.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; It is therefore important to take into account the potential for anonymous self-harm on the internet, which has only become possible due to the potential for anonymity in both online private and public spheres.

====Cyberstalking====
In present day, the idea of going on someone’s personal online profile in social media sites like Facebook seems like the a very common and socially acceptable thing to do, and the term ‘stalking’ can be lightly and jokingly used to define this. A user can spend hours scrolling down a stranger’s personal profile and discover and learn many personal details of said person. However, such seemingly innocent act can very easily and quickly get out of hand, leading to very serious consequences.

The most common (and again, essentially socially acceptable) type of cyberstalking is usually directed towards celebrities, especially of their social media profiles. The fact that the user has chosen to upload such concept and made it publicly available is what motivates other users to spend hours ‘stalking’ it, which could possible be why nobody considers this act to actually be cyberstalking. However, not all users just stop here, which is why cyberstalking is actually a form of cyberbullying.

[[w:Alexis Moore|Alexis Moore]] describes cyberstalking as a technologically-based &quot;attack&quot; on one person who has been targeted specifically for that attack for reasons of anger, revenge or control. Cyberstalking can take many forms, including:
#harassment, embarrassment and humiliation of the victim
#emptying bank accounts or other economic control such as ruining the victim's credit score
#harassing family, friends and employers to isolate the victim
#scare tactics to instill fear and more &lt;ref&gt;Moore, Alexis A. &quot;What is cyberstalking?&quot;. About.com. Retrieved 2016-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

The differences between cyber bullying and cyber stalking have been looked at in a Trolling Magnitude (TM) Scale, showing that, while cyber bullying is more strategic, cyber stalking is more about domination.&lt;ref&gt;Bishop, J. (2013). The effect of deindividuation of the Internet Troller on Criminal Procedure implementation: An interview with a Hater. International Journal of Cyber Criminology 7(1), pp. 28-48. Available at [http://www.jonathanbishop.com/Library/Documents/EN/docIJCCPaper_Hater.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; [http://www.jonathanbishop.com/Library/Documents/EN/docIJCCPaper_Hater.pdf]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! TM !! Motive !! Mode !! Gravity !! Description
|-
| 1 || Playtime || Cyber-bantering || Cyber-trolling || In the moment and quickly regret
|-
| 2 || Tactical || Cyber-trickery || Cyber-trolling || In the moment but don't regret and continue
|-
| 3 || Strategic || Cyber-bullying || Cyber-stalking || Go out of way to cause problems, but without a sustained and planned long-term campaign
|-
| 4 ||Domination ||Cyber-hickery || Cyber-stalking || Goes out of the way to create rich media to target one or more specific individuals
|}

{{Rquote|right| …the Internet, e-mail, or other electronic communication device[s] to create a criminal level of intimidation, harassment, and fear in one or more victims |M. L. Pittaro &lt;ref&gt;Pittaro, M. L. (2011). Cyber stalking. In K . Jaishankar (Ed.), Cyber criminology (pp. 277-297). Retrieved from http://www.crcnetbase.com&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Cyberstalking falls into three main categories: direct communication, indirect communication, which is circulated or posted online, and misrepresentation online.&lt;ref&gt;Quarmby, K. (2014, August 13). How the law is standing up to Cyberstalking in the magazine. . Retrieved from http://europe.newsweek.com/how-law-standing-cyberstalking-264251?rm=eu&lt;/ref&gt; As well as there being four main types of cyberstalkers: the vindictive cyberstalker, the composed cyberstalker, the intimate cyberstalker and collective cyberstalkers. The vindictive type is much more likely to threaten their victims than any other group and can sometimes stalk them offline as well as online. The stalking in these cases typically began with a trivial discussion or argument and ended up with the offender getting upset and setting out on a mission to harm the victim. This type was the most likely to use spam, viruses, and identity theft against the victim. The composed cyberstalker does not want to develop a relationship with the victim, but rather wants only to harass, 
threaten, and annoy the victim. The intimate cyberstalker desires to have a relationship with the victim. This type can be divided into two subcategories: the ex-intimate and the infatuate. The ex-intimate may desire to repair the past relationship, but he may also threaten the victim as well. The harassment begins on the internet in this type, not offline. The infatuate begins by sending the victim an intimate message and desires to develop a relationship with the victim. When the infatuate is rejected, he will then begin to threaten the victim. Lastly, the collective cyberstalkers work together to send the victim many emails, and to spam, threaten, and steal the victim’s identity.&lt;ref&gt;Riplee. (2012, April 6). Cyberstalking: Lurking in anonymity. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from http://ripleeforensicpsych.umwblogs.org/2012/04/06/cyberstalking-lurking-in-anonymity/&lt;/ref&gt; Research also shows that victims of cyberstalking are just as likely to feel fear and helplessness as people who are stalked in real life because cyberstalkers often hide in anonymity making them that much more difficult to deter or catch due to the fact they can stalk from the secrecy afforded by the World Wide Web.&lt;ref&gt;Lipton, J. D. (2011). Combating cyber victimization. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 26, 1103-1155.&lt;/ref&gt; This allusiveness may make cyberstalkers even more threatening, intimidating, and frightening.

However, as in the case of the vindictive type, cyberstalking can often come hand in hand with offline or 'realtime' stalking in severe cases. This is because if an individual with specific psychological issues is cyberstalking, they most often feel like this is no longer enough for them (after a certain period of time has passed) and decide to take it to the next level; offline stalking. There are consequences of law in offline and online stalking, and cyberstalkers can be put in jail.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;UCF Cyber Stalker’s Sentence Not Harsh Enough, Victim Says&quot;[http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/01/ucf-cyber-stalkers-sentence-not-harsh-enough-victim-says/]. ABC News. January 23, 2012. Retrieved 2016-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; [http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/01/ucf-cyber-stalkers-sentence-not-harsh-enough-victim-says/]. However, this is often not enough to pay for the psychological damages that cyberstalking causes.

According to social psychologist Robin M. Kowalski, cyberbullying and cyberstalking has been shown to cause higher levels of anxiety and depression for victims than normal bullying. Kowalksi states that much of this stems from the anonymity of the perpetrators, which is a common feature of cyberstalking as well.&lt;ref&gt;Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S., &amp; Agatston, P. (2008). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; According to her study, a quarter of 3,700 bullied middle-school students had been subjected to a form of harassment online.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alexis Pilkington Facebook Horror: Cyber Bullies Harass Teen Even After Suicide&quot;[ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/24/alexis-pilkington-faceboo_n_512482.html]. Huffingtonpost.com. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 2016-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hackers and Hacktivism ===

[[w:Hacktivism|Hacktivism]] is a contentious term which, most loosely and most relevantly to this context, refers to the idea of technological hacking to affect social change. Many groups and individuals go to great lengths to conceal their identity due to the nature of their tasks, whether they are ethical or unethical, and some use the pseudonym [[w:Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]], one of the most notable hacktivist groups which originated on the forums of [http://www.4chan.org/ 4chan] and are responsible for a number of notable hacking activities.

The idea is that the groups and individuals who identify as hacktivists want their beliefs and actions to be widely known and acknowledged while keeping their identity and details such as location entirely concealed. This is an unusual example of keeping a high profile in the public sphere while maintaining complete anonymity and a disconnect from their private sphere, while using their skills to breach the privacy of other individuals or organisations. There is nothing to be gained personally by this, such as recognition, but it is often activism in the name of political or social beliefs or justice that motivates these kinds of hackers without the repercussions of being identified. This can lead to extremes of [[w:Cyberterrorism|cyberterrorism]], which is sometimes classed under the category of hacktivism.

====Evolution of Hacktivism and Political Hacking====

The origins of computerized activism extend back in pre-Web history to the mid 1980s. As an example, the first version of PeaceNet appeared in early 1986. PeaceNet enabled - really for the first time - political activists to communicate with one another across international borders with relative ease and speed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cleaver 1998&quot;&gt;Cleaver, H. (1998). ''&quot;The Zapatistas and the International Circulation of Struggle: Lessons Suggested and Problems Raised,&quot; Harry Cleaver homepage 1998''. Retrieved 03/10, 2016, from http://www.eco.utexas.edu/faculty/Cleaver/lessons.html)&lt;/ref&gt; The computerized activism of the past has developed through certain stages: Electronic Civil Disobedience activism which acts in the tradition of non-violent direct action and civil disobedience employing typical civil disobedience tactics such as sit ins/physical blockades, and translating them into modern culture: creating virtual blockades. Unlike a traditional sit in the Electronic Civil Disobedience activist can participate in the virtual blockades from home, work or university - anywhere that is attached to the web.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wray 1998&quot;&gt;Wray, S. (1998). &quot;On Electronic Civil Disobedience,&quot; Peace, forthcoming; ''Electronic Civil Disobedience archive 1998''. Retrieved 03/09, 2016, from http://www.nyu.edu/projects/wray/oecd.html)&lt;/ref&gt; It is neccessary to mention ECD activists as they are part of a process which has led towards politicized Hacktervism.

One main distinction between most Politicized Hacking and the type of Electronic Civil Disobedience just mentioned is that while ECD actors don't hide their names, political hacks are generally done by people who want to name anonymous because a lot of what they do is not above board. These hacks are often likely to be undertaken by specific people rather than larger groups. The main reason for anonymity in hacktivsm is that the stakes are much higher, some hacks are unquestionably illegal: like the Sony Pictures hack of 24 November 2014.&lt;ref&gt;Betters, E. (2015, February 5). Sony pictures hack: Here’s everything we know about the massive attack so far. Retrieved March 9, 2016, from http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/131937-sony-pictures-hack-here-s-everything-we-know-about-the-massive-attack-so-far&lt;/ref&gt; However, the nature of the online web affords the opportunity to remain anonymous whilst crossing political boundaries. Few people would question the legality of entering someones personal computer and adding or changing HTML coding. Therefore hacktivists anonymity is a necessary tool.

It is important to remember that hacktivism is very much in its infancy. It is too early to make a definitive statement upon the direction hacktivism will take. Perhaps the entire notion of hacktivism distorts and challenges sets of values and moral and ethical codes abusing the potential for anonymity on the web. [[w:Steven Levy|Steven Levy]] bemoans that &quot;modern-day&quot; hackers are not worthy of the name asthey do not maintain the principles of original [[w:Hacker ethic|Hacker ethics]], and as unethical individuals, should simply be called &quot;computer terrorists&quot; or &quot;juvenile&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mizrach, S. Old and new hacker ethics. Retrieved March 9, 2016, from http://www2.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/hackethic.html&lt;/ref&gt; In the future there will be some re-thinking involved in hacktervism and we may begin to see a new set of ethical codes for hacking developed.&lt;ref&gt;Wray, S. (2002). Electronic civil disobedience and the world wide web of Hacktivism. Retrieved March 9, 2016, from http://www.webpagefx.com/research/electronic-civil-disobedience-hacktivism.html&lt;/ref&gt;

====Anonymous====
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Anonymous-symbol.jpg|thumbnail|Anonymous' Icon]]&lt;/div&gt;
Anonymous are a vaguely connected international group of hacktivists. The group is thought to have founded in 2003 where their first known activities on 4chan came to light during raids on other social media websites like [[w:Habbo|Habbo]] in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Knufken, D. (2011, March 23). 5 anonymous campaigns against businesses. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from Business, http://www.businesspundit.com/5-anonymous-campaigns-against-businesses/&lt;/ref&gt; Anonymous members can be identified in public by the stylized [[w:Guy Fawkes mask|Guy Fawkes masks]] that they wear which has become popularized as a symbol for rebellion in films like [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0434409/plotsummary V for Vendetta] and now through its association with Anonymous.
{{cquote| Anyone can be part of it. It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes.|author= [[w:Parmy Olson|&lt;big&gt;Parmy Olson&lt;/big&gt;]]&lt;ref&gt;Parmy Olson on anonymous: ‘A growing phenomenon that we Don’t yet understand’. (2012, June 8). Retrieved March 11, 2016, from http://www.rferl.org/content/parmy-olson-on-anonymous-a-growing-phenomenon-that-we-dont-yet-understand/24607895.html&lt;/ref&gt; }}

The group has no leader but rather works around ideas rather than directives, in this way, no singular person or figurehead can be associated with the blame of their hacks. Generally speaking Anon's disagree with internet censorship and control, largely targeting governments, companies and organisations they feel are providing censorship, Anonymous were early supporters of the Arab Spring[[#Arab Spring|''(see section 1.5.4.3.1)'']].&lt;ref&gt;Kelly, B., B. (2012). INVESTING IN A CENTRALIZED CYBERSECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE: WHY ‘ HACKTIVISM ’ CAN AND SHOULD INFLUENCE CYBERSECURITY REFORM. Retrieved from http://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/bulr/volume92n4/documents/kelly.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; The group has relatively few rules but those they have include not disclosing their identity, not attacking the media and not talking about the group as a whole.

{{cquote | &quot;We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the Internet who need—just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. ... There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.'
|author= &lt;big&gt;Trent Peacock.&lt;/big&gt;[[w:Search Engine (radio show)|''Search Engine'']]: The face of Anonymous, February 7, 2008.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, Jesse (February 7, 2008). &quot;Community Organization with Digital Tools: The face of Anonymous&quot;. MediaShift Idea Lab: Reinventing Community News for the Digital Age (PBS). Archived from the original on Feb 11, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; }}

An example of Anonymous' hacktivist acts could be the cyberprotest after the fatal [[w:Shooting of Michael Brown|police shooting of the unarmed African-American Michael Brown]]. A hacktivist organization that claimed to be associated with Anonymous organized cyberprotests against police, setting up a website and a Twitter account to do so.&lt;ref&gt;Bever, Lindsey (August 13, 2014). &quot;Amid Ferguson protests, hacker collective Anonymous wages cyberwar&quot;. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 11th, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; The hacktivist group promised and threatened that if at any moment any protesters were harassed or harmed, they would attack the city's servers taking them offline. City officials admitted to the press  that e-mail systems were targeted and phones died, while the Internet crashed at the City Hall.&lt;ref&gt;Hunn, David (August 13, 2014). &quot;How computer hackers changed the Ferguson protests&quot;. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved March 11th 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Later on, members of Anonymous said that they were working on confirming the identity of the undisclosed police officer who shot Brown and would release his name as soon as they did.&lt;ref&gt;Harkinson, Josh (August 13, 2014). &quot;Anonymous' &quot;Op Ferguson&quot; Says It Will ID the Officer Who Killed Michael Brown&quot;. Mother Jones. Retrieved March 11th 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Anonymous then posted on its Twitter feed what it claimed was the name of the officer who shot Michael Brown.&lt;ref&gt;Bosman, Julie; Shear, Michael D.; Williams, Timothy (August 14, 2014). &quot;Obama Calls for Open Inquiry Into Police Shooting of Teenager in Ferguson, Mo&quot;. The New York Times. Retrieved March 11th, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Anonymous Releases Alleged Name Of Officer They Say Fatally Shot Michael Brown&quot;. KMOX News Radio 1120. August 14, 2014. Retrieved March 11th, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; However, police said the identity released by Anonymous was in fact, incorrect.&lt;ref&gt;Pagliery, Jose (August 14, 2014). &quot;Ferguson police deny Anonymous' ID of alleged shooter&quot;. CNN Money. Retrieved March 11th, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Twitter subsequently suspended the Anonymous account from its service.&lt;ref&gt;Hunn, David. &quot;Twitter suspends Anonymous account : News&quot;. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved March 11th, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
It was reported on 19 November 2014 that Anonymous had responded by declaring cyber war on the [[w:Ku Klux Klan|Ku Klux Klan (KKK)]], after the KKK had made death threats following the Ferguson riots. They went on to hack the KKK's Twitter account, attack servers hosting KKK sites, and started to release the personal details of members.&lt;ref&gt;Jamie Bartlett. &quot;Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous by Gabriella Coleman – review&quot;. the Guardian.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Online Piracy and S.O.P.A ===
Whilst piracy has always been an issue, the digital age has amplified it significantly. Before digital media came to prominence, pirating goods such as films or music was more difficult and required a certain degree of technical proficiency. In addition to this, piracy was viewed more as a taboo and the quality of pirated goods was generally poor. Through digital media, an identical quality copy of a piece of media can be produced and distributed at little cost to a mass audience.

The first major file sharing program to exist, and also to be shut down, was [[w:Napster|Napster]], which was also the most prominent example in [[w:peer-to-peer|peer-to-peer]] (P2P) file sharing, operating from 1999 to 2001, amassing over 25 million users and 80 million songs. Users could now download and share any music file free of charge. Various artists filed law suits against the site when it would not remove copyrighted material. However, Napster was quick to settle each of these suits. The site was eventually terminated due to legislation introduced by the [[w:Digital Millennium Copyright Act|Digital Millennium Copyright Act]]. This marked the first significant sign of resistance against digital piracy by the media industries.

Internet piracy is when unauthorized copies are downloaded over the internet. This is typically done through [[w:peer-to-peer|peer-to-peer]]  file sharing systems, the some prolific examples being [[w:ThePirateBay|The Pirate Bay]] and [[w:LimeWire|LimeWire]]. There are currently hundreds of thousands of [[w:warez|warez]] sites providing unlimited access to downloads for users. The same purchasing rules apply to on-line software purchases as for those bought in [[w:compact disk|compact disk]] format. &lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:BitTorrent network.svg|thumb|right|The middle computer is acting as a seed to provide a file to the other computers which act as peers.]]&lt;/div&gt;


Common Internet piracy techniques are:
*Websites that make [[w:software|software]] available for free download or in exchange for others.
*[[w:Online auction|Online auction]] sites that offer counterfeit or out-of-channel software.
*[[w:peer-to-peer|peer-to-peer]] networks that enable unauthorized transfer of copyrighted programs.


Once downloaded, these pirated files are hosted on a BitTorrent client.
Such clients include [[w:μTorrent|μTorrent]], [[w:Xunlei|Xunlei]], [[w:Transmission (BitTorrent client)|Transmission]], [[w:qBittorrent|QBittorrent]], [[w:Vuze|Vuze]], [[w:Deluge (wːsoftware)|Deluge]], and [[w:BitComet|BitComet]].

This type of file sharing is indicative of the public digital sphere intersecting with the private digital sphere. The community collaboration required through the processes of acquisition of the  data, uploading, torrenting and seeding which results in the individual being able to access media that may have otherwise may have been unreachable .

As this method of file-sharing becomes more prominent, the idea that it is a crime comes less ingrained in the [[w:collective consciousness|collective consciousness]], and as file sharing becomes regarded as less deviant behaviour the more it becomes utilized as an everyday too among users. Following McLuhan's model of technological determinism, we have seen social attitudes yield to technological advancements. However, this  relaxed attitude towards downloading unknown software has led to a greater number of breaches in computer security. This lack of ability to verify the sources and quality of downloads is the key issue with file-sharing as it allows numerous other risks to become more prominent, such as the exposure of personal information or increased susceptibility to attacks in the future.

'''Stop Online Piracy Act'''

The [[w:Stop Online Piracy Act|Stop Online Piracy Act]] - or S.O.P.A as it is more commonly known - was a controversial Bill proposed by the US Government in 2011, in an attempt  to clamp down on online piracy. The bill took power away from content creators, and essentially deputised copyright holders in their ability to eradicate piracy. In doing so, this gave copyright holders (in most cases record labels and movie distributors) the power to shut down not just the content but the provider itself, and force all other online services to do the same; provided they have a lawful copyright claim. However, the &quot;deputising&quot; effect of the Bill meant that copyright holders would not be obliged to go through any judicial processing in regards to the claim. This means that corporations would have the ability to shut down a single person's (or an entire company's) online footprint in an instant - forcing other internet services like [[w:PayPal|PayPal]] and social networking sites to comply to the claim, as well as blacklist the perpetrator from ever using the services again. The Bill was praised for its policies on infringement claims outside the US, giving claimant's more power in shutting down illegal content from foreign websites. The Bill also carried stringent policy on illegal streaming, for both the provider of that content and those that consume it - with a 5 year maximum prison sentence for the viewing or listening of illegal content.

Despite receiving strong support in both The Senate and House of Representatives - amongst other organisations and Unions - the Bill was met with great opposition by US citizens. Many felt that the Bill was an infringement on intellectual property law, and claimed that the guidelines for the bill were so broad and vague that one small infringement by a single person could have disastrous repercussions. Others also claimed that the Bill's proposal to block internet search results and to blacklist users from services and information was a violation of the [[w:First Amendment To The United States Constitution|First Amendment]]. The Bill was met with substantial opposition by various online communities - the members of which shaped the future for the Bill and were paramount in its eventual retraction.

[[#Online-activism by Citizens|Online-activism]] does not exclusively encompass issues experienced in the real world, groups can come together for the promotion of issues relating to online freedom and net neutrality. Online community site [[w:Reddit|Reddit]] actively opposed S.O.P.A and its policies, and were pivotal in encouraging other providers and content creators to stand in protest. A subreddit (section of the site dedicated to discourse on a specific subject) was created to discuss both the Bill and ways in which to protest it. Many users noticed the domain hosting site [[w:GoDaddy|GoDaddy]] actively supported S.O.P.A, which prompted a worldwide boycotting of its services. Reddit users collectively pulled their subscriptions, creating a synchronous deficit of 82000 domains&lt;ref name=Boycott&gt;Boycott GoDaddy. (2016) Godaddyboycott.org. Retrieved 11 March 2016, from http://godaddyboycott.org&lt;/ref&gt; and forcing GoDaddy to denounce their support of S.O.P.A. A statement by CEO [[w:Warren Adelman|Warren Adelman]] confirmed this on 29 December 2011:

::&quot;We have observed a spike in domain name transfers, which are running above normal rates and which we attribute to GoDaddy's prior support for SOPA, which was reversed. GoDaddy opposes SOPA because the legislation has not fulfilled its basic requirement to build a consensus among stake-holders in the technology and Internet communities. Our company regrets the loss of any of our customers, who remain our highest priority, and we hope to repair those relationships and win back their business over time.&quot;&lt;ref name=GoDaddy&gt;McCullagh, D. (2016). GoDaddy bows to boycott, now 'opposes' SOPA copyright bill. CNET. Retrieved 11 March 2016, from http://www.cnet.com/news/godaddy-bows-to-boycott-now-opposes-sopa-copyright-bill/&lt;/ref&gt;

Theorist [[w:Howard Rheingold|Howard Rheingold]] suggests that these acts of protest are the product of what he describes as [[w:smart mob|&quot;smart mobs&quot;]].&lt;ref name=HRheingold&gt;Rheingold, H. (2003). Smart mobs. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Rheingold, even though protests such as Reddit's on S.O.P.A are primarily controlled and coordinated through the use of modern technology, age-old social practices alter the ways in which we us it. Essentially, society affects the way in which we use technology, which ultimately dictates ones behaviour online. Notions of trust, community and cooperation are still prevalent in an online environment; thus creating a symbiotic relationship between human interaction and access to information and widespread communication. In relation to S.O.P.A, this is indicative of something that Rheingold describes as &quot;self-organised mutual aid&quot; - meaning that the technology we use today ([[w:Smartphone|smartphones]] and other wireless devices) gives us the power to not only communicate, but to do so for the mutual benefit of both yourself and others. The societal framework that we have created in online envrionments allows us to organise and coordinate with those who are in our vicinity and those on the other side of the world simultaneously, depending on our needs at the time. Reddit users collaborated on a massive scale, and through the use of common social practices like protesting and boycotting - combined with the powers of technology - were able to make significant change on a much greater scale than if users had done so individually.

'''Website Blackouts in protest of S.O.P.A'''

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikipedia Blackout Screen1.jpg|thumb|right|Wikipedia's home screen during the SOPA blackout]]&lt;/div&gt;During the collaborative protest efforts by Reddit and other online communities, websites that opposed S.O.P.A created a synchronous &quot;blackout&quot; of their services to show the effects of online censorship. Some sites cut off access completely, whereas other sites &quot;censored&quot; specific content whilst promoting petitions or protests that opposed the bill. Among the websites that organised this blackout were Reddit, Wikipedia, Google and Wired.&lt;ref name=Blackout&gt;News, A. (2012). Wikipedia Protests 'Internet Censorship'. ABC News. Retrieved 11 March 2016, from http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2012/01/sopa-blackout-wikipedia-google-wired-join-protest-against-internet-censorship/&lt;/ref&gt; English Wikipedia stopped access to its site completely on 18–19 January for 24 hours, and asked those that encountered the blackout to &quot;Imagine a world without free knowledge&quot;. Similarly, Google plastered a black banner over the well-known Google logo, which when clicked redirected to a petition to stop S.O.P.A. The [[w:Electronic Frontier Foundation|Electronic Frontier Foundation]] are a digital rights group who assist with legal aid in digital rights cases and who defend new technologies and oppose infringements on net neutrality and online rights. As well as actively opposing S.O.P.A they too participated in the blackout on 19 January. As well as these websites, it was reported that there were over 7000 sites who contributed to the blackout in some way.&lt;ref name=BlackoutStats&gt;Waugh, R. (2012). U.S Senators withdraw support for anti-piracy bills as 4.5 million people sign Google's anti-censorship petition. Mail Online. Retrieved 11 March 2016, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2088860/SOPA-protest-4-5m-people-sign-Googles-anti-censorship-petition.html&lt;/ref&gt;

The response from the blackout was paramount in ensuring the retraction of the Bill, and soon after many websites, Senators and groups who originally supported it began to recant their statements and change their views. The widespread knowledge of the blackout and the media response that it caused was proportionate to that of a real-life protest - with real life effects and repercussions. The internet blackout created a storm of media attention, whilst provoking a strong argument for the importance of freedom to education and information (in this case on the internet). The vast societal impact of the blackout coupled with the communal and cooperative aspects of the synchronous blackouts and protests, strongly corroborates the work of theorist danah boyd. Her work in the notions of always-on culture and the difficulty in discerning between real and virtual life in this age is evocative of the global reaction to S.O.P.A and the blackouts.&lt;ref name=SocialMediaReader&gt;Mandiberg, M. (2012). The social media reader. New York: New York University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; So synonymous are real and virtual lives that the societal influence of disabling access to information online can cause unprecedented damage in the real world. Not dissimilar to a protest of teachers at a school or the shutting down of a library in a budget cut - effects are noticed and people begin to make change. Further endorsing danah boyd's theories, she suggests that technological frameworks often imitate social constructs and communicative patterns - hence why we act and &quot;behave&quot; online similarly to how we would in the real world. Sites like Wikipedia are seen and accessed in the same way one would a library or a series of encyclopedia - through glossaries, indexes and pages. Similarly, news websites are accessed just as one would a newspaper - through various stories on pages. The real and virtual world are so deeply connected to one another, that an upset or change in one can be pivotal in how the other progresses.

=== Deep Web ===

The [[w:Deep web (search)|Deep Web]] refers to websites that cannot be found by conventional means, for example through common search engines like Google. It is said that the Deep Web is much larger than the '''Surface Web''', and is often described as the &quot;bottom of the iceberg&quot;, but there is no way to be sure due to its extremely private and exclusive nature.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 2009&quot;&gt;Wright, A, (2009). ''Exploring a ‘Deep Web’ That Google Can’t Grasp'', Retrieved 03/10, 2016 from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/technology/internet/23search.html?th&amp;emc=th&amp;_r=0&lt;/ref&gt; People use the Deep Web to test websites before they go &quot;live&quot; on the surface web, and businesses can use the deep web for staff-only information, but the Deep Web is most often talked about when talking about the [[w:Dark web|Dark Web]].

The Dark Web is a part of the Deep web, and refers to all the illegal activity happening within it, like mass drug and weapon trafficking, hitman services, hacking software, terrorists networks, amongst many other examples. Due to the nature of these websites, many people who frequent this part of the web want to do so with the most online anonymity possible. Many use softwares like [[w:Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]] that hide the user's location and history so it's extremely difficult for anyone to track any criminals on the Dark Web. A lot of the websites on the Dark web are [[w:Peer-to-peer|peer-to-peer]] or invitation only, which also makes it harder for non-criminals to infiltrate and take down these kinds of sites. The most well-known example of a big Dark Web operation being successfully taken down is the [[w:Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]], which was an online marketplace for drugs, and was taken down by the FBI in 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flitter, 2013&quot;&gt;Flitter, E., (2013). &quot;FBI shuts alleged online drug marketplace, Silk Road&quot;, Retrieved 3/10, 2016 from http://news.yahoo.com/fbi-raids-alleged-online-drug-market-silk-road-153729457.html&lt;/ref&gt; However, many other similar marketplaces popped up on the Dark web almost immediately after. Since both the Dark Web and the Deep Web are so private, and of a completely unknown and unmeasurable size, it's very hard to study it and to take down any of the highly illegal and publicly-dangerous services and information found there.

== Security and Sphere Invasions ==
=== Private Sphere Invasions ===

It is without a doubt that the 21st century of digital media has progressed to the extent that we somewhat live and manage our social and private lives digitally. Interestingly, it seems that due to these on-going inventions of new technology, we are more willing to manage and store our personal and private information on various online/digital forms, as opposed to traditional manual filing. This switch to digital brings with it advantages in terms of quickness, convenience and tidiness, but there are also disadvantages, particularly relating to security and the safety of keeping this information private. Although the introduction of these new technologies were invented specifically to attend to our ‘needs’ or for general convenience, this has sparked concern over whether or not our private information is now more vulnerable to invasion. In today’s digitally orientated world, it would certainly seem that our private spheres and our control over how 'private' they are is shrinking, and nothing is really as private as we would like it to be any more.

The question to be asked here is, ''why do we manage so much of our personal and private information, such banking and contact details through these technologies when there is such a risk of it being invaded?''

Perhaps this is a result of the general public conformity to the digital-way-of-living which has progressed very quickly since the beginning of the 21st century. Branston and Stafford &lt;ref name=&quot;Brandon &amp; Stafford 2010&quot;&gt;Branston, G., &amp; Stafford, R. (2010). The Media Student's Book (5th ed., p. 254). London: Goldsmiths.&lt;/ref&gt; state that one of the main pros of this ''switch to digital'' is the ability to create digital copies or duplicates of information which was once stored manually, allowing for the use of less physical space and the ability to then create more duplicates for backup with minimal effort. We live in a world now where almost everything is done digitally, therefore everyday tasks and management of personal and social information is made much more easy and convenient, so it is understandable why we are so unlikely to covert back to a non digital, manually organised way of living.So, in overview, it seems that today’s technologically advanced society strive for a quick and easy organised digital life which overpowers the concerns over the risk of it all being invaded.

Below are two case study examples of digital media inventions which have brought with them many risks of private sphere invasions for their users.

==== Online Banking and Contactless Bank Cards ====

One example of a way in which we can ‘digitally store’ private information is through online banking. The process of online banking itself is known to be very secure, for example, [https://www.rbsdigital.com/ RBS] users are required to complete a two-page log in process to ensure that it is not being hacked or invaded by outsiders or fraudsters. Accessing this information has been made very secure, however with the introduction of the new [http://www.smartcardalliance.org/publications-contactless-payments-what-who-why/ Contactless bank cards], could our private online banking, or banking in general be under more risk of invasion?

These cards were invented initially in 2005 in America, and were brought to the UK in 2012, where It had proved to be a success, with over [http://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/jul/23/contactless-card-is-too-easy-says-which 58 million] used in the UK by summer 2015. This new payment method was introduced to enhance our experience in managing our payments and expenses. ‘Contactless’ refers to the physical use of the card, as payment can be withdrawn from a bank account without any physical contact between the card and the pin machine, and without the need for any confirmation of the card’s pin code. This enhancement of digital media certainly proved popular shortly after its release in the UK, however, almost just as quickly, concerns began to spread over whether this new ‘convenient’ way of making a payment was really all that secure. With such a new and easy way to pay for goods, the contactless bank card invention was bound to spark concerns over the security of user’s bank details.

One of the main concerns with using these new cards is the risk of having money stolen much easier than it would with traditional, pin coded bank cards. According to an article written by Lisa Bachelor in  [http://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/jul/23/contactless-card-is-too-easy-says-which The Guardian], It was found that, after various testing of contactless cards on ‘fake’ scanning decives, it was found that it is possible to [http://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/jul/23/contactless-card-is-too-easy-says-which  read crucial data that was meant to be hidden], opening up the risk of invasions by fraudsters using such devices. Despite these concerns, it seems that the card is still vastly popular due to social conformity and the general excitement amongst society of this new invention. On top of this, many users concerned over the risk of paying twice due to the card's over sensitivity when in contact with a scanner, however the quickness of payment that it brought with it overshadowed this concern, especially in busy environments such as [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/money-saving-tips/11215583/Contactless-cards-how-to-avoid-paying-twice.html London train stations]. It is also rumoured that this ‘contactless’ motion allows the government to use the card’s function to track its citizens details and whereabouts.

These concerns may seem extreme, and this suggests that the ''Media Multiplier'' effect, as described by Athique,&lt;ref name=&quot;Athique A. (2013)&quot;&gt;Athique, A. (2013). Digital media and society (p.517). Cambridge, England: Polity Press.&lt;/ref&gt; perhaps plays a part in the growing concerns raised over the use of contactless bank cards. This suggests that the growing discussions of concern between users of the mass media have multiplied to the point that there is a greater worry amongst society than is necessary for how unlikely it is that these events will happen. This reaction is due to the overwhelming hype of this new invention, and the excitement of what is a very 'futuristic' tool that is now so readily available at our hands.

Perhaps today's digital world has made our every day tasks just 'too easy' that we are oblivious to the risks, or perhaps it is this easiness that is sparking the concern amongst society.

==== iPhone Fingerprint Scanning ====

[http://www.apple.com/uk Apple] are notoriously known for their technological advancements, especially with their ever changing and ever improving iPhone device. In 2013, however, Apple introduced the new ''fingerprint scanning'' feature on their iPhone 5 devices which was supposedly a new 'safer' way for the user to unlock their phone. This, however, was quick to spark concerns and kick up a storm amongst its users.

The main concern raised over this new and exiting iPhone feature is how extremely easy it has been found to hack into. Activist groups such as [[w:Anonymous (Group)|Anonymous]] and even our own government have been said to have the greatest control over using this tool for invasions. Not only can these invasions steal personal information stored on the devices, it can also reveal the user's whereabouts, and of course, give a digital print of their fingerprint. This type of information can lead to many issues such as fraud and identity theft, but the main concern amongst society seems so be of its likeliness to allow the government to [http://www.motherboard.vice.com/blog/the-iphones-fingerprint-scanner-has-shady-government-ties-anonymous-says track] its citizens whereabouts.

Perhaps society conformed to using this new Apple feature due to the excitement of advancing technology, as it is different from anything that has been readily available to the public before. Fingerprint scanning is something that society is used to associating with spy-detective type films, or just policing and investigations in general, and this is due to the connotations it has with representations &lt;ref name=&quot;Lacey N. (2009)&quot;&gt;Lacey, N. (2009). Image and Representation (2nd ed., pp. 6-7).&lt;/ref&gt; created through the media. With this media effect in mind, it is clear to see why this feature was received so well.

=== Public Sphere Invasions ===

Although many are concerned with private sphere invasions and the threat of hacking private information, invasions of the public sphere must not be overlooked. There are ways companies and users are creating negative side effects through public spheres such as filter bubbles, echo chambers and trolling. Facebook for example explain how they control your public experience online:

''The stories that show in your News Feed are influenced by your connections and activity on Facebook. This helps you to see more stories that interest you from friends you interact with the most. The number of comments and likes a post receives and what kind of story it is (ex: photo, video, status update) can also make it more likely to appear in your News Feed.'' &lt;ref&gt;Facebook Help center. (2016). Retrieved March 11, 2016, from https://www.facebook.com/help/166738576721085&lt;/ref&gt;

In having different experiences through filtering and personalization, where does the line between private and public sphere end? We are building a web for ourselves instead of a web for everyone.

==== Filter Bubbles &amp; Algorithmic Gatekeepers ====

'''[[w:Eli Pariser|Eli Pariser]]''' is the chief executive of Upworthy, a website for &quot;meaningful&quot; viral content and is an internet activist. He discusses Filter Bubbles in his publication ''The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You'' and his [https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles?language=en TED Talk].

{{Rquote|right|Your filter bubble is your own personal, unique universe of information that you live in online. What’s in your filter bubble depends on who you are, and it depends on what you do. But the thing is that you don’t decide what gets in. And more importantly, you don’t actually see what gets edited out.|[[w:Eli Pariser|Eli Pariser]]&lt;ref&gt;Pariser, E. (2011, May 2). Beware online ‘filter bubbles’. Retrieved March 11, 2016, from https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles?language=en&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Results on [[w:Google|Google]] for example are now dependent on your location, device being used and [[w:Web browser|browser]] meaning there is no standard Google anymore. This acts as an invisible filtering of the web, with platforms using information they have obtained about you to design your online experience to match you specifically. [[w:Eli Pariser|Pariser]] refers to this invisible algorithmic editing of the web as the work of ‘Algorithmic [[w:Gatekeeper|Gatekeepers]]’. This controlling curation of how we see the world online suffers from focusing too much on relevance. Other information that should be delivered in the public sphere should be important, uncomfortable, challenging and from other points of view according to Pariser. These gatekeepers must have encoded a sense of the public life and civic responsibility, offering us more control over what enters our filters.

However, personalization on the web has led to tailor made results, based on previously visited shopping websites for example, and users experiencing different results online by their own choice also.  This act of filtering comes from the user and has a wider effect on the public sphere. Although advantages come with this act of filtering such as targeted advertisements, which cold act a a 'reminder' that you have visited a particular website in which you may like to return, and results that seem most suitable and relevant, users' ability to manipulate this personalization has side effects. users' tendency to consume information that supports their own opinions leads to a restricted and biased perspective online - receiving information in the public space that is tailored to match their interests. Therefore, certain information online can be ignored by users due to filter bubbles, meaning if information isn't deemed relevant to the user it will be dismissed. This may relate to the information overload online as the amount of information available online can seem overwhelming, irrelevant and distracting - however a balance needs to be met.

==== Echo Chambers ====

An echo chamber is a situation in which information, ideas, or beliefs are amplified or reinforced by transmission and repetition inside an &quot;enclosed&quot; system, where different or competing views are censored, disallowed or otherwise underrepresented. As a result of filter bubbles, echo chambers are created in which mainstream and popular beliefs dominate the public sphere. There is a decrease in original thought and excessive repetition of opinion in order to be validated by like-minded people.

''If you surround yourself with voices that echo similar opinions to those you’re feeding out, they will be reinforced in your mind as mainstream, to the point that it can distort your perception of what is the general consensus.'' Martin, 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cavanagh 2014&quot;&gt;Cavanagh, T. (2014, October, 17). The echo chamber is getting louder. [Web log post] Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/the-university-of-central-florida-forum/the-echo-chamber-is-getti_b-5573734.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Leon Festinger's research into cognitive dissonance shows that people would look to actively seek out reassuring voices in order to confirm their beliefs and resolve their internal conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;Festinger 1957&quot;&gt;Festinger, L. (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (California: Stanford University Press)&lt;/ref&gt; This pollutes the public sphere as the online space remains unchallenged and predictable, offering only what user want to see. There is also the issue that not all public interactions are linked to your personal identity, as online identities and anonymity must be considered when looking at invasions of the public sphere. Opposing comments and contrasting opinions for example, can even be mistaken for &quot;trolling&quot;. 
==== Trolling ====
Trolling is where internet users post negative or extreme content with the intention of causing disruption.&lt;ref name=&quot;nobullying.com&quot;&gt;http://nobullying.com/what-is-internet-trolling/&lt;/ref&gt; They do this to create a reaction among the public. In some cases they are aware that they do not have an identity to others and appear anonymous so feel this can not be traced to them or their personal identity in the real world. With this identity hidden they lose a sense of morals and reasoning as they have lost all sense of one-to-one contact and no longer see the people they are arguing with as people but as words on the screen. This can be very dangerous as there tends to be no boundaries if the user is anonymous they can do as they please. Some may feel as though they are outspoken &lt;ref&gt;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/better-living-technology/201408/why-the-online-trolls-troll&lt;/ref&gt; in the real world and are stereotyped physically where as online gives them the opportunity to change this as they are anonymous no one can personally attack them as they do not know them. They often want to create an argument or cause trouble which sometimes is not even relevant to the topic others are discussing.&lt;ref name=&quot;nobullying.com&quot;/&gt; Posts can be uploaded in spaces where they know the views of the other user and deliberately post their opposing opinion to cause chaos and disruptive or opposing issues. They are deliberately unsettling the peace just to create an argument. 
Much of the content posted by these types of people are things they would never think of saying to a person if they were interacting in the real world as people are aware of what is socially acceptable but with online taking away the identity and personal aspect interaction becomes much more impersonal. This making trollers very hostile showing little remorse for anyone else. Often they get empowered through these types of activities much like bullying in the real world, especially when they spark a big reaction. This invasion of the public sphere can escalate to serious threats transitioning from the digital space to the real world. The amount of freedom in the public sphere becomes questionable as although we should not be restricted to the laws of algorithmic gatekeepers, our freedom to create our own filter bubbles and take advantage of anonymity online through trolling must be considered.

== Theorists ==

''Here are some of the theorists that help bring this topic together''.

=== Zizi Papacharissi ===

Dr. Zizi Papacharissi was born and raised in Thessaloniki, Greece. She holds a BA in Economics and Media Studies from [[w:Mount Holyoke College|Mount Holyoke College]] (1995), an MA in Communication Studies from [[w:Kent State University|Kent State University]] (1997) and a PhD in Journalism from the [[w:University Texas at Austin|University Texas at Austin]]  (2000). She is the Professor and Head of the Communication Department at the [[w:University of Illinois-Chicago|University of Illinois-Chicago]] for more than seven years now and also the chief editor of the [[w:Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media|Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media]]. Her research focuses on new media technologies and the consequences they carry within them in a sociopolitical level. Her book,  A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age (Polity Press, 2010),  discusses how we practice politics in a digital age. She has edited  A Networked Self: Identity,  Community,  and Culture on Social Network Sites (Routledge, 2010), and Journalism and Citizenship: New Agendas (Taylor &amp; Francis, 2009). She has studied blogs, online journalism, social network sites, privacy, civility, self presentation in digital environments, and sociability online. She has also researched how terrorism is portrayed in international news, and the uses and consequences of reality TV.[http://comm.uic.edu/comm/people/faculty/zizi-papacharissi]

In her book A Private Sphere (2010) Papacharissi underlines a shift between the relationship of public and private spheres in recent and past societies. In the traditional democratic framework,  people were enabled through the public sphere as the sense of the private was only associated with the enclosed and fractured spaces of ‘home’. In contemporary democracies though, she discusses, ‘the citizen becomes politically emancipated via a private sphere’.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt; Participation in online protests, expressing political opinion on blogs, engaging actively or passively with YouTube, posting a comment in an online political discussion ‘represents a dissent with the public agenda, determined by mainstream media and political actors’.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt;

{{Rquote|right| Within this private sphere, the citizen is alone, but not lonely or isolated. &lt;&lt;|Zizi Papacharissi &lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt; }}

This is the result of the new media as they have a dramatic effect on the compression or expansion of temporal and spatial relations between public and private spheres.  Today more than ever people can participate in public events from the comfort of one’s private zone because of the benefits of the converged technologies. Those modern communication media have the ability of ‘transforming the private sphere of the home into a space that is both public and private’.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt; To consolidate her argument Papacharisssi invokes [[w:Raymond Williams|Raymond Williams]] and his concept of [[w:mobile privatization|mobile privatization]], the ability of the media of braking and transcending the spatial and temporal boundaries of the home and travel around the world without mobilising physically the human being.  That’s what she describes as the ‘networked private sphere’ a sphere that is only accessible in the past 10–15 years, as this ability of remaining in the comfort of your well known space while simultaneously being able to encounter the other or the unknown is only provided by the unique hybridity of the online converged technologies.

                        {{ Quote box |quote=“ The private sphere model traces the progression of a citizen who has retreated from the public sphere of interaction to a technologically enabled mobile private sphere of thought, expression, and reaction, in search of ultimate autonomy and expression.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt;     -	Zizi Papacharissi ” }}

She goes on to argue that through this ‘performative storytelling of the self’, in this familiar environment the political discourse is enhanced as the temporally and geographically fluid environments suggest the illusion of ultimate autonomy, control and expression. She defines as the “mobile private sphere’ the one that ‘enables the frequently monitorial citizen to efficiently balance conflicting and potentially overwhelming civic demands”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papacharissi 2013&quot; /&gt; A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age (2010) thus, attempts to conceptualise how the self-driven, digitally-enabled private acts can cause a publicly political sensation. [http://www.jameswilldennis.com/blog/book-review-zizi-papacharissi-a-private (Online resource) ]

=== Jürgen Habermas ===
{{Rquote|right|[Public sphere is a] [...] realm of our social life in something approaching public opinion can be formed [...] [and where] access is guaranteed to all citizens [...] [.]&lt;&lt;|Jürgen Habermas&lt;ref name=&quot;Habermas 1989&quot;&gt;Habermas, J. (1989). ''The Public Sphere: An Encyclopaedia Article''. In: Bronner, S. E., Kellner, D. M. (2001). Critical Theory and Society: A Reader. New York: Routledge&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[w:Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]] is a German sociologist and philosopher who had written extensively on the public sphere in [[w:The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere|''The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere'']] ([http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/phil123-net/publicness/habermas_structural_trans_pub_sphere.pdf online resource]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Habermas 1991&quot;&gt;[http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/phil123-net/publicness/habermas_structural_trans_pub_sphere.pdf], Habermas, J. (1991). ''The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a category of Bourgeois Society''. 5&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt; ed. USA:MIT Press Paperback. Retrieved 03/05, 2016, from http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/phil123-net/publicness/habermas_structural_trans_pub_sphere.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Habermas argues that &quot;European society in the middle ages showed no indication of a public sphere as a 'unique' realm distinct from the private sphere”&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlberg 2004&quot; /&gt; but nowadays European culture had transitioned from a “representational” culture, to Öffentlichkeit (the public sphere).  Using Marxist theory as a template, Habermas theorised that as representational culture corresponds to the feudal stage of development that there would be a coming of the capitalist stage of development marked the appearance of Öffentlichkeit.

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt; [[File:JuergenHabermas.jpg|thumb|Juergen Habermas|left]] &lt;/div&gt; 
Whereas “representational” culture is primarily concerned with this transition to Öffentlichkeit is characterized by the emergence of a public space where individuals can engage in an exchange of ideas and knowledge, all outside the control of the state. Social institutions such as newspapers, reading clubs, coffeehouses and masonic lodges were all popular meeting places for discussion and media outlets such as letter, books and theatres were used to spread the rhetoric of the public sphere. But the more media rely on advertising-funding, the more they are a gateway for privileged private interests in the public.&lt;ref name=&quot;Habermas 1991&quot; /&gt;

Speaking about Internet based public spheres providing a forum for those, who wants to participate in a critical debate, Habermas thinking of the public sphere does not imply, that it every member of the populous nor all Internet users can engage in a meaningful discussion. Following that Ubayasiri argues, that &quot;[...] the internet’s potential in creating public spheres, can be and has to be harnessed by ‘public intellectuals’ if the cyberspace is to fulfil its potential as a forum for public spheres.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ubayasiri 2006&quot; /&gt;

Habermas also researched about media reception and usage, developing his famous [[w:The Theory of Communicative Action|Theory of Communicative Action]]. Within that he thinks about the coordination of social action of communicatively talented humans, meaning communication oriented actions of mature people. He connects living environment perspective (social integration) and systematic perspective (system integration). On that basis he mentions ''media usage as a social action'' for human beings.

===Hamid Van Koten ===
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

[http://www.oneyearintransition.org/#!hamid-van-koten/c198s Hamid van Koten] is an expert and a practitioner in the field of eco-architecture. His work consists of teaching creative enterprise skills as head of Post-Graduate Studies at the Plymouth College of Art as well as previously as director of Design History, Theory and Practice at the University of Dundee. He also contributed to the [[w:Ecovillage Design Education|Findhorn Ecovillage]] at the Findhorn Foundation, Scotland, and is a qualified Transition Towns Trainer. Hamid and family live in an intention community near [[w:Totnes|Totnes]]. 
In ''The Digital Image and the Pleasure Principle: the Consumption of Realism in the Age of Simulation'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Koten 2009&quot; /&gt; he talks about McLuhan's ([http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/ Marshall McLuhan]) technocratic determinism. [http://www.chart.ac.uk/chart2005/papers/vankoten.html]
His main research questions are: What are the forces at work in the production and consumption of digital representations

'''Hot and Cool media''' McLuhan classifies different procedures of media through something called a temperature scale in which consists of hot and cool mass Medias. A media type is measured hot if it heavily  and immerses  one logic in particular.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! HOT MEDIA !! COOL MEDIA
|-
| Novel || Poetry
|-
| Photo || Comic
|-
| Written words || Spoken Words
|-
| Low Participation || High Participation 
|-
| Radio || Telephone
|-
| Cinema  || Television
|}

Above is a table which shows a number of hot and cool medias side by side with their counterparts. For example: A photo offering visual information more clearly, whereas a drawing of the same thing may need to be construed in terms of shapes and colours and possibly have a meaning behind it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Koten 2009&quot; /&gt; These are the dominant forms of digital representations and the main theories that Van Koten desires to work with. “A shift from the real to the imaginary as the dominant drive”. [https://redjotter.wordpress.com/2008/12/01/everything-is-connected/ Research]

Comparable to McLuhan’s idea of hot and cool media is the notion of 'Light on' 'Light through' media. ‘Light on’ media is when the light source bounces off a surface or object before hitting the viewers’ eyes. Light on would be classed as 'hot' as it is 'all revealing'. 
Therefore the light is projected onto a screen. ‘Light through’ media is light source is positioned in front of audience, making the audience the screen by projecting light onto them. ‘light through’ is less revealing, more “mysterious” so therefore cool.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van Koten 2009&quot; /&gt;

=== Mike S. Schäfer ===


Mike S. Schäfer is a German sociologist, Professor of Science Communication, and Director of the Centre for Higher Education and Science Studies (CHESS) at [[w:University of Zurich|University of Zurich]], . 
Together with Jürgen Gerhards, Professor for macrosociology at the Institute of Sociology of the Free University of Berlin, Schäfer researched the comparative differences of the internet and traditional mass media as conduits of influence on wider society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerhards 2010&quot;&gt;[http://nms.sagepub.com/content/12/1/143] Gerhards, J., &amp; Schafer, M. (2010). Is the internet a better public sphere? Comparing old and new media in the USA and Germany. New Media &amp; Society, 12(1), 143-160, Retrieved 5 March 2016, from http://nms.sagepub.com/content/12/1/143&lt;/ref&gt;

Schäfer theorizes that normative theorists of the public sphere, such as [[w:Jürgen Habermas|Jürgen Habermas]], , have been very critical of the ‘old’ [[w:Mass Media|mass media]], , which were seen as unable to promote free and plural societal communication. The advent of the internet, in contrast, gave rise to hopes that it would make previously marginalized actors and arguments more visible to a broader public. To assess these claims, Schäfer compares the internet and mass media communication.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ style=&quot;text-align: left;font-size:80%&quot;| '''Requirements and impacts of the traditional and internet-based public spheres'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerhards 2010&quot; /&gt; 
! Traditional public sphere
! Internet-based public sphere
! Organizational Prerequisites
! Openness for participation
! Impact on society
|-
| Encounters
| Email, messaging, ect.
| Low
| High
| Low
|-
| Public Events
| Discussion boards, blogs, ect.
| Middle
| Middle
| Middle
|-
| Mass Media
| Search engines
| High
| Low
| High
|}

It distinguishes three levels of both the offline and the online public sphere, which differ in their structural prerequisites, in their openness for participation and in their influence on the wider society. Using this model, Schäfer compares the levels that are most strongly structured and most influential for the wider society: the mass media and communication as organized by search engines.

In their study, Schäfer and Gerhards found only minimal evidence to support the idea that the internet is a better communication space as compared to print media. Despite the facts that the internet is an easily accessible medium with low entry barriers, in both public spheres the discourse was dominated by scientific actors without inclusion for others occurring.

=== Brian Loader ===
Brian was born in Zimbabwe in 1958. He grew up in the UK before he began studying at Southampton University in 1978 and continued studies till 1981 where he achieved an honours degree in politics and Sociology he taught in Southampton before he gained a masters in 1989 in Public policy from university of Bristol. He then continued with his teaching in the University of Teesside during his period there he became the founding editor of the international journal of Information, Communication and Society. He is now part the University of York as a senior Lecturer and he follows his interests of New Media.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 2016&quot;&gt;http://www.york.ac.uk/sociology/our-staff/academic/brian-loader/&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Cyber space divide'''

In this Brian loader introduces the prospect of an information society and how this will cause a cyberspace divide. Here Loader looks at how the internet will affect the private and the public spheres, he states that

“No sphere of life will be unaffected by the information revolution”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 1998&quot;&gt;Loader,B Cyberspace Divide Equality, agency and policy in the information society 1998 (Published by Rotledge)&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of this loader looks at the implications on social and political structures, as information and communication technologies (ITCs) will be an ever apparent part of life. Loader continues to look at how this will affect the world by looking at the idea of the cyberspace and how this will allow those who use it to be not only “information rich” but cyberspace will  “offers liberating possibilities of ‘ordinary’ people constructing new identities which free them from the imposed classifications of class, race, gender or disability associated with material space”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 1998&quot;/&gt; 
 
This is loaders idea of people having a persona online where they are free from there constraints they may have in their everyday lives. He also adds the idea that anonymity will play a massive role in inventing an alternative version of themselves, and this will only be achieved through “virtual spaces”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 1998&quot;/&gt;  Loader evidently concludes that the information society will be further developed by social forces who will lead it to become a space for people with in the private and the public spheres.

'''Young citizens in the digital age'''
Here loader continues his idea but by looking at youth citizens and their involvement in ITCs with politics. He introduces the idea of ''Cultural displacement'' with young citizens and the political systems that are in place, and how due to information communication technologies (ITCs) it generates a disconnect.

Firstly Loader provides us with an explanation to cultural displacement. Loader sees the disconnect of youth with the political system is due to the politicians as they “Appear distant and self-absorbed and unable to empathise with young people’s experiences of the dramatically changing social and cultural world” &lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 2007&quot;&gt;Loader,B 2007 Young Citizens in the digital age: political engagement, young people and new media(Published by Rotledge)&lt;/ref&gt; he believes that this disconnect is because of youth culture and how it doesn’t relate with old political systems because of new ITCs and because of this it cause a contrast with youth “communication spaces” &lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 2007&quot;/&gt; with this in mind loader also continues to confirm that this provides a “digital divide” &lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 2007&quot;/&gt; the idea that through these channels youth are divided from current politics and are more infatuated by celebrity culture.

Loader also comments on the idea of individualisation that is in youth culture and new media. Brian defines individualisation as the
“individualised agendas characterised by the ongoing activates of choosing between various lifestyles and fashion statement shaping and expressing ones persona, celebrating body forms and artistry, and developing and managing social networks of friends, family and associates” &lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 2007&quot;/&gt; Loader here is stating that youth culture with the introduction of new media has led to a decline in political culture due to the youth having more pressing personal agendas to attend to, he backs this idea up by looking at the decline in the amount of voters (estimated 37% in 2005 voted)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 2007&quot;/&gt; aged 18 to 25 because they are “disaffected citizens”&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 2007&quot;/&gt;

Loader does however indicate the importance of new media and politics where he indicates that youth culture will offer more opportunity for understanding politics. This due to the fact new media and its involvement within the political system will “engage in political deliberation and challenge state authority” &lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 2007&quot;/&gt; In turn Brian Loader believes that new media will help with overall engagement in youth activity within the politics of today with help of new media.

=== Nicholas Garnham ===

[[w:Nicholas Garnham|Nicholas Garnham]]  is a British researcher and Emeritus professor at the University of Westminster. He has played an important role in British Media and Communication Studies, and the Political Economy of Communication. His works have covered in particular topics as capitalism and comunication, the cultural industries, public service media, the public sphere, and the theory and sociology of culture.

He is the first one who used the term &quot;[[w:cultural industries|cultural industries]]&quot; for the first time, with which he distances himself from the accepted meaning of cultural industry connected to mass culture. In his Capitalism and Communication ([http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/viewFile/553/534 online resource])&lt;ref name=&quot;Garnham&quot;&gt;[http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/viewFile/553/534], Garnham, N. (1990). ''Capitalism and Communication. Global Culture and the Economics of Information''. London: Sage. Retrieved 03/07, 2016, from http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/viewFile/553/534&lt;/ref&gt;., he argues that “cultural industries” are institutions in which the production and spread of mass culture are influenced by [[w:capitalism|capitalism]]. So, according to Garnham, publishing industry, record companies and business organizations use capitalism in order to achieve more profits. 
After 1977, the term &quot;cultural industries&quot; turns in &quot;[[w:creative industries|creative industries]]&quot;. Garnham argues that the reason of this shift happened not just to give cultural industries an economic importance, but also—and especially—to put in contact cultural industries to the information society and the knowledge-based economy.

Garnham is also the most responsible for introducing the “[[w:public sphere|public sphere]]’ notion into the media debate, arguing that, especially in the case of television, [[w:public service|public service]] is being replaced by privatized markets. [[w:Television|Television]] offers to viewers few options from which they can choose from and it has become increasingly subjected to deregulation and privatization under market control. On the contrary, according to him, public service manages to satisfy more people, based on what they like, rather than just satisfying those tastes that help increase profit. A market allocation of cultural resources, combined with the destruction of public service media, threatens ‘public communication’ which, in his opinion, lies at the heart of democracy.

=== Lincoln Dahlberg ===
Lincoln Dahlberg has broadly published articles in the areas of media politics and public sphere theory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cccs.uq.edu.au&quot;&gt;[http://cccs.uq.edu.au/dahlberg], Cccs.uq.edu.au,. (n.d.) ''Dr Lincoln Dahlberg - Centre for Critical and Cultural Studies - The University of Queensland, Australia''. Retrieved 4 March 2016, from http://cccs.uq.edu.au/dahlberg&lt;/ref&gt; In one of his last works, he decided to discuss the possibility of enhancing the public sphere through Internet by considering a case study on the Minnesota [[w:E-democracy|E-Democracy]] project. Thus demonstrating that despite some significant limitations, Internet can improve and extend the public sphere but in order to do so it has to meet six crucial criteria.

{{ Quote box |quote=“ Dahlberg (2001) argues six fundamental criteria need to be fulfilled for the Internet to be considered a public sphere – [[w:Autonomy|autonomy]] from state and economic power; exchange and critique of criticizable moral-practical validity claims; reflexivity; ideal role-taking; sincerity; and discursive inclusion and equality.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ubayasiri 2006&quot;&gt;[http://ejournalist.com.au/v6n2/ubayasiri622.pdf], Ubayasiri, K. (2006). Internet and the Public Sphere: A glimpse of YouTube. ''Ejournalist'', 6(2). Retrieved from http://ejournalist.com.au/v6n2/ubayasiri622.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

-	Kasun Ubayasiri ” }}

* ''[[w:Autonomy|Autonomy]] from state and economic power:'' according to Dahlberg the interaction between citizens should be free from the influence of the state, meaning that people are allowed (and should have) a [[w:Public opinion|public opinion]] on the state and they should have power on the government. Nevertheless, it should not be the other way around: state and corporate colonization of the [[w:Cyberspace|cyberspace]] should not threaten nor control online public spaces. However, according to Dahlberg, it is not fully possible to avoid the state influence as Internet is strictly connected with the [[w:Political sociology|socio-political]] context.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlberg 2004&quot;/&gt;
* ''Exchange and critique of criticizable moral-practical validity claims:'' “arguments must be addressed not just to those present in conversation but to all others potentially affected by the claims under consideration, to the ‘larger’ or ‘ideal’ or ‘virtual’ community of discussants.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlberg 2004&quot;&gt;[https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=10-1a.pdf&amp;site=412], Dahlberg, L. (2004). The Habermasian Public Sphere: A Specification of the Idealized Conditions of Democratic Communication. ''Studies In Social And Political Thought'', (10), 2-18. Retrieved from https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=10-1a.pdf&amp;site=412&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[w:Reflexivity (social theory)|Reflexivity]]:'' communication should be based upon relevant arguments, participants should be able to question their own positions regarding their values and beliefs and they should be able to take someone else’s position when validity claims are offered.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlberg 2004&quot;/&gt;
* ''Ideal role taking:'' participants will try to understand and not bypass differences and they will consider a certain situation from other people’s perspectives, it implies an ongoing communication and honesty from the participants. This criteria leads to another important aspect to take in consideration: sincerity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlberg 2004&quot;/&gt;
* ''Sincerity:'' communication is based upon honesty and openness. The online public sphere requires sincerity in order to exist, information needs to be accurate and people should not intentionally lie. It could be argued that according to Dahlberg’s ideas about honesty, the whole concept of [[w:Persona (psychology)|Persona]] should not exist, as people try to create an [[w:Online identity|online identity]] that not always is an honest depiction of the real identity. Moreover, Internet users do not always share their real thoughts and it is almost impossible to be honest about everything so the condition of honesty is hard to achieve, therefore grand part of Dahlberg’s criteria cannot be fulfilled as they all take in consideration an idealized society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlberg,2001&quot;&gt;[http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/838], Dahlberg, L. (2001). Extending the public sphere through cyberspace: The case of Minnesota E-Democracy. ''First Monday'', 6(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v6i3.838&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Discursive inclusion and equality:'' everyone should have the same possibility to be part in a discourse, people should not only be formally included but their ideas should be considered at the same level. This criterion, as the other ones, presupposes that social inequalities do not affect the participation. However, Dahlberg himself noted that in the case study of the [http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v6i3.838 Minnesota E-Democracy] [[w:Social inequality|social]] and [[w:Gender inequality|gender]] related inequalities still tend to favour men over women and people with a specific knowledge rather than people with general interests. As, it happened with the Minnesota E-Democracy project, we can also face exclusion when we are entering a discourse, simply because others may have more predominant personalities, therefore it is hard to achieve the idealised condition where everyone is equally important in a discourse. Hence, we need to put a particular effort in it, so that diverse styles of speaking can be treated with the same respect and can have the same importance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dahlberg,2001&quot;/&gt;

===John Thompson===

[[w:John Thompson|John Thompson]] is a British Sociology professor at the [[w:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] and a Jesus College Elite member. 
In his life, he has studied the influence of [[w:mass media|mass media]] in the development of modern societies, and the creation of new forms of action and interaction beyond temporal and spatial frameworks. 
His work “The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media” &lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson 1995&quot; /&gt; is the attempt to formulate a social theory about mass media, by analysing the complex relationship between the medieval industry and the economic, political and coercive powers. Thompson argues a theory that bears in mind the roles of mass media in the modern society, opposing to those who considerate mass media just as a reflection of the social, economic and political conditions in the previous ages.   
Thompson is strongly influenced by [[w:Hans-Georg Gadamer|Hans-Georg Gadamer]] and the [[w:hermeneutics|hermeneutics]], which studied the philosophy and methodology of text interpretation. 
In “The Media and The Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media”, Thompson analyses the term “mass”, affirming that most of the mass media are not produced for the masses, but for niche markets. Since the term “mass” evokes the image of a vast public (million of individuals), Thompson discusses it, contrasting the concept of “ [[w:mass communication|mass communication]]” (too abused, in his opinion) to a face-to-face interaction and the two-way process that takes place when people talk to each other. He believes that there are more suitable terms when we deal with “mediated communication or, more simply, 'the media' which are less laden with misleading assumptions.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson 1995&quot; /&gt;

Thompson critics [[w:Habermas|Habermas]]’ concept of ‘[[w:public sphere|publich sphere]]’, arguing that in the modern society there is a new form of “mediated publicness”. This mediated publicness has some main characteristics, which are:
*	Despatialized (people don’t need to share the same location to see more things, but they don’t have control of the angle of this extended vision);
*	Non dialogical (for example, presenters on TV are visible to an audience, but not the other way round, so that means they cannot adapt their discourse to the reactions of the public)   
*	Wider and more diverse audiences (people with different education, different social class, different values and beliefs can get the same message).

Now, thanks to this mediated publicness, the many are visible to the few and the few can also see the many:

&quot;Whereas the Panopticon renders many people visible to a few and enables power to be exercised over the many by subjecting them to a state of permanent visibility, the development of communication media provides a means by which many people can gather information about a few and, at the same time, a few can appear before many; thanks to the media, it is primarily those who exercise power, rather than those over whom power is exercised, who are subjected to a certain kind of visibility.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson 1995&quot;/&gt;

== Integrating themes ==

In the last section of this chapter, we will discuss and discover the common themes occurring throughout this Wikibook. In this section, we have looked at Public and Private Spheres in the Digital Age. However, Technological and Cultural Determinism&lt;ref&gt;http://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-determinism-definition-and-theory.html&lt;/ref&gt; can be strongly linked to this section, as well as some points which are taken from [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/An_Internet_of_Everything%3F/Access_to_Knowledge_and_Data_in_Everyday_Life Access to Knowledge and Data in Everyday Life]. We will lastly discuss the section of [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/An_Internet_of_Everything%3F/Surveillance_and_Sousveillance Surveillance and Sousveillance].

Cultural Determinism, as already outlined earlier in this book, is ultimately defined as the way in which society is affected by the cultural change; how this change may affect our character, our beliefs, and our interactions with one another. Technological Determinism is therefore how technology affects our culture and wider society. Marshall McLuhan (1964)&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall McLuhan Understanding Media 1964&quot;&gt;Marshall McLuhan Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964)&lt;/ref&gt; argued that cultural shifts are caused by innovations in media technology. We can see that this is quite prominent in today’s society. As discussed earlier, the invasion of the Private Sphere in the digital age has changed the way we go about our everyday life. Before the creation of the internet and social media platforms, the home was our private space, unless someone called you on your landline, you were unavailable. Now there is pressure to be constantly available through text message or other forms of digital communication.

There can be no doubt that the spread of technology has changed our way of life. This has had many positive effects, it has helped bring people together and has also helped to engage the citizen in a democracy. One of the more interesting arguments is that of a Global Village;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall McLuhan Understanding Media 1964&quot;/&gt; McLuchan (1964) came up with this idea that due to electronic technology, information can be spread and sent instantly. This could not be more true in today’s society. Thanks to such apps like Facebook Messenger, you could communicate with someone located hundreds of miles away, as if they are were down the street. Which leads us to discuss how important our online identity is. The online identity is also part of the public sphere. The public sphere is how we present ourselves in the public domain, whether this is in person or online, there is a way that we want to portray ourselves. With the rise of the Global Village, more and more people can view our social media activity. Due to this, there is now a pressure, especially among young people, to look and play the part on social media and to be “always on”.

The pressure to be “always on” is discussed in the Access to Knowledge and Data in Everyday Life chapter of this wikibook.  Ultimately, this means that we are pressured to be available twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week to be contacted via social media. Long gone are the days of splendid isolation. Due to the global village effect, our private sphere has been invaded because there is constant pressure to be “always on”. However, this has caused an information overload. As discussed later on in this wikibook, there are some who argue that because social media pacifies human-social-needs, we are shutting ourselves indoors and interacting electronically. An article by John Bingham (2016) entitled “How teenage pregnancy collapsed after birth of social media”&lt;ref&gt;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/12189376/How-teenage-pregnancy-collapsed-after-birth-of-social-media.html&lt;/ref&gt; displays an argument that since the birth of social media the number of teenage pregnancies in the UK has fallen, and asks if there is a correlation. It could also be argued that the boundaries between our public and private spheres are being blurred. This is why many people place private information upon their social media platforms; it is not because they want everyone to know their business, but that it is a way of expressing oneself, all be it on a traditionally public platform.

As I have said earlier, social media has empowered the person and enlightened democracy. It has also, as discussed in Surveillance and Sousveillance, made way for the Citizen Journalist. Now people from their own private sphere can take part in news creation. This is also an example of “Sousveillance”. The Arab Spring has seen vast amounts of citizen journalism, ordinary people witnessing events and instantly documenting them. Also, thanks the rise of social media and different blog sites, the number of news outlets that we have to choose from has greatly increased. Websites such as Another Angry Voice [http://anotherangryvoice.blogspot.co.uk/ (AAV)] and [http://wingsoverscotland.com/ Wings Over Scotland ] have been created and inform many different citizens. As highlighted later on in this wikibook, GCHQ was formed over the 1950s and 1960s and has taken part in many different security operations. The organisations conduct has been called into question lately, and with the Draft Communications Data Bill (2015) proceeding through the UK Parliament; and many different concerns with the proposed law, there is an argument that this Bill, if it became an Act, could intrude further on our already diminishing private sphere. However, due to current security threats, many would argue the proposals are needed.

To conclude, many of the different theories and ideas that are spoken about in this chapter can also be drawn into other chapters within this wikibook. It is important when reading through this book, to remember that all theorists and ideas link together in some shape or form.

== Critical Review ==


As established, the social world has been split into two spheres; public and private. [[Martin Heidegger]] argued that it's through the private sphere where one can truly express themselves. For example, on social networking sites, you can allow your profile to be as private as you like, with options to disable showing certain information to people. One would assume that their information would be completely private and so in this case, Heidegger’s argument is valid. However, can we really assume that our private information is safe? He argues that people will only fully express themselves if they are under the impression that their information is private. For example, Facebook being able to use browser history to create advertisements &lt;ref&gt;http://adage.com/article/digital/facebook-web-browsing-history-ad-targeting/293656/&lt;/ref&gt; completely undermines Heidegger's argument. There will not be an opportunity for users to fully express themselves if they're aware that their information is not as safe as they believe.

[[w:Zizi Papacharissi|Zizi Papacharissi]] argues that there has been a shift in the relationship between public and private spheres in society. The private sphere has always been associated with family or home. Papacharissi argues that nowadays, with the vast amount of portable technology available, members of society can now live and participate in public spheres more than ever but from the comfort of their own home.&lt;ref&gt;
Papacharissi, Z. A., (2013). Private Sphere: Democracy in A Digital Age. Cambridge, Malden, MA: Polity Press.&lt;/ref&gt; This then allows the public and private spheres to merge together, allowing people to have the best of both worlds. It can be argued that, with Heidegger’s point that it doesn’t, nowadays, necessarily mean that the private sphere is valid from the home and it is more to do with the idea of how much information you want to express of yourself, which in turn would make Papacharissi’s argument invalid. It is however a strong argument otherwise and determines the idea that public and private spheres are not poles apart like they once were.

[[w:Brian Loader|Brian Loader]] argues that an information society will cause a cyberspace divide. He states that because people have the opportunity to be someone fake and virtual online, they are in turn able to escape the stigmas they may face in everyday life. This is where Papacharissi's argument of the shift between private and public spheres is really relevant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian D. Loader 1998&quot;/&gt; If one is wanting to stay in the private sphere when it comes to their online activity but still wants to participate in the things the public sphere has to offer, they are able to create a fake persona with false information that doesn't determine them as a person, but can then still share this information with others. Loader then believes that by doing this, it can give, especially youths of society, a chance to participate in, for example, polls online concerning politics which then helps a young society become more involved in the world.

== Glossary ==
'''Always-on'''&lt;br /&gt;
As explained by danah boyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;boyd 2012&quot; /&gt; the always-on culture is the connection to technology and need to be always available on either social media or online content.

'''Anonymity'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[w: Anonymity|Anonymity]] (or, as an adjective, ''anonymous'') refers to when an individual is non-identifiable, unreachable, or untrackable. Online anonymity usually refers to the lack of an individual's personal details, as they communicate through a username.

'''Anonymous (group)'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[w: Anonymous|Anonymous]] is a loosely associated international network of activist and hacktivist entities. [[#Anonymous|''(See section 1.7.5.2)'']]

'''Ascetism'''&lt;br /&gt;
As defined by Sennett,&lt;ref name=&quot;Sennett 1977&quot; /&gt; desire for introspection through withdrawal from society in a process self-understanding that ultimately increase the public sphere's coherence. Indeed, this process allows for the achievement of values of control and autonomy, which are essential for a participating citizen.

'''Avatar (computing)'''&lt;br /&gt;
An [[w:Avatar|avatar]] in virtual reality sites is the graphical representation of the user or the user's alter ego or character.

'''Catfishing'''&lt;br /&gt;
The act of deceiving another user online by adopting a fake identity (which can be made up or stolen). [[#Catfishing|''(see section 1.7.2.3)'']]

'''Cyberbullying'''&lt;br /&gt;
The act of bullying online. [[#Cyberbullying|''(see section 1.7.4)'']]

'''Cookies'''&lt;br /&gt;
In their most basic characterisation, http cookies are a small chunks of data that are sent to a user's browser when a user access a website and stored in the background while using. Every time the user logs back or visits that websites the cookies are sent back to their server, thus brining back information about the user's recent activity.

'''Cyberstalking'''&lt;br /&gt;
The act of stalking online. [[#Cyberstalking|''(see section 1.7.4.2)'']]

'''Dark Web'''&lt;br /&gt;
Small section of the &quot;Deep Web&quot; mainly includes small invite-only networks and is infamous for being a hub of illegal activity. See[[#Deep Web|''section 1.7.7'']]

'''Deep Web'''&lt;br /&gt;
Also known as the &quot;hidden&quot; or &quot;invisible&quot; web, the section of the internet that isn't discoverable through regular search engines. See [[#Deep Web|''section 1.7.7'']]

'''Digital Age'''&lt;br /&gt;
The digital age describes the ongoing time frame since the end of the 20th. Characteristically for this age are the possibilities for ever person to store and transfer information digitally which have reciprocally influenced society. Please see [[#Digital Age Definition|disambiguation]].

'''Digital Media'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[w:Digital media|digital media]] all media types are counted which are based on digital information and communication technology (i.e. the Internet) as well as technical devices for [[w:digitalization|digitalization]], [[w:Digital recording|recording]], processing, calculation, retention, [[w:Data storage device|storage]], presentation and distribution of digital content and final products such as digital arts or music.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kossek 2012&quot;/&gt;
Please refer to [[#Characteristics of Digital Media|Characteristics of Digital Media]]

'''Digital self harm / Digital Munchausen'''&lt;br /&gt;
The act of users bullying or sending abusive messages to themselves online. Please see [[#Digital self harm|''section 1.7.4.1'']]

'''Dissociation'''&lt;br /&gt;
In psychology, it refers to a detachment from physical and emotional experience. When online, it refers to the physical and emtional detachment from 'real' life as one performs their online identity.

'''Encryption'''&lt;br /&gt;
Encoding of messages and information in order to prevent unauthorised parts to access them. Only those who possess a decryption key can do so.

'''Hacker'''&lt;br /&gt;
An individual that identifies a server's, computer's or network's weaknesses and breaches into them in order to extract knowledge and material that can serve different purposes.

'''Hacktivism'''&lt;br /&gt;
The work of a hacker that promotes a political or social agenda, such as exposure of corruption, human rights, free speech and freedom of information.

'''Identity'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[w:identity|Identity]] is the make up of our character and the type of cultural values we choose, therefore impacting on our appearance online.

'''Media Multiplier Effect''' &lt;br /&gt;
As described by Adrian Athique in his book ''Digital Media and Society: An Introduction'', the ''Media Multiplier Effect'' is the multiplying discussions of fear amongst society of its mass media, to the point of creating the impression that media invasions of privacy are more likely to happen than they really are.

'''Mobile Privatization'''&lt;br /&gt;
The ability of the media devices to mobilize and travel an individual while still having a strong sense of being at 'home' because of the attachment and connectivity with the [[W:mobile device|mobile device]]. See[[#Deep Web|''section 1.9.1'']]

'''Narcissism'''&lt;br /&gt;
Although often characterised as a psychological disorder, in Lasch's &lt;ref name=&quot;Lasch 1991&quot; /&gt; and Sennett's &lt;ref name=&quot;Sennett 1977&quot; /&gt; work, it represents the concerning that one's have regarding their own being. Narcissistic practices are self-centred and happen in accordance to a evaluation of which the self is in control but they are not self-motivated. Despite being self-based, they are not selfish.

'''Online Footprint'''&lt;br /&gt;
Amount of data left on the internet by a user and collected either without him knowing (passive footprint) or with his consent in order to share information with others (active footprint).

'''Online Performance'''&lt;br /&gt;
As defined by Mendelson and Papacharissi 2001, online performance is the selectiveness of our behaviour online and impacts on our social lives physically but also online - through social media. Online performance provides a mediated self and is a performance which may not reflect our normal lives.

'''Private Sphere'''&lt;br /&gt;
The part of peoples lives that they are supposed to have full control over, unaffected by institutions like the government, the home is an example. Please see [[#Private Sphere Definition|disambiguation]].

'''Public Displays of Connection'''&lt;br /&gt;
Public Displays of Connection are in reference to the way that we show the people around us the people that are our friends, family and colleagues. It is a concept described by danah boyd and Judith Donath &lt;ref name=&quot;boyd and Donath 2004&quot;/&gt; and in this article it's the way in which we show our connections to other people online, how we do it and the reasons why we do it. See [[#Public Displays of Connection|''(see section 1.5.1)'']]

'''Public Opinion''' &lt;br /&gt;
[[w:Public Opinion|Public opinion]] is &quot;the collective opinion of many people on some issue, problem, etc., especially as a guide to action, decision, or the like.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dictionary&quot;&gt;[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/public-opinion] Dichtionary.com. (2016). ''Public Opinion''. Retrieved 03/10, 2016 from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/public-opinion&lt;/ref&gt; It is a form of publicity and enforced through public communication. This has to be distinguished from a published opinion, an opinion expressed in public. Please refer to [[#Publicity Online|Publicity Online]]

'''Public Sphere'''&lt;br /&gt;
A &quot;virtual or imaginary community, which does not necessarily exist in any identifiable space. In its ideal form, the public sphere is &quot;made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Habermas 1989&quot; /&gt; Please see [[#Public Sphere Definition|disambiguation]].

'''Username'''&lt;br /&gt;
The 'nickname' an individual uses to identify themselves to the system.

'''Virtual reality'''&lt;br /&gt;
[[w: Virtual Reality|Virtual Reality]] replicates an environment that simulates a physical presence in places in the real world or an imagined world, allowing the user to interact with that world.

'''Web 2.0'''&lt;br /&gt;
The recollection of the collective abilities of members from an online network. A [[w:Web 2.0|Web 2.0]] site may allow users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to Web sites where people are limited to the passive viewing of content.

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39tvjOATrCA Introduction Video to &quot;The New Digital Age&quot;]
* [https://panopticlick.eff.org/ Online Fingerprint (Find out about your fingerprint here.)]	
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v6i3.838 Extending the public sphere through cyberspace: The case of Minnesota E-Democracy]
* [http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/494/415 A history of Minnesota Electronic Democracy 1994]
* [http://www.mindswork.co.uk/wpblog/the-persona-the-false-self-and-the-social-network-why-it%E2%80%99s-so-difficult-to-have-your-best-mate-your-mother-and-your-boss-on-facebook/ The persona, the false self, and the social network: who are you on Facebook?]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;
{{Print version notice|An Internet of Everything?/Public and Private Spheres in the Digital Age|An Internet of Everything?/Public and Private Spheres in the Digital Age/Print_version}}
&lt;/div&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Truth in the Creation of the Universe</title>
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      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-41826-78|~2026-41826-78]] ([[User talk:~2026-41826-78|talk]]) to last version by 1234qwer1234qwer4</comment>
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      <text bytes="12241" sha1="4u6ou5hwo975a78hrpcg9ihwn6m86eq" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction  ==
There have long been discussions across the disciplines about the origin of the universe. This is a multifaceted debate and although it's generally represented as a dispute between science and theology, an appreciation of how disciplines including Art, Literature, Computer Science and Philosophy contribute to the question is important. Each discipline conveys their own truth surrounding creation, providing different types of evidence to strengthen their argument. The issue of 'power' also plays into the debate due to historical biases surrounding the validity of contrasting evidence and the long-standing power of the Church.

== Cross-Disciplinary Creation Truths ==

=== Cosmology and Philosophy ===
[[File:HST-SM4.jpeg|thumb|The Hubble Space Telescope]]
Examining the disciplines of cosmology and philosophy together, regarding creation, is integral. Modern cosmology originated in 1917 with Einstein's Static Model of the Universe, though evolved to incorporate physics, maths and astronomy.&lt;ref&gt;10. Philosophy of Cosmology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) [Internet]. Plato.stanford.edu. 2017 [cited 6 December 2019]. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The practice of studying the cosmos originated in earlier societies; each establishing unique theories for understanding the heavens. Greek philosopher Aristotle argued there were four elements: fire, water, earth and air, and that all space was filled with one of the elements.&lt;ref&gt;14. Finding Our Place in the Cosmos: From Galileo to Sagan and Beyond [Internet]. The Library of Congress. [cited 6 December 2019]. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/modeling-the-cosmos/ancient-greek-astronomy-and-cosmology&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Other theories include: the Brahmanda Cosmic Egg Theory (15th-12th century B.C) which depicted a cyclical universe containing a cosmic egg which continually expanded and collapsed, and the Einsteinian Theory (20th century) where the universe was identified as dynamically static. Today, cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang Theory (Edwin Hubble), which states the universe originated as a dense, hot mass around 14 billion years ago and from that point, it has been expanding.&lt;ref&gt;12. Mastin L. Cosmological Theories Through History - The Physics of the Universe [Internet]. Physicsoftheuniverse.com. 2009 [cited 6 December 2019]. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/cosmological.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; However, opposing theories such as the Steady State Theory and the Oscillating Theory currently coexist alongside the Big Bang Theory.&lt;ref&gt;11. Williams M. Big Bang Theory: Evolution of Our Universe - Universe Today [Internet]. Universe Today. 2015 [cited 6 December 2019]. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.universetoday.com/54756/what-is-the-big-bang-theory/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Cosmology is largely based on observation; it's impossible to run experiments on the entire universe. Thus, it requires philosophical debate. Cosmology is dealing with the concept of ''the beginning''; the Big Bang is widely accepted as the prominent creation theory, but how do we conceptualise the &quot;nothing&quot; that preceded it? These are philosophical issues, therefore a combined understanding of philosophy and cosmology is necessary in addressing the origin of the universe.&lt;ref&gt;13. Falck B. Why cosmology without philosophy is like a ship without a hull – Bridget Falck | Aeon Ideas [Internet]. Aeon. 2018 [cited 6 December 2019]. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://aeon.co/ideas/why-cosmology-without-philosophy-is-like-a-ship-without-a-hull&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Theology ===
In John 17:17 of the Bible, Jesus speaks to God on behalf of his disciples saying “Sanctify them by Your truth. Your word is truth”. Christianity teaches an absolute truth; truth is the word of God, as truth is the reality that God has created and defined.&lt;ref&gt;MacArthur J. What Is Truth? [Internet]. Grace to You. 2009 [cited 2 December 2019]. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.gty.org/library/articles/A379/what-is-truth&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Truth in Christianity surrounding ‘the creation of the universe’ is presented through [[wikipapers:Creationism|creationism]].

Creationism states that “matter and all things were created... by an omnipotent Creator, and not gradually evolved or developed”.&lt;ref&gt;Definition of creationism | Dictionary.com [Internet]. www.dictionary.com. 2019 [cited 2 December 2019]. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/creationism&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Many Christian denominations believe in [[wikipapers:Biblical inerrancy|biblical inerrancy]]; that the bible is “without error or fault in all its teaching”, meaning that the [[wikipapers:Genesis creation narrative|Genesis creation narrative]], where God created the universe in six days, is interpreted as fact. Evidence for creationism has been argued through [[wikipapers:Intelligent design|intelligent design theory]]: “that certain features of the universe and living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Behe M, Meyer S. What is Intelligent Design? [Internet]. Discovery Institute. 2019 [cited 7 December 2019]. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.discovery.org/v/what-is-intelligent-design/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Thomas Aquinas, an 11th century Catholic philosopher, argued that &quot;wherever complex design exists, there must have been a designer; nature is complex; therefore nature must have had an intelligent designer&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The Washington Post. Summarizing the Judgment on Intelligent Design. [Internet]. 2005 [cited 5 December 2019];. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2005/12/25/summarizing-the-judgment-on-intelligent-design/a3b1ad09-1120-4b48-9899-7a0e60d331ae/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Contrastingly, there is also an argument for [[wikipapers:Allegorical interpretation of the Bible|biblical allegory]]; a view that the bible should be interpreted rather than taken literally. This allows for belief in both a scientific and religious truth simultaneously, as they are no longer mutually exclusive.

=== Art and Literature ===
For over 6,000 years, man has been depicting the cosmos in art; illustrating versions of truth surrounding the creation of the universe.&lt;ref&gt;Kramer, M. (2013). ''Cave Art Reveals Ancient View of Cosmos''. [online] livescience.com. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.livescience.com/37812-cave-art-reveals-ancient-view-of-cosmos.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].&lt;/ref&gt; Michelangelo's depiction of the Book of Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel portrays God creating the Earth in six days, resting on the seventh.&lt;ref&gt;En.wikipedia.org. (2019). ''Sistine Chapel ceiling''. [online] Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling#Creation&lt;/nowiki&gt; [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].&lt;/ref&gt; These pieces of artwork align with the creation story told in Christian theology. Commissioned by Pope Julius II, this artwork demonstrates the power of the Church in representation of truth. 
[[File:Creación de Adán.jpg|thumb|Michelangelo's depiction of 'The Creation of Adam' on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. |alt=]]
In Literature, the creation stories have been frequently retold within both fiction and non-fiction writing. Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' portrays a universe where Heaven is at the top, Hell at the bottom, and chaos in-between. However, several scholars have commented on the parallels between science and religion within Milton's work. Paul Nurse draws on the relationship between Milton and Galileo, with Milton citing sunspots and other cosmological phenomena observed through Galileo's telescope within ''Paradise Lost;'' 'Milton slips seamlessly between the traditional religious views of the time and the modern 17th century thinking on science'. [[wikipapers:Karl Popper|Karl Popper]] examines the similarities between science and faith, expressing the fact that 'Science avoids un-testable theories, unlike religion which takes matters on faith. However... science itself depends upon assumptions that come close to matters of faith'. Art and Literature have become spaces of discussion and innovation which are imperative to a more comprehensive and inclusive truth surrounding the question of creation.&lt;ref&gt;Fox-Skelly, J. (2011). ''Darwin and Milton: two views of Creation | The Repository | Royal Society''. [online] Blogs.royalsociety.org. Available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://blogs.royalsociety.org/history-of-science/2011/11/23/darwin-and-milton/&lt;/nowiki&gt; [Accessed 2 Dec. 2019].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Computer Science ===
Computer science has a positivist philosophy towards truth as it looks for an empirical truth that is rational, objective and derived from scientific methodology.
[[File:Fibonacci spiral 2019.svg|thumb|The mathematical Fibonacci spiral which has many natural manifestations.|alt=|left]]
Nick Bostrom suggested that either “(1) the human species is very likely to go extinct before reaching a “posthuman” stage; (2) any post-human civilisation is extremely unlikely to run a significant number of simulations of their evolutionary history... ; (3) we are almost certainly living in a computer simulation” concluding the likelihood of the latter was greatest.&lt;ref&gt;Bostrom N. Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?. The Philosophical Quarterly [Internet]. 2003 [cited 7 December 2019];53(211):243-255. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.simulation-argument.com/simulation.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The theory of the universe being created as a computer simulation evolved from the idea of exponential human advancement. In 1972, the [[wikipapers:Pong|‘Pong’]] game was created which involved only basic pixelated shapes. In 2000 [[wikipapers:The Sims|‘The Sims’]], a life simulation video game, was released, and now virtual reality games are gaming’s newest innovation. The prospect of a ‘posthuman’ civilisation existing who have created a computer-simulated universe is not so preposterous as first thought and this idea of a 'higher power' draws parallels with theological creationism.

There are numerous claims of supporting evidence. Firstly, the universe behaves mathematically (e.g. the [[wikipapers:Fibonacci number#Nature|Fibonacci sequence]] in nature), thus reflecting the computer code from which it was written. Furthermore, everything in the universe can be broken up into subatomic particles which imitates a pixilated video game. A simulation hypothesis also accounts for inconsistencies in quantum mechanics, such as the [[wikipapers:Measurement problem|‘measurement problem’]], which is a paradox where measurements supporting quantum mechanics are theoretically impossible.&lt;ref&gt;Solon O. Is our world a simulation? Why some scientists say it's more likely than not. The Guardian [Internet]. 2016 [cited 7 December 2019];. Available from: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/11/simulated-world-elon-musk-the-matrix&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conclusion ==
Many disciplines examined within this chapter are single-minded in regard to their version of truth surrounding creation, and the &quot;absolute truths&quot; of cosmology, theology and computer science produce significant tension. This is a prominent example of how the issue of truth prevents interdisciplinary research, which would inevitably lead to an enhanced understanding of creation. There are individuals within disciplines who acknowledge the potential role of numerous factors culminating in the creation of the universe; Scientists who believe in God and writers who portray both sides to the debate. However, as this specific case study is entrenched in power struggles and historical viewpoints, prominence for these academics is difficult. We have concluded that truth surrounding this question should not be categorised into one discipline, and that it's imperative not to prioritise scientific truth because it is quantifiable, but to recognise the potential role of many different versions of truth when examining the creation of the universe.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bengali/Family relations</title>
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      <text bytes="2588" sha1="694snpl1631io0fha6fvtvdjbkxo7df" xml:space="preserve">In Bengali Muslim culture:

These are the &quot;titles&quot; for family members. With the exception of Father, Mother, and Grandparents (who are called by the title only), all of these titles are added after the name of the person.

* Father: Baba, Abba, Abbu
* Mother: Maa, Amma, Ammu 
*Son/Daughter: Address by name or Amar/Onner–Chele/Meye
* Brother (also male cousins): Bhai/Bhaiya
* Brother's Wife: Bhabi
* Younger Brother: Choto bhai or by name
* Sister (also female cousins) : Apu, or Apa, Afa, Api
* Older Sister: Didi, Apu, or Apa
* Younger Sister: Choto bon or by name
* Sister's Husband: Dulabhai

* Father's Younger Brother: Kaku, Kaka, Choto Chachu, Or Sasu Or Chacha
* Father's Younger Brother's Wife: Chachiamma/Chachiammu, Sasima, Kaki, or Choto Chachi

* Father's Oldest Brother: Zetha, Boro Chachu or Chacha
* Father's Oldest Brother's Wife: Zethi, Zethi amma/ Zethi ammu, Boro Chachi.
* Father's Sister: Fupu, Fupi, Fupuamma or hufu, fufu
* Father's Sister's Husband: Fupa, fufa or mama(uncle)
* Mother's Brother: Mama 
* Mother's Brother's Wife: Mami, mamani

* Mother's Sister: Khala, Khalamma, Khalamoni, auntiemoni, mamani ,boro auntie
* Mother's Sister's Husband: Khalu, mama(uncle)

* Paternal Grandfather: Dada

* Paternal Grandmother: Dadu

* Maternal Grandfather: Nana, Nanabhai
* Maternal Grandmother: Nanu, Nanuapu

*Husband’s or Wife's Father: Abba, Abbu, Baba
*Husband’s or Wife's Mother: Amma, Ammu, Maa

*Wife's Younger Sister: Shali
*Wife's Younger Brother: Shala
*Wife's Elder Sister: Nonosh
*Wife's Elder Brother: brother titles 

*Husband’s Elder Brother: Bhai Shoshur or brother titles
*Husband’s Elder Brother’s Wife: Bhabi
*Husband’s Younger Brother: Debor, Dewar
*Husband’s Younger Brother’s wife: calls by name
*Husband’s Younger Sister:Nonod
*Husband's Older Sister: any of sister titles with elder prefixes 
*Husband’s Sister’s Husband: Dulabhai, can call by name if younger

*Brother’s Son: by name
*Brother’s Daughter: By name
*Sister’s Son: by name
*Sister’s Daughter: by name


*Cousins are considered to be &quot;brother&quot; or &quot;sister&quot;.
*If someone has 6 brothers or sisters then their relation names will be the following respectively: boro, mejo, choto.
*If your Mum or Dad is the oldest of the siblings they will call the younger  siblings by their name and their wives or husbands will. Unless the siblings’ husband is older than your parents Bhai or Bhaiya.

Suto/huro- prefix for people younger
Meso- prefix for middle but elder
Boro- prefix for eldest
Bora- prefix for elderly

{{Fatima and Aysha}} :)

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    <title>Oberon/ETH Oberon/faqlang</title>
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        <username>TechVindicator</username>
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      <comment>/* */ Accomodate &gt; Accommodate</comment>
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      <text bytes="24882" sha1="biha2ymty88bc58m1x0phac9f8we3um" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;TemplateStyles/Oberon/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif, serif; font-size:1.0rem; line-height:1.185; font-style:normal&quot; id=&quot;Top&quot;&gt;
{{TextBox|BG=#F0FFF0|This document was originally hosted at the [[w:ETH Zürich|ETHZ]]. It remains under the [[Oberon#Licenses|ETH license]] and is in the 
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190831185610/http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/faqlang.html WayBack archive].}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
&lt;div style=&quot;display:block; text-align:center; font-size:2rem; font-style:normal; font-weight:bolder; line-height:3.5rem;&quot;&gt;Frequently Asked Questions on the Oberon Language&lt;/div&gt;

'''Note''': Questions not specifically related with the Oberon language or the compiler are dealt with in the [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/newfaq|FAQ on the ETH Oberon system]].

'''General'''
# [[#advantage|What advantage do you see in using Oberon rather than other widespread programming languages?]]

'''Style'''
# [[#etym|What is the etymology of Reader, Scanner and Writer?]]
# [[#name|What naming conventions can be recommended?]]

'''Types'''
# [[#size|What is the size of the record?]]
# [[#type|Why can't I assign a variable to another one of the same type?]]
# [[#const|How does the compiler treat whole number constants?]]

'''Programming hints'''
# [[#iden|What is the longest identifier that can be used in Oberon sources?]]
# [[#16bit|How can I handle 16-bit unsigned numbers in Oberon?]]
# [[#cast|How do I cast a variable?]]
# [[#castfast|How do I cast REAL variables to INTEGER very fast? ( quasi-realtime)]]
# [[#CORDIC|Is there a way to improve the speed of computation for a realtime application?]]
# [[#uniform|How do I spread random numbers as uniformly as possible?]]
# [[#bitwise|Are there any bitwise operators available in Oberon?]]
# [[#direct|How do I write a constant value directly to an memory?]]
# [[#varinit|Variable initialization can be at fault]]
# [[#identify|Is there a portable way to identify the caller of a procedure?]]

'''Compiler'''
# [[#locate|How do I locate an error in the source text?]]
# [[#zoption|Why does the \z option cause the creation of a larger code?]]
# [[#testset|Is there a test set for Oberon compilers?]]

'''Built-in assembler'''
# [[#assembler|Where do I find assembler documentation?]]
# [[#order|What is the order of fields in a record?]]
# [[#cast|The compiler's behavior is unusual when casting anything to BOOLEAN.]]
# [[#BYTE|What is the correct syntax for operating on SYSTEM.BYTE?]]
# [[#call|How to call a procedure from an assembler routine?]]
# [[#fastcast|How do I cast a large number of variables very fast?]]
# [[#in-line|How to use in-line procedures]]

&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2&quot;&gt;General&lt;/div&gt;
#
# &lt;span id=&quot;advantage&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''What advantage do you see in using Oberon rather than other widespread programming languages?&lt;br /&gt;A''': The following was reported by Antonio Cisternino:

Reading the old book &quot;Godel, Echer, Bach: an eternal golden braid&quot;, Hofstadter, 1980, I have found the following in chapter X:

&quot;Programming in different languages is like composing pieces in different keys, particularly if you work at the keyboard. If you have learned or written pieces in many keys, each key will have its own special emotional aura. Also, certain kinds of figurations &quot;lie in the hand&quot; in one key but are awkward in another. So you are channeled by your choice of key. In some ways, even enharmonic keys, such as C-sharp and D-flat, are quite distinct in feeling. This shows how a notational system can play a significant role in shaping the final product.&quot;&lt;p&gt;I think it's a nice way to say that multiple languages may help solving complex problems if each language is used to exploit its strength. It is related with CLR and the music context is appropriate to the name C#.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2&quot; id=&quot;style&quot;&gt;Style&lt;/div&gt;
# &lt;span id=&quot;etym&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''What is the etymology of Reader, Scanner and Writer? The &quot;er&quot; suffix suggests they are procedures but in fact they are records.&lt;br /&gt;A''': Reader, Scanner and Writer are nouns, not verbs so, extrapolating from the naming guidelines in &quot;Programming in Oberon&quot; by Reiser and Wirth, they are appropriate for type names.
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;name&quot;&gt;'''What naming conventions can be recommended?&lt;br /&gt;A''': Extracted from &quot;Object-Oriented Programming in Oberon-2&quot; by Hanspeter Mössenböck:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
Name of     Begin with         1st letter   Examples 
------------------------------------------------------------- 
Constants   Noun or Adjective  Small        version, wordSize 
Variables   Noun or Adjective  Small        full 
Types       Noun               Capital      File, TextFrame 
Procedures  Verb               Capital      WriteString 
Functions   Noun or            Capital      Position 
            Adjective          Capital      Empty, Equal 
Module      Noun               Capital      Files, TextFrames&lt;/pre&gt;

When declaring a pointer type X, the record pointed to should be called XDesc, as in this example.
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
TYPE List = POINTER TO ListDesc;
     ListDesc = RECORD ... END;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2&quot;&gt;Types&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;size&quot;&gt;'''The following two definitions yield two apparently different sizes:'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; 
background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
TYPE RecA = RECORD 
    Elements : ARRAY 25 OF SYSTEM.BYTE; 
    END; 
   
TYPE RecB = ARRAY 25 OF SYSTEM.BYTE;&lt;/pre&gt;
'''When I look at the SIZE of RecA, I see 28, when I look at the SIZE of RecB, I see 25 (!). Thus, if I form a packet to ship with UDP, and I depend on the structure set up using RecA to have a size of 25, I am in trouble. What is being done here? This will come up again as I take a data file built using, say, Delphi or M2, and attempt to read in the same file using Oberon.&lt;br /&gt;A1''': The size of a record is always padded at the end to a multiple of 4 bytes.

'''A2''': The most portable way to read files is byte by byte, converting the fields explicitly using *, DIV and MOD. Only if you need high performance with large files, should you use memory-mapped records.

The Files module provides procedures for reading little-endian ordered values (ReadInt, ReadLInt).&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;type&quot;&gt;'''I cannot assign two variables that have the same type (err 113). Why?&lt;br /&gt;A''': Two variables are compatible only if they have the same type, not the same type structure.

Take this example of two similar but different types:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
TYPE StudentGroup = RECORD  count: LONGINT  END; 
     PotatoBag = RECORD  count: LONGINT  END;

VAR  s: StudentGroup; 
     p: PotatoBag; 
     ... 
     s := p;     (* err 113 here! *)&lt;/pre&gt;
Just because they have the same structure, doesn't mean that they are compatible. Would you compare students and potatos? The problem is however less obvious when anonymous types are involved, declared on the fly. In this case types are always incompatible:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
VAR  a: RECORD  count: LONGINT  END; 
     b: RECORD  count: LONGINT  END;&lt;/pre&gt;
Although these two types look the same, they are incompatible because they have different declarations. To make a and b compatible you must declare the types either with:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
VAR a, b: RECORD  count: LONGINT  END;&lt;/pre&gt;
or with:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
TYPE MyType = RECORD  count: LONGINT  END; 
...
VAR  a: MyType; b: MyType;&lt;/pre&gt;
In this common case of a procedure paramenter:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
PROCEDURE P(a: ARRAY 32 OF CHAR);&lt;/pre&gt;
no type will ever have the same declaration as a, thus no variable will ever be compatible to a!

There is only one exception to this rule: open arrays. In this case, the base type of both variables must be compatible. 
This allows to use anonymous open arrays in procedure parameters.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;const&quot;&gt;'''It appears that the compiler treats whole number constants as type INTEGER. I do not know how it treats a large whole value, say 40000. I suspect it treats it as a LONGINT. It does not appear to treat values like 125 as a byte.&lt;br /&gt;A''': An integer constant has the smallest integer type that will accommodate it. So -128, 0 and 127 would be SHORTINT, -32768, 128 and 32767 INTEGER, and -32769 and 32768 LONGINT.

In low-level code, to be sure of the size, use SYSTEM.VAL to cast it. SYSTEM.VAL should be used in the 2nd argument of the SYSTEM procedures GET/PUT, PORTIN/PORTOUT, GETREG/PUTREG. Alternatively, you could also write:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
SYSTEM.PUT(Adr, CHR(255)) 
SYSTEM.PUT(Adr, 0FFX) 
SYSTEM.PUT(Adr, SYSTEM.VAL(INTEGER, myconst))&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2&quot;&gt;Programming hints&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;iden&quot;&gt;'''What is the longest identifier that can be used in Oberon sources? How many characters of the identifier are considered unique?&lt;br /&gt;A''': 32. 32.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;16bit&quot;&gt;'''How can I handle 16-bit unsigned numbers in Oberon?&lt;br /&gt;A''': Convert the number to a 32-bit LONGINT value. For example:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
VAR  x: LONGINT; y: INTEGER; 
     ...
     x := LONG(y) MOD 10000H&lt;/pre&gt;
The MOD is compiled efficiently as a logical AND operation, because the divisor is a constant power of 2.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;cast&quot;&gt;'''How do I cast a variable? I am looking for an equivalent of p = (Process) c; in C.&lt;br /&gt;A''': Use a type guard - cfr. Chapter 11.2 in Programming in Oberon. Casting with SYSTEM.VAL is not a good idea, because it can break the garbage collector.

&lt;li id=&quot;castfast&quot;&gt;'''How do I cast REAL variables to INTEGER very fast?&lt;br /&gt;A''': Use the built-in assembler as [[#fastcast|explained]].

&lt;li id=&quot;CORDIC&quot;&gt;'''Is there a way to improve the speed of computation for a realtime application?&lt;br /&gt;A''': A collection of [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/CORDIC algorithms|CORDIC algorithms]] is under development.

&lt;li id=&quot;uniform&quot;&gt;'''How do I spread random numbers as uniformly as possible? I need to fill a 13*13*13 matrix with random numbers.&lt;br /&gt;A''': RandomNumbers.Uniform() is a first approximation. Unless you are just playing games, you should avoid it. Random numbers are full of tricks. If you like reading, have a look at the new edition of Knuth or the papers of George Marsaglia. For a general reference, see [[w:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number|Wikipedia]].

Some common generators are found in a [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/Contrib/vy|contribution]].&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;bitwise&quot;&gt;'''Are there any bitwise operators available in Oberon?&lt;br /&gt;A''': Use the SET type and its operators. Here are the operators and their bitwise equivalents.
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
+     union                 bitwise or
*     intersection          bitwise and 
-     difference 
/     symmetric difference  bitwise xor 
IN    element test          bit test 
INCL  element insert        bit set 
EXCL  element remove        bit clear&lt;/pre&gt;
You can use SYSTEM.VAL(SET, intexpr) to convert an expression to a set and SYSTEM.VAL(LONGINT, setexpr) to convert an expression from a set.

It is however preferable to declare straightaway SET variables which are then conveniently used in-line. That is better than declaring LONGINT variables and then to use SYSTEM.GET/PUT to convert them from or to SET type variables. SYSTEM.VAL should also be avoided.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;direct&quot;&gt;'''How do I write a constant value directly to memory?&lt;br /&gt;A''':
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
PROCEDURE P;
CODE {SYSTEM.i386}
  MOV DWORD PTR @1234H, 15
END P;

000AH: C7 05 34 12 00 00 0F 00 00 00       MOV     [4660],15&lt;/pre&gt;
This is equivalent what is done, using MS Tools, with:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
mov dword ptr ds:[adr], imm    giving the code: C7 05 adr imm&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;varinit&quot;&gt;'''Variable initialization can be at fault.&lt;br /&gt;A''': Take a look at this short procedure:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; ;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
PROCEDURE demo( VAR a: ARRAY OF INTEGER ); 
VAR i: INTEGER; 
BEGIN 
   (* i := 0; *) 
   WHILE i &lt; LEN(a) DO a[i] := 0; INC(i) END 
END demo;&lt;/pre&gt;
Although the initialization of &quot;i&quot; is missing, this procedure works on PC Oberon. On Mac Oberon it fails most times because &quot;i&quot; has a random value, but not because of a compiler fault.

On PC Oberon the whole stack frame gets cleared at procedure entry. Thus missing initializations (to zero) do not attract attention.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;identify&quot;&gt;'''Is there a portable way to identify the caller of a procedure?&lt;br /&gt;A''': Since ETH Oberon does not have full-featured metaprogramming facilities in all versions, there exists no portable way. However, the following works on Native Oberon and Windows Oberon.
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
MODULE Temp;
  IMPORT SYSTEM, Kernel, Out;
  PROCEDURE Identify(VAR modname: ARRAY OF CHAR; VAR pc: LONGINT); 
  VAR ebp, eip: LONGINT; m: Kernel.Module; 
  BEGIN 
    SYSTEM.GETREG(SYSTEM.EBP, ebp); 
    SYSTEM.GET(ebp, ebp);  (* stack frame of caller *) 
    SYSTEM.GET(ebp+4, eip);  (* return address from caller *) 
    m := Kernel.GetMod(eip); 
    IF m # NIL THEN 
      COPY(m.name, modname); pc := eip - SYSTEM.ADR(m.code[0]) 
    ELSE 
      modname[0] := 0X; pc := MAX(LONGINT) 
    END 
  END Identify;
  PROCEDURE Test*; 
  VAR name: ARRAY 32 OF CHAR; pc: LONGINT; 
  BEGIN 
    Identify(name, pc); 
    Out.String(name); Out.String(&quot; PC=&quot;); Out.Int(pc, 1); Out.Ln 
  END Test;
 END Temp.&lt;/pre&gt;
This gives you the calling module name and PC offset, which can be used with Compiler.Compile \f to find the calling location.

If you just want this for debugging, consider writing a HALT statement, which also gives a stack traceback. On Native Oberon you can use the hack HALT(MAX(INTEGER)) for a halt that produces a trap and then continues running.

'''Bluebottle''': the following editing is required to adapt the text to Bluebottle:&lt;br /&gt;replace Kernel by AosModules&lt;br /&gt;replace Kernel.Module by AosModules.Module&lt;br /&gt;replace Kernel.GetMod by AosModules.ThisModuleByAdr&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2&quot; id=&quot;Logistics&quot;&gt;Compiler&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;locate&quot;&gt;'''How do I locate an error in the source text?&lt;br /&gt;A''':
# Select the error report line in the System.Log with MR+MR clicks
# Press F1 to mark (*) the source text viewer
# Activate the [Locate] Button in the System.Log menu bar &lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;zoption&quot;&gt;'''Why does the \z option cause the creation of a larger code?&lt;br /&gt;A''': It is simpler to initialize the whole local-var block: this is done by a loop writing zero to the stack. Initializing only the pointers is more complex, because only the pointers must be (individually) initialized.

A worst case example:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
VAR x: ARRAY 64 OF RECORD ..... z: PTR .... END;&lt;/pre&gt;
Initialize all: 
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
LOAD size 
WHILE size &gt; 0 
    PUSH 0 
    DEC size 
END&lt;/pre&gt;
Initialize pointers only: 
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
MOV EAX, 0 
MOV offs0[EBP], EAX 
MOV offs1[EBP], EAX 
... 
MOV offs63[EBP], EAX&lt;/pre&gt;
On the other hand, it is faster to initialize only the pointers.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;testset&quot;&gt;'''Is there a test set for Oberon compilers?&lt;br /&gt;A''':The building of a test suite is progressing. Some tests are already available. Cfr. [http://hostess.sourceforge.net/ Project Hostess Homepage].&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2&quot; id=&quot;Logistics&quot;&gt;Built-in assembler&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;assembler&quot;&gt;'''Where do I find assembler documentation?&lt;br /&gt;A''': Start at [[Oberon/compilers|PC Native Oberon - Compiler]]. Then, get some inspiration from the nicely written and informative documentation on the [https://web.archive.org/web/20020223231440/http://www.cs.sun.ac.za/courses/pregrad/rw252/op2_asm.html assembler] used to teach a course in low-level programming by Jacques Eloff.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;order&quot;&gt;'''Given a type declaration:'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
TYPE 
    RecDesc = RECORD 
        ch: CHAR; 
        val: LONGINT 
    END;&lt;/pre&gt;
'''If a procedure takes a VAR parameter, say r: RecDesc, the record fields are accessed in the following manner:'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
MOV EBX, 8[EBP] 
MOV BYTE 0[EBX], 65            ;r.ch := 'A'; 
MOV DWORD 4[EBX], 0            ;r.val := 0;&lt;/pre&gt;
'''But, when a variable of the record type is declared locally inside a procedure, the fields are reversed:'''
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
PROCEDURE A; 
    VAR r: RecType; 
    CODE {SYSTEM.i386} 
        MOV -8[EBP], 65       ;r.ch := 'A'; 
        MOV -4[EBP], 0        ;r.val := 0; 
    END A;&lt;/pre&gt;
'''Is there a specific reason for this?&lt;br /&gt;A''': The fields are not reversed! Offset -8 is smaller address than -4. You may look at it under another perspective:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
LEA EAX, -8[EBP]      ;load record base address 
MOV BYTE 0[EAX], 65   ;r.ch := 'A'; 
MOV DWORD 4[EAX], 0   ;r.val := 0;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;cast&quot;&gt;'''The compiler's behavior is unusual when casting anything to BOOLEAN. For example, I will often input data from an I/O port, which is masked with a control word and the result is checked to see if TRUE or FALSE. On other compilers I am familiar with, if any bit is set in the low byte of the incoming word, when cast to type boolean, will result in TRUE. That is, any set bit yields a TRUE. I found that this does not seem to hold for the Oberon compiler. What I do now is, compare the byte to zero. This is not a problem, but I must watch for this.&lt;br /&gt;A''': This behavior is consistent with Pascal, where boolean was defined as enumerated type BOOLEAN = (FALSE, TRUE), i.e. ORD(FALSE) = 0 and ORD(TRUE) = 1.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;BYTE&quot;&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
VAR b: SYSTEM.BYTE; 
BEGIN 
    b:= 2; 
    IF b = 0 THEN 
END;&lt;/pre&gt;
'''I will get a compiler error at the IF line, with a message indicative of invalid operands. It works fine if I either cast b to an integer or 0 to a byte.&lt;br /&gt;A''': Only assignment is defined on SYSTEM.BYTE, not comparison. For 8-bit values, it is better to use a CHAR variable, so:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
VAR b: CHAR;
BEGIN 
    b := 2X;  (* or CHR(2) *) 
    IF b = 0X THEN 
END&lt;/pre&gt;
To convert back to INTEGER, use ORD(b).&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;call&quot;&gt;'''How to call a procedure from an assembler routine? The difficulty is that the assembler allows only the use of variables and not of procedures external to the routine.&lt;br /&gt;A''': Use a procedure variable as in this example:
&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: small; line-height:1.25; font-weight: normal; background-color: white;color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122); border: none; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-left: 2em; &quot;&gt;
MODULE MyModule; 
IMPORT SYSTEM, Out; 
VAR P: PROCEDURE (n: LONGINT); 
PROCEDURE WriteRegister32(n: LONGINT); 
BEGIN 
    Out.Int(n, 0); Out.Ln 
END WriteRegister32;

PROCEDURE AsmCode; 
CODE {SYSTEM.i386} 
    PUSH 12345678 
    CALL P 
END AsmCode;

PROCEDURE Test*; 
BEGIN 
    AsmCode 
END Test;

BEGIN 
    P := WriteRegister32 
END MyModule.&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;fastcast&quot;&gt;'''How do I cast a large number of variables very fast? I have to process large picture data in quasi-realtime, converting REAL values to INTEGER. Using ENTIER for that purpose is too slow.&lt;br /&gt;A''': Use this [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/Cast|model procedure]].&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li id=&quot;in-line&quot;&gt;'''How to use in-line procedures.&lt;br /&gt;A''': An in-line procedure is a procedure that is not called, but textually inserted into the caller procedure. A detailed documentation on how to use them is included in Jacques Eloff's [[#assembler|assembler description]].&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:3&quot;&gt;[[#Top|{{color|blue|&lt;u&gt;[Top]&lt;/u&gt;}}]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:smaller&quot;&gt;''22 Aug 2002 - Copyright &amp;#169; 2002 ETH Z&amp;#252;rich. All rights reserved.''&lt;br /&gt;
''E-Mail: [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon oberon-web at inf.ethz.ch]''&lt;br /&gt;
''Homepage: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191219125640/http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/ &lt;u&gt;http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/&lt;/u&gt;]''&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>biha2ymty88bc58m1x0phac9f8we3um</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Talk:Mirad Grammar</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>426563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672361</id>
      <parentid>4638316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T18:32:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51794-69</username>
        <id>3626861</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Is there anyone out there who is still interested in Mirad? */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4672361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2084" sha1="6jxpidqwuw2mz7uoyvoomz6muk1vi6w" xml:space="preserve">{{WikiProject Languages}}
This wikibook is amazing. Mirad has an interesting grammar and is fun to translate into. It is shame that there is no community or subreddit.
[[User:Bmckeen|Bmckeen]] ([[User talk:Bmckeen|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bmckeen|contribs]]) 21:27, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

:Thanks for the positive comments.  How would I go about starting a subreddit? [[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]] ([[User talk:Tyoyafud|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tyoyafud|contribs]]) [[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]] ([[User talk:Tyoyafud|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tyoyafud|contribs]]) 16:18, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
::@[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]] hello! This [https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/how-to-create-your-own-subreddit/ link] should help you! I also suggest for you to create a course on [https://www.memrise.com/ Memrise]. The ''comprehensible input'' hypothesis may work with a priori languages like Mirad? I was wondering if the language may spread with some fun way to learn it. If you know Portuguese, the translation of some of the [https://homemgrilo.com/ Homem-Grilo] comics (CC BY-SA 4.0) may be interesting. Sad that the [https://mirad.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page Mirad Wiki] may be lost soon...  [[User:Erick Soares3|Erick Soares3]] ([[User talk:Erick Soares3|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Erick Soares3|contribs]]) 12:17, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

== Is there anyone out there who is still interested in Mirad? ==

Is there anyone out there who is still interested in Mirad? I think the idea is really cool, I always wished there was a logical language like this and I was super surprised to find one that actually existed how I imagined it. But it seems to be a dead project, with some 404 pages and some old forum posts by deleted accounts. Is there anyone who still cares about Mirad? [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32477-72|&amp;#126;2026-32477-72]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-32477-72|talk]]) 02:52, 1 June 2026 (UTC)

:yes, me [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51794-69|~2026-51794-69]] ([[User talk:~2026-51794-69|talk]]) 18:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>437837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672315</id>
      <parentid>4619319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JGiffordAtMason</username>
        <id>3358507</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added fall 2026 top level case studies.</comment>
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      <text bytes="4960" sha1="nkczba3k98p370awffs0eeharkoeoj8" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
[[File:Nordportal Gotthard-Basistunnel.jpg|thumb|1024px|Gotthard Base Tunnel]]
This Casebook contains a set of case studies developed by students enrolled in the '''Infrastructure Past, Present and Future''' ('''CEIE 499''': Special Topics in '''Civil Engineering''' / '''GOVT 490''': Synthesis Seminar for '''Policy and Government''') course taught at George Mason University's [[wikipedia:Schar School of Policy and Government|Schar School of Policy and Government]] and the [https://civil.gmu.edu Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering] by Prof. Jonathan Gifford.

== Cases ==

== Fall 2026 Case Studies ==

* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future/Loudoun County Data Centers|Loudoun County Data Centers]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future/Mississippi River Locks and Dams|Mississippi River Locks and Dams]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future/Puerto Rico Electric Power System|Puerto Rico Electric Power System]]

=== 2026 (Spring) ===

* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Erie Canal|Erie Canal]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro|Washington Metro]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Three Gorges Dam|Three Gorges Dam]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Gateway Project|Gateway Project]]

=== 2025 (Fall) ===

* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Heathrow 3rd Runway (UK)|Heathrow 3rd Runway (UK)]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Norway Floating Highway|Norway Floating Highway]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/NYC Water Tunnel No. 3 (USA)|NYC Water Tunnel No. 3 (USA)]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/DC Clean Rivers Project (USA)|DC Clean Rivers Project (USA)]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Plant Vogtle Units 3 &amp; 4 (Georgia, USA)|Plant Vogtle Units 3 &amp; 4 (Georgia, USA)]]

=== 2025 (Spring) ===

* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel|Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/2Africa Cable|2Africa Cable]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Three Mile Island|Three Mile Island]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Santa Ynez Reservoir|Santa Ynez Reservoir]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Unita Basin Railway|Unita Basin Railway]]

=== 2024 (Fall) ===
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/JFK Terminal One|JFK Terminal One]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/South Fork Wind Farm|South Fork Wind Farm]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Hambantota Port, Sri Lanka|Hambantota Port, Sri Lanka]]
=== 2024 (Spring) ===
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Skyline Drive|Skyline Drive]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Port Miami Tunnel|Port Miami Tunnel]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Metro Flood Diversion (MN/ND)|Metro Flood Diversion (MN/ND)]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Viet Cong Tunnel Network|Viet Cong Tunnel Network]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Long Bridge|Long Bridge]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/PJM Interconnection|PJM Interconnection]]

=== 2023 (Fall) ===
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Mississippi River Locks and Dams|Mississippi River Locks and Dams]]
*  [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/5.9 GHz Spectrum|5.9 GHz Spectrum]]
*  [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Texas Power Grid|Texas Power Grid]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Guangzhou South Railway Station|Guangzhou South Railway Station]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Jackson, MS Water and Wastewater Treatment|Jackson, MS Water and Wastewater Treatment]]
*  [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/U.S./Mexico Border Infrastructure|U.S./Mexico Border Infrastructure]]

=== 2023 (Spring) ===
* [[/Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)/]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/GPS: Global Positioning System|GPS: Global Positioning System]]
* [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Oroville Dam|Oroville Dam Failure]]
* [[/Finnish Underground/]]

=== 2022 (Fall) ===
* [[/Shinkansen High Speed Rail/]]

{{shelves|Civil engineering|George Mason University projects}}
{{Status|75%}}
* [[/Port of Newport News/]]
* [[/Brightline Rail System/]]
* [[/Central Park/]]
* [[/Venetian Flood Control (MOSE)/]]

=== 2022 (Spring) ===
* [[/Dutch Dikes/]]
* [[/Big Dig/]]
* [[/Gotthard Base Tunnel/]]
* [[/Air Traffic Control System/]]

===2021 (Fall)===
* [[/New Orleans Levees/]]
* [[/Transcontinental Railroad/]]
* [[/Maginot Line/]]
* [[/Channel Tunnel/]]
* [[/Hoover Dam/]]__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>nkczba3k98p370awffs0eeharkoeoj8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Minecraft/Fox</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>445991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672383</id>
      <parentid>4082201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T01:29:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fixes to links and to the weird whitespace</comment>
      <origin>4672383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1256" sha1="jlibz9kjy62ts6cn4iaxf335kompffj" xml:space="preserve">{{Minecraft/mob
|intro=A timid creature with an intimidating leap! Keep away from chickens!
|health=14
|spawning=In tiagas, both snowy and normal.
|cat=Animals
|class=This mob is immune to fall damage.
|drops=*1-3 [[../Experience|exp. points]]
|des=Anyone who has held [[../Chicken|chickens]] in a [[../Tiaga|tiaga]] will tell you about how this cute creature can be a pest and a menace. What do they eat for breakfast? Chicken. What's on their lunch menu? Chicken. For dinner... You get the idea. But chicken is not all they eat: Arctic foxes eat fish, and both types ''love'' [[../Sweet Berry|sweet berries]]!

Don't think caging your chickens in fences is enough. Foxes can leap over a seven block high fence, so your fence needs to be eight blocks high with no raised ground within five blocks of the fence, just to be safe.

Sometimes a fox will spawn with items that it will drop on death. These items include [[../Leather|leather]] and [[../Rabbit's Hide|rabbit's hide]].

Foxes will eat most food items that they find on the ground. If they eat certain foods, like [[../Spider Eyes|spider eyes]] and [[../Pufferfish (item)|pufferfish]], they will get the same debuffs the player would.

Can be [[../Breeding|bred]] with Sweet Berries.}}
{{bookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>jlibz9kjy62ts6cn4iaxf335kompffj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Minecraft/Charcoal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>450197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672384</id>
      <parentid>4206847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T01:30:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c/e</comment>
      <origin>4672384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="325" sha1="2w6hvguxwd80czqyiuaczxzwrt13ed0" xml:space="preserve">{{minecraft/item|fuel=60|stack=64}}
Charcoal is a good substitute for [[../Coal|coal]], as it can be used for all crafting recipes coal is in, except for a [[../Block of Coal|block of coal]].

==Obtaining==
Smelt [[../Logs|logs]] in a [[../Furnace|furnace]] to get charcoal. It is a good substitute for when you have no coal.</text>
      <sha1>2w6hvguxwd80czqyiuaczxzwrt13ed0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>City Of Heroes/General Help/Task Forces</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>458126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672324</id>
      <parentid>4318213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:54:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>accomodate &gt; accommodate</comment>
      <origin>4672324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7424" sha1="4kls5ytwuftyfe0nkrp8z5hnwolw201" xml:space="preserve">A Task Force is a series of missions given by a special contact which must be completed by a single team.  No new members may be added to the team once the TF starts.  People can quit, but once the team drops down to a single player, the task force is over.  No contacts other than the special TF contact will give you missions or sell you inspirations.  While the task force is going on, you can only do task force missions.  You can log off, and then log back on later to complete the TF, as long as and your teammates don't actually quit from the TF.  You must fall within the level range listed below to begin the task force, though you may outlevel it during the course of the TF.  People can SK up to join a TF, but may not be able to enter the necessary zones.  People can exemplar down to join a TF, but if they unexemplar for any reason during the TF, they are immediately booted out.  Any mapserver disconnect for either of the people in the exemplaring relationship can result in being kicked from the TF.  Note:  villains will spawn at the highest level of the TF, without regard for the levels of the heroes in the TF.  This list contains spoilers

----

===Positron (Steel Canyon):  The Rule of Three===
   Level Range:  10-16
   Minimum Team Size:  3
   Approximate Time Required:  7 hours
   Summary:  Battle Clockwork, Vahzilok, and Circle of Thorns to thwart their efforts to damage
             the dam.

===Synapse (Skyway):  The Fall of the Clockwork King===
   Level Range:  15-21 
   Minimum Team Size:  4
   Approximate Time Required:  5 hours
   Summary:  

===Sister Psyche (Independence Port):  Clamor and Destruction===
   Level Range:  20-26
   Minimum Team Size:  5
   Approximate Time Required:  5 hours
   Summary:  

===Moonfire (Striga Isle): The Kheldian War ===
   Level Range:  23-28
   Minimum Team Size:  6
   Approximate Time Required:  3 hours
   Summary:

  * 1 - Defeat all vampyri in cave (Striga)

  * 2 - Defeat all Wolves in Cave (Striga)

  * 3 - Defeat mixed council (mosly wolves and troopers) in Council base (Striga)

  * 4 - Hunt for 20 Council (Striga)

  * 5 - Find and free hostage in council base, can be breezed through with Invisiblity and Teleport (Striga)

  * 6 - Defeat all enemies, Look for Clues (one flashie) in Council Base (Striga)

  * 7 - Take Schematics to Dr. Engles (Skyway city)

  * 8 - Defeat Archon Salavatore and his men (Striga)

  * 9 - Defeat 20 Council (Striga)

  * 10 - Defeat Arakhn (Striga)
    * Arakhn has a number of annoying traits, including Instant Healing,
      which totally replenishes her life after about 2 minutes.
      So, you MUST have enough damage dealing to accommodate for this.  Additionally, she's keen on stunning those 
      adjacent to her.

      Actually, if you stay out of melee range, you can avoid her AoE vampyric heal move. It has a long recharge,
      so then you can go beat up on her some more.

We couldn't take her out, and our attempt to complete this listing failed.  Hopefully another will seize the reins and complete the guide (Wiki rocks)

* We had more luck, beating her with 2 scrappers, an illusion / bubbler, and an emp / dark. We took out her guards, retreated, rested and buffed, then waded in. Though she kept healing (not always to full) we kept plugging. After about 5 minutes of solid thrashing she bit the dust. Everyone got an xp bonus and an SO (no badge).

===Ernesto Hess (Striga)===
   Level Range:  25-30
   Minimum Team Size:  6
   Approximate Time Required:  3 hours  
   Summary:  Council
   Missions:
   * Click Glowies
   * Save Scientist and destroy reactor
   * Destroy radar stations (4 very short missions)
   * Scout base.
   * Defeat AV.


===Jane Hallaway (Independence Port):  Save the Terra Volta Reactor===
   Level Range:  24-32
   Minimum Team Size:  4
   Approximate Time Required:  3 hours  
   Summary:  Sky Raiders
   Missions:
   * Speak to NPC - Terra Volta
   * Defeat 25 Sky Raiders - Terra Volta
   * Defeat Sgt. Clayton + men - Talos Island
   * Save reactor - Terra Volta

===Bastion (Talos Island):  Bastion's Children===
   Level Range:  25-31
   Minimum Team Size:  6
   Approximate Time Required:  5 hours
   Summary:  

===Manticore (Brickstown):  Following Countess Crey===
   Level Range:  30-35
   Minimum Team Size:  7
   Approximate Time Required:  5 hours
   Summary:  

===Captain James Harlan (Founder's Falls):  Save the Terra Volta Reactor===
   Level Range:  34-43
   Minimum Team Size:  4
   Approximate Time Required:  3 hours
   Summary:  Freakshow

===Numina (Founder's Falls):  Soul of the Woodsman===
   Level Range:  35-38
   Minimum Team Size:  4
   Approximate Time Required:  5 hours
   Summary:    

===Dr. Quarterfield (Fire Base Zulu):  Explorers and Exploiters===
   Level Range:  40-44
   Minimum Team Size:  8
   Approximate Time Required:  12 hours! (Can be done in 7.5 hours)
   Summary:

===Sara Moore (Cascade Archipelago/Molepoint Charlie?):  The Legend of Ruladak===
   Level Range:  40-50
   Minimum Team Size:  8
   Approximate Time Required:  7 hours
   Summary:  

===Justin Augustine (The Chantry):  The Saga of Faathim===
   Level Range:  40-50
   Minimum Team Size:  8
   Approximate Time Required:  4 hours
   Summary: 

===Faathim the Kind (The Chantry):  The Saga of Lanaru===
   Level Range:  40-50
   Minimum Team Size:  8, can go down to 4, but not lower unless you've beaten the Baphomet mission!
   Approximate Time Required:  7 hours [4.5 hours with excellent team]
   Missions:
      NOTE: You will NOT get Faathim's contact number.  Ever.  
      Missions listed below with the same number do not require returning to Faathim.
   * 1a) Defeat all Rularuu in first cave - Chantry vs. Rularuu
   * 1b) Defeat all Rularuu in second cave - Chantry vs. Rularuu
   * 1c) Defeat all Rularuu in third cave - Chantry vs. Rularuu
   * 2a) Anger: Defeat Malaise (AV) + 4 simultaneous glowys - Storm Palace vs. Nemesis and AV Praetorian
   * 2b) Malace: Defeat Mother Mayhem (AV) + 4 simultaneous glowys - Storm Palace vs. Nemesis and AV Praetorian
   * 3a) Torment: Defeat Nemesis army + 4 simultaneous glowys - Storm Palace vs. Nemesis
   * 3b) Hatred: Defeat Nemesis army (w/ Nemesis? AV) + 4 simultaneous glowys - Storm Palace vs. Nemesis 
         and Rikti
   * 4a) Fury: Defeat Rikti + 4 simultaneous glowys - Storm Palace vs. Rikti and Knives of Artemis
   * 4b) Destruction: Defeat Rikti + 4 NON-simultaneous glowys - Storm Palace vs. Rikti and Malta
   * 5a) Find Key of Destruction + Kill Boss and Company - Perez Park vs. Malta, Knives (few), 
         and CoT (named boss)
   * 5b) Speak with Azuria - Atlas Park
   * 5c) Find Key of Madness - Talos Island vs. Malta
   * 5d) Speak with Azuria - Atlas Park
   * 5e) Defeat Baphomet (AV) + 4 simultaneous glowys - Train vs. Circle of Thorns
   * 6a-g) Use keys on monuments (7 different clicks) - Storm Palace
   * 6h) Defeat Lanaru the Mad (AV) - Storm Palace vs. Lanaruu and Rularuu - Very short

===Major Richard Flagg (Rikti Crash Site):  Save the Terra Volta Reactor===
   Level Range:  44-50
   Minimum Team Size:  4
   Approximate Time Required:  3 hours
   Villains:  Rikti
   Missions:
   * Defeat 30 Rikti - Rikti Crash Site
   * Defeat all in base + Rescue scientist - Peregrine Island
   * Patrol 3 points - Rikti Crash Site
   * Defeat all in base + Seek clues (1) - Rikti Crash Site
   * Save reactor - Terra Volta

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>4kls5ytwuftyfe0nkrp8z5hnwolw201</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>471383</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672309</id>
      <parentid>4672185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:12:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JCrue</username>
        <id>2226064</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rejected the last 3 text changes (by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51656-73|~2026-51656-73]] and [[Special:Contributions/Pristome|Pristome]]) and restored revision 4635535 by JCrue</comment>
      <origin>4672309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="832" sha1="ak9ukrjrer11lqo4w6lkv013v7lasdh" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Sicilian defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B27]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Sicilian defence]] → [[../|2. Nf3]]
}}
== 2...d5? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
A move that has some popularity with beginners only, who want to open the centre immediately. 

Something like a delayed [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]], the forcing sequence is '''3. exd5''' Qxd5 4. Nc3 (White gains time on Black's queen). Unable to move to a5, as the main line of the Scandinavian, the queen returns to 4...Qd8. 

Black has lost time and White is ahead in developing their minor pieces. Black has half-opened their d-file, so White should play 5. d4, or they will find it difficult to later: 5. Bc4? Nc6 and Black controls d4 three times to White's twice. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>ak9ukrjrer11lqo4w6lkv013v7lasdh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672402</id>
      <parentid>4672309</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T06:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-51853-91</username>
        <id>3626895</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ I discovered this gambit myself, and when I learned it didn't have a name, I named it after my country. With this gambit, Black can play either offensively or defensively, depending on the playing style.</comment>
      <origin>4672402</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="hllt4asy82h7ds1mrxly5xba1qbdy1c" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Baku Gambit|name=Baku Gambit
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B27]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Baku Gambit]] → [[../|2. Nf3]]
|aka=Baku Gambit/Nihad's Gambit|responses=rnbqkbnr/pp2pppp/8/2pp4/4P3/5N2/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKB1R w KQkq - 0 3}}
== 2...d5? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
A move that has some popularity with beginners only, who want to open the centre immediately. 

Something like a delayed [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]], the forcing sequence is '''3. exd5''' Qxd5 4. Nc3 (White gains time on Black's queen). Unable to move to a5, as the main line of the Scandinavian, the queen returns to 4...Qd8. 

Black has lost time and White is ahead in developing their minor pieces. Black has half-opened their d-file, so White should play 5. d4, or they will find it difficult to later: 5. Bc4? Nc6 and Black controls d4 three times to White's twice. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>hllt4asy82h7ds1mrxly5xba1qbdy1c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672403</id>
      <parentid>4672402</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T06:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nihad Karimli</username>
        <id>3626896</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4672403</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="957" sha1="fap86sijoj812q2d37ewp1r932le0hs" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Baku Gambit|name=Baku Gambit
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B27]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Baku Gambit]] → [[../|2. Nf3]]
|aka=Baku Gambit/Nihad's Gambit|responses=[Variant &quot;Baku Gambit&quot;]
[FEN &quot;rnbqkbnr/pp2pppp/8/2pp4/4P3/5N2/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKB1R&quot;]}}
== 2...d5? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
A move that has some popularity with beginners only, who want to open the centre immediately. 

Something like a delayed [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]], the forcing sequence is '''3. exd5''' Qxd5 4. Nc3 (White gains time on Black's queen). Unable to move to a5, as the main line of the Scandinavian, the queen returns to 4...Qd8. 

Black has lost time and White is ahead in developing their minor pieces. Black has half-opened their d-file, so White should play 5. d4, or they will find it difficult to later: 5. Bc4? Nc6 and Black controls d4 three times to White's twice. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>fap86sijoj812q2d37ewp1r932le0hs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672405</id>
      <parentid>4672403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T06:54:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4672403|4672403]] by [[Special:Contributions/Nihad Karimli|Nihad Karimli]] ([[User talk:Nihad Karimli|discuss]]) // fictional naming</comment>
      <origin>4672405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="hllt4asy82h7ds1mrxly5xba1qbdy1c" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|Baku Gambit|name=Baku Gambit
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B27]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Baku Gambit]] → [[../|2. Nf3]]
|aka=Baku Gambit/Nihad's Gambit|responses=rnbqkbnr/pp2pppp/8/2pp4/4P3/5N2/PPPP1PPP/RNBQKB1R w KQkq - 0 3}}
== 2...d5? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
A move that has some popularity with beginners only, who want to open the centre immediately. 

Something like a delayed [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]], the forcing sequence is '''3. exd5''' Qxd5 4. Nc3 (White gains time on Black's queen). Unable to move to a5, as the main line of the Scandinavian, the queen returns to 4...Qd8. 

Black has lost time and White is ahead in developing their minor pieces. Black has half-opened their d-file, so White should play 5. d4, or they will find it difficult to later: 5. Bc4? Nc6 and Black controls d4 three times to White's twice. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>hllt4asy82h7ds1mrxly5xba1qbdy1c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672406</id>
      <parentid>4672405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T06:55:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 4672309 by [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|talk]]): Fictional naming (TwinkleGlobal)</comment>
      <origin>4672406</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="832" sha1="ak9ukrjrer11lqo4w6lkv013v7lasdh" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position
|name=Sicilian defence
|eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B27]]
|parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Sicilian defence]] → [[../|2. Nf3]]
}}
== 2...d5? ==
{{Chess/sideline}}
A move that has some popularity with beginners only, who want to open the centre immediately. 

Something like a delayed [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian defence]], the forcing sequence is '''3. exd5''' Qxd5 4. Nc3 (White gains time on Black's queen). Unable to move to a5, as the main line of the Scandinavian, the queen returns to 4...Qd8. 

Black has lost time and White is ahead in developing their minor pieces. Black has half-opened their d-file, so White should play 5. d4, or they will find it difficult to later: 5. Bc4? Nc6 and Black controls d4 three times to White's twice. 

{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>ak9ukrjrer11lqo4w6lkv013v7lasdh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Quarter-Tone Harmony/Modulations</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>473834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672325</id>
      <parentid>4555052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:55:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Accomodate &gt; Accommodate</comment>
      <origin>4672325</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12205" sha1="fopro26z1bt0hcd7j6qjnb2bju195pz" xml:space="preserve">With twelve new notes comes twenty-four new keys, twelve major and twelve minor. Key signatures can be made to accommodate these new keys, but they will not be used for the sake of brevity.

Importantly, the keys made by the new notes don't share any notes with any conventional key. This means that if we want to modulate from a conventional key to a new key (or vice versa), then, in the words of Wyschnegradsky:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;hellip;a progression of modulation passages by means of transitory chords will not bring us any closer to the key to which we want to modulate. To do such a modulation, the progresion must move suddenly from the chord of a semitone scale to a chord of the quarter-tone scale (or vice versa).&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Simple Modulations==
Modulations from a conventional key to a new key are smoothest when all voices move by a single quarter tone, rather than three or five:
&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\fixed c' {
\partial 2 &lt;c e g&gt;2^&quot;C major&quot; &lt;bqs, eqs gqs&gt;2 &lt;bqs, dtqs ftqs&gt;2 &lt;eqs eqs gqs&gt;1^\markup{&quot;E&quot;\semisharp&quot; minor&quot;}
}
&lt;/score&gt;
All notes in the C major chord individually move up or down in single quartertones: the C to B{{music|t}}, the E to E{{music|t}}, and the G to G{{music|t}}. This produces an E{{music|t}} minor triad in second inversion, which is closed properly with a cadential progression to establish the key of E{{music|t}} minor.

Such modulations can be called '''''simple quartertonal modulations''''', or simply ''simple modulations''.

Here are some promising examples of simple modulations by Wyschnegradsky in four parts, filling in the gaps using conventional theory:
&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble
&lt;&lt;
{g'2^&quot;C maj.&quot; a' aqs' aqf' gqs'1^\markup{&quot;E&quot;\semiflat &quot;maj.&quot;} \bar &quot;||&quot; c''2^&quot;C maj.&quot; cqs'' cqs'' bqs' bqs'1^\markup{&quot;E&quot;\semisharp &quot;maj.&quot;} \bar &quot;||&quot;}
\\
{e'2 e' eqf' dqs' eqf'1 e'2 eqs' eqs' dtqs' eqs'1}
&gt;&gt;
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
&lt;&lt;
{g2 fs fqs fqs eqf1 g2 gqs ftqs ftqs gtqs1}
\\
{c2 c cqf bqf, eqf,1 c2 bqs, aqs, bqs, eqs1}
&gt;&gt;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

In many cases, to great effect, the bass note may jump more than a quarter tone so as to put the chords on either side of the modulation in root position. For instance, in both of these examples, the bass note moves by nine quarter tones (a supermajor third) in either direction, which establishes the destination key much faster:

&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble
&lt;&lt;
{g'2 gqs' e' eqs'}
\\
{e'2 eqs' c' bqs}
&gt;&gt;
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
&lt;&lt;
{c'2 bqs a gtqs}
\\
{c2( eqs) a( eqs)}
&gt;&gt;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

===Possible Modulations===

For any set of notes in the conventional system (although this still applies if there are notes outside of it), a simple quartertonal modulation occurs when every note moves either up or down a quarter tone. Each note can only go in one of two directions; therefore, for a set of &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; notes, there are &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt; possible destinations for a simple quartertonal modulation:

* Dyads can modulate to four other dyads because &lt;math&gt;2^2=4&lt;/math&gt;.
* Triads can modulate to eight other triads because &lt;math&gt;2^3=8&lt;/math&gt;.
* Four-note chords (sixth chords, seventh chords, etc.) can modulate to sixteen other triads because &lt;math&gt;2^4=16&lt;/math&gt;.

Consider a C major triad. It is a triad, and therefore it has eight possible destinations. Here they are with some respelling:
&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new Staff {
\fixed c' {
\accidentalStyle dodecaphonic
\hide Staff.Stem \hide Staff.TimeSignature
\cadenzaOn
&lt;c e g&gt;2 &lt;cqs eqs gqs&gt;4 &lt;cqs eqs ftqs&gt; &lt;cqs eqf gqs&gt; &lt;cqs eqf gqf&gt; &lt;bqs, eqs gqs&gt; &lt;cqf fqf gqf&gt; &lt;cqf eqf gqs&gt; &lt;cqf eqf gqf&gt;
}}
&lt;/score&gt;

* C{{music|t}} major triad
* C{{music|t}} major triad with a {{music|b}}5, or F{{music|#t}} half-diminished seventh chord on C{{music|t}} (without A{{music|t}})
* C{{music|t}} minor triad
* C{{music|t}} diminished triad
* E{{music|t}} minor triad on B{{music|t}}
* C{{music|d}} suspended triad
* C{{music|d}} augmented triad
* C{{music|d}} major triad

Here's the same analysis for a C minor triad:
&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new Staff { \fixed c' {
\clef treble
\accidentalStyle dodecaphonic \hide Staff.Stem \hide Staff.TimeSignature
\cadenzaOn
&lt;c ef g&gt;2 &lt;cqs eqf gqs&gt;4 &lt;cqs eqf gqf&gt; &lt;cqs dqs gqs&gt; &lt;cqs dqs ftqs&gt; &lt;cqf eqf gqs&gt; &lt;cqf eqf gqf&gt; &lt;bqs, dqs gqs&gt; &lt;cqf etqf gqf&gt;
}}
&lt;/score&gt;

* C{{music|t}} minor triad
* C{{music|t}} diminished triad
* C{{music|t}} suspended second triad
* D{{music|t}} dominant seventh chord on C{{music|t}} (without A{{music|t}})
* C{{music|d}} augmented triad
* C{{music|d}} major triad
* G{{music|t}} major triad on B{{music|t}}
* C{{music|d}} minor triad

===Generalization===
Only considering chords without quartertonal intervals, let us use a temporary notation for triads that will make analyzing triadic simple modulations much easier.

A triad &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;,&lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is a triad where the interval between the first and second notes is &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; semitones large and the interval between the second and third notes is &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; semitones large. For instance, the minor triad is notated '''3,4''', the major triad is notated as '''4,3'''. This will become very useful for naming triads that have no defined name in conventional theory, but please note that this notation only accounts for the chord ''type'' and does not care for the chord's root.

We can then re-interpret simple quartertonal modulations as transformations on these numbers. Now consider all possible simple modulations on a triad &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;,&lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt;:

* ''Up, up, up'': No intervals change, so the transformation can be notated as '''0,0'''.
* ''Up, up, down'': Only interval &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; changes; it is compressed by one semitone, so the transformation can be notated as '''0,-1'''.
* ''Up, down, up'': Interval &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; is compressed by a semitone whereas interval &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is stretched by a semitone, so the transformation can be notated as '''-1,+1'''.
* ''Up, down, down'': Only interval &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; changes; it is compressed by one semitone, so the transformation can be notated as '''-1,0'''.
* ''Down, up, up'': Only interval &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; changes; it is stretched by one semitone, so the transformation can be notated as '''+1,0'''.
* ''Down, up, down'': Interval &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; is stretched by a semitone whereas interval &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is compressed by a semitone, so the transformation can be notated as '''+1,-1'''.
* ''Down, down, up'': Only interval &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; changes; it is stretched by one semitone, so the transformation can be notated as '''0,+1'''.
* ''Down, down, down'': No intervals change, so the transformation can be notated as '''0,0'''.

With this, we can see what transformations are possible and how many possible modulations will achieve them. Two modulations do not change the chord type whereas the six other modulations compress or stretch at least one interval by a semitone in varying combinations.

==Pivots==
It's also possible to modulate by altering a note or notes in a typical chord in a progression by a quarter tone. These altered tones then act as &quot;pivots,&quot; shifting the rest of the progression by a quarter tone. These modulations are not nearly as smooth as simple modulations, but are ''far'' more flexible, since they can be tactfully inserted into any typical progression.

This example by Wyschnegradsky starts in D major, and then features a Neapolitan chord with its root E{{music|b}} shifted up by a quarter tone to E{{music|d}}, forcing the rest of the progression up a quarter tone to D{{music|t}} major.

&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble \key d \major
\accidentalStyle modern
&lt;&lt;
{fs''4^&quot;D maj.&quot; fqs''2 eqf''4~^&quot;!&quot; 4 dqs'' ctqs''2 dqs''1^\markup{&quot;D&quot;\semisharp &quot;maj.&quot;} \bar &quot;||&quot;}
\\
{a'2 bf' bqf' aqs'4 gqs' ftqs'1}
&gt;&gt;
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass \key d \major
&lt;&lt;
{d'2~ 4 eqf'~^&quot;!&quot; 4 e' eqs'2 dqs'1}
\\
{d2 g gqs aqs dqs1}
&gt;&gt;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

Combined with conventional modulations, quartertonal modulations can end up in quite exotic destinations, as in this custom example. This example starts in C minor, going to the ii{{music|dim}} chord, D diminished. The third of that chord, F, is flattened to F{{music|d}}, at which point it suddenly transforms into the root of a different chord. This chord (F{{music|d}} minor without the third) acts as the ii of E{{music|db}} major, and it is closed off as such with a ii-V-I progression.
&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble \key c \minor
\accidentalStyle modern
&lt;&lt;
{ef''4^&quot;C min.&quot; g'' af'' g'' f''4 fqf''2^&quot;!&quot; etqf''4 fqf''2 etqf''4. dqf''8 etqf''1^\markup{&quot;E&quot; \sesquiflat &quot;maj.&quot;} \bar &quot;||&quot;}
\\
{c''2 f'4 g' d''2 cqf'' btqf'4 dqf'' btqf' atqf' gqf'1}
&gt;&gt;
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass \key c \minor
&lt;&lt;
{g4 bf c' bf af4 fqf2^&quot;!&quot; gqf4 atqf2 btqf4. cqf'8 btqf1}
\\
{c2 f,2 d2 fqf,2 btqf,2 cqf4. dqf8 etqf1}
&gt;&gt;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

==With Quartertonal Chords==

Consider the tritone substitution. In the key of C, the dominant chord, G7, can be substituted for a D{{music|b}}7 chord because they share two notes:

&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble
\accidentalStyle modern
&lt;&lt; {b'1~ cf''} \\ {f'1~ f'} &gt;&gt;
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
&lt;&lt; {d1 af,} \\ {g,1 df,} &gt;&gt;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

Even though the functions of those notes differs between each chord (as evidenced by the spelling), they can, in many cases, be used interchangeably because those two notes are still functional for voice leading.

Phenomena such as this can be used to our advantage with quartertonal chords.

===Pivots===

Consider the harmonic eleventh chord on C as introduced in [[../Chords#Extensions | Chords#Extensions]]:

&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new Staff { \fixed c' {
\clef treble
\accidentalStyle modern
\hide Staff.TimeSignature
&lt;c e g btqf d' fqs'&gt;1
}}
&lt;/score&gt;

There are two notes in the quarter-tone realm: B{{music|db}} and F{{music|t}}. Respelling the B{{music|db}} as its enharmonic A{{music|t}}, we see that these two notes are a major third (or minor sixth) apart, and can be used as pivots to modulate to any chord with a major third, the two prime examples being D{{music|t}} minor and F{{music|t}} major:

&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble
\accidentalStyle modern
&lt;&lt; {&lt;btqf'~ fqs''~&gt;2 &lt;aqs' fqs''&gt;2 &lt;btqf'~ fqs''~&gt;2 &lt;aqs' fqs''&gt;2} \\ {e'2 dqs' e'2 fqs'} &gt;&gt;
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
&lt;&lt; {g2 aqs g fqs} \\ {c2 dqs c cqs} &gt;&gt;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

The reverse can also occur; any chord with a minor third in it can potentially be used to pivot to a harmonic eleventh chord:

&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble
\accidentalStyle modern
&lt;&lt; {&lt;e'~ c''~&gt;2 &lt;ff' c''&gt;2} \\ {c'2 dqf'} &gt;&gt;
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
&lt;&lt; {c'2 bqf} \\ {g2 gqf} &gt;&gt;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

==Chromatic Passages==
Where the free use of quartertonal chords and harmonies (those outside of the conventional system) is acceptable, chromatic progressions where independent lines move steadily by quarter tones make for good modulations between tonalities:

&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble
\accidentalStyle modern
\time 2/2
&lt;dqs' gqs' cqs''&gt;2
&lt;ef' af' df''&gt;
&lt;eqf' aqf' dqf''&gt;1
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
\accidentalStyle modern
\time 2/2
&lt;c f bf&gt;2
&lt;cqf fqf btqf&gt;
&lt;&lt;
{&lt;e a&gt;1} \\
{b,4. eqf,8~ 2}
&gt;&gt;
\bar &quot;||&quot;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

This presents excellent opportunity to use the quartertonal contrary motion property (see [[../Concepts#Contrary Motion | Concepts#Contrary Motion]]):

&lt;score lang=&quot;lilypond&quot; note-language=&quot;english&quot;&gt;
\new PianoStaff &lt;&lt;
\new Staff {
\clef treble
\accidentalStyle modern
\numericTimeSignature
\time 3/4
&lt;b' c'' e''&gt;4-. 4-. r4
&lt;bqf' cqs'' fqs''&gt;4-. 4-. r4
\time 4/4
&lt;bf' df'' af''&gt;4-. 4-. 4-. 4-.
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
\accidentalStyle modern
\numericTimeSignature
\time 3/4
&lt;g c'&gt;4-. 4-. r4
&lt;bqf, fqs&gt;4-. 4-. r4
\time 4/4
&lt;df, bf,&gt;4-. 4-. 4-. 4-.
\bar &quot;||&quot;
}
&gt;&gt;
&lt;/score&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>fopro26z1bt0hcd7j6qjnb2bju195pz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Open Scholarship Policy Observatory (Volume 2)/Market Consolidation in Scholarly Communications</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>473898</id>
    <redirect title="Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024/Market Consolidation and Scholarly Communications" />
    <revision>
      <id>4672393</id>
      <parentid>4486258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T04:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JackBot</username>
        <id>396820</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024/Market Consolidation in Scholarly Communications]] to [[Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024/Market Consolidation and Scholarly Communications]]</comment>
      <origin>4672393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="122" sha1="5512h2t7yl8gwmhqz1vsz1ycvzent9b" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Extensions: Open Scholarship Policy Observatory, 2021-2024/Market Consolidation and Scholarly Communications]]</text>
      <sha1>5512h2t7yl8gwmhqz1vsz1ycvzent9b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Minecraft/Enderman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>474468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672350</id>
      <parentid>4491412</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Optimus Primall</username>
        <id>3626752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Helpful notes */</comment>
      <origin>4672350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="905" sha1="mzok3vfxw2dfz4doexbngmtrwy7h5nt" xml:space="preserve">Endermen are mobs known for being black,with purple eyes and purple sparks flying away from their tall 3 block height body,and they normally pickup random blocks for who knows why.

&lt;big&gt;Facts about them...&lt;/big&gt;

=='''Abilities'''==

•Increadibly fast teleporters

=='''Weaknesses'''==

•Water provides damage to them,so if you are under attack,get that H2O '''ASAP'''

=='''Helpful notes'''==

1.) ''Never'' '''look into their eyes if you are not prepared to fight them(unless''' ''you want a fight, you will likely lose without armor should you not have armor'').

2.)Sheared pumpkins that are worn will make them not '''attack''' you ,due to them having the inability to look at you should you look into their eyes.

3.)Should you attempt to kill them,make sure you have durable armor and a shield, and you are near a suitable shallow water body , should you chicken out of the fight.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mzok3vfxw2dfz4doexbngmtrwy7h5nt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672352</id>
      <parentid>4672350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:49:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Optimus Primall</username>
        <id>3626752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Weaknesses */</comment>
      <origin>4672352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="987" sha1="ev06hjys0hctfqnobxqrw8v6gb7kx4z" xml:space="preserve">Endermen are mobs known for being black,with purple eyes and purple sparks flying away from their tall 3 block height body,and they normally pickup random blocks for who knows why.

&lt;big&gt;Facts about them...&lt;/big&gt;

=='''Abilities'''==

•Increadibly fast teleporters

=='''Weaknesses'''==

•Water provides damage to them,so a helpful tip is if you are under attack,get into a good water body to shield yourself for some time,and they may leave you alone

=='''Helpful notes'''==

1.) ''Never'' '''look into their eyes if you are not prepared to fight them(unless''' ''you want a fight, you will likely lose without armor should you not have armor'').

2.)Sheared pumpkins that are worn will make them not '''attack''' you ,due to them having the inability to look at you should you look into their eyes.

3.)Should you attempt to kill them,make sure you have durable armor and a shield, and you are near a suitable shallow water body , should you chicken out of the fight.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ev06hjys0hctfqnobxqrw8v6gb7kx4z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672354</id>
      <parentid>4672352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:51:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Optimus Primall</username>
        <id>3626752</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Abilities */</comment>
      <origin>4672354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1025" sha1="3k04ptgecvawrltxyg3ofef1wmd0uhj" xml:space="preserve">Endermen are mobs known for being black,with purple eyes and purple sparks flying away from their tall 3 block height body,and they normally pickup random blocks for who knows why.

&lt;big&gt;Facts about them...&lt;/big&gt;

=='''Abilities'''==

• Increadibly fast teleporters

• Pick up dirt blocks 

• Fight

=='''Weaknesses'''==

•Water provides damage to them,so a helpful tip is if you are under attack,get into a good water body to shield yourself for some time,and they may leave you alone

=='''Helpful notes'''==

1.) ''Never'' '''look into their eyes if you are not prepared to fight them(unless''' ''you want a fight, you will likely lose without armor should you not have armor'').

2.)Sheared pumpkins that are worn will make them not '''attack''' you ,due to them having the inability to look at you should you look into their eyes.

3.)Should you attempt to kill them,make sure you have durable armor and a shield, and you are near a suitable shallow water body , should you chicken out of the fight.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>3k04ptgecvawrltxyg3ofef1wmd0uhj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672375</id>
      <parentid>4672354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T22:47:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EggRoll97</username>
        <id>3178669</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rewrite somewhat</comment>
      <origin>4672375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="802" sha1="374bfc7srvi0h30w90ljctzgdh9sg9t" xml:space="preserve">Endermen (singular: Enderman) are mobs known for being black in color, with purple eyes and purple sparks flying away from their body.

==Abilities==

* Incredibly fast teleportation

* Able to pick up blocks from the ground

==Weaknesses==

* Water harms them, so if you are under attack, get into a body of water to shield yourself for some time, after which they will cease attempting to attack you.

==Helpful notes==

1.) Never look into their eyes if you are not prepared to fight them.

2.) Sheared pumpkins that are worn as a head will make them not '''attack''' you, due to them having the inability to look at you should you look into their eyes.

3.) Should you attempt to kill them, make sure you have durable armor and a shield, and you are near a suitable shallow water body.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>374bfc7srvi0h30w90ljctzgdh9sg9t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Variants/Omega Chess</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>474658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672322</id>
      <parentid>4633420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:52:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>typos fixed: acommodate &gt; accommodate</comment>
      <origin>4672322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8607" sha1="0iy16tsdxfba2my9vzi1epn8k1nie9t" xml:space="preserve">{{Omega Chess diagram
| tright
|

|wd                              |wd
   |zd|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|zd
   |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
   |zl|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|zl
|wl                              |wl

| Initial position of Omega chess
}}
==Introduction==
'''Omega Chess''' is a commerical chess variant played on a 10 by 10 board with additional jumping pieces.

== History ==
Omega chess was released in 1992 by Canadian Daniel McDonald. One of his major aims with the variant was to equalise the number of sliding pieces and jumping pieces, so he added two new jumping pieces to the traditional piece set, and one was designed to be colourbound as an analogue to the bishop.

The variant has been endorsed by US grandmaster Michael Rohde and the Hungarian Chess Federation, amongst others.

In 2008 Daniel developed an optional extension to Omega Chess named '''Omega Chess Advanced''', which adds two new pieces and several new moves.

== Rules ==
{{Omega Chess diagram
| tright
|
|                                |  
   |xx|  |xx|  |xx|  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |xx|  |  |xo|  |xo|  |
   |xx|xx|zd|xx|xx|  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |xx|nl|  |xo|  |xo|  |xo
   |xx|  |xx|  |xx|  |wd|  |  |  
   |  |  |  |xo|  |xo|  |xo|  |xo
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |xo|  |xo|  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|                                |  
| The champion can leap to any of the squares marked with black crosses. The wizard can leap to any of the squares marked with black dots or it can capture the white knight on d6. 
}}
Omega chess is played on a 10 by 10 board, with four additional corner squares positioned diagonally behind the corners of the main board. Unlike most other chess variants White's home rank is given the number zero instead of one. The four added corner squares, called &quot;wizard squares&quot;, are notated as (beginning from White's queen's corner square and proceeding counterclockwise) w1, w2, w3 and w4. Despite their unusual position the four wizard squares are considered part of the board and all pieces (except the rooks and pawns) may enter and exit them.

The normal set of pieces is used, and two new pieces are added: the '''champion''' and the '''wizard'''. Both players have two of these pieces at game start: the champions in the corners, and the wizards in the four wizard squares.

The champion ([[File:Chess zlt45.svg|25x25px]]) may jump two squares in any of the eight directions, or it may slide one square horizontally or vertically.

The wizard ([[File:Chess wlt45.svg|25x25px]]) may either step one square diagonally or make an extended knight jump: three squares horizontally or vertically, followed by another square at a 90 degree angle.
{{Omega Chess diagram
| tleft
|
|                                |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |oo|  |pd|pl|  |  |  |oo|  |  
   |oo|oo|pd|ox|  |  |  |pl|  |  
   |oo|pl|  |ox|  |  |  |  |  |  
   |pl|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |kl|rl|  |rl|kl|  |  
|                                |  
| The white pawns on a1, b1 and h3 may move to any of the squares marked with white dots. The black pawns on c3 and c4 may capture the white pawn on d4 ''en passant'' by moving to either of the squares marked with white crosses. The 0th rank shows the final positions of the king and rook when castling.
}}
The movement of pawns has also been enhanced to accommodate the larger board:

* On its first move, a pawn is allowed to move one, two or three squares forward. After that, it can only move one square.
* A pawn may capture an enemy pawn ''en passant'' if the enemy pawn moves more than one square forward and the pawn can move diagonally to any square the enemy pawn crossed over during its move.
* A pawn may promote to champion or wizard in addition to the usual options.

All other rules remain the same as standard chess.
{{-}}
=== Omega Chess Advanced ===
{{Omega Chess diagram
| tright
|
|                                |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |oo|  |kd|  |oo|  
   |  |  |tl|oo|  |xx|  |xx|  |oo
   |  |xo|qd|xo|xx|  |  |  |xx|  
   |  |  |xo|  |  |  |nl|  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |xx|  |  |  |xx|  
   |  |  |  |oo|  |xx|  |xx|  |oo
   |  |  |  |  |oo|  |  |  |oo|  
   |  |  |td|rl|  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kl
|                                |  
| The white fool immobilises the black queen and the black fool immobilises the white rook. Black dots show the squares where the black fool may move to free the black queen from immobilisation. Meanwhile the white templar knight may move and capture on the squares marked with black crosses, but may only move to the squares marked with white dots if said squares are unoccupied.
}}
{{Omega Chess diagram
| tright
|
|                                |  
   |  |rd|  |  |  |  |rd|qd|  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
   |  |  |ql|rl|  |  |  |rl|  |  
|                                |  
| White has guarded queenside and Black has guarded kingside.
}}
The rules of the Omega Chess Adanced extension can be added to the game if the players agree on it beforehand. Omega Chess Advanced adds the following rules:

* A new move is added, called '''guarding'''. This is like castling, but it is done with the queen and rook - the queen moves two squares towards the rook and the rook moves to the other side of the queen. Like with castling there may be no pieces in the way and neither the queen or rook may have been previously moved.
* A new piece is added, called the '''fool''' ([[File:Chess tlt45.svg|25x25px]]). Each player starts with one.
** Unlike the other pieces the fool does not begin on the board at game start. Instead, at any point during the first twenty moves of the game, or when a player's piece is moved for the first time, or when a player's piece makes a capture, the player may place the fool on the square their piece just vacated.
** When a player castles or guards, the fool may be placed on the previous squares of the king, queen or rook.
** The fool is also offered as a promotion option for pawns.
** The fool has a unique method of movement - it copies the movement power of the last piece the opponent moved. So for example, if White moves a bishop, than Black's fool will move as a bishop until White moves a different type of piece.
** The fool has some restrictions on how it may copy piece movements:
*** If the fool is copying a pawn, it can only move one square at a time and cannot promote.
*** If the fool is copying a king or queen, it cannot castle or guard respectively.
*** If the fool is copying the opponent's fool, it copies the piece the opponent's fool is currently copying.
** When an opponent's pawn promotes, the fool copies the piece the pawn promotes to. If that is a fool, the fool copies a pawn.
** The fool can also jump between any of the wizard squares, provided they are unoccupied.
** A piece will be unable to move if doing so would cause the enemy fool to gain a movement power that places the friendly king in check (unless the piece can, in the same move, block the check or capture the fool).

The extension also comes with two optional rules:

* The fool may be given the additional power to '''immobilise''' enemy pieces. If the fool ends its move horizontally or vertically adjacent to an enemy piece, the enemy piece will be immobilised and rendered unable to move until the fool moves away or is captured. The immobilisation can be released if a friendly fool moves horizontally or vertically adjacent to the immobilised piece.
* The two knights can be replaced with '''templar knights'''. The templar knight has the same &quot;L&quot;-shaped move as a standard knight, but it can also make a longer leap that takes it three squares and then two at a 90 degree angle. Unlike the normal move this longer move can only be done if the destination square is unoccupied.{{-}}

== Sub-variants ==
This chess variant does not have any notable sub-variants.

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    <title>Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Preface</title>
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      <text bytes="5161" sha1="so9gl480vv34sgksj7bcfgt1y7tilgt" xml:space="preserve">== Purpose and Educational Orientation ==

This book introduces a philosophical current: the Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC). It offers a structured and pedagogically usable entry into a materialist ontology. Its central problem is how novelty, thought, symbolic operations, and local order can arise within a material field without requiring a second ontological domain.

The current was first articulated in 2020 as an attempt to think the real without transcendent grounds or the privilege of permanence over variation. It also refuses the dualist architectures that divide matter from thought. This volume follows its own editorial path and is self-contained. The arguments and definitions required for its study are developed in these pages. The references document the sources used. Information about the author and the wider project is available at [https://travessia.online/ travessia.online].

=== A Stable Edition of an Open Inquiry ===

The work passed through successive states of public revision. Its seven-part architecture is now fixed. The present edition incorporates clarifications introduced when objections exposed ambiguities or when examples required greater precision. The stable form allows the argument to be read and assessed as a whole. Future conceptual revision remains possible.

No symbolic ordering exhausts the real it seeks to render intelligible. A phenomenon may therefore expose the insufficiency of a present distinction and require its reformulation. The book can be complete as an edition while its claims remain answerable to what they attempt to describe. Its concepts have reached the degree of consistency needed for rigorous study and teaching open to criticism.

=== Intended Readers ===

The book is written primarily for students and teachers seeking a guided introduction to contemporary materialist ontology. It also addresses researchers working in epistemology, complexity studies, philosophy of science, technology, or artificial intelligence, as well as readers interested in emergence and non-dualist accounts of matter and thought.

Readers may begin without specialist training. Explanations and cross-links support the cumulative argument. Examples and study questions allow readers to test their understanding. Accessibility here means making each distinction examinable while preserving the philosophical claim at stake.

=== How to Use the Book ===

The sequence matters. Part I establishes the philosophical commitments, and Part II examines the method and style of inquiry that follow from them. Part III develops the central mechanics of complexity, emergence, and local order; Part IV turns to ethical and political implications; Part V conducts critical dialogues with philosophical traditions; and Part VI stabilises the working vocabulary and shows how its terms vary by context. The Conclusion identifies its results and limits; its questions remain open. Part VII documents the principal interlocutors, conceptual sources, references, and routes for further reading; the Theoretical Appendix gives selected claims a more formal expression.

The thirty-six numbered content pages from 1.1 to 6.3 share a common two-block architecture. The philosophical text carries the argument; the subsequent ''Reading Colloquium'' situates that argument, clarifies its problem, identifies the operative concepts, and provides pedagogical pathways. The Colloquium accompanies the philosophical text and leaves its argument intact. The Part I overview, the Conclusion, the documentary units of Part VII, and the Theoretical Appendix use formats appropriate to their distinct functions.

The book also distinguishes philosophical commitments from claims of scientific consensus. Scientific research constrains examples and causal claims. Materialist monism and the refusal of teleology require argumentative assessment beyond scientific evidence. The same applies to the framework's divergences from Deleuze's virtual and Simondon's preindividual.

=== Conditions of Authorship ===

Artificial intelligence assisted the textual work involved in this edition, including drafting, formatting, cross-reference management, and consistency checks across interconnected pages. The author retained responsibility for the philosophical architecture and every theoretical decision.

This disclosure makes one of the material conditions of the book visible. Documents, software, editorial platforms, and technical systems participate in the organisation of a text. Their participation leaves intact the distinction between an instrument of textual production and a philosophical co-author.

=== Invitation to Critical Use ===

The book asks readers to work on its distinctions. Its concepts should be compared with alternatives and tested against concrete cases. Where they fail, they should be rejected or reformulated. Two questions should remain active throughout: what does a distinction make possible, and what would count against it?

The edition is stable. The inquiry remains open because its claims stay exposed to the field they attempt to describe. That exposure is a condition of rigour.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4529" sha1="pdb1a6y4vc1ykm2aw0zv4ewp2xgfmve" xml:space="preserve">== Purpose and Educational Orientation ==

This book introduces a philosophical current: the Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC). It offers a structured and pedagogically usable entry into a materialist ontology. Its central problem is how novelty, thought, symbolic operations, and local order can arise within a material field without requiring a second ontological domain.

The current was first articulated in 2020 as an attempt to think the real without transcendent grounds or the privilege of permanence over variation. It also refuses the dualist architectures that divide matter from thought. This volume follows its own editorial path and is self-contained. The arguments and definitions required for its study are developed in these pages. The references document the sources used. Information about the author and the wider project is available at [https://travessia.online/ travessia.online].

=== A Stable Edition of an Open Inquiry ===

The work passed through successive states of public revision. Its seven-part architecture is now fixed. The present edition incorporates clarifications introduced when objections exposed ambiguities or when examples required greater precision. The stable form allows the argument to be read and assessed as a whole. Future conceptual revision remains possible.

No symbolic ordering exhausts the real it seeks to render intelligible. A phenomenon may therefore expose the insufficiency of a present distinction and require its reformulation. The book can be complete as an edition while its claims remain answerable to what they attempt to describe. Its concepts have reached the degree of consistency needed for rigorous study and teaching open to criticism.

=== Intended Readers ===

The book is written primarily for students and teachers seeking a guided introduction to contemporary materialist ontology. It also addresses researchers working in epistemology, complexity studies, philosophy of science, technology, or artificial intelligence, as well as readers interested in emergence and non-dualist accounts of matter and thought.

Readers may begin without specialist training. Explanations and cross-links support the cumulative argument. Examples and study questions allow readers to test their understanding. Accessibility here means making each distinction examinable while preserving the philosophical claim at stake.

=== How to Use the Book ===

The sequence matters. Part I establishes the philosophical commitments, and Part II examines the method and style of inquiry that follow from them. Part III develops the central mechanics of complexity, emergence, and local order; Part IV turns to ethical and political implications; Part V conducts critical dialogues with philosophical traditions; and Part VI stabilises the working vocabulary and shows how its terms vary by context. The Conclusion identifies its results and limits; its questions remain open. Part VII documents the principal interlocutors, conceptual sources, references, and routes for further reading; the Theoretical Appendix gives selected claims a more formal expression.

The thirty-six numbered content pages from 1.1 to 6.3 share a common two-block architecture. The philosophical text carries the argument; the subsequent ''Reading Colloquium'' situates that argument, clarifies its problem, identifies the operative concepts, and provides pedagogical pathways. The Colloquium accompanies the philosophical text and leaves its argument intact. The Part I overview, the Conclusion, the documentary units of Part VII, and the Theoretical Appendix use formats appropriate to their distinct functions.

The book also distinguishes philosophical commitments from claims of scientific consensus. Scientific research constrains examples and causal claims. Materialist monism and the refusal of teleology require argumentative assessment beyond scientific evidence. The same applies to the framework's divergences from Deleuze's virtual and Simondon's preindividual.

=== Invitation to Critical Use ===

The book asks readers to work on its distinctions. Its concepts should be compared with alternatives and tested against concrete cases. Where they fail, they should be rejected or reformulated. Two questions should remain active throughout: what does a distinction make possible, and what would count against it?

The edition is stable. The inquiry remains open because its claims stay exposed to the field they attempt to describe. That exposure is a condition of rigour.

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      <text bytes="21198" sha1="hkzm37rhru7eb23nhw1iu2h45vb84yj" xml:space="preserve">== 6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC ==

The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) uses a small group of terms in precise, connected ways. This page is a reading tool, not a catalogue of essences. Each entry states what an operator allows us to distinguish, what it must not be confused with, and how it connects with the other operators. The definitions are therefore stable enough to guide the book, but functional rather than final.

=== A map before the definitions ===

Three routes organise the lexicon:

* '''Instability permits variation; operative excess forces reorganisation; a new functional coupling that crosses an operational threshold constitutes emergence.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. When available compatibilities exceed the present symbolic or structural form, excess is the affirmative causal motor of emergence without predetermining the form that will emerge.
* '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation.'''
* '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.'''

The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence. They do not describe a universal timetable or a predetermined sequence. In particular, the mark and the inaugural symbol are co-constituted in the same singular inscription; a completed mark never waits for a later symbol to animate it.

=== Core ontological operators ===

'''Immanence''' — The principle that material, symbolic, ethical, and political operations all occur within material organisation, without appeal to a transcendent source or a second plane of reality. Immanence does not mean that every process can be described in the vocabulary of physics alone. Different material regimes develop different operations, while remaining materially dependent and open to effects from other configurations. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]].

'''Field''' — The situated web of material interactions, constraints, and possible effects relevant to an analysis. A field is not a container, a hidden background, or a prior structure that generates whatever appears within it. It is a way of naming the relations through which a configuration exists and can be affected. The operative question is: ''which relations make this configuration possible here, at this scale and during this interval?''

'''Instability''' — The absence of any final guarantee that a material configuration will persist. Every configuration depends on conditions that can vary, so it may be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved. Instability is not pure disorder and not a defect imposed on an otherwise perfect order. It permits history, differentiation, and new organisation without causing or guaranteeing any particular novelty. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]].

'''Operative excess''' — The condition in which the compatibilities available to a system exceed its present symbolic or structural form, rendering that form insufficient and forcing reorganisation. Operative excess is the affirmative causal motor of emergence, not a lack, wound, error, or lost totality. It does not predetermine the concrete form that will emerge or make reorganisation equivalent to improvement.

'''Functional coupling''' — The process by which partial material organisations become locally compatible and sustain a specified capacity; in some cases, the resulting organisation acquires a capacity unavailable to the components taken separately. No external coordinator or prior plan is required. A coupling persists only while the material conditions that sustain it continue to operate. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling]].

'''Emergence''' — The process by which a new property, function, or capacity becomes operative in a complex material system without being prescribed by a prior plan or exhausted, at the relevant level of analysis, by listing the components separately. Emergence must be identified through the new effects it makes possible. Surprise, novelty of description, or ignorance of a cause is not enough. This operational claim does not by itself establish that complete deduction from antecedent conditions is metaphysically impossible; it establishes that the capacity belongs to the organised coupling through which it becomes operative.

'''Local order''' — A conditioned stabilisation, which may be brief or extremely durable, of material relations and processes under specific conditions. Some local orders are sustained by functional couplings, but that mechanism must be demonstrated rather than presumed. Local order is an effect, not an origin: it neither proves a cosmic design nor escapes the instability from which it arises. Its limits become visible when the supporting conditions change. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Against Order as Principle]].

'''Threshold''' — A materially specified boundary in a system's organisation. Two related uses must be distinguished. An '''enabling or possibility threshold''' is the minimum constellation of conditions under which a new operation can occur; reaching it opens a branch of possibility but does not guarantee realisation. An '''operational or realisation threshold''' is crossed only when the relevant conditions are jointly satisfied and the new capacity is demonstrably operative. The first concerns possibility; the second concerns realisation. Neither implies progress, destiny, or persistence.

'''Configuration''' — A situated arrangement of material relations, constraints, and capacities. A configuration can be treated as a unit for analysis, but it is not a substance enclosed in itself. Its apparent continuity depends on the processes and relations that maintain it, which may include functional couplings where reciprocal operational constraint can be shown, and on the scale and temporal window through which it is examined.

=== Symbolic operators ===

The symbolic is a material regime of operation. It neither floats above matter nor belongs exclusively to conscious minds. A technical system can discriminate and inscribe a difference under a protocol without possessing consciousness or intention.

'''Trace''' — The ephemeral material event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription. A trace is not the independent difference itself, a surviving vestige, a mark, or a public sign. The event of discrimination passes; the material configuration discriminated may persist.

'''Inscription''' — The singular, simultaneously material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested in a new trace is recognised under a protocol and its material configuration is stabilised. This one operation co-constitutes the mark and the inaugural symbol. The sequence ''trace → inscription → mark + symbol'' expresses analytic dependence, not a delay between the birth of the mark and that of the symbol.

'''Mark''' — The material organisation recognised and stabilised through singular inscription, addressable and recoverable according to a protocol. The mark is the passive material dimension of that inscription. It does not interpret, compare, establish relations, or reorganise anything by itself. Within symbolic operation, the system accesses and relates the mark through symbols that represent it; any other causal effects of its material support do not make the mark an interpreter or symbolic agent.

'''Symbol''' — The material dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with the mark in singular inscription. The inaugural symbol is born with the mark. A later occurrence recognised as an instance of that available mark constitutes an additional symbolic instance; it does not repeat the original inscription. The system establishes relations only between symbols, and both recognition and relation require physical support. Recognition can be mistaken, and relations among correctly recognised symbols can still support error. Material support makes representation operative, not infallible.

'''Protocol of inscription''' — The rules, thresholds, tolerances, procedures, scales, and verification conditions that determine how a system discriminates differences, recognises an occurrence, and inscribes a new one. A protocol does not make the material difference exist. It conditions what the system can render legible and how that legibility can be checked.

'''Symbolic reorganisation''' — The material recombination of symbols and of the relations between them. It can change a system's future operations and produce new material configurations. If a resulting configuration is discriminated as a new difference, that event constitutes a new trace and may lead to another singular inscription. Marks are not related to one another and are not symbolically transformed.

=== A boundary that prevents three common confusions ===

'''The real''' is the material process that exists independently of any particular observation or inscription and always exceeds a single act of capture. '''The concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system, under a scale, device, temporal window, and set of thresholds. '''Theory''' is an organised articulation of symbols constituted from the inscription of the concrete. Observation does not create the real; capturing something as concrete does not yet make it symbolic; and an isolated symbol does not yet amount to a theory.

=== Biological and epistemic distinctions ===

'''Biossoma''' — A living biological body that is sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term is biological, not a functional synonym for every organism, self-regulating system, institution, or post-biological symbolic configuration. A non-biological system may satisfy criteria for symbolic operation without thereby becoming a biossoma.

'''Consciousness''' — A status that must not be inferred from complexity, recursion, learning, linguistic appearance, or adaptive behaviour alone. The Symbolic Threshold Test records existence as &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; if and only if &lt;math&gt;\Phi \geq \Phi_t&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;S \geq S_t&lt;/math&gt;, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; in the same persistent system. Here &lt;math&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; denotes causal integration, &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; effective symbolic self-reference, and &lt;math&gt;S^{auto}&lt;/math&gt; the continuity of that self-reference within the same system. Causal integration is necessary but insufficient, and the self-referential continuity floor is non-compensatory: if any threshold fails, &lt;math&gt;C = 0&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records epistemic suspension when the available evidence does not justify either attribution; it is not a third ontological state. Only after &lt;math&gt;C = 1&lt;/math&gt; may gradual dimensions be assessed as &lt;math&gt;D = f(\Phi,S)&lt;/math&gt;. The thresholds have not yet been empirically calibrated, and no validated instrument currently measures &lt;math&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;; the criterion is therefore formal and attribution must remain evidentially explicit. The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. &lt;math&gt;U&lt;/math&gt; records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value. The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework.

=== Ethical-political operators ===

'''Exposure''' — The condition of being open to effects that a configuration does not fully control. Exposure is not a voluntary attitude added to an otherwise self-contained entity. Any system that exists through relations is already exposed to perturbation, dependence, and possible reorganisation.

'''Vulnerability''' — The possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. Vulnerability is not a moral defect to be eliminated. It becomes ethically decisive because systems do not bear the same risks, control the same resources, or possess the same means of repair. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center|Vulnerability Without a Centre]].

'''Hesitation''' — The suspension of an automatic response when the available operative framework is insufficient. Hesitation is not indecision for its own sake. It opens time in which a system can register what its routines exclude, reorganise symbolic relations, and avoid converting an inadequate first response into violence.

'''Decision''' — A situated, symbolically mediated intervention that changes a field of exposure without any guarantee that all consequences can be anticipated. Decision is not the sovereign expression of a will standing outside material conditions, nor is it automatically an inscription in the technical sense of the term. Its criteria and effects must remain open to scrutiny and revision.

'''Reorganisation''' — A material change in couplings, contacts, capacities, or distributions of exposure, often mediated by symbolic operations. Reorganisation is not automatically ethical. A more intricate institution can still intensify domination. Ethical assessment asks whether a change reduces structural violence, expands the affected systems' capacities for response and repair, and keeps contestation and revision possible.

== Reading Colloquium ==

''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.''

=== 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work ===
This is the opening section of Part VI, which provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form. §6.1 is the lexicon proper: a set of entries that define the key terms of the OEC as functional operators. It is not a glossary of neutral definitions but a toolkit — each entry names what an operator does, not what it &quot;is.&quot; The lexicon condenses the conceptual work of Parts I–V into a set of compressed, cross-referenced entries.

=== 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake ===
The problem is terminological precision in a framework that refuses self-sufficient essences. If the OEC rejects the idea that terms name fixed entities, how can it stabilise their meanings? The answer is that each entry fixes a distinction, its material conditions of application, and the confusions that would invalidate its use. This does not make the vocabulary arbitrary or deny the reality it analyses; it makes every attribution answerable to the operations and evidence of the case.

=== 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation ===
The lexicon is organised around connected groups rather than a closed taxonomy: core ontological operators, symbolic operators, biological and epistemic distinctions, and ethical-political operators. Each group isolates a different regime or question within the same material field. The entries are designed to be read as a network without making every operator universally applicable or reducing its meaning to its relations with neighbouring terms.

=== 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation ===
The most important structural feature is the cross-referencing: material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. Field, instability, and operative excess are related but non-equivalent, while exposure, vulnerability, hesitation, decision, and reorganisation organise an ethical-political route. An enabling threshold opens a branch of possibility; an operational threshold is crossed only when the new capacity is demonstrably operative. A symbol represents a mark but can be wrongly applied, so recognition and subsequent symbolic relations remain materially constrained and corrigible. Consciousness is governed by a formal Symbolic Threshold Test whose thresholds are not yet empirically calibrated and which is not a diagnostic instrument. The OEC adopts its biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate; this book states that criterion and its variables but does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Readers should follow these links without turning them into one universal causal sequence.

=== 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways ===
This section should be used as a reference throughout the reading of the book, not merely read once in sequence. When encountering a term in any other section, the reader should return to §6.1 to check its operative definition and to follow the cross-references. The lexicon is also designed to be used as an analytical toolkit: when confronting any phenomenon, one can ask which operators are most relevant to describe its configuration.

==== Worked example: an unfamiliar laboratory result ====

# A physical outcome occurs whether or not the apparatus or researcher recognises it.
# The apparatus captures a situated portion of that outcome within its scale, sensitivity, and temporal window. The captured result is concrete, but it is not automatically symbolic.
# If the system discriminates a pattern for which it has no available mark, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace.
# Under a protocol, the system recognises and singularly inscribes the new difference. This act co-constitutes a recoverable mark and its inaugural symbol.
# Later results recognised as instances of the available mark constitute additional symbols. They do not recreate the mark or repeat the inaugural inscription.
# Those symbols can enter relations with symbols for experimental conditions, competing hypotheses, error margins, or required actions. These relations may reorganise the experiment. The mark remains passive throughout.

This example is deliberately procedural. The status of an occurrence depends on the material history and protocol of the system: the same physical pattern may be a new trace for one system and a recognised instance of an existing mark for another.

==== Common confusions ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator
! Do not confuse it with
|-
| Field
| A container, hidden substrate, or separate plane of reality
|-
| Instability
| Pure chaos or the accidental failure of an underlying order
|-
| Operative excess
| Lack, trauma, error, or a missing completion
|-
| Emergence
| Mere appearance, unpredictability, progress, or miraculous novelty
|-
| Threshold
| A guarantee, destiny, or automatic transition
|-
| Trace
| A persistent object, mark, symbol, or public sign
|-
| Mark
| An interpreter or an active participant in symbolic relations
|-
| Symbol
| An immaterial meaning detached from physical support
|-
| Reorganisation
| Improvement by definition
|}

==== A practical reading test ====

When applying the lexicon to a case, ask:

# What configuration is being analysed, and which material relations constitute its field?
# What remains unstable, and are there available compatibilities that actually exceed a present symbolic or structural form?
# Which relations sustain the local order, and where can functional coupling be demonstrated rather than presumed?
# What new effect would justify calling a change emergent?
# If symbolisation is involved, where are the trace, singular inscription, mark, symbol, and protocol? Have any of them been conflated?
# How are exposure, vulnerability, protection, and capacity for response distributed?
# What decision reorganises the situation, who bears its risks, and what possibilities of repair or revision remain open?

=== Transition ===

The next section, [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2 – Ontological Variations]], examines how these operators vary across material regimes. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] explains how to use them without turning the lexicon into a fixed doctrine.

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      <text bytes="33204" sha1="o73vxav0utfixprvds2ezp7vznroi36" xml:space="preserve">== Social Behaviors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Handbook of Social Psychology {{!}} Open Publishing |url=https://openpublishing.princeton.edu/projects/the-handbook-of-social-psychology |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=openpublishing.princeton.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==
The book examines how people behave and interact with others in families, schools, workplaces, communities, and online environments. It explores both positive and negative social behaviors and how they influence relationships and society.

Target audience: Adults

The language will be very clear, practical, and accessible to adult readers while introducing important psychological and social concepts where necessary.

=== Book summary ===
Social Behaviors provides a practical introduction to the ways people behave and interact with one another in everyday life. The book examines communication, co-operation, respect, empathy, conflict, peer influence, social norms, and behavior in digital spaces. It connects basic social and physiology concepts with practical examples that adults can apply in their personal, professional, and community relationships.

=== Introduction: Beyond the Post Button ===
The introduction explains why social behavior matters and how human interaction goes beyond online communication. It introduces the importance of understanding people's actions, emotions, communication styles, and responses in different social environments.

=== Chapter one: Understanding Social behavior&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=understanding social behavirs - Search Videos |url=https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=understanding+social+behavirs&amp;mid=5AC81071065E50FAB1555AC81071065E50FAB155&amp;churl=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm-FKdCIn4xFS9f49APqHpA&amp;FORM=VIRE |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=www.bing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===
1.1 Social behavior

Social behavior refers to the way people behave, communicate and interact with one another in society. It includes the way people form relationships, cooperate, communicate, help others, respond to different situations and follow rules. Social behavior can be positive, such as kindness, cooperation and respect, or negative, such as aggression, discrimination and bullying. Social behavior is important because human beings live in groups and depend on one another. The way individuals behave affects their families, friends, schools, workplaces and communities. Social behavior is influenced by both nature and nurture.

1.2 Nature vs nurture

Nature refers to the biological characteristics and tendencies that a person inherits from their parents. These may influence personality, temperament and the way a person naturally responds to situations. Nurture refers to the influence of the environment and experiences in which a person grows. Family upbringing, education, culture, friends, religion and the community can all shape behavior. Nature and nurture work together. For example, a person may naturally be quiet, but living in a supportive environment may help them become more confident and sociable. Culture is the shared way of life of a particular group of people. It includes language, beliefs, values, customs, traditions, food, dress and ways of interacting. Culture influences social behavior by teaching people what is considered right, wrong, polite or unacceptable. For example, in many communities, children are expected to respect and greet elders. 

1.3 Social expectations

Social expectations are the behaviors that people expect from others in particular situations. Students are expected to respect teachers, workers are expected to perform their duties, and members of a community are expected to follow accepted ways of living. However, expectations may differ between cultures. Understanding these differences helps people respect others and avoid misunderstandings. 

1.4 Social norms

Social norms are the accepted rules and standards that guide how people are expected to behave in society. Some norms are written, while others are unwritten. Examples include greeting people, respecting elders, queuing when waiting for a service, keeping public places clean and following laws. Social norms help to maintain order and make it easier for people to live peacefully together. When people repeatedly break important norms, they may face criticism, rejection or punishment. Social differences refer to the ways in which individuals and groups differ from one another. People may differ in age, gender, education, occupation, income, language, culture, personality and family background. Social differences can benefit society because people bring different ideas, skills, experiences and ways of thinking. However, when differences are not respected, they can lead to prejudice, discrimination, conflict and social exclusion.

1.5 Factors That Influence Social Behavior

Several factors influence how people behave towards others. These include:

Family: Children learn manners, values and ways of interacting from family members.

Culture: Culture influences beliefs, customs and acceptable ways of behaving.

Friends: Peer groups can influence attitudes, language and behavior.

Education: Schools teach discipline, cooperation, responsibility and respect.

Religion: Religious beliefs can influence moral values and relationships.

Media and technology: Social media, television and the internet can influence people's attitudes and behaviour.

Personality: People have different personalities, which affect how they interact with others.

Environment: The community and surroundings where a person lives can shape behaviour.

Life experiences: Experiences such as success, failure, conflict and friendship can change the way people behave.

=== Chapter 2ː Communication and Human Interaction ===
Communication is an important part of human interaction. People communicate every day with family members, friends, teachers, colleagues and other members of society. Good communication helps people understand one another, build relationships, solve problems and avoid unnecessary conflicts. Communication is not only about speaking. People also communicate through facial expressions, gestures, body movements, eye contact and tone of voice.

2.1 Verbal communication and Non-verbal communication

Verbal communication is the use of spoken or written words to share information, thoughts, feelings and ideas with other people. Examples include; talking to a friend, giving instructions, having a conversation, making a speech, sending a text message, writing a letter or email. Effective verbal communication requires clear language, appropriate words and a message that the other person can understand. The way something is said is also important. A polite and calm tone can make communication more positive, while an angry or insulting tone can create conflict. Non-verbal communication is the passing of information without using spoken or written words. For example, smiling can show happiness or friendliness, while avoiding eye contact may sometimes show nervousness or discomfort. Non-verbal communication can support spoken words, but it can also sometimes send a different message from what a person is saying. 

2.2 Empathy

Empathy is the ability to understand and share another person's feelings or to try to see a situation from their point of view.

An empathetic person tries to understand what another person may be experiencing instead of immediately judging them.

For example, if a friend loses a loved one, showing empathy means listening to them, acknowledging their pain and offering appropriate support.

Empathy helps people:

build stronger relationships;

understand others better;

reduce conflicts;

show compassion;

provide emotional support.

2.3 Active Listening

Active listening means giving full attention to another person in order to understand what they are saying.

An active listener:

pays attention;

maintains appropriate eye contact;

avoids unnecessary interruptions;

asks questions when something is unclear;

shows interest;

remembers important information;

responds appropriately.

For example, when someone is explaining a problem, an active listener does not use the opportunity to prepare their own response. They first try to understand the person's message.

Active listening improves communication because it reduces confusion and makes people feel heard and respected.

2.4 Misunderstandings and Their Causes

A misunderstanding occurs when a person interprets a message differently from what the sender intended.

Misunderstandings can happen in everyday conversations and may sometimes lead to arguments or broken relationships.

Causes of misunderstandings

Poor communication – A person may fail to explain their message clearly.

Language differences – People may use different languages, accents or meanings of words.

Poor listening – Someone may hear the words without paying attention to the actual message.

Assumptions – A person may make conclusions without asking for clarification.

Emotions – Anger, fear or sadness can affect how people understand messages.

Cultural differences – The same gesture or expression may have different meanings in different cultures.

Tone of voice – A message can sound rude, angry or sarcastic even when that was not intended.

Non-verbal signals – Facial expressions and body language may contradict spoken words.

Noise and distractions – Physical or technological distractions can cause people to miss important information.

Misunderstandings can be reduced by speaking clearly, listening carefully, asking questions and avoiding unnecessary assumptions.

2.5 Respectful Communication

Respectful communication is communicating with others in a polite, considerate and fair manner, even when people have different opinions.

Respectful communication involves:

using polite language;

listening when others are speaking;

avoiding insults and offensive language;

respecting different opinions;

speaking calmly;

avoiding unnecessary shouting;

giving others a chance to express themselves;

disagreeing without attacking the person.

For example, instead of saying, &quot;You are completely wrong,&quot; a person can say, &quot;I understand your point, but I have a different opinion.&quot;

Respectful communication creates trust and makes it easier for people to solve disagreements peacefully.

2.6 Body Language

Body language is the way people communicate through movements, posture, gestures and physical expressions.

Examples of body language include:

Eye contact: May show attention, confidence or interest.

Smiling: May communicate friendliness or happiness.

Crossed arms: May sometimes suggest defensiveness or discomfort.

Nodding: Often shows agreement or that someone is following a conversation.

Standing upright: May communicate confidence.

Looking away: May sometimes indicate discomfort, distraction or lack of interest.

Hand gestures: Can help explain or emphasize a message.

However, body language should not always be interpreted in isolation. The meaning of a gesture can depend on the person's culture, situation and personality.

2.7 Importance of Effective Communication

Effective communication helps people to:

understand one another, build healthy relationships, express feelings and ideas, solve problems, prevent misunderstandings, manage conflicts, work together, develop trust and cooperation. Good communication therefore requires more than simply speaking. It involves speaking clearly, listening actively, showing empathy, using appropriate body language and respecting other people.

=== Chapter 3ː Relationships, Cooperation and conflict ===
3.1 Relationships

Human beings are social beings who depend on one another for emotional, social and practical support. Throughout life, people form different kinds of relationships with family members, friends, classmates, workmates, neighbours and other members of society. These relationships can bring happiness, support, encouragement and a sense of belonging.

However, relationships are not always easy. People have different personalities, opinions, needs, beliefs and expectations. These differences can sometimes lead to disagreements and conflicts. The ability to build healthy relationships, cooperate with others and resolve disagreements peacefully is therefore an important part of positive social behavior.

3.2 Building Healthy Relationships

A relationship is a connection or association between two or more people. Relationships can be based on family ties, friendship, work, education, marriage, neighborhood or shared interests.

A healthy relationship is one in which people treat each other with respect, honesty, care and understanding. Healthy relationships allow people to feel valued, safe and accepted.

Building a healthy relationship takes time and effort. It requires people to communicate openly, keep promises, respect boundaries and support one another.

Ways of building healthy relationships

Trust: People should be able to depend on one another and believe that the other person will act honestly.

Respect: Each person should recognize the worth and dignity of the other.

Good communication: People should express their thoughts and feelings clearly and listen to one another.

Honesty: Being truthful helps prevent suspicion and creates stronger relationships.

Empathy: Understanding another person's feelings makes it easier to respond with care.

Support: People should encourage and help one another during both good and difficult times.

Forgiveness: People sometimes make mistakes. Being willing to forgive can help relationships recover from disagreements.

Healthy relationships do not mean that people never disagree. Instead, they mean that disagreements are handled in a respectful and constructive manner.

3.3 Trust and Cooperation

Trust is the belief that another person can be relied upon to be honest, responsible and dependable.

Trust develops gradually through people's actions. When someone keeps promises, tells the truth and respects confidential information, others are more likely to trust them.

Trust is important in families, friendships, workplaces and communities. Without trust, people may become suspicious and unwilling to cooperate.

Cooperation is the act of working together with others to achieve a common goal.

For example, students may cooperate when completing a group assignment. Community members may cooperate when cleaning their neighborhood.

Importance of cooperation

Cooperation:

helps people achieve goals;

encourages teamwork;

reduces unnecessary conflict;

allows people to share skills and ideas;

strengthens relationships;

promotes unity;

makes difficult tasks easier.

Trust and cooperation are closely connected. People are generally more willing to cooperate when they trust one another.

3.4 Friendship and Family Relationships

Friendship is a voluntary relationship between people who share affection, trust, companionship or common interests.

Good friendships can provide emotional support, advice, encouragement and companionship. Friends can influence each other's attitudes and behavior, so choosing positive friends is important.

A healthy friendship is usually characterized by:

trust;

honesty;

respect;

loyalty;

mutual support;

good communication;

understanding;

acceptance of differences.

Family relationships are also important because the family is often the first social environment in which people learn how to interact with others.

Families provide care, protection, emotional support, guidance and a sense of belonging. However, disagreements can occur within families because members have different needs and opinions. Open communication, patience and forgiveness can help maintain strong family relationships.

3.5 Workplace Relationships

Workplace relationships are the relationships that develop between people in an organisation or place of work.

People may work with supervisors, colleagues, employees, customers and other members of the organisation. Positive workplace relationships can improve teamwork and productivity.

Good workplace relationships require:

respect for colleagues;

clear communication;

cooperation;

honesty;

professionalism;

responsibility;

appreciation of other people's contributions.

Poor workplace relationships can result in stress, arguments, poor teamwork and reduced productivity.

People should therefore learn to separate personal disagreements from their professional responsibilities and deal with workplace problems appropriately.

3.6 Causes of Social Conflict

Conflict is a disagreement or struggle between individuals or groups because of differences in opinions, interests, values, needs or goals.

Conflict is a normal part of human interaction. It does not always mean that people hate one another. Sometimes people simply have different ways of seeing a situation.

Causes of social conflict include:

Differences in opinions – People may have different ideas about how something should be done.

Competition for resources – Conflict may occur when people compete for limited resources such as money, land, jobs or opportunities.

Poor communication – Unclear messages and misunderstandings can create disagreements.

Cultural differences – Different traditions and beliefs can sometimes create tension.

Discrimination – Treating people unfairly because of their differences can lead to resentment and conflict.

Jealousy – Feelings of jealousy may damage friendships and relationships.

Power and control – People may disagree over who should make decisions or control resources.

Unresolved disagreements – Small problems can become serious when they are ignored.

Prejudice and stereotypes – Negative beliefs about particular groups can create division.

Economic difficulties – Poverty and inequality can contribute to tension within communities.

3.7 Conflict Resolution

Conflict resolution refers to the process of dealing with disagreements and finding peaceful solutions that address the concerns of the people involved.

Conflict should not always be solved through force or aggression. People can use communication, negotiation, mediation and compromise.

Steps in conflict resolution

Identify the problem: The people involved should understand what caused the disagreement.

Listen to each other: Each person should be given an opportunity to explain their position.

Remain calm: Anger and insults can make the situation worse.

Find common ground: People should identify areas where they agree.

Consider possible solutions: Different solutions should be discussed.

Compromise: Sometimes each side must give up something in order to reach an acceptable agreement.

Agree on a solution: The people involved should decide how the problem will be addressed.

Follow up: The situation should be monitored to ensure that the conflict does not return.

Conflict resolution helps people maintain relationships and avoid unnecessary violence.

3.8 Forgiveness and Reconciliation

Forgiveness is the decision to let go of resentment or anger towards someone who has caused harm or offence.

Forgiveness does not necessarily mean pretending that the wrongdoing never happened. Instead, it involves choosing not to remain controlled by anger or hatred.

Reconciliation is the process of restoring a damaged relationship and rebuilding trust between people or groups.

Forgiveness can contribute to reconciliation, but reconciliation may require additional steps such as an apology, acceptance of responsibility, compensation, changed behavior and rebuilding trust.

Forgiveness and reconciliation can help individuals and communities move beyond past disagreements and establish healthier relationships.

=== Chapter 4ː Positive and negative social behaviors ===
4.1 Positive social behaviors 

Social behavior can have either positive or negative effects on individuals and society. Positive social behaviors contribute to healthy relationships, cooperation, peace and community development. Negative social behaviors can cause emotional pain, conflict, discrimination and harm.

Understanding both forms of behavior helps people recognize the consequences of their actions and make better choices.

4.2 Kindness and Helping Others

Kindness is the willingness to treat others with care, consideration and compassion.

Kindness can be shown through simple actions such as helping someone carry something, comforting a person who is sad, sharing with others or offering encouragement.

Helping others is an important form of positive social behavior because people often depend on one another.

Benefits of kindness

Kindness:

strengthens relationships;

makes people feel valued;

encourages cooperation;

reduces loneliness;

promotes happiness;

creates supportive communities;

encourages others to behave positively.

Kindness does not always require money or major sacrifices. A kind word, listening to someone or offering assistance can make a significant difference.

4.3 Respect and Responsibility

Respect is showing consideration for the rights, feelings, opinions and dignity of other people.

Respect involves recognizing that other people have value even when they have different opinions or backgrounds.

Examples of respect include listening when someone speaks, respecting personal property, using polite language and accepting reasonable differences.

Responsibility means accepting the duty to perform one's obligations and being willing to take responsibility for one's actions.

A responsible person understands that their behavior has consequences for themselves and others.

Respect and responsibility are important because they create trust, discipline and cooperation in society.

4.4 Bullying and Harassment

Bullying is repeated behavior intended to intimidate, hurt, humiliate or control another person.

Bullying may be:

physical;

verbal;

emotional;

social;

online.

Examples include hitting, threatening, insulting, spreading rumors, deliberately excluding someone or repeatedly sending harmful messages online.

Harassment refers to unwanted behavior that disturbs, threatens, humiliates or causes distress to another person.

Bullying and harassment can have serious effects on a person's confidence, relationships, education, work and general well-being.

They should not be treated as normal behavior. Individuals and institutions should create environments where people can report harmful behavior and receive appropriate support.

4.5 Peer Pressure

Peer pressure occurs when individuals are influenced by their friends or people of a similar age to behave in a particular way.

Peer pressure can be positive or negative.

Positive peer pressure may encourage someone to study harder, participate in sports, avoid harmful behavior or develop useful skills.

Negative peer pressure may encourage behaviors such as substance abuse, fighting, cheating, truancy, stealing or other harmful activities.

A person can resist negative peer pressure by:

being confident;

knowing their values;

choosing supportive friends;

saying no firmly;

avoiding risky situations;

seeking advice from trusted people.

4.6 Discrimination and Exclusion

Discrimination is unfair treatment of a person or group because of characteristics such as their background, gender, age, disability, social status or other differences.

Social exclusion occurs when individuals or groups are prevented from fully participating in social, educational, economic or community activities.

Discrimination can make people feel rejected, powerless and less valued.

Examples include refusing someone an opportunity because of their background or deliberately excluding someone from a group because they are considered different.

A fair society should promote equal opportunities and respect for all people.

4.7 Aggression and Harmful Behavior

Aggression refers to behavior intended to threaten, intimidate, dominate or harm another person.

Aggression can be physical, verbal or psychological.

Examples include:

fighting;

threatening others;

insulting people;

destroying property;

intimidation;

deliberately hurting others.

Harmful behavior can damage relationships and create fear and insecurity.

People can reduce aggression by learning emotional control, communicating their concerns peacefully, seeking help and using appropriate conflict-resolution strategies.

4.8 How Social Behavior Can Be Changed

Social behavior is not necessarily fixed. People can learn new ways of thinking and behaving.

Behavior can be changed through:

Education: Teaching people about respect, empathy, communication and responsibility can encourage positive behavior.

Positive role models: People often learn by observing parents, teachers, leaders, friends and other role models.

Self-awareness: Understanding one's own behavior is an important step towards changing it.

Positive peer influence: Supportive friends can encourage healthier choices.

Counselling: Professional or trusted guidance can help people understand the causes of harmful behavior.

Rewards and encouragement: Positive behavior can be strengthened through recognition and encouragement.

Consequences: Appropriate consequences can discourage harmful actions.

Changing social behavior often takes time. It requires willingness, practice, support and a suitable environment.

=== Chapter 5ː Social behavior in the modern world ===
5.1 Introduction

Technology has significantly changed the way people interact. In the past, most social interaction took place face-to-face or through letters and traditional forms of communication. Today, people can communicate instantly with others across the world through mobile phones, social media, messaging applications and other digital technologies.

The modern world has created many opportunities for people to connect, but it has also introduced new challenges. People must therefore understand how technology influences social behavior and learn to use it responsibly.

5.2 Social Media and Human Behavior

Social media refers to online platforms that allow people to create, share and exchange information and interact with other users.

Social media has changed how people communicate, make friends, share opinions and obtain information.

It can have positive effects by:

connecting people who are far apart;

helping people maintain relationships;

providing educational information;

creating business opportunities;

allowing people to share ideas;

supporting communities and social causes.

However, excessive or irresponsible use can also have negative effects. People may become overly dependent on online approval, compare themselves with others, spend too much time online or become involved in online conflicts.

Social media can therefore influence people's attitudes, relationships and everyday behaviour.

5.3 Online Communication

Online communication is the exchange of information through digital technologies such as messaging applications, email, social networking platforms and video calls.

Online communication is convenient because people can communicate across long distances almost instantly.

However, online communication lacks some of the social cues found in face-to-face communication. A written message may not clearly communicate the sender's tone or emotion.

For example, a person may make a joke through text, but the receiver may interpret it as an insult because they cannot hear the speaker's tone.

Effective online communication therefore requires people to choose their words carefully and consider how their messages may be interpreted.

5.4 Digital Etiquette

Digital etiquette, sometimes called netiquette, refers to the rules and appropriate behaviour people should follow when communicating and interacting online.

Good digital etiquette includes:

using respectful language;

avoiding unnecessary insults;

respecting other people's privacy;

thinking before posting;

avoiding spreading false information;

giving credit to other people's work;

respecting different opinions;

avoiding excessive messaging;

responding appropriately;

remembering that online actions can affect real people.

People should remember that being behind a screen does not remove the responsibility to treat others with dignity.

5.5 Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is bullying carried out through digital technologies such as social media, messaging platforms, websites or online gaming platforms.

It can include:

sending threatening messages;

spreading embarrassing information;

sharing someone's private information without permission;

creating harmful rumors;

posting humiliating content;

deliberately excluding someone from online groups.

Cyberbullying can be particularly harmful because online content can spread quickly and may reach a large audience.

People experiencing cyberbullying should avoid responding aggressively, keep evidence of harmful messages where appropriate, block or report offenders and seek help from trusted adults, institutions or relevant authorities.

5.6 Social Media Influence

Social media can strongly influence the way people think and behave.

People may be influenced by:

celebrities and public figures;

influencers;

friends;

online communities;

advertisements;

trends;

viral content.

Social media can encourage positive behavior, such as learning, creativity, entrepreneurship and community participation. However, it can also promote harmful behaviors, unrealistic expectations and misinformation.

People should therefore develop critical thinking. Before accepting or sharing information, they should consider whether the information is reliable and whether sharing it could harm someone.

5.7 Privacy and Responsible Online Behavior

Privacy is the ability of individuals to control information about themselves and decide how that information is shared.

Responsible online behavior involves protecting one's own privacy and respecting the privacy of others.

People should be careful about sharing:

passwords;

private photographs;

personal contact information;

financial information;

private conversations;

sensitive personal details.

A person should also avoid sharing another person's photograph, message or personal information without appropriate permission.

Responsible online behavior means understanding that information shared online may be copied, stored or redistributed beyond the original audience.

5.8 Balancing Online and Face-to-Face Relationships

Technology provides convenient ways to communicate, but face-to-face interaction remains important.

Face-to-face communication allows people to observe facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice and other social cues. It can also provide opportunities for deeper emotional connection.

Spending too much time online may reduce opportunities for direct interaction with family, friends and community members.

A healthy balance involves using technology as a tool for communication without allowing it to completely replace real-world relationships.

People can maintain balance by:

setting reasonable limits on screen time;

spending time with family and friends;

participating in community activities;

having face-to-face conversations;

avoiding unnecessary phone use during important conversations;

making time for hobbies and physical activities.

5.9 Conclusion

The modern world has transformed human interaction. Digital technology and social media have made communication faster and more convenient, but they have also created new responsibilities and challenges.

People must learn to communicate respectfully both offline and online. They should understand digital etiquette, protect privacy, avoid cyberbullying and think critically about information encountered on social media.

Technology should support human relationships rather than completely replace them. Maintaining a healthy balance between online communication and face-to-face interaction can help people develop stronger and more meaningful relationships.

== Conclusion ==
Understanding social behavior helps people understand themselves and the people around them. Social behavior influences how individuals communicate, form relationships, cooperate, handle disagreements and respond to differences.

Healthy social behavior is built on respect, empathy, trust, responsibility, kindness, cooperation and effective communication. At the same time, people need to recognize harmful behaviors such as bullying, discrimination, aggression and exclusion and understand how these behaviors can affect individuals and society.

As society continues to change through technology and social media, the ability to interact responsibly becomes even more important. Developing good social behavior is therefore not only useful for personal relationships but also essential for creating peaceful, respectful and cooperative communities.

The book summarizes the importance of understanding social behavior and encourages readers to develop self-awareness, empathy, respect, communication skills, and responsible behavior in their interactions with others.</text>
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      <text bytes="73869" sha1="03wsznko1imb0laaezokiptdv4gxcgg" xml:space="preserve">== '''&lt;big&gt;A Young Reader's Guide to a Clean and Healthy Environment.&lt;/big&gt;''' ==

== '''Book Summary:''' ==
A Young Reader’s Guide to a Clean and Healthy Community is an educational book for Primary 4–6 learners that teaches children how to care for their homes, schools and communities. The book begins by helping children understand what a community is and why everyone has a responsibility to care for it. It then introduces proper waste management, protection of water sources, the importance of trees, teamwork and children's leadership. Through simple explanations, stories, activities and discussion questions, learners are encouraged to move from simply learning about environmental problems to taking positive action.

=== Expected Outcome ===
The book will encourage children to practice good hygiene, protect the environment, work together and take responsibility for creating cleaner, safer and healthier communities.

=== Conclusion ===
The book will remind young readers that everyone has a role to play in protecting the environment and that '''small actions can make a big difference'''.
== '''Introduction:''' ==
Our environment is our home. We live, learn, play and grow in it. Keeping it clean and healthy helps us stay safe and happy.

This book teaches young readers simple ways to care for their homes, schools and communities. Through short stories, activities and questions, children will learn about rubbish, clean water, trees, teamwork and responsibility.

Remember, '''small actions can make a big difference!'''

== Chapter 1: Our Community, Our Responsibility ==

=== Understanding a community ===
While we traditionally think of a community as the people in a given geographical location, the word can really refer to any group sharing something in common -- '''place''' (such as a city, neighborhood, or school district), '''experience''' (such as shared experience of racism), or '''interest''' (e.g., a community's concern about poverty or violence prevention).

These various communities often overlap. A Black art teacher, for example, might see herself (or be seen by others) as a member of the Black, arts, and/or education communities, as well as of a particular faith community. Whichever community defines your work, you will want to get to know it well. Examples of communities include homes, schools, villages and neighborhoods.

People in a community share places and resources. They should help one another and work together to solve problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Community shared resources: Connecting the Dots: The Impact of Shared Resources in Local Communities |url=https://fastercapital.com/content/Community-shared-resources--Connecting-the-Dots--The-Impact-of-Shared-Resources-in-Local-Communities.html |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=FasterCapital |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== What do we mean by understanding and describing the community? ===
Understanding the community entails understanding it in a number of ways. Whether or not the community is defined geographically, it still has a geographic context -- a setting that it exists in. Getting a clear sense of this setting may be key to a full understanding of it. At the same time, it's important to understand the specific community you're concerned with. You have to get to know its people -- their culture, their concerns, and relationships -- and to develop your own relationships with them as well.

* ''Physical aspects''. Every community has a physical presence of some sort, even if only one building. Most have a geographic area or areas they are either defined by or attached to. It's important to know the community's size and the look and feel of its buildings, its topography (the lay of the land -- the hills, valleys, rivers, roads, and other features you'd find on a map), and each of its neighborhoods. Also important are how various areas of the community differ from one another, and whether your impression is one of clean, well-maintained houses and streets, or one of shabbiness, dirt, and neglect.  If the community is one defined by its population, then its physical properties are also defined by the population: where they live, where they gather, the places that are important to them. The characteristics of those places can tell you a great deal about the people who make up the community. Their self-image, many of their attitudes, and their aspirations are often reflected in the places where they choose -- or are forced by circumstance or discrimination -- to live, work, gather, and play.
* ''Infrastructure''. Roads, bridges, transportation (local public transportation, airports, train lines), electricity, landline and mobile telephone service, broadband service, and similar &quot;basics&quot; make up the infrastructure of the community, without which it couldn't function.
* ''Patterns of settlement, commerce, and industry''. Where are those physical spaces we've been discussing? Communities reveal their character by where and how they create living and working spaces. Where there are areas with severely inadequate housing and limited services --  substandard housing in areas with few or no services that are the only options for people with lower incomes -- the value the larger community places on those residents seems clear. Are heavy industries located next to residential neighborhoods? If so, who lives in those neighborhoods? Are some parts of the community dangerous, either because of high crime and violence or because of unsafe conditions in the built or natural environment?
* ''Demographics''.  It's vital to understand who makes up the community.  Age, gender, race and ethnicity, marital status, education, number of people in household, first language -- these and other statistics make up the demographic profile of the population. When you put them together (e.g.,  the education level of black women ages 18-24), it gives you a clear picture of who community residents are.
* ''History''. The long-term history of the community can tell you about community traditions, what the community is, or has been, proud of, and what residents would prefer not to talk about. Recent history can afford valuable information about conflicts and factions within the community, important issues, past and current relationships among key people and groups -- many of the factors that can trip up any effort before it starts if you don't know about and address them.
* ''Community leaders, formal and informal''. Some community leaders are elected or appointed -- mayors, city councilors, directors of public works. Others are considered leaders because of their activities or their positions in the community -- community activists, corporate CEO's, college presidents, doctors, clergy.  Still others are recognized as leaders because, they are trusted for their proven integrity, courage, and/or care for others and the good of the community.
* ''Community culture, formal and informal''. This covers the spoken and unspoken rules and traditions by which the community lives. It can include everything from community events and slogans -- the blessing of the fishing fleet, the &quot;Artichoke Capital of the World&quot; -- to norms of behavior -- turning a blind eye to alcohol use disorder or domestic violence -- to patterns of discrimination and exercise of power. Understanding the culture and how it developed can be crucial, especially if that's what you're attempting to change.
* ''Existing groups''.  Most communities have an array of groups and organizations of different kinds -- service clubs (Lions, Rotary, etc.), faith groups, youth organizations, sports teams and clubs, groups formed around shared interests, the boards of community-wide organizations (the YMCA, the Rotary Club), as well as groups devoted to self-help, advocacy, and activism.  Knowing of the existence and importance of each of these groups can pave the way for alliances or for understanding opposition.
* ''Existing institutions''. Every community has institutions that are important to it, and that have more or less credibility with residents. Colleges and universities, libraries, religious institutions, hospitals -- all of these and many others can occupy important places in the community. It's important to know what they are, who represents them, and what influence they wield.
* ''Economics''.  Who are the major employers in the community?  What, if any, business or industry is the community's base? Who, if anyone, exercises economic power? How is wealth distributed? Would you characterize the community as poor, working, class, middle class, or affluent?  What are the economic prospects of the population in general and/or the population you're concerned with?
* ''Government/Politics''. Understanding the structure of community government is obviously important. Some communities may have strong mayors and weak city councils, others the opposite. Still other communities may have no mayor at all, but only a town manager, or may have a different form of government entirely.  Whatever the government structure, where does political power lie? Understanding where the real power is can be the difference between a successful effort and a vain one.
* ''Social structure''. Many aspects of social structure are integrated into other areas -- relationships, politics, economics -- but there are also the questions of how people in the community relate to one another on a daily basis, how problems are (or aren't) resolved, who socializes or does business with whom, etc. This area also includes perceptions and symbols of status and respect, and whether status carries entitlement or responsibility (or both).
* ''Attitudes and values''. Again, much of this area may be covered by investigation into others, particularly culture. What does the community care about, and what does it ignore? What are residents' assumptions about the proper way to behave, to dress, to do business, to treat others? Is there widely accepted discrimination against one or more groups by the majority or by those in power? What are the norms for interaction among those who with different opinions or different backgrounds?

'''We'll discuss all of these aspects of community in greater detail later in the section.'''&lt;blockquote&gt;There are obviously many more aspects of community that can be explored, such as health or education.  The assumption here is that as part of an assessment, you'll aim for a general understanding of the community, as described in this section, and also assess, with a narrower focus, the specific aspects you're interested in.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Once you've explored the relevant areas of the community, you'll have the information to create a community description. Depending on your needs and information, this description might be anything from a two-or three-page outline to an in-depth portrait of the community that extends to tens of pages and includes charts, graphs, photographs, and other elements. The point of doing it is to have a picture of the community at a particular point in time that you can use to provide a context for your community assessment and to see the results of whatever actions you take to bring about change.&lt;blockquote&gt;A community description can be as creative as you're capable of making it.  It can be written as a story, can incorporate photos and commentary from community residents, can be done online and include audio and video, etc. The more interesting the description is, the more people are likely to actually read it.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Caring for Our Surroundings and the enviroment ===
Our surroundings or environment is the natural world around you the air, water, land, plants, and animals. Everything in nature is part of your environment. You share this environment with people, animals, and plants in your community.

=== '''How you can care for your surroundings''' ===

=== Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle ===
You can follow the three-R rule every day. '''Reduce''' means using less so you make less waste. '''Reuse''' means using something again instead of throwing it away. '''Recycle''' means turning old materials into new ones.

For example, you can use a reusable lunch bag and water bottle at school. You can decorate an old jar and use it as a pencil holder. You can put paper and plastic bottles in the recycling bin.

=== Sorting Your Waste ===
You sort your waste by putting it in the right bin. Banana peels go in the '''compost bin'''. A plastic bottle goes in the '''recycling bin'''. A broken toy that cannot be fixed goes in the '''garbage bin'''. Sorting waste properly helps protect the environment.

=== Composting ===
Composting means collecting food waste like; banana peels, left overs and vegetable cuttings. These wastes break down and turn into rich soil for gardens. 

=== Saving Water and Energy ===
You can save water by turning off the tap while brushing your teeth. You can save electricity by turning off lights when you leave a room. These small actions help protect natural resources every single day.

=== Planting Trees and Native Plants ===
Trees clean the air and give animals a home. Planting flowers and native plants in your garden helps birds, bees, and butterflies find food and shelter. This supports the wildlife in your neighborhood. Additionally, you can help by; Cleaning our homes, classrooms and playgrounds, and Keeping water sources clean.
* Avoiding damage to public property.
* Helping people who need support.

=== Children's Responsibilities ===
Children have an important role in caring for their communities. They can help by setting a good example and encouraging others to behave responsibly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Empowering Kids to Make a Big Impact in Their Communities |url=https://sesameworkshop.org/resources/empowering-kids-to-make-a-big-impact-in-their-communities/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=Sesame Workshop |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Children should respect others, avoid littering and report dangerous or dirty places to trusted adults.

=== Short Story: The Rubbish Behind the Library ===
Some pupils noticed rubbish behind their school library. They decided to clean the area with the help of their teacher. They collected the rubbish, placed it in bins and planted flowers near the library.

The area became clean and beautiful. Other pupils followed their example.

'''Lesson:''' Everyone can help to improve the community.

=== Activity and Discussion ===

# What is a community?
# Name three ways of keeping your school clean.
# Why should children care for their surroundings?
# Organize a small classroom cleaning activity.

== Chapter 2: Types of Waste and Every Piece of Rubbish Has a Place ==

=== Introduction ===
Every day, people produce waste. We throw away food scraps, plastic bottles, paper, cans, old clothes, broken equipment, and many other things. Waste is a normal part of human life, but the way we handle it determines whether it becomes a danger or a useful resource.

Waste that is thrown anywhere can make our surroundings dirty, block drainage channels, pollute water, attract pests, and spread disease. However, when waste is '''sorted, reused, recycled, treated, or disposed of correctly''', it can be managed safely.

This chapter explains the main '''types of waste''' and introduces an important idea: '''every piece of rubbish has a proper place'''.

This chapter explains the main '''types of waste''' and introduces an important idea: '''every piece of rubbish has a proper place'''.
----

=== 1. What Is Waste? ===
'''Waste''' is any material, substance, or object that a person no longer wants or needs and decides to discard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is waste? – KS2 Science curriculum |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z2rhcj6 |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Examples include:

* Banana peels
* Plastic bottles
* Newspapers
* Empty tins
* Broken glass
* Old batteries
* Used clothes
* Food leftovers
* Broken electronic devices

Not all waste is the same. Different materials have different effects on the environment and require different methods of handling.
----

=== 2. Types of Waste ===
Waste can be classified in several ways. The most common classification is according to its '''nature and source'''.

==== A. Biodegradable Waste ====
'''Biodegradable waste''' is waste that can be broken down naturally by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.

Examples include:

* Fruit and vegetable peels
* Food leftovers
* Leaves
* Grass
* Animal manure
* Paper and some untreated natural materials

Biodegradable waste can often be turned into '''compost''', which is useful for improving soil.

=== Example ===
Instead of throwing banana peels into a general rubbish pile, they can be collected with other organic materials and composted.

'''Remember:'''

'''Biodegradable = can naturally break down.'''
----

==== B. Non-Biodegradable Waste ====
'''Non-biodegradable waste''' does not break down easily through natural processes, or it may take a very long time to do so.

Examples include:

* Plastic bags
* Plastic bottles
* Glass
* Some metals
* Synthetic materials

Some non-biodegradable materials can be '''reused or recycled''' rather than thrown away.

=== Why is it a problem? ===
When non-biodegradable waste is poorly managed, it can remain in the environment for long periods and contribute to land and water pollution.

'''Remember:'''

'''Non-biodegradable = does not easily break down naturally.'''
----

=== 3. Recyclable Waste ===
'''Recyclable waste''' consists of materials that can be collected and processed into new products.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Mr |date=2024-09-12 |title=How to Dispose Waste Properly: A Guide to Proper Waste Management |url=https://whatisgreenliving.com/how-to-dispose-waste-properly/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=What is Green Living? |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common recyclable materials include:

* Paper
* Cardboard
* Certain plastics
* Aluminium cans
* Steel cans
* Glass bottles and containers

For recycling to work effectively, materials should be '''sorted and kept reasonably clean'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Topic 2 Reusing in daily life – CICLO |url=https://ciclo-project.eu/topic/topic-2-reusing-in-daily-life/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Example ===
An empty metal drink can can be collected, processed, and used to make new metal products instead of being sent directly to a landfill.
----

=== 4. Hazardous Waste ===
'''Hazardous waste''' is waste that can cause harm to people, animals, or the environment if it is handled or disposed of incorrectly.

Examples include:

* Used batteries
* Certain chemicals
* Pesticide containers
* Some paints and solvents
* Medical sharps
* Some electronic waste
* Certain cleaning products

Hazardous waste should '''not simply be mixed with ordinary household rubbish'''.

It may require special collection, treatment, or disposal.

==== Safety rule ====
Never play with, burn, open, or pour unknown chemicals or hazardous waste into drains, rivers, or onto the ground.
----

=== 5. Electronic Waste ===
'''Electronic waste''', commonly called '''e-waste''', includes unwanted electrical and electronic equipment.

Examples include:

* Old mobile phones
* Computers
* Televisions
* Radios
* Chargers
* Keyboards
* Printers
* Broken appliances

Electronic devices contain valuable materials that can sometimes be recovered and reused. They may also contain substances that require careful handling.

Therefore, unwanted electronics should be taken to appropriate collection or recycling facilities where available.
----

=== 6. Medical Waste ===
'''Medical waste''' is waste produced during healthcare activities.

Examples include:

* Used syringes
* Needles
* Bandages
* Gloves
* Contaminated dressings
* Certain medicines and medical materials

Medical waste can pose health risks if it is not properly handled.

For example, '''used needles should never be placed loosely into ordinary rubbish''', because they can injure people and potentially transmit infection.

Healthcare facilities use special containers and procedures for managing such waste.
----

=== 7. Construction and Demolition Waste ===
Construction activities produce waste such as:

* Broken bricks
* Concrete
* Soil
* Wood
* Roofing materials
* Scrap metal
* Tiles

Some of these materials can be reused in construction or recycled.

Good construction waste management reduces unnecessary dumping and saves useful materials.
----

=== 8. Liquid Waste ===
'''Liquid waste''' is waste in liquid form.

Examples include:

* Wastewater
* Used cooking oil
* Certain industrial liquids
* Sewage
* Some chemical liquids

Liquid waste must be managed carefully because it can easily enter soil, drains, streams, lakes, and groundwater.

'''Never pour hazardous liquids into a river, open drain, or onto bare soil.'''
----

=== 9. Gaseous Waste ===
Some human activities release waste substances into the air in the form of gases or particles.

Sources can include:

* Vehicle exhaust
* Industrial processes
* Burning waste
* Certain fuel-burning appliances

Poor management of air pollutants can contribute to poor air quality and environmental damage.

This is one reason '''open burning of rubbish is generally a poor waste-management practice''', especially when plastics and other materials are burned.
----

=== 10. Every Piece of Rubbish Has a Place ===
The statement '''“Every piece of rubbish has a place”''' teaches us that waste should not be thrown carelessly. Different kinds of waste should go to appropriate destinations.

A simple waste-sorting system can look like this:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Type of waste
!Examples
!Suitable action
|-
|Organic waste
|Food scraps, leaves
|Composting
|-
|Paper/cardboard
|Newspapers, boxes
|Reuse or recycle
|-
|Plastics
|Bottles, containers
|Reuse or recycle where facilities exist
|-
|Glass
|Bottles, jars
|Reuse or recycle
|-
|Metals
|Cans, scrap metal
|Recycle
|-
|E-waste
|Phones, computers
|Special collection/recycling
|-
|Hazardous waste
|Batteries, chemicals
|Special handling
|-
|Medical waste
|Needles, contaminated materials
|Approved medical-waste system
|-
|General residual waste
|Materials that cannot be recovered
|Appropriate final disposal
|}
The exact collection system differs from one community to another, so people should follow the waste-sorting rules used by their local authority or waste-collection service.
----

=== 11. The Waste Hierarchy ===
Good waste management does not begin with throwing things away. It follows a hierarchy that encourages people to prevent waste first.

==== 1. Refuse ====
Avoid unnecessary items when possible.

'''Example:''' Refuse unnecessary single-use packaging.

==== 2. Reduce ====
Use fewer resources and produce less waste.

'''Example:''' Buy only the food you are likely to use.

===== 3. Reuse =====
Use an item again instead of throwing it away.

'''Example:''' Use a durable shopping bag repeatedly.

===== 4. Repair =====
Fix broken items when practical.

'''Example:''' Repair a chair rather than immediately replacing it.

===== 5. Recycle =====
Process suitable materials into new products.

'''Example:''' Recycle suitable paper, metal, glass, and plastics.

===== 6. Recover =====
Recover useful materials or energy from waste through appropriate processes.

===== 7. Dispose =====
Waste that cannot reasonably be reused, recycled, or recovered should be disposed of safely.

'''The key lesson is: disposal should not be our first choice.'''
----

=== 12. Why Proper Waste Management Matters ===
Proper waste management has many benefits.

==== Protects human health ====
Accumulated rubbish can attract flies, rats, and other pests. Poorly managed waste can also create opportunities for disease transmission.

==== Protects water ====
Waste dumped into waterways can contaminate rivers, lakes, and other sources of water.

==== Protects soil ====
Chemicals and other harmful substances can contaminate soil when waste is poorly disposed of.

==== Keeps communities clean ====
Clean streets, schools, homes, and public spaces are safer and more pleasant.

==== Saves resources ====
Recycling and reuse allow valuable materials to remain in use rather than constantly requiring new raw materials.

==== Reduces pollution ====
Sorting and treating waste properly can reduce pollution caused by dumping and inappropriate burning.
----

=== 13. Waste Management at Home and School ===
Everyone can contribute to better waste management.

==== At home ====

* Keep rubbish in suitable containers.
* Separate organic waste from recyclable materials where possible.
* Compost suitable organic waste.
* Reuse containers and bags.
* Avoid unnecessary single-use products.
* Keep hazardous materials separate.
* Never dump rubbish in drainage channels or waterways.

==== At school ====
Schools can:

* Provide clearly labelled waste bins.
* Teach learners about waste separation.
* Organise clean-up activities.
* Encourage reusable water bottles.
* Collect paper for recycling where facilities exist.
* Compost suitable food and garden waste.
* Ensure sharp or hazardous materials are handled safely.

----

=== 14. A Simple Waste-Sorting Activity ===
Imagine that you have the following items:

# Banana peel
# Plastic water bottle
# Newspaper
# Broken battery
# Glass bottle
# Old mobile phone
# Food leftovers
# Used needle

How should they be handled?

* '''Banana peel →''' organic waste/compost
* '''Plastic bottle →''' reuse or appropriate plastic recycling
* '''Newspaper →''' reuse or paper recycling
* '''Battery →''' special battery/e-waste collection
* '''Glass bottle →''' reuse or glass recycling
* '''Old mobile phone →''' e-waste collection/recycling
* '''Food leftovers →''' composting where appropriate
* '''Used needle →''' approved sharps/medical-waste disposal

This demonstrates why '''sorting waste at the point where it is produced''' is so important.
----

=== 15. Key Vocabulary ===
'''Waste:''' Material that is discarded because it is no longer wanted or needed.

'''Biodegradable:''' Able to break down naturally through biological processes.

'''Non-biodegradable:''' Not easily broken down naturally.

'''Recycle:''' Process used materials so they can be made into new products.

'''Reuse:''' Use an item again instead of discarding it.

'''Compost:''' Decomposed organic material that can be used to improve soil.

'''Hazardous waste:''' Waste that can pose a danger to people or the environment.

'''E-waste:''' Discarded electrical and electronic equipment.

=== Short Story: Amina's Big Idea ===
Amina saw many plastic bottles around her school. She suggested collecting the bottles and using some of them to make flower containers.

Her classmates helped her. Soon, the school had fewer bottles on the ground and more beautiful flowers.

'''Lesson:''' Waste materials can sometimes be reused in useful ways.

=== Practical Activity ===
Collect safe reusable materials and make a useful object, such as a flowerpot, pencil holder or decoration.

== Chapter 3: Water Is Life ==

=== Introduction ===
Water is one of the most important resources on Earth. Every living thing needs water to survive. People, animals, and plants all depend on water for life and growth.

We use water every day for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing clothes, cleaning, farming, and many other activities. Water is also important in industries, transport, energy production, and recreation.

Because water is essential for life, we must use it wisely, protect it from pollution, and make sure that everyone has access to safe water.
----

=== 1. What Is Water? ===
Water is a natural substance made up of hydrogen and oxygen. In its pure form, it has no colour, smell, or taste.

Water exists in three main states:

* '''Liquid''' – such as water in rivers, lakes, and oceans.
* '''Solid''' – such as ice and snow.
* '''Gas''' – water vapour found in the atmosphere.

Water constantly moves between these states through the '''water cycle'''.
----

=== 2. Sources of Water ===
Water comes from different natural sources.

==== A. Rainwater ====
Rain is an important source of fresh water. Rainwater fills rivers, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs and also helps to replenish groundwater.

People can collect rainwater from rooftops and store it in tanks for appropriate household or other uses.

==== B. Rivers and Streams ====
Rivers and streams provide water for domestic use, agriculture, livestock, industry, and ecosystems.

However, water from rivers may contain microorganisms, chemicals, or other contaminants. It may therefore require appropriate treatment before it is safe to drink.

==== C. Lakes ====
Lakes contain large amounts of water and support people, plants, animals, and economic activities.

Lakes can provide water for communities, fishing, agriculture, transport, and recreation.

==== D. Groundwater ====
Groundwater is water stored beneath the Earth's surface in soil and rock.

It can be accessed through:

* Wells
* Boreholes
* Springs

Groundwater is an important source of drinking water in many communities.

==== E. Wetlands ====
Wetlands are areas where water covers or saturates the land for part or all of the year.

They provide important environmental services, including storing water, supporting wildlife, and helping to filter pollutants.
----

=== 3. Why Water Is Life ===
Water is essential for almost every activity that supports life.

==== A. Water for Drinking ====
The human body needs water to function properly. People lose water through activities such as breathing, sweating, and urination, so they need to replace it regularly.

Safe drinking water is important for maintaining good health.

==== B. Water for Food Production ====
Farmers need water to grow crops and keep animals healthy.

Water is used for:

* Irrigation
* Watering livestock
* Cleaning agricultural equipment
* Processing some agricultural products

Without sufficient water, food production can be seriously affected.

==== C. Water for Plants ====
Plants need water for growth and survival. Water helps plants transport nutrients and supports photosynthesis.

Without enough water, plants may wilt, stop growing, or die.

==== D. Water for Animals ====
Animals need water for drinking and other biological processes. Rivers, lakes, wetlands, and other water bodies also provide habitats for many animals.

==== E. Water for Hygiene and Sanitation ====
Water is essential for:

* Washing hands
* Bathing
* Cleaning homes
* Washing clothes
* Cleaning utensils
* Flushing toilets

Good hygiene and sanitation help protect communities from disease.

==== F. Water in Industry ====
Industries use water for many purposes, including:

* Manufacturing
* Cooling machinery
* Cleaning
* Food processing
* Producing certain goods

Industries must manage water responsibly and prevent harmful substances from entering water sources.
----

=== 4. The Water Cycle ===
Water does not simply disappear after it is used. It moves continuously through the environment in a process called the '''water cycle'''.

The main stages include:

==== 1. Evaporation ====
Heat from the Sun causes water from oceans, lakes, rivers, and other surfaces to change into water vapour.

==== 2. Transpiration ====
Plants release water vapour into the atmosphere through tiny openings in their leaves.

==== 3. Condensation ====
Water vapour rises, cools, and forms tiny droplets that make clouds.

==== 4. Precipitation ====
When water droplets become sufficiently large, they fall to Earth as:

* Rain
* Snow
* Sleet
* Hail

==== 5. Collection and Infiltration ====
Water collects in rivers, lakes, oceans, and other water bodies. Some water also soaks into the ground and becomes groundwater.

The cycle then continues.
----

=== 5. Clean Water and Polluted Water ===
Not all water is safe to drink.

'''Clean and safe water''' is water that does not contain harmful levels of microorganisms, chemicals, or other contaminants.

'''Polluted water''' contains substances that can harm people, animals, plants, or ecosystems.

Water pollution can come from many sources.

=== Examples include: ===

* Sewage
* Plastic waste
* Oil
* Industrial chemicals
* Agricultural chemicals
* Animal waste
* Household waste
* Soil and sediment

----

=== 6. Effects of Water Pollution ===
Water pollution can have serious consequences.

==== A. Human Health ====
Contaminated water can contribute to diseases and other health problems, particularly where sanitation and water treatment are inadequate.

==== B. Aquatic Life ====
Pollution can harm fish, insects, plants, amphibians, and other organisms living in water.

==== C. Food Production ====
Polluted water used for agriculture can affect crops, livestock, and food safety.

==== D. The Environment ====
Pollution can damage aquatic ecosystems and reduce the quality of habitats.

==== E. Economic Activities ====
Fishing, tourism, agriculture, and other activities can suffer when water resources become polluted.
----

=== 7. How We Can Protect Water ===
Everyone has a role to play in protecting water resources.

==== At Home ====

* Do not throw rubbish into drains, rivers, or lakes.
* Repair leaking taps and pipes.
* Use only the water you need.
* Avoid wasting water while washing.
* Dispose of chemicals and oils appropriately.
* Keep toilets and sanitation facilities clean.

==== At School ====
Students can:

* Turn off taps after use.
* Report leaking taps and pipes.
* Keep school compounds free from litter.
* Avoid throwing rubbish into drainage channels.
* Participate in water-conservation activities.
* Teach others about the importance of water.

==== In the Community ====
Communities can:

* Protect wells, springs, rivers, and wetlands.
* Prevent dumping near water sources.
* Plant and protect vegetation where appropriate.
* Maintain drainage and sanitation systems.
* Encourage responsible water use.
* Support safe water and sanitation projects.

----

=== 8. Water Conservation ===
'''Water conservation''' means using water carefully and avoiding unnecessary waste.

Simple actions can save large amounts of water.

=== Examples ===
Instead of leaving a tap running while brushing your teeth, turn it off when water is not needed.

When washing clothes or dishes, use a reasonable amount of water rather than allowing water to run continuously.

Leaking taps and pipes should be repaired because a small leak can waste water over time.

Rainwater can also be collected and used for suitable purposes.
----

=== 9. The Importance of Wetlands and Forests ===
Natural ecosystems help protect water resources.

==== Wetlands ====
Wetlands can store water, provide habitats, and help remove some pollutants from water.

==== Forests and Vegetation ====
Vegetation helps protect soil and can reduce erosion and surface runoff. Vegetated areas around water bodies can therefore contribute to the protection of water quality.

Destroying wetlands and removing vegetation carelessly can increase environmental problems such as erosion, flooding, and water pollution.
----

=== 10. Safe Drinking Water ===
Water intended for drinking should be obtained from a safe source and, where necessary, treated appropriately.

Methods of treating water may include:

* Boiling
* Filtration
* Chlorination
* Other approved water-treatment methods

The correct treatment method depends on the source and the contaminants that may be present.

Water should also be stored safely in clean, covered containers to reduce the chance of contamination.
----

=== 11. Water and Our Future ===
Fresh water is limited and unevenly distributed. Some communities have reliable access to safe water, while others face shortages or difficulties accessing clean water.

Population growth, pollution, climate variability, changing land use, and increasing demand can place pressure on water resources.

Protecting water today helps ensure that future generations can also benefit from this essential resource.
----

=== 12. Practical Activity: Saving Water ===

==== Activity ====
For one day, observe how water is used at home or school.

Make a list of activities such as:

* Drinking
* Cooking
* Bathing
* Washing hands
* Washing clothes
* Cleaning
* Watering plants

Then identify activities where water may be wasted.

==== Questions ====

# Which activity uses the most water?
# Where is water being wasted?
# How could the waste be reduced?
# What can you do personally to save water?

Discuss your answers with your classmates or family members.
----

=== 13. Key Vocabulary ===
'''Water:''' A natural substance essential for life.

'''Water cycle:''' The continuous movement of water through the environment.

'''Evaporation:''' The change of liquid water into water vapour.

'''Condensation:''' The change of water vapour into liquid droplets.

'''Precipitation:''' Water falling from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

'''Groundwater:''' Water stored beneath the Earth's surface.

'''Water pollution:''' The contamination of water by harmful substances.

'''Water conservation:''' The careful and responsible use of water.

'''Wetland:''' Land that is covered or saturated with water for part or all of the year.

'''Sanitation:''' Systems and practices for safely managing human waste and maintaining hygiene.
----

=== 14. Summary ===
Water is essential for '''people, animals, plants, agriculture, sanitation, industry, and ecosystems'''. It comes from sources such as rain, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and wetlands.

Water moves continuously through the '''water cycle''', but clean and accessible freshwater is a valuable resource that must be protected.

Pollution, waste, careless use, and damage to natural ecosystems can threaten water resources. We can help by '''saving water, preventing pollution, protecting water sources, practising good sanitation, and using water responsibly'''.

The most important lesson is simple:&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Water is life. Protect every drop.'''&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Short Story: The Dirty Stream ====
Children in a village noticed that their stream was becoming dirty. Some people were throwing rubbish into it.

The children spoke to their teacher and community leaders. Together, they organised a clean-up and encouraged people to stop dumping rubbish in the stream.

'''Lesson:''' Protecting water requires teamwork and responsible behavior.

==== Water-Protection Challenge ====
For one week:

* Close taps properly after use.
* Use only the water you need.
* Keep water containers clean.
* Encourage others not to pollute water sources.

== Chapter 4: Trees ==

=== Introduction ===
Trees are among the most useful living things on Earth. They grow in forests, gardens, farms, school compounds, along roads, and around our homes. Trees provide food, shelter, shade, materials, and many other benefits.

Trees also help protect the environment. They absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, release oxygen through photosynthesis, help protect soil from erosion, and provide habitats for many animals.

For these reasons, trees can truly be described as '''our friends'''. However, trees need care and protection so that they can continue benefiting people and the environment.
----

=== 1. What Is a Tree? ===
A tree is a large plant with a woody stem or trunk, branches, leaves, and roots.

The main parts of a tree include:

* '''Roots''' – anchor the tree in the soil and absorb water and minerals.
* '''Trunk''' – supports the tree and transports water and nutrients.
* '''Branches''' – hold the leaves, flowers, and fruits.
* '''Leaves''' – make food for the tree through photosynthesis.
* '''Flowers''' – help many trees reproduce.
* '''Fruits and seeds''' – help produce new trees.

Trees vary greatly in size, shape, and appearance.
----

=== 2. Trees Give Us Oxygen ===
Trees and other green plants carry out '''photosynthesis'''.

During photosynthesis, plants use:

* Sunlight
* Water
* Carbon dioxide

to produce food, while releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.

Oxygen is needed by humans and many animals for respiration.

Trees therefore play an important role in maintaining the gases that support life.
----

=== 3. Trees Give Us Food ===
Many trees provide food for people and animals.

Examples include:

* Mango trees
* Avocado trees
* Orange trees
* Jackfruit trees
* Banana plants
* Coconut palms

Trees can provide fruits, nuts, seeds, leaves, and other edible products.

Animals also depend on trees for food.
----

=== 4. Trees Provide Shade ===
Trees provide shade from strong sunlight.

People can sit under trees to rest, study, talk, or relax. Trees around homes, schools, parks, and public spaces can make these places more comfortable.

Shade from trees can also help reduce the amount of direct sunlight reaching buildings and the ground.
----

=== 5. Trees Provide Homes for Animals ===
Trees are important habitats for many living organisms.

Birds may build nests in branches. Insects may live on leaves and bark. Monkeys, squirrels, reptiles, and other animals may use trees for shelter, food, or movement.

A large tree can therefore support many different forms of life.

When trees are destroyed, animals can lose their homes and sources of food.
----

=== 6. Trees Protect the Soil ===
Tree roots hold soil together.

When heavy rain falls on bare soil, it can wash soil away. This process is called '''soil erosion'''.

Trees can help reduce erosion because:

* Their roots hold soil together.
* Their leaves and branches reduce the force of falling rain.
* Fallen leaves cover the soil.
* Tree-covered land can slow surface runoff.

Protecting trees is therefore one way of helping to protect soil.
----

=== 7. Trees Help Protect Water ===
Trees and other vegetation play an important role in the water cycle.

Their roots help water enter and move through the soil. Vegetation can also reduce soil erosion and the amount of sediment carried into rivers and lakes.

Trees growing near water bodies can therefore contribute to the protection of water resources.
----

=== 8. Trees Help Fight Climate Change ===
Trees absorb '''carbon dioxide''', a greenhouse gas, as they grow.

Through photosynthesis, trees use carbon dioxide to make food. Some of the carbon becomes stored in the tree's wood, roots, and other parts.

Forests and other ecosystems therefore store significant amounts of carbon.

Protecting existing forests and planting appropriate trees can contribute to efforts to address climate change, although trees are only one part of the solution.
----

=== 9. Trees Provide Materials ===
Trees provide materials that people use in everyday life.

Wood can be used to make:

* Furniture
* Doors
* Houses
* Poles
* Tools
* Paper products

Some trees also provide materials such as:

* Rubber
* Cork
* Resins
* Fibres
* Oils

These materials support many livelihoods and industries.

However, trees should be harvested responsibly, and forests should be managed sustainably.
----

=== 10. Trees Provide Medicine ===
Some trees contain substances that have been used traditionally or scientifically in medicines and other health-related products.

Examples of trees associated with traditional or medicinal uses include:

* Neem
* Eucalyptus
* Cinchona
* Some species of acacia

Medicinal plants should be used carefully. Traditional knowledge does not automatically mean that a plant is safe or effective for every medical condition.
----

=== 11. Trees Improve the Environment ===
Trees contribute to healthier surroundings in several ways.

They can:

* Provide habitats for wildlife.
* Help reduce soil erosion.
* Store carbon.
* Provide shade.
* Improve the appearance of landscapes.
* Reduce wind speeds in some areas.
* Contribute to cleaner and cooler local environments.

Trees in towns and cities can be especially valuable because they provide shade and green spaces among buildings and roads.
----

=== 12. Trees and the Air We Breathe ===
Trees interact with the atmosphere in important ways.

Their leaves absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen. Trees can also trap some airborne particles on their leaves.

However, trees do not remove all air pollution, and planting the right species in appropriate locations is important.
----

=== 13. Why People Cut Down Trees ===
People cut down trees for different reasons.

These include:

* Getting firewood
* Producing charcoal
* Obtaining timber
* Clearing land for farming
* Building houses and roads
* Producing paper and other products

Some tree harvesting is necessary for human needs. The problem arises when trees are removed '''faster than they can naturally or deliberately be replaced'''.

This can lead to '''deforestation'''.
----

=== 14. Effects of Deforestation ===
'''Deforestation''' is the large-scale removal of forests or trees from an area.

Deforestation can result in:

* Loss of wildlife habitats
* Increased soil erosion
* Loss of biodiversity
* Reduced carbon storage
* Changes in local water cycles
* Loss of valuable forest resources

When forests are cleared without proper management, the environmental and social consequences can be serious.
----

=== 15. How We Can Protect Trees ===
Everyone can help protect trees.

==== At Home ====

* Plant suitable trees.
* Avoid unnecessary cutting of trees.
* Use wood and paper responsibly.
* Protect young trees from damage.
* Compost suitable organic waste and return nutrients to the soil where appropriate.

==== At School ====
Students can:

* Plant and care for trees.
* Avoid damaging tree trunks and branches.
* Keep school gardens clean.
* Water young trees when necessary.
* Learn about local tree species.
* Organise tree-care activities.

==== In the Community ====
Communities can:

* Protect forests and woodlands.
* Plant appropriate native or well-adapted species.
* Prevent uncontrolled cutting.
* Encourage sustainable forestry.
* Protect trees along rivers and other sensitive areas.
* Educate people about the value of trees.

----

=== 16. Planting a Tree ===
Planting a tree is useful, but simply putting a seedling in the ground is not enough. The tree must be cared for.

==== Basic steps ====

# '''Choose a suitable species''' for the local environment.
# '''Choose an appropriate location''' with enough space for the mature tree.
# '''Prepare the soil''' and dig a suitable planting hole.
# '''Plant the seedling carefully.'''
# '''Water it when necessary''', especially during dry periods.
# '''Protect it from animals and damage.'''
# '''Remove competing weeds when appropriate.'''
# '''Continue caring for the tree as it grows.'''

A healthy mature tree may take many years to develop, so tree planting requires patience.
----

=== 17. Trees and Responsibility ===
Trees belong to a wider ecosystem. When we care for them, we are also helping many other organisms.

We should remember:&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Plant a tree, care for a tree, and protect a tree.'''&lt;/blockquote&gt;Planting trees is important, but '''protecting existing mature trees is also very valuable''' because mature trees already provide established habitat, shade, and carbon storage.
----

=== 18. Practical Activity: Adopt a Tree ===
Choose a tree at your school or home.

Observe it regularly and record:

* Its height or approximate size
* The shape of its leaves
* Whether it has flowers or fruits
* Animals or insects found on it
* Changes you observe over several weeks

Give the tree a name if you wish and create a simple care schedule.

=== Questions ===

# What type of tree did you observe?
# What benefits does it provide?
# Which animals use it?
# How can you protect it?
# What changes did you observe over time?

----

=== 19. Key Vocabulary ===
'''Tree:''' A large woody plant with a trunk, branches, leaves, and roots.

'''Photosynthesis:''' The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food and release oxygen.

'''Habitat:''' The natural home or environment of a plant or animal.

'''Deforestation:''' The large-scale removal of forests or trees.

'''Soil erosion:''' The removal of soil by agents such as water or wind.

'''Biodiversity:''' The variety of living organisms in an area or on Earth.

'''Forest:''' A large area dominated by trees and associated plants and animals.

'''Sustainable:''' Using resources in a way that allows them to remain available for the future.

'''Carbon dioxide:''' A gas in the atmosphere that plants use during photosynthesis and that also contributes to the greenhouse effect.
----

=== 20. Summary ===
Trees are essential parts of our environment. They provide '''food, shade, oxygen, habitats, materials, and protection for soil and water'''. They also absorb carbon dioxide and store carbon.

However, uncontrolled cutting and destruction of forests can cause deforestation, habitat loss, soil erosion, and other environmental problems.

We can protect trees by '''planting appropriate trees, caring for young trees, reducing unnecessary tree cutting, using forest products responsibly, and protecting natural forests'''.

Trees are more than sources of wood and fruit. They are living parts of ecosystems that support people, animals, and the environment..

=== Activity ===
Plant or care for a tree or flower at home or school. Observe it regularly and record how it changes.

== Chapter 5: Plastic Pollution ==

=== Introduction ===
Plastic is one of the most widely used materials in the modern world. We find plastic in bottles, bags, food packaging, toys, containers, clothes, electronics, and many other products.

Plastic is useful because it is light, strong, waterproof, and relatively inexpensive. However, when plastic is used carelessly and discarded improperly, it can become a serious environmental problem.

'''Plastic pollution''' occurs when plastic waste accumulates in places where it can harm people, animals, and the environment.

The good news is that everyone can help reduce plastic pollution by making responsible choices about how we use, reuse, collect, and dispose of plastic.
----

=== 1. What Is Plastic? ===
Plastic is a group of materials made mainly from polymers. Many plastics are produced from fossil-fuel-based raw materials, although some newer plastics are made partly or entirely from other sources.

Plastic can be manufactured into many different shapes and forms.

Examples include:

* Plastic bags
* Bottles
* Food containers
* Packaging
* Pipes
* Toys
* Furniture
* Household equipment

Because plastic can be made into so many useful products, it has become an important material in everyday life.
----

=== 2. What Is Plastic Pollution? ===
'''Plastic pollution''' is the accumulation or presence of plastic waste in the environment in ways that cause harm or create environmental problems.

Plastic waste can be found:

* On streets
* In drainage channels
* In gardens
* On beaches
* In rivers and lakes
* In wetlands
* In forests
* In agricultural areas
* In oceans

Plastic that is thrown on the ground can be carried by wind or rain into drainage systems and waterways.
----

=== 3. Common Sources of Plastic Waste ===
Plastic waste comes from many activities.

==== At Home ====
Households may produce plastic waste from:

* Shopping bags
* Food packaging
* Bottles
* Containers
* Wrappers
* Disposable utensils

==== At School ====
Schools may produce plastic waste from:

* Water bottles
* Snack wrappers
* Packaging
* Plastic stationery
* Disposable food containers

==== In Businesses ====
Shops, restaurants, markets, and industries may generate large amounts of plastic packaging and other plastic waste.

==== In Agriculture ====
Some agricultural activities use plastic materials such as containers, packaging, irrigation components, and other products.
----

=== 4. Why Does Plastic Become a Problem? ===
Plastic itself can be useful. The problem often occurs when it is '''used unnecessarily, discarded carelessly, or poorly managed'''.

Plastic can persist in the environment for long periods. Larger plastic items can break into smaller pieces called '''microplastics''' rather than simply disappearing.

When plastic waste is not collected or managed properly, it can spread through the environment.
----

=== 5. Plastic Pollution and Water ===
Plastic waste can enter rivers, lakes, wetlands, and oceans.

It may be carried into waterways by:

* Rain
* Floodwater
* Wind
* Poorly managed rubbish
* Drainage systems

Once plastic enters water, it can interfere with aquatic ecosystems and make waterways dirty.

Plastic waste can also block drains and contribute to flooding when drainage systems become obstructed.
----

=== 6. Plastic Pollution and Animals ===
Animals can be harmed by plastic pollution.

Some animals may mistake plastic for food and swallow it. This can cause injury, illness, or blockage of the digestive system.

Animals can also become trapped or entangled in plastic materials such as bags, strings, fishing lines, and other discarded objects.

Keeping plastic waste out of natural habitats helps protect wildlife.
----

=== 7. Microplastics ===
'''Microplastics''' are very small pieces of plastic, generally less than 5 millimetres in size.

They can be produced when larger plastic items break down into smaller pieces. Some microplastics also come directly from products or industrial processes.

Because they are so small, microplastics can be difficult to remove from the environment.

They have been detected in many environmental settings, including water, soil, air, and living organisms.

Scientists continue to study their effects on ecosystems and human health.
----

=== 8. Plastic Pollution and Soil ===
Plastic waste can accumulate on land and become mixed with soil.

This can:

* Make land unattractive and difficult to manage.
* Interfere with farming activities.
* Harm animals that live in or feed from the soil.
* Break down into smaller plastic particles.
* Carry pollutants into the wider environment.

Farmers and communities can help by preventing plastic waste from being dumped on agricultural land.
----

=== 9. Burning Plastic ===
Some people burn plastic waste because they want to get rid of it quickly.

However, '''burning plastic in open fires is not a safe waste-management method'''.

Depending on the type of plastic and how it burns, smoke can contain harmful pollutants and fine particles.

Instead of burning plastic, it is better to:

* Reduce unnecessary plastic use.
* Reuse suitable items.
* Separate recyclable materials.
* Use appropriate waste-collection services.
* Dispose of residual waste through approved systems.

----

=== 10. Plastic Recycling ===
'''Recycling''' involves collecting and processing used materials so that they can become inputs for new products.

Some types of plastic can be recycled.

However, not every plastic item is accepted by every recycling system. Recycling facilities may differ in the types of plastics they can process.

Therefore, people should follow the sorting instructions provided by their local waste-management or recycling service.
----

=== 11. Reuse Before Recycling ===
Recycling is useful, but '''reuse can sometimes be even simpler'''.

For example, a durable container can be used repeatedly instead of being thrown away after one use.

Reusable alternatives may include:

* Shopping bags
* Water bottles
* Food containers
* Cups
* Lunch boxes

The best option depends on the product and how it is used. The important principle is to avoid unnecessary waste.
----

=== 12. How Can We Reduce Plastic Pollution? ===
Everyone can take practical steps.

==== A. Refuse Unnecessary Plastic ====
If you do not need a disposable plastic item, avoid taking it.

==== B. Reduce Plastic Use ====
Choose products with less unnecessary packaging when practical.

==== C. Reuse ====
Use suitable durable products more than once.

==== D. Recycle ====
Separate recyclable plastic according to local collection requirements.

==== E. Dispose Properly ====
Put plastic waste into the correct waste container rather than throwing it on the ground.

==== F. Keep Waterways Clean ====
Never throw plastic into rivers, lakes, wetlands, drainage channels, or other water bodies.
----

=== 13. Plastic Pollution at School ===
Students can help reduce plastic pollution at school.

They can:

* Carry reusable water bottles.
* Avoid unnecessary disposable packaging.
* Use rubbish bins correctly.
* Separate recyclable waste where a recycling system exists.
* Participate in clean-up activities.
* Encourage classmates not to litter.
* Report overflowing rubbish bins to teachers or school administrators.

A clean school environment begins with responsible everyday habits.
----

=== 14. Plastic Pollution in the Community ===
Communities can work together to reduce plastic pollution.

Useful actions include:

* Organising clean-up activities.
* Providing appropriate rubbish bins.
* Supporting waste collection.
* Encouraging reusable shopping bags.
* Educating residents about waste separation.
* Preventing dumping in drainage channels.
* Supporting responsible recycling initiatives.

Businesses can also help by reducing unnecessary packaging and improving the collection and management of plastic waste.
----

=== 15. The Plastic Pollution Solution ===
There is no single solution to plastic pollution.

A successful approach involves several actions:

'''Prevent → Reduce → Reuse → Recycle → Dispose safely'''

This means we should think about waste '''before''' we create it.

For example:&lt;blockquote&gt;Instead of buying a disposable plastic bottle every day, a person may carry a suitable reusable bottle and refill it with safe drinking water.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Small changes repeated by many people can make a significant difference.
----

=== 16. Practical Activity: Plastic Audit ===

==== Activity ====
For one day, collect or record the plastic waste produced by your household or class.

Group the items into categories such as:

* Bottles
* Bags
* Wrappers
* Containers
* Other plastic items

Then discuss:

# Which type of plastic waste was most common?
# Which items could have been avoided?
# Which items could be reused?
# Which items could potentially be recycled?
# How could your household or class produce less plastic waste?

Create a '''“Plastic Reduction Plan”''' with three actions that your class can follow for one month.
----

=== 17. Key Vocabulary ===
'''Plastic:''' A group of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials made mainly from polymers.

'''Plastic pollution:''' The accumulation or presence of plastic waste in the environment in ways that cause harm or environmental problems.

'''Microplastic:''' A very small plastic particle, generally less than 5 millimetres in size.

'''Recycle:''' To process used materials so they can be used to make new products.

'''Reuse:''' To use an item again instead of throwing it away.

'''Litter:''' Waste that has been carelessly discarded in the environment.

'''Waste management:''' The collection, sorting, treatment, recovery, and safe disposal of waste.

'''Biodegradable:''' Able to break down naturally through biological processes.
----

=== 18. Questions for Discussion ===

# What is plastic pollution?
# Give five examples of plastic items used in your community.
# How can plastic enter rivers and lakes?
# How can plastic harm animals?
# What are microplastics?
# Why is burning plastic in open fires a problem?
# What is the difference between reusing and recycling?
# How can students reduce plastic waste at school?
# Why should plastic not be thrown into drainage channels?
# What three actions can your community take to reduce plastic pollution?

----

=== 19. Summary ===
Plastic is a useful material, but poor management of plastic waste can cause pollution on land and in water.

Plastic waste can block drainage systems, damage habitats, harm animals, and break down into microplastics. Burning plastic in open fires can also release harmful pollutants.

We can reduce plastic pollution by following the principles of:

'''Refuse → Reduce → Reuse → Recycle → Dispose safely'''

Everyone has a role to play. At home, at school, in markets, and throughout our communities, responsible choices can help keep our environment clean.&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Use plastic wisely, keep it out of nature, and give every piece of waste the right place.'''&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Chapter 6: Our Changing World ==

=== Introduction ===
The Earth is our home. It provides us with air to breathe, water to drink, food to eat, and land on which we live and work. The Earth's climate also affects plants, animals, agriculture, and human activities.

Today, the Earth's climate is changing. '''Climate change''' refers to long-term changes in the average conditions of the Earth's climate, including changes in temperature, rainfall, and weather patterns.

Climate has changed naturally throughout Earth's history. However, human activities have caused a significant increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, contributing to the current warming of the planet.

Understanding climate change helps us make informed choices about how to protect people, communities, and the natural environment.
----

=== 1. What Is Climate? ===
'''Climate''' is the usual pattern of weather in a particular place over a long period.

Climate includes things such as:

* Temperature
* Rainfall
* Humidity
* Wind
* Seasons

For example, one rainy day tells us about '''weather''', while the typical pattern of rainfall over many years tells us about '''climate'''.

=== Weather and Climate ===
'''Weather:''' What the atmosphere is like over a short period.

'''Climate:''' The long-term pattern of atmospheric conditions.

A simple way to remember this is:&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Weather is what we experience today; climate is the pattern we observe over many years.'''&lt;/blockquote&gt;
----

=== 2. What Is Climate Change? ===
'''Climate change''' is a long-term change in the Earth's climate.

It can involve changes in:

* Average temperatures
* Rainfall patterns
* The frequency or intensity of some extreme weather events
* Sea levels
* Glaciers and ice
* Oceans and ecosystems

Climate change is not simply about the Earth becoming warmer every day. Different regions can experience different changes.
----

=== 3. The Greenhouse Effect ===
The Earth's atmosphere contains gases called '''greenhouse gases'''.

Important greenhouse gases include:

* Carbon dioxide
* Methane
* Nitrous oxide
* Water vapour

These gases help keep the Earth warm enough for life. This natural process is called the '''greenhouse effect'''.

Without the natural greenhouse effect, Earth would be much colder.

The problem is that human activities have increased the concentrations of several greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This strengthens the greenhouse effect and causes additional warming.
----

=== 4. Causes of Modern Climate Change ===
Human activities are the main cause of the recent long-term warming of the Earth's climate.

Major sources of greenhouse gas emissions include:

==== A. Burning Fossil Fuels ====
Coal, oil, and natural gas are burned to produce energy for:

* Electricity
* Transport
* Industry
* Heating and cooking

Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

==== B. Deforestation ====
Trees absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. When forests are destroyed, this carbon-storage capacity is reduced, and carbon can also be released into the atmosphere.

==== C. Agriculture ====
Agriculture can produce greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide.

Sources include:

* Livestock
* Rice cultivation
* Fertiliser use
* Management of agricultural soils

==== D. Industry ====
Some industrial processes release greenhouse gases directly or use large amounts of fossil-fuel energy.

==== E. Waste ====
Poorly managed waste can produce greenhouse gases. For example, organic waste decomposing without enough oxygen in landfills can generate methane.
----

=== 5. Signs of a Changing Climate ===
Scientists use observations from many parts of the world to study climate change.

Evidence includes:

* Rising global average temperatures
* Warming oceans
* Melting glaciers and ice sheets
* Rising sea levels
* Changes in some ecosystems
* Changes in the timing or distribution of some biological events

These changes occur over long periods, so scientists use measurements collected over many years.
----

=== 6. Climate Change and Water ===
Climate change can affect water resources.

Changes in temperature and rainfall can influence:

* Rivers
* Lakes
* Groundwater
* Soil moisture
* Water availability

Some areas may experience heavier rainfall or flooding, while others may experience longer or more severe dry periods.

Changes in water availability can affect households, agriculture, animals, and ecosystems.
----

=== 7. Climate Change and Agriculture ===
Agriculture depends heavily on climate.

Farmers need suitable:

* Rainfall
* Temperatures
* Soil conditions
* Growing seasons

Climate change can make farming more difficult when rainfall becomes less predictable or temperatures become unsuitable for certain crops.

Farmers can respond through '''adaptation''', such as:

* Planting drought-tolerant crops where appropriate
* Improving water management
* Using soil-conservation methods
* Adjusting planting dates
* Diversifying crops and livelihoods

The best adaptation measures depend on local conditions.
----

=== 8. Climate Change and Animals ===
Animals depend on suitable habitats, food, water, and temperatures.

As climate conditions change, some species may:

* Move to new areas
* Change feeding or breeding patterns
* Face greater pressure from habitat changes
* Become more vulnerable to disease or other environmental stresses

Species that cannot adapt or move quickly enough may face increased risks.

Protecting natural habitats can help wildlife cope with environmental changes.
----

=== 9. Climate Change and Forests ===
Forests are important in the fight against climate change.

Trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store carbon in their:

* Trunks
* Branches
* Leaves
* Roots
* Soil

Forests also provide habitats, protect soil, support water systems, and provide resources for communities.

Protecting forests and managing them sustainably can therefore provide both environmental and social benefits.
----

=== 10. Climate Change and Human Health ===
Climate change can affect human health in several ways.

For example, changes in temperature can increase heat-related risks. Flooding can damage homes and sanitation systems, while drought can affect food and water supplies.

Climate change can also influence the conditions under which some disease-carrying organisms survive and spread.

The effects are not the same everywhere. Local conditions, healthcare systems, infrastructure, and people's ability to adapt all matter.
----

=== 11. Climate Change and Extreme Weather ===
Climate change does not cause every individual weather event.

However, warming can influence the likelihood or intensity of '''some''' extreme events.

Examples include:

* Heatwaves
* Heavy rainfall
* Flooding
* Droughts

The relationship differs between types of events and locations, so scientists study individual events and regions carefully.
----

=== 12. What Is Climate Change Adaptation? ===
'''Adaptation''' means adjusting to actual or expected climate changes in order to reduce harm or take advantage of possible opportunities.

Examples include:

* Building stronger drainage systems.
* Protecting wetlands.
* Improving water storage.
* Growing crops suited to changing conditions.
* Planting trees for shade.
* Developing early-warning systems for dangerous weather.
* Improving building designs.

Adaptation helps communities prepare for changes that are already occurring or expected.
----

=== 13. What Is Climate Change Mitigation? ===
'''Mitigation''' means reducing greenhouse gas emissions or increasing the amount of greenhouse gases removed from the atmosphere.

Examples include:

* Using renewable energy such as solar and wind power.
* Improving energy efficiency.
* Using public transport where practical.
* Walking or cycling for suitable journeys.
* Protecting and restoring forests.
* Reducing unnecessary waste.
* Improving waste management.
* Developing lower-emission technologies.

Mitigation addresses the causes of climate change, while adaptation focuses on reducing the harm caused by its effects.
----

=== 14. What Can Students Do? ===
Students may not control large industries or national policies, but their everyday actions can contribute to environmental protection.

==== At School ====
Students can:

* Switch off unnecessary lights and electrical equipment.
* Avoid wasting paper.
* Walk or cycle where it is safe and practical.
* Use reusable items where appropriate.
* Plant and care for trees.
* Prevent littering.
* Protect school gardens and green spaces.

==== At Home ====
Families can:

* Use energy efficiently.
* Reduce unnecessary waste.
* Reuse suitable items.
* Avoid unnecessary burning of waste.
* Save water.
* Plant and care for appropriate trees.
* Choose lower-waste options where practical.

Individual actions are useful, but addressing climate change also requires action by communities, businesses, governments, and other institutions.
----

=== 15. Climate Change and Our Community ===
Communities can work together to become more resilient.

Useful activities include:

* Protecting forests and wetlands.
* Improving drainage.
* Maintaining clean water sources.
* Planting appropriate trees.
* Using sustainable farming practices.
* Preparing emergency plans.
* Sharing information about climate risks.
* Supporting reliable weather and early-warning information.

Local knowledge is also valuable. People who have lived in an area for many years may notice changes in rainfall, seasons, water availability, or farming conditions.

Combining local knowledge with scientific information can help communities plan effectively.
----

=== 16. A Greener Future ===
A changing climate presents challenges, but people can take action.

A greener future can involve:

* Clean and efficient energy
* Sustainable agriculture
* Protected forests
* Healthy wetlands
* Less waste
* Cleaner transport
* Efficient use of water
* Climate-resilient communities

Young people have an important role because today's decisions will affect the world they live in throughout their lives.
----

=== 17. Practical Activity: Observe Your Environment ===

==== Activity ====
Keep a simple weather diary for two weeks.

Each day, record:

* Temperature if a thermometer is available
* Whether it rained
* Approximate amount of rainfall if measurable
* Cloud conditions
* Wind conditions
* Any unusual weather observations

At the end of two weeks, discuss:

# Which days were rainy?
# Which days were dry?
# Did the weather change from day to day?
# Can two weeks of observations tell us the long-term climate of your area? Why or why not?
# Why do scientists need measurements collected over many years to study climate?

This activity helps students understand the difference between '''weather''' and '''climate'''.
----

=== 18. Key Vocabulary ===
'''Climate:''' The long-term pattern of weather conditions in a particular area.

'''Climate change:''' Long-term changes in the Earth's climate.

'''Greenhouse gas:''' A gas that absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation, contributing to the greenhouse effect.

'''Greenhouse effect:''' The natural process by which certain atmospheric gases help keep Earth warm.

'''Global warming:''' The long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature.

'''Deforestation:''' The large-scale removal of forests or trees.

'''Mitigation:''' Actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or increase greenhouse gas removal.

'''Adaptation:''' Adjustments that help people and ecosystems cope with actual or expected climate changes.

'''Renewable energy:''' Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and flowing water.

'''Resilience:''' The ability of people, communities, or ecosystems to prepare for, cope with, and recover from difficulties.
----

=== 19. Questions for Discussion ===

# What is climate?
# What is the difference between weather and climate?
# What is climate change?
# What is the greenhouse effect?
# Name four human activities that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
# How can climate change affect agriculture?
# How can climate change affect water resources?
# What is the difference between adaptation and mitigation?
# How can forests help address climate change?
# What can students do to help protect the environment?
# Why is it important to collect climate information over many years?
# How can your community prepare for climate-related risks?

----

=== 20. Summary ===
Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a place. '''Climate change''' refers to long-term changes in climate, including changes in temperature and rainfall patterns.

The Earth's climate has changed naturally in the past, but human activities—particularly the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use—have increased greenhouse gas concentrations and caused significant recent warming.

Climate change can affect '''water, agriculture, forests, wildlife, human health, and communities'''.

People can respond through two important approaches:

* '''Mitigation:''' reducing the causes of climate change.
* '''Adaptation:''' preparing for and adjusting to its effects.

Everyone has a role to play in caring for our planet.&lt;blockquote&gt;'''Our world is changing, and our choices today can help shape the world of tomorrow.'''&lt;/blockquote&gt;


= References =

{{shelves}}</text>
      <sha1>03wsznko1imb0laaezokiptdv4gxcgg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Electric Tractor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672326</id>
      <parentid>4671627</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:57:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ Typos fixed</comment>
      <origin>4672326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8126" sha1="rmmjhcgd4u7e087wq7i716yjxtfgnoz" xml:space="preserve">
'''This page is for the BCS 201 Electric Rototiller made for Farmship Growers Cooperative/Haliburton Community Organic Farm.'''

The design of the tiller system was inspired by Reid Allaway of Tournesol cooperative, Reid runs the DIY electric farmer facebook group, that is a good place to find out about electric tractors.

The system is based around the following information

The motor, the motor is permanent magnet synchronous machine motor ME1509 from Motoenergy, an american company. PMSM are highly efficient when run at the correct RPM and torque, the diagram for the me1509 is not available though this one form the me1507 shows the idea

https://www.thunderstruck-ev.com/images/companies/1/ME1507dyno.pdf?1518651550248

the me1507 when run at 5000 rpm would be 100% efficient meaning that electrical power inputed would be fully applied as output power at the shaft.

The BCS 201 has a reduction gear box, 12:75 or ~ 7:1 reduction.  The output RPM for a tiller should be about 540 rpm so with a 7:1 gear ratio 3780.  I.e. the motor used should have high efficiency at 3780 RPM the motenergy 1509 is efficient in the range of 2500-3500 rpm so an ideal motor.

The power of the motor is determined by how much heat it can disappate as well as the input power.  In theory since the windings of a motor are low resistance you can put as much energy into the motor as you would like, but it shouldn't overheat and melt the windings.  So the motor power is essentially power in keeping in mind the rate at which the motor dissapates energy.  So when making garden beds, check that the motor is not above ~70 C.   It should feel warm but not feel like it is burning.  It is possible to put a cycleanalyst display on the motor that can read the motor temperature as their is a sensor in the motor.

The battery for the electric tractor should output sufficent power to provide the necessary torque for doing the job at the tines.  The gas motors on rototillers are typically 5-10 hp, a 5000 watt motor will output approximately 5.6 hp so in the correct range.  At 3600 rpm the torque of 5000 watts motor (torque = power/RPM) is 13Nm, with the 7:1 reduction gear and an efficiency factor of .8 72.8Nm so in theory the 5kw motor will deliver the torque required.  Reid Allaway designed a similar tiller and found that the motor was adequate to do the job with a kelly motor controller that delivers peak amps of 200.   So a 48 volt battery (potential) with 100 ah (capacity) that can run at 2C (rate) will deliver 4000-8000 watts of power to the motor drive shaft (efficiency factor of .8 included)

The motor controller used in this project is a Cheetah motor controller.  It is sinuoisdal brushless DC motor controller meaning it works from a computerized programming detecting the magnetic fields of the motor and not using commutator brushes.  The control circuit is  relatively simple as outlined  

[https://media.kellycontroller.com/new/Kelly-Cheetah-series-KLS-SUserManual.pdf Kelly Cheetah Motor Controller Guide]

you can see on page 13 of the manual the circuit for connecting the motor controller to the motor

Important elements are a 200 amp fuse on the positive line of the controller that prevents overcurrent.  The next element is a contactor that is has a coil that closes the circuit to the battery this is then connected to the battery pack and on the negative side of the pack to the low voltage..  The positive of the battery pack is also connected to a key witch then when closed powers the controller as well as the contactor coil.  There's also the hall sensor connections to the motor which are the power, the three sensor signals and the ground.  Their is a directional switch which is determines the direction of the motor and a throttle and diode on the contactor coil which prevents current flow in reverse direction on the power input of the controller

In practice the circuit that runs the motor had two important glitches, first was proper electrical crimps, the kelly contoller connects are

automotive connectors '''they should be crimped by having the wire at the first set of tongs and the bare wire at the second, the covered wire secures the crimp in place and the bare wire connects.  One of the connectors is currently partially loose and should be plug and secured tightly to start up the tractor.  This will need to be repeated all connections are secure.'''

The motor itself is connected to the gearbox by an adaptor plate, the motor driveshaft should be centered on the bearing exactly, this is tricky if you try as I did to line up the holes with measurement of the bolt holes, what worked was to machine the motor coupler to fit between the bearing and the motor shaft thus perfectly centering the plate.  The motor is bolted to the plate by machining a square hole in the plate with the milling machine sufficiently wide to accommodate the motor shaft bolting the motor to the plate,  the alignment occurs by aligning the plate to the gearbox pretty much at any angle but square is sastifying.  '''Because the electronics are currently too close to the ground a new adaptor plate will need to be machined with the plate to the side.  Motor connections need to contained with a sock that is sewed.\'''

'''Battery Frame'''

The frame was built in a bit of slipshod manner by bolting together.  A key idea is to have battery swap allowing for extended work times by swapping batteries.  The current situation is a 15 amp charger that can charge the 100 ah battery in ~ 7 hours a level '''a 32 amp level 2 charger could be installed on farmships current electrical system''', this would allow for full charge in just over three hours, a system like this could also charge 4 batteries on an overnight charge that would allow for 4 hours of working time during the day. It would be possible to carry '''two batteries''' on the tractor at once. '''The comment was the center of mass of the tractor was too high.  Rotating the battery 90 degrees would help or two batteries on either side of the tractor would also be possible'''


'''Motor drive shaft'''

You can look at the drawings from the tractor manufacturer to see inside the gearbox.  In the case of the BCS 201 their was a large reduction gear that connects to the motor driveshaft.  

Gear

The first thing to do is to calculate the module of the gear.  Module is the ratio of the diameter of the gear to the number of teeth.  (m=d/z) (d in millimetres) If you think about the relationship circumference = pi*d this gives you the idea that the module is essentially the inverse of the number of teeth per millimeter of circumference divided by pi.  this is confusing to me as well, but what I am trying to say is that for two gears to mesh they should have the same module.  I initially 3d printed a gear that I designed in cad, problem with this is that it sheared apart immediately after applying the motor torque.  Theirs also the pressure angle of the gear, which is the angle between the circumference tangent and the gear tooth profile, essentially the sharpness of the gear. It should again match as close as possible.   In the end I purchased a gear from aliexpress that was module 2 twelve teeth with pressure angle 20 that is standard.  I'll come back to the gear

Shaft

The shaft is the simplest part, to extend the motor driveshaft you need a piece of keyed motor stock that is the same diameter of your motor axle, it can be to length to fit inside the gearbox, thiniking of it now I realize the original motor shaft was resting on a bearing to increase strength, something that I didn't acheive by shortening the shaft, '''probably should lengthen the drive shaft to rest on the bearing on the far side of gearbox.''' 

Coupler

Coupler, the standard way of attaching a coupler is with a set screw from the side, pressumably into the keyed shaft.  

I'll get to this soon but basically we machined the coupler to fit in the bearing of the gearbox so tight that it didn't slip, put a key in the motor shaft and axle and then spot welded motor shaft to the coupler, not pretty but hey it worked. {{shelves}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Programming</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672391</id>
      <parentid>4671831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T02:35:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4672391</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24529" sha1="t6kufrbzjpdm0u973s0sny8atmo59xg" xml:space="preserve">=Maxima Programming=
Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character.

Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved.

Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention.

One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest.  The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen.

The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Maxima Programming Category
|if
|unless
|errcatch
|prederror
|-
|block
|for
|error
|return
|-
|catch
|from
|warning
|throw 
|-
|local
|thru
|errormsg
|sstatus
|-
|garbage_collect
|step
|errormsg
|status
|-
|do
|next
|go
|
|-
|while
|in
|
|
|}

Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category.

=== Block Expressions ===
Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors:

* &lt;code&gt;( expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; )&lt;/code&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;block ([v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;], expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;

The first form of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;, as in &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations.

The purpose of the list argument,  &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt; is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operators are used in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression), and either form is sufficient.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* This block expression */
(%i1)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o1)	4

/* Is equivalent to this block expression */
(%i2)	block (x : 2, x^2);
(%o2)	4&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; are global, and not local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* The value 3 assigned to x is global */
(%i3)	x : 3;
(x)	    3

/* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */
(%i4)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o4)	4

/* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */
(%i5)	x;
(%o5)	2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; may not be global:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* the value of identifier y is local only */
(%i6)	block ([y], y : 4, y);
(%o6)	4

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i7)	y;
(%o7)	y

/* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */
(%i8)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x);
(%o8)	3

/* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */
(%i9)	x;
(%o9)	2

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i10)	y;
(%o10)	y&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Regardless of the form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. 

The main purpose of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression.

One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag &lt;code&gt;stringdisp&lt;/code&gt; set to &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; which is the default value.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i11)	stringdisp;
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, &quot;&quot;);
(%o12)	

(%i13)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The display of the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may be suppressed using a &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt; to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator becomes the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	is (equal (x, 2));
(%o14)	true

%i15)	block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), &quot; x not 2&quot;);
(%o15)	2

(%i16)	x : 3;
(x)	3

(%i17)	block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), &quot;x not 2&quot;);
(%o17)	x not 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;When a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. It therefore can be compared with the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator affects only the block expression in which the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i18)	test_nested_block (val) := 
	block (
		  [outer_var : 10],
		  print(&quot;Entering outer block expression&quot;),
		  
		       /* inner block expression */
		       block(
		           [inner_var : 20],
		           print (&quot;      Entering inner block expression&quot;),
	        
		           if val &gt; 5 then
	        
	               /* another inner block expression */  
	               block (
	               print (&quot;   val &gt; 5&quot;),
	               print (&quot;   Returning only to inner block expression&quot;),
		           return (inner_var + val)
	        	   /* returns only to the inner block expression */
	               ),
	               /* end of another inner block expression */
	        
	               print (&quot;   inner_var + val is &quot;, inner_var + val)
		           ),     
	               /* end of inner block expression */
		  
		  print (&quot;Back in outer block expression&quot;),
		  outer_var + val
		  
	/* end of outer block expression */
	)$

(%i19)	test_nested_block (1);
Entering outer block expression
      Entering inner block expression
      inner_var + val is 21
Back in outer block expression
(%o19)	11

(%i20)	test_nested_block (6);
Entering outer block expression
      Entering inner block expression
      val &gt; 5
      Returning only to inner block expression
Back in outer block expression
(%o20)	16&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


'''''The &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments.

'''''Nested blocks''''': There are three &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named &lt;code&gt;test_nested_block (val&lt;/code&gt;. There is an outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression that has an inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression as an argument,and there is a third &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression that is an argument of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.

'''''The &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator''''': If &lt;code&gt;val &gt; 5&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; then the return operator of the most inner  &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is the value of the argument of the return operator –  &lt;code&gt;inner_var + val&lt;/code&gt;. 

Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression after the end of the most inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression  – which is &lt;code&gt;print (&quot;   inner_var + val is &quot;, inner_var + val)&lt;/code&gt;. The value of the &lt;code&gt;print&lt;/code&gt; operator is the value of  &lt;code&gt;inner_var + val&lt;/code&gt;. However, while that value is the value of the inner &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; sequence of expressions.  That value is the value of &lt;code&gt;outer_var + val&lt;/code&gt;, which, being the last expression of the outer &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; is always the value of the function.

==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ====
&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt; unless this sequence is modified by some means.

One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is by way of a &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator with a ''label'' (or ''&quot;tag&quot;'') argument ( the ''&quot;go to&quot;'') as the following exemplifies:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i18)	sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0],
	                             loop,
	                                total : total + i,
	                                i : i + 1,
	                                if i &lt;= n then go (loop),
	                             total)$

(%i19)	sum_to_n(25);
(%o19)	325

(%i20)	n;
(%o20)	n

(%i21)	i;
(%o21)	i

(%i22)	total;
(%o22)	total
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


Note the following:

* &lt;code&gt;'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''&lt;/code&gt;: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;. The function argument &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is also a local identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;'''loop'''&lt;/code&gt;: This label serves as a target inside the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression to where &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; can jump.
* &lt;code&gt;'''if i &lt;= n then go (loop)'''&lt;/code&gt;: This conditional expression causes the &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; operator to be evaluated if the condition is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;'''total'''&lt;/code&gt;: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.
It should also be worth noting that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; have local values assigned within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; were both declared local and assigned initial values within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; list argument.

The ''go-to'' label argument of the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. There is nothing special about the &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt; identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic.

Another way to modify a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression evaluation sequence is by way of the &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt; operator.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i32)	/* Define a function using a block expression that searches 
	     for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */
	
	find_element (target_list, threshold) := block (
	      
	    [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */
	    
	      catch(
	          
	        for x in target_list do 
	          (
	              if x &gt; threshold then 
	                (
	                  /* Immediately exit the block and 
	                     return this value */
	                  throw (x)
	                  )
	            ),
	          /* This string is returned only if the do loop 
	             finishes without a throw to catch */
	                 &quot;No element exceeded the threshold&quot;
	      )
	    
	)$

(%i31)	/* Test the block */
	find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 );
(%o31)	55&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This example unpacks as follows:

&lt;code&gt;'''catch (...)'''&lt;/code&gt;: This expression creates a target scope that ''&quot;catches&quot;'' the value of any &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt; expression evaluated within that scope.

&lt;code&gt;'''throw (x)'''&lt;/code&gt;: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the &lt;code&gt;do&lt;/code&gt; loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the &lt;code&gt;catch&lt;/code&gt; expression, returning the value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; as the value of the entire &lt;code&gt;catch&lt;/code&gt; expression.

==== Nested Block Expressions ====
&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operator list argument, are created each time a nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; is evaluated.  

However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions, are global values for nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as well as enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	z : 2^(1/3);
(z)	2^(1/3)

(%i24) /* Outer block starts */
	block 
	(
	 [x : 10, y : 20],
	 /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */
	  
	 /* Inner block starts */
	     block 
	     (
	      [y : 99, z : 100], 
	      /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */
	      print (&quot;Inside inner block:&quot;),
	      print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	      print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y, &quot;is the local value of y of outer block&quot;),
	      print(&quot;z =&quot;,  z, &quot;is the local value of z of inner block&quot;)
	     ),
	 /* Inner block ends */
	 
	 /* Outer block resumes */
	 print (&quot;Back in outer block:&quot;),
	 print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y,  &quot;is the restored value of y of the outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;z =&quot;,  z,  &quot;is the value of z global to both blocks&quot;)
	 /* Outer block ends */
	)$
	
Inside inner block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block
z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block
Back in outer block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block
z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Values, Properties, and the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; Operator ====
The expression &lt;code&gt;local (v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols &lt;code&gt;v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block.

Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own &quot;dictionary&quot; of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers.

Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	declare (x, real);
(%o23)	done
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood:

====== Functions and Arrays ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using &lt;code&gt;f(x) := x^2&lt;/code&gt;, the actual expression (&lt;code&gt;x^2&lt;/code&gt;) and its argument list (&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;) are stored as a property of the symbol &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like &lt;code&gt;a[i]&lt;/code&gt;), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable.

====== Calculus and Dependencies ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;:''' If you declare &lt;code&gt;depends(y, x)&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; noting that it functionally depends on &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. This tells the &lt;code&gt;diff&lt;/code&gt; (differentiation) engine not to treat &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; as a constant relative to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., &lt;code&gt;atvalue(y, x=0, 1)&lt;/code&gt;), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol.

====== Pattern Matching and Rules ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like &lt;code&gt;tellsimp&lt;/code&gt;). When you type &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a predicate property to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; to see what conditions a matching expression must meet.

====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;:''' Declaring &lt;code&gt;declare(c, constant)&lt;/code&gt; places a &quot;constant&quot; flag on property list of  &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; out of integrals or differentiate it to zero.
* '''&lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol.
* '''&lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;:''' When an expression such as &lt;code&gt;assume(x &gt; 0)&lt;/code&gt; is used, Maxima's database system (&lt;code&gt;context&lt;/code&gt;) assigns facts and properties (like &lt;code&gt;pos&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;nonnegative&lt;/code&gt;) to the symbol &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like &lt;code&gt;sqrt(x^2)&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.

The effect of the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator is to make such declarations effective only within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. Otherwise, declarations within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression are considered to be global declarations.

So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument  of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. 

In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator must be used as an expression within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator should have been named something like &lt;code&gt;local_properties&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i25)	f (s) := cos (s);
(%o25)	f(s):=cos(s)

(%i26)	f (%pi/6);
(%o26)	sqrt(3)/2

(%i27)	block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6));
(%o27)	1/2

(%i28)	f (s);
(%o28)	cos(s)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared to be local in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression using the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator. However, global properties of the identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local function definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. The global definition expression of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; which is &lt;code&gt;cos (s)&lt;/code&gt; and the argument &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; because the properties of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.  

&lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. 

=== Functions ===
For mathematical functions use always
 define() 
instead of
 := 
There is only one small difference between them:

&quot;The function definition operator. f(x_1, ..., x_n) := expr defines a function named f with arguments x_1, …, x_n and function body expr. := '''never''' evaluates the function body (unless explicitly evaluated by quote-quote &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;).&quot;

&quot;Defines a function named f with arguments x_1, …, x_n and function body expr. define '''always''' evaluates its second argument (unless explicitly quoted). &quot;

=== Lisp and Maxima ===

{{BookCat}}</text>
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        <username>SHB</username>
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      <comment>/* I have added a tag to a page you created */ re</comment>
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== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:BhardwajGardening]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:BhardwajGardening|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:01, 17 September 2026 (UTC)

:Deleted. --[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 07:43, 26 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* */ Shatabdi Express</comment>
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      <text bytes="19794" sha1="osutnhrmrrkphvishpa2tdy8h91z54s" xml:space="preserve">12003 Lucknow to New Delhi Shatabdi Express subah Subhash 610 per chalegi{{Navigation|previous=History|next=Rolling Stock}}

== Introduction ==
'''Indian Railways''', one of the world's largest railway networks, is organized into 19 operational geographical zones (as of 2026), each headed by a General Manager who reports to the Railway Board. These zones are semi-autonomous administrative units that manage train operations, infrastructure maintenance, and commercial activities within their respective territories. The zonal system allows for decentralized management of India's vast railway network, which spans over 68,000 route kilometers across the country.  

''See also: [[wikipedia:Indian_Railways_organisational_structure#Zonal_management|Indian Railways Zones and Divisions]]''  

== Historical Background ==
The evolution of Indian Railways' zonal structure reflects the country's journey from private railway companies to a unified national system. In 1944, the Government of India took over all existing railway companies that were operating across the subcontinent. This nationalization laid the groundwork for systematic reorganization of the railway administration. In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved a plan to reorganize Indian Railways into six regional zones. This reorganization came into effect in 1951–1952, when the first six zones were created: Southern Railway (April 14, 1951), Central Railway (November 5, 1951), Western Railway (November 5, 1951), Eastern Railway (April 14, 1952), Northern Railway (April 14, 1952), and North Eastern Railway (April 14, 1952). 

The number of zones expanded gradually over subsequent decades. South Eastern Railway was formed on August 1, 1955, followed by Northeast Frontier Railway on January 15, 1958. South Central Railway was carved out from portions of Southern and Central Railways on October 2, 1965 (operational from 1966), to provide some dedicated administrative focus to the Andhra Pradesh corridor. The most significant expansion occurred in the early 2000s. On October 1, 2002, two new zones were created: North Western Railway and East Central Railway. Then, on April 1 and April 3, 2003, five additional zones began operations: West Central Railway, South East Central Railway, East Coast Railway, North Central Railway, and South Western Railway. This brought the total to 16 zones. 

Konkan Railway, which had been operating as a separate entity since 1990, was formally integrated as a zone. Metro Railway, Kolkata was declared the 17th zone on December 19, 2010 (operational from 2019), making it the newest zone at that time. The most recent addition is South Coast Railway, which was announced on February 17, 2019, and became operational on June 1, 2026, bringing the total to 19 zones. 

== Organizational Structure ==
Indian Railways operates under a matrix organization where functional branches are under dual control i.e., both zonal and central. The Railway Board, established in March 1905 under the Indian Railway Board Act, serves as the apex body overseeing all railway operations. The Board has undergone several reorganizations, most recently in December 2019 when its size was reduced from eight to five members. Each zonal railway is headed by a General Manager who reports directly to the Railway Board. Zones are further subdivided into divisions, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM). As of 2024–2025, there are 68 to 69 operating divisions across all zones. 

Within each zone, functional departments are represented by Heads of Departments (HODs) responsible for specific functions such as engineering, mechanical, electrical, operations, commercial, personnel, medical, and security. These HODs include Principal Chief Engineer (PCE), Principal Chief Mechanical Engineer (PCME), Principal Chief Electrical Engineer (PCEE), Principal Chief Operations Manager (PCOM), Principal Chief Commercial Manager (PCCM), Principal Chief Personnel Officer (PCPO), and others. Divisional managers work alongside these functional heads. 

Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C) categories. Group A officers, who constitute about 1.5% of the workforce, are primarily recruited through the Indian Railways Management Service (IRMS) via the Civil Services Examination or Engineering Services Examination. Group B employees are promoted from Group C, while Group C staff are recruited through Railway Recruitment Control Board examinations. 

== The Zones of Indian Railways ==
[[File:Indian Railway zones.svg|thumb|270x270px|'''''Credit: Superbenjamin.''''' The 18 zones of Indian Railways on a map. (Metro Railway Kolkata zone isn't shown)]]
Indian Railways currently comprises 19 operational zones, each serving specific geographical regions. The zones vary significantly in size, route length, and number of divisions.              

=== The Six Main Zones ===
These were the first six zones to be created. 

==== Northern Railway ====
Northern Railway, headquartered in Delhi, was established on April 14, 1952. It is one of the largest zones by route length, covering approximately 7,363 kilometers. The zone operates across Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Northern Railway comprises six divisions: Ambala, Delhi, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad, and Jammu. The zone plays a critical role in connecting the national capital to northern and northwestern India. 

==== Southern Railway ====
Southern Railway, headquartered in Chennai, was the first zone formed on April 14, 1951 (some sources say April 14, 1950). It covers Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, with a route length of 5,093 kilometers. The zone has six divisions: Chennai, Madurai, Palakkad, Salem, Thiruvananthapuram, and Tiruchirappalli. SR is easily the oldest and most established zone, serving the southern peninsula. 

==== Western Railway ====
Western Railway, headquartered at Mumbai Churchgate, was established on November 5, 1951. It covers Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan, with a route length of 6,156 kilometers. The zone has six divisions: Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar, Mumbai WR, Rajkot, Ratlam, and Vadodara. WR is one of the busiest zones, handling substantial suburban traffic in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, 

==== Central Railway ====
Central Railway is headquartered at Mumbai CSMT (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus) and was formed on November 5, 1951. It covers Maharashtra, parts of Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka, with a route length of 4,203 kilometers. The zone comprises five divisions: Bhusawal, Mumbai CR, Nagpur, Pune, and Solapur. CR serves as a critical link between western and central India and even has a Rajdhani named after it. (It is called CR Rajdhani) 

==== Eastern Railway ====
Eastern Railway is headquartered in Kolkata and was formed on April 14, 1952. It covers West Bengal, Jharkhand, and parts of Odisha and Bihar, with a route length of 2,823 kilometers. The zone comprises four divisions: Asansol, Howrah, Malda, and Sealdah. ER serves the densely populated and industrialized regions of eastern India, including the Kolkata metropolitan area which contains both Howrah and Sealdah stations. 

==== North Eastern Railway ====
North Eastern Railway is headquartered in Gorakhpur and was formed on April 14, 1952. It covers eastern Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar, with a route length of approximately 3,470 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Izzatnagar, Lucknow, and Varanasi. NER serves important pilgrimage centers and agricultural regions in the Purvanchal area. It got cut in half because of the formation of the Northeast Frontier Railways zone. 

=== The Other Main Zones ===
These were the other important zones created after the six main zones. 

==== Northeast Frontier Railway ====
Northeast Frontier Railway, headquartered in Guwahati, was established on January 15, 1958. It serves the entire northeastern region of India, covering Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and parts of West Bengal and Bihar. With a route length of 4,348 kilometers, NFR operates five divisions: Alipurduar, Katihar, Lumding, Rangiya, and Tinsukia. The zone faces unique operational challenges due to the region's difficult terrain and weather conditions and yet, it gains profit. 

==== Southeastern Railway ====
South Eastern Railway, headquartered at Garden Reach in Kolkata, was established on August 1, 1955. It covers parts of West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha, with a route length of 2,758 kilometers. The zone has four divisions: Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, and Ranchi. SER is known for its mineral-rich territory, handling significant freight traffic related to coal and iron ore along the Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC). 

==== South Central Railway ====
South Central Railway is headquartered in Secunderabad and was formed on October 2, 1965 (operational from 1966). It serves Telangana, parts of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, with a route length of 3,572 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Secunderabad, Hyderabad, and Nanded. SCR was carved out from Southern and Central Railways to provide focused administration to the Andhra region. 

==== East Central Railway ====
East Central Railway is headquartered in Hajipur and was formed on October 1, 2002.  It covers Bihar and Jharkhand, with a route length of 4,238 kilometers.  The zone comprises five divisions: Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur, and Sonpur.  ECR was carved out from Eastern and North Eastern Railways to better serve Bihar. It was one of the most important zonal expansions. 

==== North Western Railway ====
North Western Railway is headquartered in Jaipur and was formed on October 1, 2002. It covers Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana, with a route length of 5,705 kilometers. The zone comprises of four divisions: Ajmer, Bikaner, Jaipur, and Jodhpur. NWR was carved out from Northern and Western Railways to better serve the Rajasthan region. 

=== The Extra Zones ===
These were zones which were made as an extra addition to the zonal expansion. 

==== South Western Railway ====
South Western Railway, which is headquartered in Hubballi, was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Karnataka and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, with a route length of 3,692 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Bengaluru, Hubballi, and Mysuru. SWR was created to provide focused administration to Karnataka's railway network as there is lots of traffic in Bengaluru and Hubballi junctions. 

==== West Central Railway ====
West Central Railway is headquartered in Jabalpur and was formed on April 3, 2003. It covers Madhya Pradesh and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, with a route length of 3,060 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Bhopal, Jabalpur, and Kota. WCR was carved out from Central and Western Railways for more coordinated administration across Madhya Pradesh. 

==== North Central Railway ====
North Central Railway, headquartered in Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad), was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Uttar Pradesh and parts of Madhya Pradesh, with a route length of 3,522 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Agra, Jhansi, and Prayagraj. NCR was formed from portions of Northern and Central Railways for administration and expansion purposes. 

==== South East Central Railway ====
South East Central Railway is headquartered in Bilaspur and was formed on April 1, 2003. It covers Chhattisgarh and parts of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Jharkhand, with a route length of 2,396 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Bilaspur, Nagpur, and Raipur. SECR was carved out from South Eastern and Central Railways to serve the mineral-rich Chhattisgarh region. 

==== East Coast Railway ====
East Coast Railway, headquartered in Bhubaneswar, was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Odisha and parts of Andhra Pradesh, with a route length of 2,701 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Khurda Road, Sambalpur, and Rayagada. ECoR was formed from portions of South Eastern and South Central Railways. It is one of the only three coastal railway zones. 

=== The Most Recently Added Zones ===
These were added recently to the Zonal Railways of India. (Top 3)

==== Konkan Railway ====
Konkan Railway, headquartered in Navi Mumbai (CBD Belapur), was formally integrated as a zone on July 19, 1990. It covers the Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka, with a route length of 756 kilometers. The zone has two divisions: Ratnagiri and Karwar. Konkan Railway is known for its engineering marvels, including numerous bridges and tunnels through the Western Ghats. 

==== South Coast Railway ====
South Coast Railway (SCoR) is the newest and 18th operational zone of Indian Railways (often referred to as Zone 17 in some counting systems that exclude Metro Railway or Konkan Railway). The zone was officially constituted and began operations on June 1, 2026, with its headquarters in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. SCoR was carved from three different railway zones to manage Andhra Pradesh. 

==== Metro Railway, Kolkata ====
[[File:Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake 5.jpg|thumb|320x320px|'''''Credit: ArnabSaha.''''' A Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake. ]]
Metro Railway, Kolkata, headquartered in Kolkata, was declared the 17th zone on December 19, 2010 (operational from 2019). KMRC operates the Kolkata Metro network, with a route length of 73.2 kilometers and 58 stations. The zone has no divisions and operates five metro lines (Blue, Green, Purple, Orange, and Yellow) with both broad gauge and standard gauge tracks. Metro Railway handles urban rapid transit in the Kolkata metropolitan area. It is the smallest railway zone in India that just so happens to be a metro network too.

== Divisions of Indian Railways ==
As of 2025–2026, there are 68 to 69 operating divisions across 19 zones, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) who is responsible for day-to-day operations, maintenance, and administration within their division. This divisional structure enables decentralized management while maintaining coordination through zonal and central authorities. 

=== Organizational Structure ===
Each zonal railway is headed by a General Manager who reports directly to the Railway Board. Zones are further subdivided into divisions, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM). 

The DRM serves as the chief executive of a railway division and is responsible for managing and administering a particular geographical area. Key responsibilities include ensuring punctuality and safety of all passenger and freight trains passing through or originating within the division, monitoring train movements, managing line capacity, and resolving disruptions. DRMs oversee efficient movement of wagons and coaches, ensuring optimal utilization of rolling stock, and managing yard operations. They coordinate maintenance of tracks, bridges, stations, and other fixed assets through various engineering departments. Commercial operations including passenger ticketing, freight booking, fare collection, and customer service also fall under their purview. DRMs ensure safety of train operations and security of railway material, passengers, and belongings, while managing personnel matters, discipline, and welfare of divisional staff. 

Within each division, functional departments are represented by senior divisional officers who report both to the DRM and to their respective zonal Heads of Departments (HODs). These include the Senior Divisional Engineer (DEN), responsible for maintenance of fixed assets including tracks, bridges, and buildings; the Senior Divisional Mechanical Engineer (DMME), who oversees maintenance of diesel locomotives, carriage, and wagon fleets; the Senior Divisional Electrical Engineer (DEE), managing station lighting, power supply, overhead equipment, and electric rolling stock; the Senior Divisional Signal &amp; Telecommunication Engineer (DSTE), handling signalling and telecommunication infrastructure; the Senior Divisional Operations Manager (DOM), managing train operations and traffic control; the Senior Divisional Finance Manager (DFM), managing accounting and financial matters; the Senior Divisional Commercial Manager (DCM), handling passenger and freight commercial operations; the Senior Divisional Personnel Officer (DPO), managing human resources; the Senior Divisional Safety Officer (DSO), ensuring operational safety; the Senior Divisional Material Manager (DMM), managing material stores; the Chief Medical Superintendent (CMS), providing healthcare facilities; and the Senior Divisional Security Commissioner (DSC), handling security matters. This framework ensures that divisions have operational autonomy while maintaining technical and functional coordination with zonal and central authorities. 

=== List of Divisions ===
The following is a list of all railway divisions of Indian Railways, organized by zone.  

==== Central Railway (CR) ====

* Mumbai CR Division
* Bhusaval Division
* Nagpur Division
* Solapur Division
* Pune Division

==== Eastern Railway (ER) ====

* Asansol Division
* Howrah Division
* Malda Division
* Sealdah Division 
* Kolkata Division 

==== East Central Railway (ECR) ====

* Sonpur Division
* Samastipur Division
* Danapur Division
* Dhanbad Division
* Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Division (formerly Mughalsarai) 
* Hajipur Division 

==== East Coast Railway (ECoR) ====

* Khurda Road Division
* Sambalpur Division
* Rayagada Division 
* Bhubaneshwar Division 

==== Northern Railway (NR) ====

* Ambala Division
* New Delhi Division
* Lucknow Division
* Moradabad Division
* Firozpur Division
* Jammu Division

==== North Central Railway (NCR) – Prayagraj ====

* Prayagraj Division
* Agra Division
* Jhansi Division

==== North Eastern Railway (NER) ====

* Lucknow Division 
* Izzatnagar Division
* Varanasi Division 
* Gorakhpur Division 

==== Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) ====

* Alipurduar Division
* Katihar Division
* Lumding Division
* Rangiya Division
* Tinsukia Division 
* Guwahati Division

==== North Western Railway (NWR) ====

* Ajmer Division
* Bikaner Division
* Jaipur Division
* Jodhpur Division

==== Southern Railway (SR) ====

* Chennai Division
* Madurai Division
* Palakkad Division
* Tiruchchirappalli Division
* Thiruvananthapuram Division
* Salem Division

==== South Central Railway (SCR) ====

* Hyderabad Division
* Nanded Division
* Secunderabad Division

==== South Coast Railway (SCoR) ====

* Visakhapatnam Division (formerly Waltair)
* Vijayawada Division
* Guntur Division
* Guntakal Division

==== South Eastern Railway (SER) ====

* Adra Division
* Chakradharpur Division
* Kharagpur Division
* Ranchi Division 

==== South East Central Railway (SECR) ====

* Raipur Division
* Nagpur Division
* Bilaspur Division

==== South Western Railway (SWR) ====

* Bengaluru Division
* Hubballi Division
* Mysuru Division

==== Western Railway (WR) ====

* Mumbai Central Division
* Vadodara Division
* Ratlam Division
* Ahmedabad Division
* Rajkot Division
* Bhavnagar Division

==== West Central Railway (WCR) ====

* Bhopal Division
* Jabalpur Division
* Kota Division

==== Konkan Railway (KR) ====

* Ratnagiri Division
* Karwar Division
* Navi Mumbai Division

==== Metro Railway, Kolkata (KMRC) ====

* (No divisions. It operates as a single integrated urban transit network) 
This divisional framework enables Indian Railways to manage its vast network efficiently through decentralized administration while actually maintaining coordination through zonal and central oversight. 

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== Introduction ==
'''Indian Railways''', one of the world's largest railway networks, is organized into 19 operational geographical zones (as of 2026), each headed by a General Manager who reports to the Railway Board. These zones are semi-autonomous administrative units that manage train operations, infrastructure maintenance, and commercial activities within their respective territories. The zonal system allows for decentralized management of India's vast railway network, which spans over 68,000 route kilometers across the country.  

''See also: [[wikipedia:Indian_Railways_organisational_structure#Zonal_management|Indian Railways Zones and Divisions]]''  

== Historical Background ==
The evolution of Indian Railways' zonal structure reflects the country's journey from private railway companies to a unified national system. In 1944, the Government of India took over all existing railway companies that were operating across the subcontinent. This nationalization laid the groundwork for systematic reorganization of the railway administration. In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved a plan to reorganize Indian Railways into six regional zones. This reorganization came into effect in 1951–1952, when the first six zones were created: Southern Railway (April 14, 1951), Central Railway (November 5, 1951), Western Railway (November 5, 1951), Eastern Railway (April 14, 1952), Northern Railway (April 14, 1952), and North Eastern Railway (April 14, 1952). 

The number of zones expanded gradually over subsequent decades. South Eastern Railway was formed on August 1, 1955, followed by Northeast Frontier Railway on January 15, 1958. South Central Railway was carved out from portions of Southern and Central Railways on October 2, 1965 (operational from 1966), to provide some dedicated administrative focus to the Andhra Pradesh corridor. The most significant expansion occurred in the early 2000s. On October 1, 2002, two new zones were created: North Western Railway and East Central Railway. Then, on April 1 and April 3, 2003, five additional zones began operations: West Central Railway, South East Central Railway, East Coast Railway, North Central Railway, and South Western Railway. This brought the total to 16 zones. 

Konkan Railway, which had been operating as a separate entity since 1990, was formally integrated as a zone. Metro Railway, Kolkata was declared the 17th zone on December 19, 2010 (operational from 2019), making it the newest zone at that time. The most recent addition is South Coast Railway, which was announced on February 17, 2019, and became operational on June 1, 2026, bringing the total to 19 zones. 

== Organizational Structure ==
Indian Railways operates under a matrix organization where functional branches are under dual control i.e., both zonal and central. The Railway Board, established in March 1905 under the Indian Railway Board Act, serves as the apex body overseeing all railway operations. The Board has undergone several reorganizations, most recently in December 2019 when its size was reduced from eight to five members. Each zonal railway is headed by a General Manager who reports directly to the Railway Board. Zones are further subdivided into divisions, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM). As of 2024–2025, there are 68 to 69 operating divisions across all zones. 

Within each zone, functional departments are represented by Heads of Departments (HODs) responsible for specific functions such as engineering, mechanical, electrical, operations, commercial, personnel, medical, and security. These HODs include Principal Chief Engineer (PCE), Principal Chief Mechanical Engineer (PCME), Principal Chief Electrical Engineer (PCEE), Principal Chief Operations Manager (PCOM), Principal Chief Commercial Manager (PCCM), Principal Chief Personnel Officer (PCPO), and others. Divisional managers work alongside these functional heads. 

Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C) categories. Group A officers, who constitute about 1.5% of the workforce, are primarily recruited through the Indian Railways Management Service (IRMS) via the Civil Services Examination or Engineering Services Examination. Group B employees are promoted from Group C, while Group C staff are recruited through Railway Recruitment Control Board examinations. 

== The Zones of Indian Railways ==
[[File:Indian Railway zones.svg|thumb|270x270px|'''''Credit: Superbenjamin.''''' The 18 zones of Indian Railways on a map. (Metro Railway Kolkata zone isn't shown)]]
Indian Railways currently comprises 19 operational zones, each serving specific geographical regions. The zones vary significantly in size, route length, and number of divisions.              

=== The Six Main Zones ===
These were the first six zones to be created. 

==== Northern Railway ====
Northern Railway, headquartered in Delhi, was established on April 14, 1952. It is one of the largest zones by route length, covering approximately 7,363 kilometers. The zone operates across Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Northern Railway comprises six divisions: Ambala, Delhi, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad, and Jammu. The zone plays a critical role in connecting the national capital to northern and northwestern India. 

==== Southern Railway ====
Southern Railway, headquartered in Chennai, was the first zone formed on April 14, 1951 (some sources say April 14, 1950). It covers Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, with a route length of 5,093 kilometers. The zone has six divisions: Chennai, Madurai, Palakkad, Salem, Thiruvananthapuram, and Tiruchirappalli. SR is easily the oldest and most established zone, serving the southern peninsula. 

==== Western Railway ====
Western Railway, headquartered at Mumbai Churchgate, was established on November 5, 1951. It covers Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan, with a route length of 6,156 kilometers. The zone has six divisions: Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar, Mumbai WR, Rajkot, Ratlam, and Vadodara. WR is one of the busiest zones, handling substantial suburban traffic in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, 

==== Central Railway ====
Central Railway is headquartered at Mumbai CSMT (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus) and was formed on November 5, 1951. It covers Maharashtra, parts of Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka, with a route length of 4,203 kilometers. The zone comprises five divisions: Bhusawal, Mumbai CR, Nagpur, Pune, and Solapur. CR serves as a critical link between western and central India and even has a Rajdhani named after it. (It is called CR Rajdhani) 

==== Eastern Railway ====
Eastern Railway is headquartered in Kolkata and was formed on April 14, 1952. It covers West Bengal, Jharkhand, and parts of Odisha and Bihar, with a route length of 2,823 kilometers. The zone comprises four divisions: Asansol, Howrah, Malda, and Sealdah. ER serves the densely populated and industrialized regions of eastern India, including the Kolkata metropolitan area which contains both Howrah and Sealdah stations. 

==== North Eastern Railway ====
North Eastern Railway is headquartered in Gorakhpur and was formed on April 14, 1952. It covers eastern Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar, with a route length of approximately 3,470 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Izzatnagar, Lucknow, and Varanasi. NER serves important pilgrimage centers and agricultural regions in the Purvanchal area. It got cut in half because of the formation of the Northeast Frontier Railways zone. 

=== The Other Main Zones ===
These were the other important zones created after the six main zones. 

==== Northeast Frontier Railway ====
Northeast Frontier Railway, headquartered in Guwahati, was established on January 15, 1958. It serves the entire northeastern region of India, covering Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and parts of West Bengal and Bihar. With a route length of 4,348 kilometers, NFR operates five divisions: Alipurduar, Katihar, Lumding, Rangiya, and Tinsukia. The zone faces unique operational challenges due to the region's difficult terrain and weather conditions and yet, it gains profit. 

==== Southeastern Railway ====
South Eastern Railway, headquartered at Garden Reach in Kolkata, was established on August 1, 1955. It covers parts of West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha, with a route length of 2,758 kilometers. The zone has four divisions: Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, and Ranchi. SER is known for its mineral-rich territory, handling significant freight traffic related to coal and iron ore along the Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC). 

==== South Central Railway ====
South Central Railway is headquartered in Secunderabad and was formed on October 2, 1965 (operational from 1966). It serves Telangana, parts of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, with a route length of 3,572 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Secunderabad, Hyderabad, and Nanded. SCR was carved out from Southern and Central Railways to provide focused administration to the Andhra region. 

==== East Central Railway ====
East Central Railway is headquartered in Hajipur and was formed on October 1, 2002.  It covers Bihar and Jharkhand, with a route length of 4,238 kilometers.  The zone comprises five divisions: Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur, and Sonpur.  ECR was carved out from Eastern and North Eastern Railways to better serve Bihar. It was one of the most important zonal expansions. 

==== North Western Railway ====
North Western Railway is headquartered in Jaipur and was formed on October 1, 2002. It covers Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana, with a route length of 5,705 kilometers. The zone comprises of four divisions: Ajmer, Bikaner, Jaipur, and Jodhpur. NWR was carved out from Northern and Western Railways to better serve the Rajasthan region. 

=== The Extra Zones ===
These were zones which were made as an extra addition to the zonal expansion. 

==== South Western Railway ====
South Western Railway, which is headquartered in Hubballi, was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Karnataka and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, with a route length of 3,692 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Bengaluru, Hubballi, and Mysuru. SWR was created to provide focused administration to Karnataka's railway network as there is lots of traffic in Bengaluru and Hubballi junctions. 

==== West Central Railway ====
West Central Railway is headquartered in Jabalpur and was formed on April 3, 2003. It covers Madhya Pradesh and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, with a route length of 3,060 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Bhopal, Jabalpur, and Kota. WCR was carved out from Central and Western Railways for more coordinated administration across Madhya Pradesh. 

==== North Central Railway ====
North Central Railway, headquartered in Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad), was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Uttar Pradesh and parts of Madhya Pradesh, with a route length of 3,522 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Agra, Jhansi, and Prayagraj. NCR was formed from portions of Northern and Central Railways for administration and expansion purposes. 

==== South East Central Railway ====
South East Central Railway is headquartered in Bilaspur and was formed on April 1, 2003. It covers Chhattisgarh and parts of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Jharkhand, with a route length of 2,396 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Bilaspur, Nagpur, and Raipur. SECR was carved out from South Eastern and Central Railways to serve the mineral-rich Chhattisgarh region. 

==== East Coast Railway ====
East Coast Railway, headquartered in Bhubaneswar, was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Odisha and parts of Andhra Pradesh, with a route length of 2,701 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Khurda Road, Sambalpur, and Rayagada. ECoR was formed from portions of South Eastern and South Central Railways. It is one of the only three coastal railway zones. 

=== The Most Recently Added Zones ===
These were added recently to the Zonal Railways of India. (Top 3)

==== Konkan Railway ====
Konkan Railway, headquartered in Navi Mumbai (CBD Belapur), was formally integrated as a zone on July 19, 1990. It covers the Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka, with a route length of 756 kilometers. The zone has two divisions: Ratnagiri and Karwar. Konkan Railway is known for its engineering marvels, including numerous bridges and tunnels through the Western Ghats. 

==== South Coast Railway ====
South Coast Railway (SCoR) is the newest and 18th operational zone of Indian Railways (often referred to as Zone 17 in some counting systems that exclude Metro Railway or Konkan Railway). The zone was officially constituted and began operations on June 1, 2026, with its headquarters in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. SCoR was carved from three different railway zones to manage Andhra Pradesh. 

==== Metro Railway, Kolkata ====
[[File:Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake 5.jpg|thumb|320x320px|'''''Credit: ArnabSaha.''''' A Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake. ]]
Metro Railway, Kolkata, headquartered in Kolkata, was declared the 17th zone on December 19, 2010 (operational from 2019). KMRC operates the Kolkata Metro network, with a route length of 73.2 kilometers and 58 stations. The zone has no divisions and operates five metro lines (Blue, Green, Purple, Orange, and Yellow) with both broad gauge and standard gauge tracks. Metro Railway handles urban rapid transit in the Kolkata metropolitan area. It is the smallest railway zone in India that just so happens to be a metro network too.

== Divisions of Indian Railways ==
As of 2025–2026, there are 68 to 69 operating divisions across 19 zones, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) who is responsible for day-to-day operations, maintenance, and administration within their division. This divisional structure enables decentralized management while maintaining coordination through zonal and central authorities. 

=== Organizational Structure ===
Each zonal railway is headed by a General Manager who reports directly to the Railway Board. Zones are further subdivided into divisions, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM). 

The DRM serves as the chief executive of a railway division and is responsible for managing and administering a particular geographical area. Key responsibilities include ensuring punctuality and safety of all passenger and freight trains passing through or originating within the division, monitoring train movements, managing line capacity, and resolving disruptions. DRMs oversee efficient movement of wagons and coaches, ensuring optimal utilization of rolling stock, and managing yard operations. They coordinate maintenance of tracks, bridges, stations, and other fixed assets through various engineering departments. Commercial operations including passenger ticketing, freight booking, fare collection, and customer service also fall under their purview. DRMs ensure safety of train operations and security of railway material, passengers, and belongings, while managing personnel matters, discipline, and welfare of divisional staff. 

Within each division, functional departments are represented by senior divisional officers who report both to the DRM and to their respective zonal Heads of Departments (HODs). These include the Senior Divisional Engineer (DEN), responsible for maintenance of fixed assets including tracks, bridges, and buildings; the Senior Divisional Mechanical Engineer (DMME), who oversees maintenance of diesel locomotives, carriage, and wagon fleets; the Senior Divisional Electrical Engineer (DEE), managing station lighting, power supply, overhead equipment, and electric rolling stock; the Senior Divisional Signal &amp; Telecommunication Engineer (DSTE), handling signalling and telecommunication infrastructure; the Senior Divisional Operations Manager (DOM), managing train operations and traffic control; the Senior Divisional Finance Manager (DFM), managing accounting and financial matters; the Senior Divisional Commercial Manager (DCM), handling passenger and freight commercial operations; the Senior Divisional Personnel Officer (DPO), managing human resources; the Senior Divisional Safety Officer (DSO), ensuring operational safety; the Senior Divisional Material Manager (DMM), managing material stores; the Chief Medical Superintendent (CMS), providing healthcare facilities; and the Senior Divisional Security Commissioner (DSC), handling security matters. This framework ensures that divisions have operational autonomy while maintaining technical and functional coordination with zonal and central authorities. 

=== List of Divisions ===
The following is a list of all railway divisions of Indian Railways, organized by zone.  

==== Central Railway (CR) ====

* Mumbai CR Division
* Bhusaval Division
* Nagpur Division
* Solapur Division
* Pune Division

==== Eastern Railway (ER) ====

* Asansol Division
* Howrah Division
* Malda Division
* Sealdah Division 
* Kolkata Division 

==== East Central Railway (ECR) ====

* Sonpur Division
* Samastipur Division
* Danapur Division
* Dhanbad Division
* Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Division (formerly Mughalsarai) 
* Hajipur Division 

==== East Coast Railway (ECoR) ====

* Khurda Road Division
* Sambalpur Division
* Rayagada Division 
* Bhubaneshwar Division 

==== Northern Railway (NR) ====

* Ambala Division
* New Delhi Division
* Lucknow Division
* Moradabad Division
* Firozpur Division
* Jammu Division

==== North Central Railway (NCR) – Prayagraj ====

* Prayagraj Division
* Agra Division
* Jhansi Division

==== North Eastern Railway (NER) ====

* Lucknow Division 
* Izzatnagar Division
* Varanasi Division 
* Gorakhpur Division 

==== Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) ====

* Alipurduar Division
* Katihar Division
* Lumding Division
* Rangiya Division
* Tinsukia Division 
* Guwahati Division

==== North Western Railway (NWR) ====

* Ajmer Division
* Bikaner Division
* Jaipur Division
* Jodhpur Division

==== Southern Railway (SR) ====

* Chennai Division
* Madurai Division
* Palakkad Division
* Tiruchchirappalli Division
* Thiruvananthapuram Division
* Salem Division

==== South Central Railway (SCR) ====

* Hyderabad Division
* Nanded Division
* Secunderabad Division

==== South Coast Railway (SCoR) ====

* Visakhapatnam Division (formerly Waltair)
* Vijayawada Division
* Guntur Division
* Guntakal Division

==== South Eastern Railway (SER) ====

* Adra Division
* Chakradharpur Division
* Kharagpur Division
* Ranchi Division 

==== South East Central Railway (SECR) ====

* Raipur Division
* Nagpur Division
* Bilaspur Division

==== South Western Railway (SWR) ====

* Bengaluru Division
* Hubballi Division
* Mysuru Division

==== Western Railway (WR) ====

* Mumbai Central Division
* Vadodara Division
* Ratlam Division
* Ahmedabad Division
* Rajkot Division
* Bhavnagar Division

==== West Central Railway (WCR) ====

* Bhopal Division
* Jabalpur Division
* Kota Division

==== Konkan Railway (KR) ====

* Ratnagiri Division
* Karwar Division
* Navi Mumbai Division

==== Metro Railway, Kolkata (KMRC) ====

* (No divisions. It operates as a single integrated urban transit network) 
This divisional framework enables Indian Railways to manage its vast network efficiently through decentralized administration while actually maintaining coordination through zonal and central oversight. 

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== Introduction ==
'''Indian Railways''', one of the world's largest railway networks, is organized into 19 operational geographical zones (as of 2026), each headed by a General Manager who reports to the Railway Board. These zones are semi-autonomous administrative units that manage train operations, infrastructure maintenance, and commercial activities within their respective territories. The zonal system allows for decentralized management of India's vast railway network, which spans over 68,000 route kilometers across the country.  

''See also: [[wikipedia:Indian_Railways_organisational_structure#Zonal_management|Indian Railways Zones and Divisions]]''  

== Historical Background ==
The evolution of Indian Railways' zonal structure reflects the country's journey from private railway companies to a unified national system. In 1944, the Government of India took over all existing railway companies that were operating across the subcontinent. This nationalization laid the groundwork for systematic reorganization of the railway administration. In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved a plan to reorganize Indian Railways into six regional zones. This reorganization came into effect in 1951–1952, when the first six zones were created: Southern Railway (April 14, 1951), Central Railway (November 5, 1951), Western Railway (November 5, 1951), Eastern Railway (April 14, 1952), Northern Railway (April 14, 1952), and North Eastern Railway (April 14, 1952). 

The number of zones expanded gradually over subsequent decades. South Eastern Railway was formed on August 1, 1955, followed by Northeast Frontier Railway on January 15, 1958. South Central Railway was carved out from portions of Southern and Central Railways on October 2, 1965 (operational from 1966), to provide some dedicated administrative focus to the Andhra Pradesh corridor. The most significant expansion occurred in the early 2000s. On October 1, 2002, two new zones were created: North Western Railway and East Central Railway. Then, on April 1 and April 3, 2003, five additional zones began operations: West Central Railway, South East Central Railway, East Coast Railway, North Central Railway, and South Western Railway. This brought the total to 16 zones. 

Konkan Railway, which had been operating as a separate entity since 1990, was formally integrated as a zone. Metro Railway, Kolkata was declared the 17th zone on December 19, 2010 (operational from 2019), making it the newest zone at that time. The most recent addition is South Coast Railway, which was announced on February 17, 2019, and became operational on June 1, 2026, bringing the total to 19 zones. 

== Organizational Structure ==
Indian Railways operates under a matrix organization where functional branches are under dual control i.e., both zonal and central. The Railway Board, established in March 1905 under the Indian Railway Board Act, serves as the apex body overseeing all railway operations. The Board has undergone several reorganizations, most recently in December 2019 when its size was reduced from eight to five members. Each zonal railway is headed by a General Manager who reports directly to the Railway Board. Zones are further subdivided into divisions, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM). As of 2024–2025, there are 68 to 69 operating divisions across all zones. 

Within each zone, functional departments are represented by Heads of Departments (HODs) responsible for specific functions such as engineering, mechanical, electrical, operations, commercial, personnel, medical, and security. These HODs include Principal Chief Engineer (PCE), Principal Chief Mechanical Engineer (PCME), Principal Chief Electrical Engineer (PCEE), Principal Chief Operations Manager (PCOM), Principal Chief Commercial Manager (PCCM), Principal Chief Personnel Officer (PCPO), and others. Divisional managers work alongside these functional heads. 

Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C) categories. Group A officers, who constitute about 1.5% of the workforce, are primarily recruited through the Indian Railways Management Service (IRMS) via the Civil Services Examination or Engineering Services Examination. Group B employees are promoted from Group C, while Group C staff are recruited through Railway Recruitment Control Board examinations. 

== The Zones of Indian Railways ==
[[File:Indian Railway zones.svg|thumb|270x270px|'''''Credit: Superbenjamin.''''' The 18 zones of Indian Railways on a map. (Metro Railway Kolkata zone isn't shown)]]
Indian Railways currently comprises 19 operational zones, each serving specific geographical regions. The zones vary significantly in size, route length, and number of divisions.              

=== The Six Main Zones ===
These were the first six zones to be created. 

==== Northern Railway ====
Northern Railway, headquartered in Delhi, was established on April 14, 1952. It is one of the largest zones by route length, covering approximately 7,363 kilometers. The zone operates across Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Northern Railway comprises six divisions: Ambala, Delhi, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad, and Jammu. The zone plays a critical role in connecting the national capital to northern and northwestern India. 

==== Southern Railway ====
Southern Railway, headquartered in Chennai, was the first zone formed on April 14, 1951 (some sources say April 14, 1950). It covers Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, with a route length of 5,093 kilometers. The zone has six divisions: Chennai, Madurai, Palakkad, Salem, Thiruvananthapuram, and Tiruchirappalli. SR is easily the oldest and most established zone, serving the southern peninsula. 

==== Western Railway ====
Western Railway, headquartered at Mumbai Churchgate, was established on November 5, 1951. It covers Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan, with a route length of 6,156 kilometers. The zone has six divisions: Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar, Mumbai WR, Rajkot, Ratlam, and Vadodara. WR is one of the busiest zones, handling substantial suburban traffic in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, 

==== Central Railway ====
Central Railway is headquartered at Mumbai CSMT (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus) and was formed on November 5, 1951. It covers Maharashtra, parts of Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka, with a route length of 4,203 kilometers. The zone comprises five divisions: Bhusawal, Mumbai CR, Nagpur, Pune, and Solapur. CR serves as a critical link between western and central India and even has a Rajdhani named after it. (It is called CR Rajdhani) 

==== Eastern Railway ====
Eastern Railway is headquartered in Kolkata and was formed on April 14, 1952. It covers West Bengal, Jharkhand, and parts of Odisha and Bihar, with a route length of 2,823 kilometers. The zone comprises four divisions: Asansol, Howrah, Malda, and Sealdah. ER serves the densely populated and industrialized regions of eastern India, including the Kolkata metropolitan area which contains both Howrah and Sealdah stations. 

==== North Eastern Railway ====
North Eastern Railway is headquartered in Gorakhpur and was formed on April 14, 1952. It covers eastern Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar, with a route length of approximately 3,470 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Izzatnagar, Lucknow, and Varanasi. NER serves important pilgrimage centers and agricultural regions in the Purvanchal area. It got cut in half because of the formation of the Northeast Frontier Railways zone. 

=== The Other Main Zones ===
These were the other important zones created after the six main zones. 

==== Northeast Frontier Railway ====
Northeast Frontier Railway, headquartered in Guwahati, was established on January 15, 1958. It serves the entire northeastern region of India, covering Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and parts of West Bengal and Bihar. With a route length of 4,348 kilometers, NFR operates five divisions: Alipurduar, Katihar, Lumding, Rangiya, and Tinsukia. The zone faces unique operational challenges due to the region's difficult terrain and weather conditions and yet, it gains profit. 

==== Southeastern Railway ====
South Eastern Railway, headquartered at Garden Reach in Kolkata, was established on August 1, 1955. It covers parts of West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha, with a route length of 2,758 kilometers. The zone has four divisions: Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, and Ranchi. SER is known for its mineral-rich territory, handling significant freight traffic related to coal and iron ore along the Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC). 

==== South Central Railway ====
South Central Railway is headquartered in Secunderabad and was formed on October 2, 1965 (operational from 1966). It serves Telangana, parts of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, with a route length of 3,572 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Secunderabad, Hyderabad, and Nanded. SCR was carved out from Southern and Central Railways to provide focused administration to the Andhra region. 

==== East Central Railway ====
East Central Railway is headquartered in Hajipur and was formed on October 1, 2002.  It covers Bihar and Jharkhand, with a route length of 4,238 kilometers.  The zone comprises five divisions: Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur, and Sonpur.  ECR was carved out from Eastern and North Eastern Railways to better serve Bihar. It was one of the most important zonal expansions. 

==== North Western Railway ====
North Western Railway is headquartered in Jaipur and was formed on October 1, 2002. It covers Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana, with a route length of 5,705 kilometers. The zone comprises of four divisions: Ajmer, Bikaner, Jaipur, and Jodhpur. NWR was carved out from Northern and Western Railways to better serve the Rajasthan region. 

=== The Extra Zones ===
These were zones which were made as an extra addition to the zonal expansion. 

==== South Western Railway ====
South Western Railway, which is headquartered in Hubballi, was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Karnataka and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, with a route length of 3,692 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Bengaluru, Hubballi, and Mysuru. SWR was created to provide focused administration to Karnataka's railway network as there is lots of traffic in Bengaluru and Hubballi junctions. 

==== West Central Railway ====
West Central Railway is headquartered in Jabalpur and was formed on April 3, 2003. It covers Madhya Pradesh and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, with a route length of 3,060 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Bhopal, Jabalpur, and Kota. WCR was carved out from Central and Western Railways for more coordinated administration across Madhya Pradesh. 

==== North Central Railway ====
North Central Railway, headquartered in Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad), was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Uttar Pradesh and parts of Madhya Pradesh, with a route length of 3,522 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Agra, Jhansi, and Prayagraj. NCR was formed from portions of Northern and Central Railways for administration and expansion purposes. 

==== South East Central Railway ====
South East Central Railway is headquartered in Bilaspur and was formed on April 1, 2003. It covers Chhattisgarh and parts of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Jharkhand, with a route length of 2,396 kilometers. The zone comprises three divisions: Bilaspur, Nagpur, and Raipur. SECR was carved out from South Eastern and Central Railways to serve the mineral-rich Chhattisgarh region. 

==== East Coast Railway ====
East Coast Railway, headquartered in Bhubaneswar, was established on April 3, 2003. It covers Odisha and parts of Andhra Pradesh, with a route length of 2,701 kilometers. The zone has three divisions: Khurda Road, Sambalpur, and Rayagada. ECoR was formed from portions of South Eastern and South Central Railways. It is one of the only three coastal railway zones. 

=== The Most Recently Added Zones ===
These were added recently to the Zonal Railways of India. (Top 3)

==== Konkan Railway ====
Konkan Railway, headquartered in Navi Mumbai (CBD Belapur), was formally integrated as a zone on July 19, 1990. It covers the Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka, with a route length of 756 kilometers. The zone has two divisions: Ratnagiri and Karwar. Konkan Railway is known for its engineering marvels, including numerous bridges and tunnels through the Western Ghats. 

==== South Coast Railway ====
South Coast Railway (SCoR) is the newest and 18th operational zone of Indian Railways (often referred to as Zone 17 in some counting systems that exclude Metro Railway or Konkan Railway). The zone was officially constituted and began operations on June 1, 2026, with its headquarters in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. SCoR was carved from three different railway zones to manage Andhra Pradesh. 

==== Metro Railway, Kolkata ====
[[File:Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake 5.jpg|thumb|320x320px|'''''Credit: ArnabSaha.''''' A Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake. ]]
Metro Railway, Kolkata, headquartered in Kolkata, was declared the 17th zone on December 19, 2010 (operational from 2019). KMRC operates the Kolkata Metro network, with a route length of 73.2 kilometers and 58 stations. The zone has no divisions and operates five metro lines (Blue, Green, Purple, Orange, and Yellow) with both broad gauge and standard gauge tracks. Metro Railway handles urban rapid transit in the Kolkata metropolitan area. It is the smallest railway zone in India that just so happens to be a metro network too.

== Divisions of Indian Railways ==
As of 2025–2026, there are 68 to 69 operating divisions across 19 zones, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) who is responsible for day-to-day operations, maintenance, and administration within their division. This divisional structure enables decentralized management while maintaining coordination through zonal and central authorities. 

=== Organizational Structure ===
Each zonal railway is headed by a General Manager who reports directly to the Railway Board. Zones are further subdivided into divisions, each headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM). 

The DRM serves as the chief executive of a railway division and is responsible for managing and administering a particular geographical area. Key responsibilities include ensuring punctuality and safety of all passenger and freight trains passing through or originating within the division, monitoring train movements, managing line capacity, and resolving disruptions. DRMs oversee efficient movement of wagons and coaches, ensuring optimal utilization of rolling stock, and managing yard operations. They coordinate maintenance of tracks, bridges, stations, and other fixed assets through various engineering departments. Commercial operations including passenger ticketing, freight booking, fare collection, and customer service also fall under their purview. DRMs ensure safety of train operations and security of railway material, passengers, and belongings, while managing personnel matters, discipline, and welfare of divisional staff. 

Within each division, functional departments are represented by senior divisional officers who report both to the DRM and to their respective zonal Heads of Departments (HODs). These include the Senior Divisional Engineer (DEN), responsible for maintenance of fixed assets including tracks, bridges, and buildings; the Senior Divisional Mechanical Engineer (DMME), who oversees maintenance of diesel locomotives, carriage, and wagon fleets; the Senior Divisional Electrical Engineer (DEE), managing station lighting, power supply, overhead equipment, and electric rolling stock; the Senior Divisional Signal &amp; Telecommunication Engineer (DSTE), handling signalling and telecommunication infrastructure; the Senior Divisional Operations Manager (DOM), managing train operations and traffic control; the Senior Divisional Finance Manager (DFM), managing accounting and financial matters; the Senior Divisional Commercial Manager (DCM), handling passenger and freight commercial operations; the Senior Divisional Personnel Officer (DPO), managing human resources; the Senior Divisional Safety Officer (DSO), ensuring operational safety; the Senior Divisional Material Manager (DMM), managing material stores; the Chief Medical Superintendent (CMS), providing healthcare facilities; and the Senior Divisional Security Commissioner (DSC), handling security matters. This framework ensures that divisions have operational autonomy while maintaining technical and functional coordination with zonal and central authorities. 

=== List of Divisions ===
The following is a list of all railway divisions of Indian Railways, organized by zone.  

==== Central Railway (CR) ====

* Mumbai CR Division
* Bhusaval Division
* Nagpur Division
* Solapur Division
* Pune Division

==== Eastern Railway (ER) ====

* Asansol Division
* Howrah Division
* Malda Division
* Sealdah Division 
* Kolkata Division 

==== East Central Railway (ECR) ====

* Sonpur Division
* Samastipur Division
* Danapur Division
* Dhanbad Division
* Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Division (formerly Mughalsarai) 
* Hajipur Division 

==== East Coast Railway (ECoR) ====

* Khurda Road Division
* Sambalpur Division
* Rayagada Division 
* Bhubaneshwar Division 

==== Northern Railway (NR) ====

* Ambala Division
* New Delhi Division
* Lucknow Division
* Moradabad Division
* Firozpur Division
* Jammu Division

==== North Central Railway (NCR) – Prayagraj ====

* Prayagraj Division
* Agra Division
* Jhansi Division

==== North Eastern Railway (NER) ====

* Lucknow Division 
* Izzatnagar Division
* Varanasi Division 
* Gorakhpur Division 

==== Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) ====

* Alipurduar Division
* Katihar Division
* Lumding Division
* Rangiya Division
* Tinsukia Division 
* Guwahati Division

==== North Western Railway (NWR) ====

* Ajmer Division
* Bikaner Division
* Jaipur Division
* Jodhpur Division

==== Southern Railway (SR) ====

* Chennai Division
* Madurai Division
* Palakkad Division
* Tiruchchirappalli Division
* Thiruvananthapuram Division
* Salem Division

==== South Central Railway (SCR) ====

* Hyderabad Division
* Nanded Division
* Secunderabad Division

==== South Coast Railway (SCoR) ====

* Visakhapatnam Division (formerly Waltair)
* Vijayawada Division
* Guntur Division
* Guntakal Division

==== South Eastern Railway (SER) ====

* Adra Division
* Chakradharpur Division
* Kharagpur Division
* Ranchi Division 

==== South East Central Railway (SECR) ====

* Raipur Division
* Nagpur Division
* Bilaspur Division

==== South Western Railway (SWR) ====

* Bengaluru Division
* Hubballi Division
* Mysuru Division

==== Western Railway (WR) ====

* Mumbai Central Division
* Vadodara Division
* Ratlam Division
* Ahmedabad Division
* Rajkot Division
* Bhavnagar Division

==== West Central Railway (WCR) ====

* Bhopal Division
* Jabalpur Division
* Kota Division

==== Konkan Railway (KR) ====

* Ratnagiri Division
* Karwar Division
* Navi Mumbai Division

==== Metro Railway, Kolkata (KMRC) ====

* (No divisions. It operates as a single integrated urban transit network) 
This divisional framework enables Indian Railways to manage its vast network efficiently through decentralized administration while actually maintaining coordination through zonal and central oversight. 

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Jaguar/VIN Codes</title>
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    <id>485791</id>
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      <id>4672369</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Model (Position 12) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="12234" sha1="qzrxj02qa67rlhhaab0uov9hev4mqrq" xml:space="preserve">{{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}}

This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems.

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)==

===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)===

* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK)
* SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK &amp; Europe)
* L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019===
* X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05)
* W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08)
* F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08)
* G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08)
* H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10)
* 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15)
* P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15)
* L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03)
* M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),&lt;br&gt; Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03)
* S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06)
* T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06)
* S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09)
* T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),&lt;br&gt; XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),&lt;br&gt; XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),&lt;br&gt; XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19)
* N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02)
* P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02)
* 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06)
* 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06)
* 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09)
* 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09)
* L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14)
* 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17)
* M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),&lt;br&gt; F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17)

===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026===
* A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26)
* C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24)
* S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19)
* 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24)

===Model (Position 12)===
* L - S-Type ('00-'01)
* M - S-Type ('01-'04)
* N - S-Type ('04-'08)
* R - XF ('09-'11)
* S - XF ('11-'13)
* U - XF ('14-'15)
* F - XJ ('00-'03)
* G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant]
* H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant]
* V - XJ ('11-'16)
* W - XJ ('16-'19)
* A - XK ('00-'06)
* B - XK ('07-'15)

'''Positions 13–17, Serial Number'''

==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)==

===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)===
* SAJ - Jaguar passenger car

===Model Line===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 4
!VIN code
!Description
|-
|A
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87)
|-
|B
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88)
|-
|D
|[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94)
|-
|F
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95)
|-
|M
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99)
|-
|H
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|K
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99)
|-
|P
|[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99)
|-
|N
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96)
|-
|T
|[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91)
|-
|S
|[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93)
|-
|G
|[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99)
|}

===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):===
* V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts)
* L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts)

* Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts)

* A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88)
* Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92)
* W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99)
* X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99)
* D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99)
* M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada)
* N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada)
* F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, &amp; Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99)

===Body Style (Position 6):===
* 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99)
* 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99)
* 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88)
* 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99)
* 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess &amp; Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion]

===Engine Type (Position 7):===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Position 7
|-
! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications
|-
| 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||CA &amp; Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97).
|-
| 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98).
|-
| 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87).
|-
| 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96).
|-
| 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89).
|-
| 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96).
|-
| 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97).
|-
| 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92).
|-
| 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99).
|-
| 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93).
|-
| 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87).
|-
| 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,&lt;br /&gt; 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99).
|}

===Transmission &amp; Steering Location (Position 8):===
* 4 = Automatic / LHD
* 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual)

===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)===
* USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]]

===Model Year Code (Position 10)===
''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]''

===Plant Codes (Position 11)===
* C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK

'''Positions 12–17, Serial Number'''
** 100001 and after - XJS
** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III
** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81)
** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330)
** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308)
** 001001 and after - XK8</text>
      <sha1>qzrxj02qa67rlhhaab0uov9hev4mqrq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scratch/Toolbar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672317</id>
      <parentid>4672136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:41:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Scratch 1.4 */ +description over globe icon etc</comment>
      <origin>4672317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="598" sha1="apn1k3bhqyowwb4951bgcww4e0of2s8" xml:space="preserve">{{Underconstruction}}
The '''top bar''' of Scratch is where it is possible to adjust the interface of Scratch, change the language, as well as being able to change various other aspects of the Scratch interface. The top bar varies between versions.
==Scratch 1.4==
In Scratch 1.4, on the top bar, the following functions are available:
*Globe icon- If the globe icon is pressed, it is possible to change the language of Scratch to another language, to German or another language for instance.
*Floppy disk icon - This is located next to the Globe icon.

==Scratch 2.0==
==Scratch 3.0==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>apn1k3bhqyowwb4951bgcww4e0of2s8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672376</id>
      <parentid>4672317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T23:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Scratch 1.4 */</comment>
      <origin>4672376</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="714" sha1="8onppn3z91yo0qw86kc43aspsy03nni" xml:space="preserve">{{Underconstruction}}
The '''top bar''' of Scratch is where it is possible to adjust the interface of Scratch, change the language, as well as being able to change various other aspects of the Scratch interface. The top bar varies between versions.
==Scratch 1.4==
In Scratch 1.4, on the top bar, the following functions are available:
*Globe icon- If the globe icon is pressed, it is possible to change the language of Scratch to another language, to German or another language for instance.
*Floppy disk icon - This is located next to the Globe icon.
*The next button to the save button is the '''share button'''. This allows you to share your projects onto Scratch.

==Scratch 2.0==
==Scratch 3.0==

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>8onppn3z91yo0qw86kc43aspsy03nni</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Digital Synthora</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672370</id>
      <parentid>4671913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T21:17:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Omphalographer</username>
        <id>3427146</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{delete}} - made up?</comment>
      <origin>4672370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1036" sha1="j65xubo807belzm7il3dx5em23gmz0c" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|Appears to be an invention of the page creator; I can't find anything relevant online beyond the empty https://synthoraactstuff.fandom.com/.}}

''Note: Synthora is a '''conceptual language''' or a '''language concept'''. It means that this is not an officially recognized language nor a fully developed language either.'' 

== What is Synthora? ==
'''Synthora''' is a multi-use, customizable and conceptual language which doesn't require syntax, semantics or phonology like most languages, but it uses its own language framework, philosophy and vocabulary while also using the beauty of arithmetics, geometry, trigonometry, synthora levels, etc. It doesn't prefer theoretical names, degrees or studies of different things, but rather focuses on practicality for coding, writing digitally and in real life. This language is not well known as the whole point of this language was to make coding user-friendly and customizable to the user's choice. Later on, Synthora got upgraded by a lot when the creator saw its full potential.</text>
      <sha1>j65xubo807belzm7il3dx5em23gmz0c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672380</id>
      <parentid>4672370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T01:00:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JackBot</username>
        <id>396820</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]]</comment>
      <origin>4672380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1049" sha1="gkr51v3m2k8v43xrhxtgi1ex3qv5xrz" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|Appears to be an invention of the page creator; I can't find anything relevant online beyond the empty https://synthoraactstuff.fandom.com/.}}

''Note: Synthora is a '''conceptual language''' or a '''language concept'''. It means that this is not an officially recognized language nor a fully developed language either.'' 

== What is Synthora? ==
'''Synthora''' is a multi-use, customizable and conceptual language which doesn't require syntax, semantics or phonology like most languages, but it uses its own language framework, philosophy and vocabulary while also using the beauty of arithmetics, geometry, trigonometry, synthora levels, etc. It doesn't prefer theoretical names, degrees or studies of different things, but rather focuses on practicality for coding, writing digitally and in real life. This language is not well known as the whole point of this language was to make coding user-friendly and customizable to the user's choice. Later on, Synthora got upgraded by a lot when the creator saw its full potential.

{{shelves}}</text>
      <sha1>gkr51v3m2k8v43xrhxtgi1ex3qv5xrz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672413</id>
      <parentid>4672380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T07:47:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SHB</username>
        <id>3332924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I think this is better queried than speedied</comment>
      <origin>4672413</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1048" sha1="jko7fkfqy9b4f068y4lyf6q48lpg9og" xml:space="preserve">{{query|Appears to be an invention of the page creator; I can't find anything relevant online beyond the empty https://synthoraactstuff.fandom.com/.}}

''Note: Synthora is a '''conceptual language''' or a '''language concept'''. It means that this is not an officially recognized language nor a fully developed language either.'' 

== What is Synthora? ==
'''Synthora''' is a multi-use, customizable and conceptual language which doesn't require syntax, semantics or phonology like most languages, but it uses its own language framework, philosophy and vocabulary while also using the beauty of arithmetics, geometry, trigonometry, synthora levels, etc. It doesn't prefer theoretical names, degrees or studies of different things, but rather focuses on practicality for coding, writing digitally and in real life. This language is not well known as the whole point of this language was to make coding user-friendly and customizable to the user's choice. Later on, Synthora got upgraded by a lot when the creator saw its full potential.

{{shelves}}</text>
      <sha1>jko7fkfqy9b4f068y4lyf6q48lpg9og</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Infrastructure Policy Casebook</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672310</id>
      <parentid>4672110</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:29:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
      <origin>4672310</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="753" sha1="lvs2gc6k2p5h0coovgc4ous07jaze6m" xml:space="preserve">This casebook contains case studies developed by students in the '''Infrastructure Policy''' course at [https://www.gmu.edu/ George Mason University]. The course is offered through the [https://schar.gmu.edu/ Schar School of Policy and Government] in collaboration with the [https://civil.gmu.edu/ Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering].

== Fall 2026 Cases ==

* [[Infrastructure Policy Casebook/Colorado River|Colorado River]]
* [[Infrastructure Policy Casebook/NYC Subway Accessibility|New York City Subway Accessibility]]
* [[Infrastructure Policy Casebook/Steel River Energy Center|Steel River Energy Center]]
* [[Infrastructure Policy Casebook/HS2|HS2 – Britain's High-Speed Rail]]

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>lvs2gc6k2p5h0coovgc4ous07jaze6m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Matovu Trevor</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>485855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672349</id>
      <parentid>4672292</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:44:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Matovu Trevor</username>
        <id>3620409</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This page */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4672349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="622" sha1="aont6lsemx1fqs0r0nj8li4xk7pfkn2" xml:space="preserve">== [[User:Matovu Trevor/sandbox|This page]] ==
Hello Matovu, I have checked with AI detectors over a part of your page and they have said that this page has been made with the use of GenAI. I do not know whether this is true; so, when you made the page, did you use ChatGPT or another AI? [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 09:59, 25 September 2026 (UTC)

:no please [[User:Matovu Trevor|Matovu Trevor]] ([[User talk:Matovu Trevor|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Matovu Trevor|contribs]]) 16:44, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>aont6lsemx1fqs0r0nj8li4xk7pfkn2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:JGiffordAtMason</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>485858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672316</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:34:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcoming user with {{Classwelcome}}</comment>
      <origin>4672316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1239" sha1="dlfur6er3yp27pyfyxfnxh6vjc9m0zx" xml:space="preserve">

{| style=&quot;background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;&quot;
 ! style=&quot;background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;&quot; | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Using]] Wikibooks for class projects
 |-
 | style=&quot;padding:5px;&quot; |
* Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]].
* It appears that you are editing as part of a class project so please read [[Using_Wikibooks/Class_Project_Guidelines|Using Wikibooks: Class Project Guidelines]] as soon as possible.
* To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126; 
* Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community.
* [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun!
 |}

Come introduce yourself in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|general reading room]] or your project in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Projects|project reading room]].  If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or contact me personally.


[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:34, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dlfur6er3yp27pyfyxfnxh6vjc9m0zx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Learn Nagamese</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672330</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T14:58:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeacocktheFurry</username>
        <id>3625256</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>This is a hopefully easy course for people who want to learn Nagamese</comment>
      <origin>4672330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="466" sha1="towcdpxybpy17dt8lysw2rpomny7eeo" xml:space="preserve">'''LEARN NAGAMESE:'''

'''INTRODUCTION'''

Nagamese is an Assamese-based creole spoken in Nagaland. It has around 30,000 native speakers and is the second language for around 380,000 people. Even though it is spoken and used by almost everyone, it is not the official language of Nagaland; instead, the title goes to [[wikipedia:English_language|English]]. 

For more info, [[wikipedia:Nagamese_creole|you can read this page on Wikipedia.]]


'''ABOUT THE COURSE:'''</text>
      <sha1>towcdpxybpy17dt8lysw2rpomny7eeo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672331</id>
      <parentid>4672330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T15:00:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeacocktheFurry</username>
        <id>3625256</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4672331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="509" sha1="pz7bl3gaurrls9g7r4gni818jfdhvln" xml:space="preserve">'''LEARN NAGAMESE:'''

'''INTRODUCTION'''

Nagamese is an Assamese-based creole spoken in Nagaland. It has around 30,000 native speakers and is the second language for around 380,000 people. Even though it is spoken and used by almost everyone, it is not the official language of Nagaland; instead, the title goes to [[wikipedia:English_language|English]]. 

For more info, [[wikipedia:Nagamese_creole|you can read this page on Wikipedia.]]


'''THE COURSE:'''

'''LESSON 1'''

'''LESSON 2'''

'''LESSON 3'''</text>
      <sha1>pz7bl3gaurrls9g7r4gni818jfdhvln</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4672332</id>
      <parentid>4672331</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T15:06:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PeacocktheFurry</username>
        <id>3625256</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>4672332</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="556" sha1="gybdlq28t6fjlskv51g1ylxvo3arcpo" xml:space="preserve">'''LEARN NAGAMESE:'''

'''INTRODUCTION'''

Nagamese is an Assamese-based creole spoken in Nagaland. It has around 30,000 native speakers and is the second language for around 380,000 people. Even though it is spoken and used by almost everyone, it is not the official language of Nagaland; instead, the title goes to [[wikipedia:English_language|English]]. 

For more info, [[wikipedia:Nagamese_creole|you can read this page on Wikipedia.]]


'''THE COURSE:'''

'''UNIT-1:'''

'''LESSON 1'''

'''LESSON 2'''

'''LESSON 3'''

'''LESSON 4'''

'''LESSON 5'''</text>
      <sha1>gybdlq28t6fjlskv51g1ylxvo3arcpo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Makowe2026/Agro-Tourism: Farms as Destinations</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>485860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672339</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:16:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makowe2026</username>
        <id>3620023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I have started a book on agri tourism</comment>
      <origin>4672339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20783" sha1="4nuzttqokxt7n2h8ob70hkisiox76g6" xml:space="preserve">== Agri-Tourism: Farms as Destinations ==

=== Content ===
Definition of Agri-Tourism

Chapter 1: The Basics of Farm Tourism

Chapter 2: Designing the Visitor Flow

Chapter 3: Educational Workshops

Chapter 4: Marketing Seasonal Activities

Chapter 5: Liability, Health, and Safety

== Definition of Agri-tourism ==
Agritourism can be defined as a form of commercial, recreational, or educational enterprises that link agricultural production and/or processing with tourism to attract visitors onto a farm, ranch, or other agricultural business for the purposes of entertaining and/or educating the visitors while generating income for the farm, ranch, or business owner. Some states do not require an exchange of money for an attraction to qualify as agritourism if the activity is educational or recreational in nature [https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/agritourism/ National Aglaw Aenter].

Regardless of the exact definition or terminology, any definition of agritourism should include the following four factors: 

* combines the essential elements of the tourism and agriculture industries

*** attracts members of the public to visit agricultural operations;
*** is designed to increase farm income, educate, or entertain the public; and
*** provides recreation, entertainment, and/or educational experiences to visitors.

The term “agritourism” is often used interchangeably with “agri-tourism,” “agrotourism,” “farm tourism,” “agricultural tourism,” or “agritainment.”[https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/agritourism/ National Aglaw Aenter]

== Chapter 1: The Basics of Farm Tourism ==
As an Agripreneur, if you decide to start an Agro-Tourism enterprise, it is important to know about the types of agrotourism farms. Then you can decide the most suitable type depending on your capabilities and business requirements. Do you want to convert an existing farm into an Agro-Tourism, or do you want to establish a new Agro-Tourism farm? All in all, you need to bear in mind the following 3 basic principles

==== Have something for Agro-Tourists to See. ====
We ensure that where we are taking visitors has got something in the line with agriculture for the agro-tourists or visitors to See. Below are some of the summarized things to see at an Agro-Tourist centers

'''Farm Tours'''. Farm tours are organized as educational tours using cropping systems and patterns and livestock as the main attraction. The aim of this farm tour is to make awareness among the visitors about the different types of crops and cultivation practices, harvesting methods, and many more different types of farm animals and animal husbandry methods as well the plight of the family farmer and create a positive image of agriculture within the visitors. Especially farm tours for school children can be organized as a concept of “Agricultural Rebranding” where school children obtain knowledge on real farm life.

'''Historical Re-creations'''. Agro-Tourism attractions on your farm can be created by displaying real or models of traditional agricultural implements, techniques, and technologies. Some attractions grow out of the owners’ hobby collections—old farm machinery and equipment, seeds of traditional crop varieties, traditional and environmentally friendly farm buildings, transportation modes, and photographs of old and traditional farming techniques and systems.

'''Processing Demonstrations'''. Agro-Tourists like to see food processing on your farm such as milling, yogurt and cheese production, homemade juice, baked products, and wine processing, among others. Our members are encouraged and supported to make it more attractive by including processing methods and techniques with an old timely flavor that is healthier and environmentally friendly.

'''Crop art and Crop landscaping.''' Organize the farm with attractive landscaping with crops and design crop arts. Most crop art consists of various designs of horticultural and grain crops (eg: maize, paddy) in a field and designs created by different colored plantings. Such crop art is best viewed from the air or from a raised structure. There have also been proposals for creating mounds-like structures outlined in edible native plants. Also, a model home garden can be prepared and it will be attracted both urban and suburban visitors. There are professional crop artists/crop landscapers and it is wise to get consultancies from such professionals, in planning and building crop art in your farm. An example of crop art is the “veggie salad” concept, a subspecies of crop art. With this concept, a section of the farm is designed as an artful veggie salad and a field is organized in a circular arrangement of vegetable crops. Pie-shaped wedges of cucumbers, lettuce, tomatoes, and other crops that represent veggie salad ingredients are planted. This is reportedly one of the fastest-growing types of crop art. Models of urban agriculture, water features with water plants and fish, paths that are covered with arches with various types of vines (fruits, vegetables, and herbs), model herbal gardens are different types of crop arts that can attract visitors both adults and children.

'''Natural features.''' An outstanding natural feature on a farm may become a tourist attraction—a waterfall, a jungle, a stream, or a spectacular view of mountains. Water is a popular natural attraction; sometimes natural features of interest to a visitor may have been overlooked by the farmer.

'''Petting zoos.''' One of the very best things you can organize on a farm for agritourism promotion is to have farm animals and pets of all different kinds. The especially petting zoo on a farm is attractive to children. There are many animal friends you can have in the petting zoo, including ponies, goats, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, rabbits, and many more… Children can feed the animals, too. They love that. The petting zoo is free for the children, but you can have a sales outlet to sell feeds for the animals which will give you an income and free food for your animals [https://agro-tourism.org/service/theme-1/ Agro-Tourism]

== Chapter 2: Designing the Visitor Flow ==
Agritourism is flourishing across the globe, offering diverse opportunities for visitors to connect with rural life, culture, and sustainability. The key to creating a successful agritourism destination lies in blending the practical with the experiential to craft spaces that captivate visitors and celebrate the land’s story.

Babylonstoren in South Africa exemplifies this balance. The Cape Dutch farm seamlessly combines history and luxury with sprawling gardens, a farm-to-table restaurant, and beautifully designed guest accommodations. Visitors can participate in curated farm activities or simply enjoy the serene landscape. In Italy, agriturismo ventures offer hands-on experiences like pasta-making classes, vineyard tours, and stays in restored rural villas, providing guests with an intimate connection to local traditions and cuisine. [https://www.s2architects.com.au/all/designing-agritourism-destinations/ S2architects]

== Chapter 3: Educational Workshops ==
Educational and social activities at farm Educational or social activities are often included in the entertainment experiences offered by an agritourism as any visit has a learning and social bonding purpose. However, it is worth noting that some farms are specialized in educational or social services and thus belong to a specific category of agritourism. These farms often partner with schools and other educational and social structures of their territory. '''Educational farms''' 

Educational farms are agricultural or agritourism companies specialized in welcoming families, individuals and groups. The aim is to contribute to spreading knowledge of the agricultural world, with particular attention to the involvement of children and schools. On educational farms, children are invited to participate in the daily management of the farm and learn about the production processes. In some countries, educational farm is also recognized by law. In this case, educational farms are fully-fledged agricultural company meeting a series of requirements such as safety regulations, structural and qualitative standards, educational principles, etc. The presence of a qualified operator who hosts the public during the visits and plan activities is also paramount. 

'''Social and therapeutic services''' such as social farm or pet therapy It has been acknowledged by many that feeding animals or gardening can reduce stress and increase a sense of wellbeing. This is why agritourism has an important role to play in providing a safe, peaceful, and relaxing environment for people while offering the possibility to discover farming practices. Agritourism or social farms also offer therapeutic service to people in need of support while making them participate in countryside activities (pet therapy). Agritourism can also offer social inclusion activities for people in reintegration processes. 

'''Outdoor and recreational activities''' 

Nature tourism and slow tourism are increasingly being developed, as tourists in rural areas are looking for outdoor activities more and more. Organizing outdoor activities and offering adapted facilities is a great opportunity for agritourism businesses to attract this type of clientele. An agritourism structure can actively offer activities on farms or can facilitate guest access to surrounding outdoor and nature offers. Outdoor and nature activities such as foraging, fishing or hunting, horse or donkey riding, biking and hiking, snowshoeing, skiing or art walks (painting, photography) can be combined with a meal, a tasting, or an event on the farm. 

'''Sports programmes and facilities''' at farms have also become a trend. Agritourisms can offer sport events or wellness packages in addition to hospitality and catering services. Some examples of facilities and courses of mention are: fitness parks, treetop or climbing paths and infrastructures, cross-country running and trails, meditation, pilates, or yoga classes. [https://agtivate.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Creating-Successful-Agritourism-Experiences_08.pdf Agtivate]

== Chapter 4: Marketing Seasonal Activities ==

== Make the Most of School Holidays ==
School holidays are prime time for footfall at summer farm attractions, so your marketing should focus on family-friendly experiences that stand out. Parents are often looking for affordable, educational, and engaging ways to keep children entertained—and your farm is perfectly placed to deliver just that.

Plan themed activity weeks such as “Mini Farmer Week” or “Sheep Safari Days” that combine fun with hands-on learning. These can be promoted as full-day or half-day events, giving you flexibility and opening up multiple revenue streams—from ticket sales to food, merchandise, and upsells.

To maximise attendance, market events through local parenting Facebook groups, school newsletters, and community pages. Add urgency by limiting numbers or offering early bird discounts.

You can also bundle offers for multiple children or family passes to increase spend per booking.

== Create Shareable Summer Farm Attractions ==
One of the most powerful marketing opportunities is creating moments your visitors can’t wait to share online. Social media thrives on visual content, so design your farm experiences with photo opportunities in mind.

Set up “Instagrammable” spots like flower-filled wheelbarrows, hay-bale backdrops, or cute animal selfie zones. Add branded signage or hashtags to encourage tagging and increase your online reach. These posts act as free advertising, especially when they’re shared in local groups or seen by friends planning their own summer outings.

You could also run a social media competition—such as “Best Summer Farm Snap”—to boost engagement and grow your following. Offer a small prize like a free return visit, a farm shop voucher, or a produce bundle.

Encouraging user-generated content helps build trust and excitement, turning your visitors into loyal brand ambassadors while extending your farm’s visibility beyond the gates.

== Use the Weather to Your Advantage ==
British weather may be unpredictable, but with a little creativity, it can become one of your best assets. On hot days, highlight shady picnic areas, splash zones, or ice cream stalls. When a heatwave hits, promote last-minute “cool-down” offers—like free lollies for kids or discounted entry before noon.

Use weather apps to plan flexible promotions, and communicate them clearly across your social media channels and email list. Flash deals tied to temperature spikes (e.g. “25% off if it’s over 25°C!”) can create urgency and increase bookings on quieter days.

On cooler or damp days, pivot your messaging to indoor attractions, covered seating, or warm treats from your farm café. Weather-responsive marketing shows that your business is adaptable and thoughtful, which builds customer trust.

By staying one step ahead of the forecast, you can keep footfall high all summer long—rain or shine.

== Collaborate with Local Businesses ==
Summer is the ideal time to team up with other rural or tourism-based businesses to expand your reach and offer more value to visitors. Consider partnering with local food producers, artisans, or entertainment providers to host joint events like farm feasts, open-air markets, or wine and cheese evenings.

These collaborations give you access to each other’s customer bases and create a buzz around unique, limited-time events. They also give your social media and email marketing more variety—promoting not just your attraction, but a broader local experience that appeals to holidaymakers and day-trippers alike.

Start by connecting with businesses that share your values or customer profile. A glamping site might collaborate with a nearby vineyard, or a petting farm could host children’s storytellers or craft sessions. These cross-promotions are a great way to increase brand exposure, boost bookings, and foster a sense of community that resonates with summer visitors.

== Embrace Agri-Education at Your Farm Attractions ==
Summer brings a surge of curious visitors eager to learn more about where their food comes from. Turning your farm into a fun learning environment not only enriches their experience but also builds a stronger connection with your brand.

Educational activities—such as sheepdog demos, milking parlour tours, or wool-spinning workshops—offer something different from the average day out. These interactive experiences can be marketed as unique summer highlights, perfect for families seeking both entertainment and enrichment.

For younger children, consider introducing “junior farmer” trails or stamp-collection activity sheets that guide them around the farm with facts and fun challenges. For older audiences, short talks or Q&amp;A sessions add extra value to farm tours or ticketed experiences.

Educational offerings are especially effective for farm attractions focused on sustainability or rare breeds, helping you stand out with meaningful content. Plus, they provide excellent blog, video, and social media material for your wider summer campaign.

== Promote Farm Attractions Through Multiple Channels ==
Even the best summer events will fall flat without the right promotion. To maximise bookings and visibility, your marketing should span multiple channels—email, social media, local press, and community networks.

Use Instagram Reels to showcase behind-the-scenes footage or teaser clips of upcoming activities. These short-form videos are highly shareable and perfect for capturing attention from new audiences. Facebook groups, especially local or parenting-focused ones, are also ideal for reaching families planning days out. Just be sure to follow group rules and focus on informative, engaging posts rather than hard selling.

Email remains a valuable tool for last-minute offers, event announcements, and exclusive deals for loyal customers. A weekly “What’s On at the Farm” email helps keep your business front of mind during the busy summer season.

By combining your outreach across platforms, you create a cohesive, visible presence that drives more traffic both online and through the farm gate.

== Offer Seasonal Exclusives ==
Limited-time offers create excitement and encourage quicker purchasing decisions—perfect for the fast-paced nature of summer. Seasonal exclusives could include picnic-ready produce boxes, farm-made ice creams, or one-off workshops like “Make Your Own Strawberry Jam.”

Promote these offers as summer-only experiences that won’t be available later in the year. This not only drives urgency but also positions your farm as a go-to destination for special seasonal treats.

You might also consider adding value with bundles, such as combining entry tickets with a tasting platter or children’s activity pack. These extras can increase average spend and enhance the overall visitor experience.

Use countdowns on Instagram Stories, callouts in your email newsletters, and prominent mentions on your website to highlight these time-sensitive offers. Including exclusive summer products or events in your farm attraction marketing gives customers another reason to visit—and to tell their friends about it too. [https://www.flamemarketingltd.org/seasonal-marketing-ideas-for-your-summer-farm-attractions/ Flamemarketingltd]

== Chapter 5: Liability, Health, and Safety ==
Welcoming guests onto your premises offers numerous advantages, but it also brings new potential hazards. In the interest of safeguarding your property, animals, and visitors, it's important to understand the potential dangers of agritourism and work to minimize your exposure to risks. 

==== Treat agritourism safety as a comprehensive strategy. Take action to preempt visitors from encountering farm-related dangers and create a plan for managing unfavorable situations when they arise. ====

=== Create parallel plans for adult and child visitors ===
'''Addressing the safety and engagement needs of children'''

Hosting children on your farm requires careful planning to ensure a safe and enjoyable visit. Children are naturally curious and eager for hands-on experiences. Children will be excited to touch animals, plants, and farm equipment, providing excellent opportunities to teach them about food origins and engage them in age-appropriate farm tasks. 

However, this curiosity also presents risks. Children may not be diligent about hand washing after animal contact or may unknowingly put themselves in danger.

According to the National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, a child dies in an agriculture-related incident approximately every three days, with 33 children injured daily. These figures underscore the critical importance of implementing and strictly enforcing safety measures when hosting children on farms, whether for field trips, summer camps, or other activities.

Click here to see an example child supervision policy. 

'''Ensuring safe and engaging experiences for adult visitors'''

Adult visitors bring their own set of challenges. They often have strong opinions and may be reluctant to follow rules. This can be particularly tricky when farms offer activities like alcohol tastings or sales.

To mitigate risks associated with adult visitors, clear communication is key. Set expectations before arrival, clearly outline responsibilities if they are bringing children, and ensure they understand and agree to follow farm rules. While adults may require less constant supervision than children, they still need clear guidance to ensure their safety and the safety of others on the farm.

==== Other resources to support safe agritourism experiences: ====
Example Master Accountability Record 

Medical Information and Informed Consent Handout 

Handwashing Procedures

Best Practices for safe interaction with animals 

==== Resources for Entertainment Activities: ====
On-farm entertainment activities like corn mazes, hay rides, and special events present unique challenges and risks not typically encountered in traditional farm operations. These attractions involve direct visitor interaction with your farm’s environment while encouraging a fun, active experience, increasing the potential for accidents or injuries. Entertainment activities often require specialized insurance, adherence to safety regulations, and effective crowd management strategies. Check out the resources below to learn more. [https://www.agmrc.org/foodsystems/agritourism/safety-liability-and-risk-management Agmrc]</text>
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      <text bytes="20819" sha1="ezvcvnyy72qksp7bstgpwz0ajni6ctj" xml:space="preserve">== Agri-Tourism: Farms as Destinations ==

=== Content ===
Introduction

Definition of Agri-Tourism

Chapter 1: The Basics of Farm Tourism

Chapter 2: Designing the Visitor Flow

Chapter 3: Educational Workshops

Chapter 4: Marketing Seasonal Activities

Chapter 5: Liability, Health, and Safety

== Introduction ==

=== Definition of Agri-tourism ===
Agritourism can be defined as a form of commercial, recreational, or educational enterprises that link agricultural production and/or processing with tourism to attract visitors onto a farm, ranch, or other agricultural business for the purposes of entertaining and/or educating the visitors while generating income for the farm, ranch, or business owner. Some states do not require an exchange of money for an attraction to qualify as agritourism if the activity is educational or recreational in nature [https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/agritourism/ National Aglaw Aenter].

Regardless of the exact definition or terminology, any definition of agritourism should include the following four factors: 

* combines the essential elements of the tourism and agriculture industries

*** attracts members of the public to visit agricultural operations;
*** is designed to increase farm income, educate, or entertain the public; and
*** provides recreation, entertainment, and/or educational experiences to visitors.

The term “agritourism” is often used interchangeably with “agri-tourism,” “agrotourism,” “farm tourism,” “agricultural tourism,” or “agritainment.”[https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/agritourism/ National Aglaw Aenter]

== Chapter 1: The Basics of Farm Tourism ==
As an Agripreneur, if you decide to start an Agro-Tourism enterprise, it is important to know about the types of agrotourism farms. Then you can decide the most suitable type depending on your capabilities and business requirements. Do you want to convert an existing farm into an Agro-Tourism, or do you want to establish a new Agro-Tourism farm? All in all, you need to bear in mind the following 3 basic principles

==== Have something for Agro-Tourists to See. ====
We ensure that where we are taking visitors has got something in the line with agriculture for the agro-tourists or visitors to See. Below are some of the summarized things to see at an Agro-Tourist centers

'''Farm Tours'''. Farm tours are organized as educational tours using cropping systems and patterns and livestock as the main attraction. The aim of this farm tour is to make awareness among the visitors about the different types of crops and cultivation practices, harvesting methods, and many more different types of farm animals and animal husbandry methods as well the plight of the family farmer and create a positive image of agriculture within the visitors. Especially farm tours for school children can be organized as a concept of “Agricultural Rebranding” where school children obtain knowledge on real farm life.

'''Historical Re-creations'''. Agro-Tourism attractions on your farm can be created by displaying real or models of traditional agricultural implements, techniques, and technologies. Some attractions grow out of the owners’ hobby collections—old farm machinery and equipment, seeds of traditional crop varieties, traditional and environmentally friendly farm buildings, transportation modes, and photographs of old and traditional farming techniques and systems.

'''Processing Demonstrations'''. Agro-Tourists like to see food processing on your farm such as milling, yogurt and cheese production, homemade juice, baked products, and wine processing, among others. Our members are encouraged and supported to make it more attractive by including processing methods and techniques with an old timely flavor that is healthier and environmentally friendly.

'''Crop art and Crop landscaping.''' Organize the farm with attractive landscaping with crops and design crop arts. Most crop art consists of various designs of horticultural and grain crops (eg: maize, paddy) in a field and designs created by different colored plantings. Such crop art is best viewed from the air or from a raised structure. There have also been proposals for creating mounds-like structures outlined in edible native plants. Also, a model home garden can be prepared and it will be attracted both urban and suburban visitors. There are professional crop artists/crop landscapers and it is wise to get consultancies from such professionals, in planning and building crop art in your farm. An example of crop art is the “veggie salad” concept, a subspecies of crop art. With this concept, a section of the farm is designed as an artful veggie salad and a field is organized in a circular arrangement of vegetable crops. Pie-shaped wedges of cucumbers, lettuce, tomatoes, and other crops that represent veggie salad ingredients are planted. This is reportedly one of the fastest-growing types of crop art. Models of urban agriculture, water features with water plants and fish, paths that are covered with arches with various types of vines (fruits, vegetables, and herbs), model herbal gardens are different types of crop arts that can attract visitors both adults and children.

'''Natural features.''' An outstanding natural feature on a farm may become a tourist attraction—a waterfall, a jungle, a stream, or a spectacular view of mountains. Water is a popular natural attraction; sometimes natural features of interest to a visitor may have been overlooked by the farmer.

'''Petting zoos.''' One of the very best things you can organize on a farm for agritourism promotion is to have farm animals and pets of all different kinds. The especially petting zoo on a farm is attractive to children. There are many animal friends you can have in the petting zoo, including ponies, goats, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, rabbits, and many more… Children can feed the animals, too. They love that. The petting zoo is free for the children, but you can have a sales outlet to sell feeds for the animals which will give you an income and free food for your animals [https://agro-tourism.org/service/theme-1/ Agro-Tourism]

== Chapter 2: Designing the Visitor Flow ==
Agritourism is flourishing across the globe, offering diverse opportunities for visitors to connect with rural life, culture, and sustainability. The key to creating a successful agritourism destination lies in blending the practical with the experiential to craft spaces that captivate visitors and celebrate the land’s story.

Babylonstoren in South Africa exemplifies this balance. The Cape Dutch farm seamlessly combines history and luxury with sprawling gardens, a farm-to-table restaurant, and beautifully designed guest accommodations. Visitors can participate in curated farm activities or simply enjoy the serene landscape. In Italy, agriturismo ventures offer hands-on experiences like pasta-making classes, vineyard tours, and stays in restored rural villas, providing guests with an intimate connection to local traditions and cuisine. [https://www.s2architects.com.au/all/designing-agritourism-destinations/ S2architects]

== Chapter 3: Educational Workshops ==
Educational and social activities at farm Educational or social activities are often included in the entertainment experiences offered by an agritourism as any visit has a learning and social bonding purpose. However, it is worth noting that some farms are specialized in educational or social services and thus belong to a specific category of agritourism. These farms often partner with schools and other educational and social structures of their territory. '''Educational farms''' 

Educational farms are agricultural or agritourism companies specialized in welcoming families, individuals and groups. The aim is to contribute to spreading knowledge of the agricultural world, with particular attention to the involvement of children and schools. On educational farms, children are invited to participate in the daily management of the farm and learn about the production processes. In some countries, educational farm is also recognized by law. In this case, educational farms are fully-fledged agricultural company meeting a series of requirements such as safety regulations, structural and qualitative standards, educational principles, etc. The presence of a qualified operator who hosts the public during the visits and plan activities is also paramount. 

'''Social and therapeutic services''' such as social farm or pet therapy It has been acknowledged by many that feeding animals or gardening can reduce stress and increase a sense of wellbeing. This is why agritourism has an important role to play in providing a safe, peaceful, and relaxing environment for people while offering the possibility to discover farming practices. Agritourism or social farms also offer therapeutic service to people in need of support while making them participate in countryside activities (pet therapy). Agritourism can also offer social inclusion activities for people in reintegration processes. 

'''Outdoor and recreational activities''' 

Nature tourism and slow tourism are increasingly being developed, as tourists in rural areas are looking for outdoor activities more and more. Organizing outdoor activities and offering adapted facilities is a great opportunity for agritourism businesses to attract this type of clientele. An agritourism structure can actively offer activities on farms or can facilitate guest access to surrounding outdoor and nature offers. Outdoor and nature activities such as foraging, fishing or hunting, horse or donkey riding, biking and hiking, snowshoeing, skiing or art walks (painting, photography) can be combined with a meal, a tasting, or an event on the farm. 

'''Sports programmes and facilities''' at farms have also become a trend. Agritourisms can offer sport events or wellness packages in addition to hospitality and catering services. Some examples of facilities and courses of mention are: fitness parks, treetop or climbing paths and infrastructures, cross-country running and trails, meditation, pilates, or yoga classes. [https://agtivate.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Creating-Successful-Agritourism-Experiences_08.pdf Agtivate]

== Chapter 4: Marketing Seasonal Activities ==

== Make the Most of School Holidays ==
School holidays are prime time for footfall at summer farm attractions, so your marketing should focus on family-friendly experiences that stand out. Parents are often looking for affordable, educational, and engaging ways to keep children entertained—and your farm is perfectly placed to deliver just that.

Plan themed activity weeks such as “Mini Farmer Week” or “Sheep Safari Days” that combine fun with hands-on learning. These can be promoted as full-day or half-day events, giving you flexibility and opening up multiple revenue streams—from ticket sales to food, merchandise, and upsells.

To maximise attendance, market events through local parenting Facebook groups, school newsletters, and community pages. Add urgency by limiting numbers or offering early bird discounts.

You can also bundle offers for multiple children or family passes to increase spend per booking.

== Create Shareable Summer Farm Attractions ==
One of the most powerful marketing opportunities is creating moments your visitors can’t wait to share online. Social media thrives on visual content, so design your farm experiences with photo opportunities in mind.

Set up “Instagrammable” spots like flower-filled wheelbarrows, hay-bale backdrops, or cute animal selfie zones. Add branded signage or hashtags to encourage tagging and increase your online reach. These posts act as free advertising, especially when they’re shared in local groups or seen by friends planning their own summer outings.

You could also run a social media competition—such as “Best Summer Farm Snap”—to boost engagement and grow your following. Offer a small prize like a free return visit, a farm shop voucher, or a produce bundle.

Encouraging user-generated content helps build trust and excitement, turning your visitors into loyal brand ambassadors while extending your farm’s visibility beyond the gates.

== Use the Weather to Your Advantage ==
British weather may be unpredictable, but with a little creativity, it can become one of your best assets. On hot days, highlight shady picnic areas, splash zones, or ice cream stalls. When a heatwave hits, promote last-minute “cool-down” offers—like free lollies for kids or discounted entry before noon.

Use weather apps to plan flexible promotions, and communicate them clearly across your social media channels and email list. Flash deals tied to temperature spikes (e.g. “25% off if it’s over 25°C!”) can create urgency and increase bookings on quieter days.

On cooler or damp days, pivot your messaging to indoor attractions, covered seating, or warm treats from your farm café. Weather-responsive marketing shows that your business is adaptable and thoughtful, which builds customer trust.

By staying one step ahead of the forecast, you can keep footfall high all summer long—rain or shine.

== Collaborate with Local Businesses ==
Summer is the ideal time to team up with other rural or tourism-based businesses to expand your reach and offer more value to visitors. Consider partnering with local food producers, artisans, or entertainment providers to host joint events like farm feasts, open-air markets, or wine and cheese evenings.

These collaborations give you access to each other’s customer bases and create a buzz around unique, limited-time events. They also give your social media and email marketing more variety—promoting not just your attraction, but a broader local experience that appeals to holidaymakers and day-trippers alike.

Start by connecting with businesses that share your values or customer profile. A glamping site might collaborate with a nearby vineyard, or a petting farm could host children’s storytellers or craft sessions. These cross-promotions are a great way to increase brand exposure, boost bookings, and foster a sense of community that resonates with summer visitors.

== Embrace Agri-Education at Your Farm Attractions ==
Summer brings a surge of curious visitors eager to learn more about where their food comes from. Turning your farm into a fun learning environment not only enriches their experience but also builds a stronger connection with your brand.

Educational activities—such as sheepdog demos, milking parlour tours, or wool-spinning workshops—offer something different from the average day out. These interactive experiences can be marketed as unique summer highlights, perfect for families seeking both entertainment and enrichment.

For younger children, consider introducing “junior farmer” trails or stamp-collection activity sheets that guide them around the farm with facts and fun challenges. For older audiences, short talks or Q&amp;A sessions add extra value to farm tours or ticketed experiences.

Educational offerings are especially effective for farm attractions focused on sustainability or rare breeds, helping you stand out with meaningful content. Plus, they provide excellent blog, video, and social media material for your wider summer campaign.

== Promote Farm Attractions Through Multiple Channels ==
Even the best summer events will fall flat without the right promotion. To maximise bookings and visibility, your marketing should span multiple channels—email, social media, local press, and community networks.

Use Instagram Reels to showcase behind-the-scenes footage or teaser clips of upcoming activities. These short-form videos are highly shareable and perfect for capturing attention from new audiences. Facebook groups, especially local or parenting-focused ones, are also ideal for reaching families planning days out. Just be sure to follow group rules and focus on informative, engaging posts rather than hard selling.

Email remains a valuable tool for last-minute offers, event announcements, and exclusive deals for loyal customers. A weekly “What’s On at the Farm” email helps keep your business front of mind during the busy summer season.

By combining your outreach across platforms, you create a cohesive, visible presence that drives more traffic both online and through the farm gate.

== Offer Seasonal Exclusives ==
Limited-time offers create excitement and encourage quicker purchasing decisions—perfect for the fast-paced nature of summer. Seasonal exclusives could include picnic-ready produce boxes, farm-made ice creams, or one-off workshops like “Make Your Own Strawberry Jam.”

Promote these offers as summer-only experiences that won’t be available later in the year. This not only drives urgency but also positions your farm as a go-to destination for special seasonal treats.

You might also consider adding value with bundles, such as combining entry tickets with a tasting platter or children’s activity pack. These extras can increase average spend and enhance the overall visitor experience.

Use countdowns on Instagram Stories, callouts in your email newsletters, and prominent mentions on your website to highlight these time-sensitive offers. Including exclusive summer products or events in your farm attraction marketing gives customers another reason to visit—and to tell their friends about it too. [https://www.flamemarketingltd.org/seasonal-marketing-ideas-for-your-summer-farm-attractions/ Flamemarketingltd]

== Chapter 5: Liability, Health, and Safety ==
Welcoming guests onto your premises offers numerous advantages, but it also brings new potential hazards. In the interest of safeguarding your property, animals, and visitors, it's important to understand the potential dangers of agritourism and work to minimize your exposure to risks. 

==== Treat agritourism safety as a comprehensive strategy. Take action to preempt visitors from encountering farm-related dangers and create a plan for managing unfavorable situations when they arise. ====

=== Create parallel plans for adult and child visitors ===
'''Addressing the safety and engagement needs of children'''

Hosting children on your farm requires careful planning to ensure a safe and enjoyable visit. Children are naturally curious and eager for hands-on experiences. Children will be excited to touch animals, plants, and farm equipment, providing excellent opportunities to teach them about food origins and engage them in age-appropriate farm tasks. 

However, this curiosity also presents risks. Children may not be diligent about hand washing after animal contact or may unknowingly put themselves in danger.

According to the National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, a child dies in an agriculture-related incident approximately every three days, with 33 children injured daily. These figures underscore the critical importance of implementing and strictly enforcing safety measures when hosting children on farms, whether for field trips, summer camps, or other activities.

Click here to see an example child supervision policy. 

'''Ensuring safe and engaging experiences for adult visitors'''

Adult visitors bring their own set of challenges. They often have strong opinions and may be reluctant to follow rules. This can be particularly tricky when farms offer activities like alcohol tastings or sales.

To mitigate risks associated with adult visitors, clear communication is key. Set expectations before arrival, clearly outline responsibilities if they are bringing children, and ensure they understand and agree to follow farm rules. While adults may require less constant supervision than children, they still need clear guidance to ensure their safety and the safety of others on the farm.

==== Other resources to support safe agritourism experiences: ====
Example Master Accountability Record 

Medical Information and Informed Consent Handout 

Handwashing Procedures

Best Practices for safe interaction with animals 

==== Resources for Entertainment Activities: ====
On-farm entertainment activities like corn mazes, hay rides, and special events present unique challenges and risks not typically encountered in traditional farm operations. These attractions involve direct visitor interaction with your farm’s environment while encouraging a fun, active experience, increasing the potential for accidents or injuries. Entertainment activities often require specialized insurance, adherence to safety regulations, and effective crowd management strategies. Check out the resources below to learn more. [https://www.agmrc.org/foodsystems/agritourism/safety-liability-and-risk-management Agmrc]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future/Puerto Rico Electric Power System</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:30:17Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Created the page.</comment>
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      <text bytes="65" sha1="cas6o8ynkplr77m55srk9hlh3wwyqw4" xml:space="preserve">This wikibooks is in testing phase. Expected completion by 11/13.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ice waterstone</username>
        <id>3626847</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added a map</comment>
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      <text bytes="155" sha1="secnce1eksqn1ilrpoed3lhr1xe5dzt" xml:space="preserve">This wikibooks is in testing phase. Expected completion by 11/13.&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;18.318026&quot; longitude=&quot;-66.269531&quot; zoom=&quot;8&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Declan710</username>
        <id>3626846</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Testing multi user upload sync.</comment>
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      <text bytes="329" sha1="si17jmnyn1ifbexff238pkeiqvy7c3x" xml:space="preserve">This wikibooks is in testing phase. Expected completion by 11/13.&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;18.318026&quot; longitude=&quot;-66.269531&quot; zoom=&quot;8&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; /&gt;

== Test Chart ==
{{Graph:Chart|width=700|height=150|xAxisTitle=Axis X|yAxisTitle=Axis Y|type=rect|xGrid=|yGrid=|colors=#66CC66|showValues=offset:2|x=1,2,3,4,5|y=5,4,3,2,1}}</text>
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      <id>4672355</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:54:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ice waterstone</username>
        <id>3626847</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added a hyperlink</comment>
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      <text bytes="312" sha1="ehcv9sosr9mjahflr3b05ygkwpgen4x" xml:space="preserve">This wikibooks is in testing phase. Expected completion by 11/13.&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;18.318026&quot; longitude=&quot;-66.269531&quot; zoom=&quot;8&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; /&gt;

{{Graph:Chart|width=700|height=150|xAxisTitle=Axis X|yAxisTitle=Axis Y|type=rect|xGrid=|yGrid=|colors=#66CC66|showValues=offset:2|x=1,2,3,4,5|y=5,4,3,2,1}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Declan710</username>
        <id>3626846</id>
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      <comment>/* Testing chart creation with manual code*/</comment>
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      <text bytes="572" sha1="gkfzjw28y5qawtac0v0s87551771j1m" xml:space="preserve">This wikibooks is in testing phase. Expected completion by 11/13.&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;18.318026&quot; longitude=&quot;-66.269531&quot; zoom=&quot;8&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; /&gt;

== Test Chart ==
&lt;timeline&gt;
DateFormat = yyyy
ImageSize  = width:400 height:160
PlotArea   = left:40 bottom:30 top:10 right:10
Period     = from:0 till:100
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical

Colors     =
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BarData =
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  bar:C text:C

PlotData =
  width:25 color:barcolor
  bar:A from:0 till:25
  bar:B from:0 till:45
  bar:C from:0 till:70
&lt;/timeline&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:57:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ice waterstone</username>
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      <comment>Map</comment>
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      <text bytes="613" sha1="tg0d9jzzjupx6xqbglkupnz82d08eih" xml:space="preserve">This wikibooks is in testing phase. Expected completion by 11/13.&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;18.318026&quot; longitude=&quot;-66.269531&quot; zoom=&quot;8&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; text=&quot;Map of Puerto Rico&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;

== Test Chart ==
&lt;timeline&gt;
DateFormat = yyyy
ImageSize  = width:400 height:160
PlotArea   = left:40 bottom:30 top:10 right:10
Period     = from:0 till:100
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical

Colors     =
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BarData =
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  bar:C text:C

PlotData =
  width:25 color:barcolor
  bar:A from:0 till:25
  bar:B from:0 till:45
  bar:C from:0 till:70
&lt;/timeline&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T02:26:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="626" sha1="33kz3l75u9noj9u2t1rc6tvvxyezpad" xml:space="preserve">This wikibooks is in testing phase. Expected completion by 11/13.&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;18.318026&quot; longitude=&quot;-66.269531&quot; zoom=&quot;8&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; text=&quot;Map of Puerto Rico&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; /&gt;

== Test Chart ==
&lt;timeline&gt;
DateFormat = yyyy
ImageSize  = width:400 height:160
PlotArea   = left:40 bottom:30 top:10 right:10
Period     = from:0 till:100
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical

Colors     =
  id:barcolor value:rgb(0.2,0.5,0.8)

BarData =
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PlotData =
  width:25 color:barcolor
  bar:A from:0 till:25
  bar:B from:0 till:45
  bar:C from:0 till:70
&lt;/timeline&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future/Loudoun County Data Centers</title>
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    <id>485862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672342</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:31:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AngelynSJ</username>
        <id>3626845</id>
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      <comment>blah</comment>
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      <text bytes="289" sha1="fqis5xhry30nswtkubhwm55dsv5k4se" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
Loudoun County Data Centers are awesome and great for everybody!!!!!&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fox News - Breaking News Updates {{!}} Latest News Headlines {{!}} Photos &amp; News Video |url=https://www.foxnews.com/ |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=Fox News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:39:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AngelynSJ</username>
        <id>3626845</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;== Introduction ==&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="18" sha1="ra7zlxlb04d1bim5jvsevzinozkrnby" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4672353</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:50:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AngelynSJ</username>
        <id>3626845</id>
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      <comment>map</comment>
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      <text bytes="1241" sha1="5x8xoxkl9tvamp56br6p425509p1y4s" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;39.08598742214049&quot; longitude=&quot;-77.63982561367338&quot; zoom=&quot;10&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;{
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    <revision>
      <id>4672358</id>
      <parentid>4672353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T17:11:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>GMK GMU</username>
        <id>3626853</id>
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      <comment>Created an introduction</comment>
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      <text bytes="963" sha1="76ljfytlbq60mf71m69l05bowyw7rrr" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
Loudoun County Data Virginia is home to over 200 Data centers, the most of any locality in the United States. Data centers began being built in Loudon in 1993 with the MAE-East internet hub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Konheim |first=Orrin |title=Tyson’s Corner at the Epicenter of the Internet |url=http://vivatysons.com/blog/2019/02/15/tysons-corner-at-the-epicenter-of-the-internet/ |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loudoun County has the highest median household income in the United States of $181,765 in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Loudoun County, Virginia |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/loudouncountyvirginia/PST045225 |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=www.census.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The data centers have been a consistent source of controversy in the county. Within the last 5 years there have been several changes to local policy regarding the construction of data centers.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4672390</id>
      <parentid>4672358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T02:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
      <origin>4672390</origin>
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      <text bytes="976" sha1="gcqo9qwwuoa0dtywvbem6eclmnpxqxv" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
Loudoun County Data Virginia is home to over 200 Data centers, the most of any locality in the United States. Data centers began being built in Loudon in 1993 with the MAE-East internet hub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Konheim |first=Orrin |title=Tyson’s Corner at the Epicenter of the Internet |url=http://vivatysons.com/blog/2019/02/15/tysons-corner-at-the-epicenter-of-the-internet/ |access-date=2026-09-25 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loudoun County has the highest median household income in the United States of $181,765 in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Loudoun County, Virginia |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/loudouncountyvirginia/PST045225 |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=www.census.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The data centers have been a consistent source of controversy in the county. Within the last 5 years there have been several changes to local policy regarding the construction of data centers.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future/Mississippi River Locks and Dams</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4672343</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:34:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Afreeman8</username>
        <id>3626850</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Initial overview addition</comment>
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      <text bytes="252" sha1="rd16icerwgvxuy38lm7qic8rdwnex2e" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
The Mississippi River system is comprised of a vast network of locks and dams to accomplish the goals of navigation and water level management. The river system comprises 29 locks and dams over the span of 670 mi of controlled waterways.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4672344</id>
      <parentid>4672343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Afreeman8</username>
        <id>3626850</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>addition of a map</comment>
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      <text bytes="4383" sha1="s67wfcia0fh46k4p4h5byn2m6by65ic" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
The Mississippi River system is comprised of a vast network of locks and dams to accomplish the goals of navigation and water level management. The river system comprises 29 locks and dams over the span of 670 mi of controlled waterways.
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The Mississippi River system is comprised of a vast network of locks and dams to accomplish the goals of navigation and water level management. The river system comprises 29 locks and dams over the span of 670 mi of controlled waterways.
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{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>User talk:Haeder hassan</title>
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      <comment>Warning user with {{Test1}}</comment>
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== September 2026 ==
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/Haeder hassan|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].&lt;br /&gt; Thanks. }}
[[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 22:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Modern Greek/Reading Exercises/Reading 05</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T00:52:06Z</timestamp>
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        <username>It-is-Truly-Meet</username>
        <id>3624460</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;=Reading= == Ο Ιωάννης και οι πίθηκοι == [[File:Psittacus erithacus cucumber.jpg|thumb]] Αυτός είναι ο Ιωάννης. Είναι ένας πολύ ευγενικός παπαγάλος. Μιλάει, '''σφυρίζει''' και '''κουβεντιάζει''' μαζί μου. Του αρέσει να λέει τυχαία πράγματα, αλλά μερικές φορές χρησιμοποιεί λέξεις μέσα στο πλαίσ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2448" sha1="iziw8rzxm61f0454mmy88s6klh94l23" xml:space="preserve">=Reading=
== Ο Ιωάννης και οι πίθηκοι ==
[[File:Psittacus erithacus cucumber.jpg|thumb]]
Αυτός είναι ο Ιωάννης. Είναι ένας πολύ ευγενικός παπαγάλος. Μιλάει, '''σφυρίζει''' και '''κουβεντιάζει''' μαζί μου. Του αρέσει να λέει τυχαία πράγματα, αλλά μερικές φορές χρησιμοποιεί λέξεις μέσα στο πλαίσιο.

Οι αφρικανικοί γκρίζοι παπαγάλοι είναι πολύ κοινωνικά και διασκεδαστικά πουλιά. Αν έχετε έναν, ξέρετε πόσο μπορούν να σας φτιάξουν τη μέρα. Ωστόσο, ο Ιωάννης είναι '''ξεχωριστός''', γιατί είναι φίλος με μια '''ομάδα''' πιθήκων!

Οι πίθηκοι φέρνουν στον Ιωάννη φρέσκα σαλιγκάρια και καρπούς ελαιόδεντρου. Σε '''αντάλλαγμα''', ο Ιωάννης '''μοιράζεται''' τη σοφία του· οι πίθηκοι θέλουν να μάθουν πώς να φτιάξουν ένα μικρό αεροπλάνο για να ταξιδέψουν σε όλο το Κονγκό.

Μια μέρα, όταν βγήκα από την '''καλύβα''' μου, τους είδα να μιλάνε με τον Ιωάννη. '''Άρπαξα''' το πιστόλι μου για να τους '''τρομάξω''' και να τους '''διώξω''', αλλά ο Ιωάννης μου είπε: «Έι, είναι φίλοι! Θέλουν να φτιάξουν ένα αεροπλάνο».

Έτσι, '''άφησα''' κάτω το πιστόλι μου και τους βοήθησα στη δουλειά. Όταν τελειώσαμε το '''αεροσκάφος''', οι πίθηκοι πέταξαν μακριά και '''εξερεύνησαν''' το τροπικό δάσος.

===Λεξιλόγιο===
* σφυρίζω: I whistle
* κουβεντιάζω: I chat
* ξεχωριστός: distinct
* ομάδα: a group
* αντάλλαγμα: an exchange
* μοιράζομαι: I share
* καλύβα: a hut
* αρπάζω: I snatch, grab, steal
* τρομάζω: I frighten
* διώχνω: I chase away
* αφήνω: I let go
* αεροσκάφος: an aircraft
* εξερευνώ: I explore

{{Modern Greek}}</text>
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== Ο Ιωάννης και οι πίθηκοι ==
[[File:Psittacus erithacus cucumber.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Common snail.jpg|thumb|ένα σαλιγκάρι]]
Αυτός είναι ο Ιωάννης. Είναι ένας πολύ ευγενικός παπαγάλος. Μιλάει, '''σφυρίζει''' και '''κουβεντιάζει''' μαζί μου. Του αρέσει να λέει τυχαία πράγματα, αλλά μερικές φορές χρησιμοποιεί λέξεις μέσα στο πλαίσιο.

Οι αφρικανικοί γκρίζοι παπαγάλοι είναι πολύ κοινωνικά και διασκεδαστικά πουλιά. Αν έχετε έναν, ξέρετε πόσο μπορούν να σας φτιάξουν τη μέρα. Ωστόσο, ο Ιωάννης είναι '''ξεχωριστός''', γιατί είναι φίλος με μια '''ομάδα''' πιθήκων!

Οι πίθηκοι φέρνουν στον Ιωάννη φρέσκα σαλιγκάρια και καρπούς ελαιόδεντρου. Σε '''αντάλλαγμα''', ο Ιωάννης '''μοιράζεται''' τη σοφία του· οι πίθηκοι θέλουν να μάθουν πώς να φτιάξουν ένα μικρό αεροπλάνο για να ταξιδέψουν σε όλο το Κονγκό.

Μια μέρα, όταν βγήκα από την '''καλύβα''' μου, τους είδα να μιλάνε με τον Ιωάννη. '''Άρπαξα''' το πιστόλι μου για να τους '''τρομάξω''' και να τους '''διώξω''', αλλά ο Ιωάννης μου είπε: «Έι, είναι φίλοι! Θέλουν να φτιάξουν ένα αεροπλάνο».

Έτσι, '''άφησα''' κάτω το πιστόλι μου και τους βοήθησα στη δουλειά. Όταν τελειώσαμε το '''αεροσκάφος''', οι πίθηκοι πέταξαν μακριά και '''εξερεύνησαν''' το τροπικό δάσος.

===Λεξιλόγιο===
* σφυρίζω: I whistle
* κουβεντιάζω: I chat
* ξεχωριστός: distinct
* ομάδα: a group
* αντάλλαγμα: an exchange
* μοιράζομαι: I share
* καλύβα: a hut
* αρπάζω: I snatch, grab, steal
* τρομάζω: I frighten
* διώχνω: I chase away
* αφήνω: I let go
* αεροσκάφος: an aircraft
* εξερευνώ: I explore

{{Modern Greek}}</text>
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== Ο Ιωάννης και οι πίθηκοι ==
[[File:Psittacus erithacus cucumber.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Common snail.jpg|thumb|ένα σαλιγκάρι]]
Αυτός είναι ο Ιωάννης. Είναι ένας πολύ ευγενικός παπαγάλος. Μιλάει, '''σφυρίζει''' και '''κουβεντιάζει''' μαζί μου. Του αρέσει να λέει τυχαία πράγματα, αλλά μερικές φορές χρησιμοποιεί λέξεις μέσα στο πλαίσιο.

Οι αφρικανικοί γκρίζοι παπαγάλοι είναι πολύ κοινωνικά και διασκεδαστικά πουλιά. Αν έχετε έναν, ξέρετε πόσο μπορούν να σας φτιάξουν τη μέρα. Ωστόσο, ο Ιωάννης είναι '''ξεχωριστός''', γιατί είναι φίλος με μια '''ομάδα''' πιθήκων!

Οι πίθηκοι φέρνουν στον Ιωάννη φρέσκα σαλιγκάρια και καρπούς ελαιόδεντρου. Σε '''αντάλλαγμα''', ο Ιωάννης '''μοιράζεται''' τη σοφία του· οι πίθηκοι θέλουν να μάθουν πώς να φτιάξουν ένα μικρό αεροπλάνο για να ταξιδέψουν σε όλο το Κονγκό.

Μια μέρα, όταν βγήκα από την '''καλύβα''' μου, τους είδα να μιλάνε με τον Ιωάννη. '''Άρπαξα''' το πιστόλι μου για να τους '''τρομάξω''' και να τους '''διώξω''', αλλά ο Ιωάννης μου είπε: «Έι, είναι φίλοι! Θέλουν να φτιάξουν ένα αεροπλάνο».

Έτσι, '''άφησα''' κάτω το πιστόλι μου και τους βοήθησα στη δουλειά. Όταν τελειώσαμε το '''αεροσκάφος''', οι πίθηκοι πέταξαν μακριά και '''εξερεύνησαν''' το τροπικό δάσος.

===Λεξιλόγιο===
* σφυρίζω: I whistle
* κουβεντιάζω: I chat
* ξεχωριστός: distinct
* ομάδα: a group
* αντάλλαγμα: an exchange
* μοιράζομαι: I share
* καλύβα: a hut
* αρπάζω: I snatch, grab, steal
* τρομάζω: I frighten
* διώχνω: I chase away
* αφήνω: I let go
* αεροσκάφος: an aircraft
* εξερευνώ: I explore

===Ερωτήσεις κατανόησης===
{{Question-answer
| question = Ποιο είναι '''το θέμα''' της ιστορίας;
# Ο φόβος
# Τα σαλιγκάρια
# Τα αεροπλάνα
# Η εξερεύνηση
| answer = 1. Ο φόβος
}}
{{Question-answer
| question = Ποιο είναι ένα από '''τα κεντρικά μηνύματα''' της ιστορίας;
# Η εξερεύνηση μειώνει το άγχος.
# Οι σοφοί άνθρωποι δεν έχουν πάντα δίκιο.
# Δεν πρέπει να εμπιστεύεσαι διαφορετικούς ανθρώπους.
# Ξεπερνώντας τις πρώτες εντυπώσεις, καταφέρνεις να κατανοήσεις τους άλλους και να επιτύχεις σπουδαία πράγματα.
| answer = 4. Ξεπερνώντας τις πρώτες εντυπώσεις, καταφέρνεις να κατανοήσεις τους άλλους και να επιτύχεις σπουδαία πράγματα.
}}
{{Question-answer
| question = Σωστό ή λάθος: Οι πίθηκοι ήταν φιλικοί, γι’ αυτό και '''ανταμείφθηκαν'''.
| answer = Σωστό
}}
{{Question-answer
| question = Ποια ήταν '''η καταλυτική παρέμβαση''' του Ιωάννη στην εξέλιξη της ιστορίας;
# Έπεισε τους πιθήκους να αλλάξουν ταξιδιωτικό προορισμό.
# Κατασκεύασε ο ίδιος το αεροπλάνο χρησιμοποιώντας τη σοφία του.
# Καθησύχασε τον αφηγητή, αποτρέποντας μια βίαιη σύγκρουση και προωθώντας τη συνεργασία.
# Ανάγκασε τον αφηγητή να εγκαταλείψει την καλύβα του στο Κονγκό.
| answer = 3. Καθησύχασε τον αφηγητή, αποτρέποντας μια βίαιη σύγκρουση και προωθώντας τη συνεργασία.
}}

{{Modern Greek}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>/* Ερωτήσεις κατανόησης */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4907" sha1="nub4mfm0988i08p9au543dar6fgitt3" xml:space="preserve">=Reading=
== Ο Ιωάννης και οι πίθηκοι ==
[[File:Psittacus erithacus cucumber.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Common snail.jpg|thumb|ένα σαλιγκάρι]]
Αυτός είναι ο Ιωάννης. Είναι ένας πολύ ευγενικός παπαγάλος. Μιλάει, '''σφυρίζει''' και '''κουβεντιάζει''' μαζί μου. Του αρέσει να λέει τυχαία πράγματα, αλλά μερικές φορές χρησιμοποιεί λέξεις μέσα στο πλαίσιο.

Οι αφρικανικοί γκρίζοι παπαγάλοι είναι πολύ κοινωνικά και διασκεδαστικά πουλιά. Αν έχετε έναν, ξέρετε πόσο μπορούν να σας φτιάξουν τη μέρα. Ωστόσο, ο Ιωάννης είναι '''ξεχωριστός''', γιατί είναι φίλος με μια '''ομάδα''' πιθήκων!

Οι πίθηκοι φέρνουν στον Ιωάννη φρέσκα σαλιγκάρια και καρπούς ελαιόδεντρου. Σε '''αντάλλαγμα''', ο Ιωάννης '''μοιράζεται''' τη σοφία του· οι πίθηκοι θέλουν να μάθουν πώς να φτιάξουν ένα μικρό αεροπλάνο για να ταξιδέψουν σε όλο το Κονγκό.

Μια μέρα, όταν βγήκα από την '''καλύβα''' μου, τους είδα να μιλάνε με τον Ιωάννη. '''Άρπαξα''' το πιστόλι μου για να τους '''τρομάξω''' και να τους '''διώξω''', αλλά ο Ιωάννης μου είπε: «Έι, είναι φίλοι! Θέλουν να φτιάξουν ένα αεροπλάνο».

Έτσι, '''άφησα''' κάτω το πιστόλι μου και τους βοήθησα στη δουλειά. Όταν τελειώσαμε το '''αεροσκάφος''', οι πίθηκοι πέταξαν μακριά και '''εξερεύνησαν''' το τροπικό δάσος.

===Λεξιλόγιο===
* σφυρίζω: I whistle
* κουβεντιάζω: I chat
* ξεχωριστός: distinct
* ομάδα: a group
* αντάλλαγμα: an exchange
* μοιράζομαι: I share
* καλύβα: a hut
* αρπάζω: I snatch, grab, steal
* τρομάζω: I frighten
* διώχνω: I chase away
* αφήνω: I let go
* αεροσκάφος: an aircraft
* εξερευνώ: I explore

===Ερωτήσεις κατανόησης===
{{Question-answer
| question = Ποιο είναι '''το θέμα''' της ιστορίας;
# Ο φόβος
# Τα σαλιγκάρια
# Τα αεροπλάνα
# Η εξερεύνηση
| answer = 1. Ο φόβος
}}
{{Question-answer
| question = Ποιο είναι ένα από '''τα κεντρικά μηνύματα''' της ιστορίας;
# Η εξερεύνηση μειώνει το άγχος.
# Οι σοφοί άνθρωποι δεν έχουν πάντα δίκιο.
# Δεν πρέπει να εμπιστεύεσαι διαφορετικούς ανθρώπους.
# Ξεπερνώντας τις πρώτες εντυπώσεις, καταφέρνεις να κατανοήσεις τους άλλους και να επιτύχεις σπουδαία πράγματα.
| answer = 4. Ξεπερνώντας τις πρώτες εντυπώσεις, καταφέρνεις να κατανοήσεις τους άλλους και να επιτύχεις σπουδαία πράγματα.
}}
{{Question-answer
| question = Σωστό ή λάθος: Οι πίθηκοι ήταν φιλικοί, γι’ αυτό και '''ανταμείφθηκαν'''.
| answer = Σωστό
}}
{{Question-answer
| question = Ποια ήταν '''η καταλυτική παρέμβαση''' του Ιωάννη στην εξέλιξη της ιστορίας;
# Έπεισε τους πιθήκους να αλλάξουν ταξιδιωτικό προορισμό.
# Κατασκεύασε ο ίδιος το αεροπλάνο χρησιμοποιώντας τη σοφία του.
# Καθησύχασε τον αφηγητή, αποτρέποντας μια βίαιη σύγκρουση και προωθώντας τη συνεργασία.
# Ανάγκασε τον αφηγητή να εγκαταλείψει την καλύβα του στο Κονγκό.
| answer = 3. Καθησύχασε τον αφηγητή, αποτρέποντας μια βίαιη σύγκρουση και προωθώντας τη συνεργασία.
}}
{{Question-answer
| question = Ποιος είναι ο πρωταγωνιστής;
# Οι πίθηκοι
# Ο Ιωάννης
# Ο αφηγητής
# Το σαλιγκάρι
| answer = 2. Ο Ιωάννης. Επιλύει τη διαμάχη και συντονίζει τη συνεργασία.
}}

{{Modern Greek}}</text>
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    <title>User:TechVindicator/Vegetable Alphabet</title>
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      <comment>Create.</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1091" sha1="iwltlzmn9cupqkap3fp03wil53emj09" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='text-align:center'&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Vegetable Alphabet&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;This page is intended to be read by a parent, teacher, or guardian to show different types of fruit vegetables for every letter of the alphabet.&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/A|A]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/B|B]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/C|C]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/D|D]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/E|E]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/F|F]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/G|G]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/H|H]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/I|I]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/J|J]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/K|K]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/L|L]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/M|M]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/N|N]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/O|O]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/P|P]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Q|Q]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/R|R]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/S|S]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/T|T]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/U|U]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/V|V]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/W|W]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/X|X]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Y|Y]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Z|Z]]
&lt;/div&gt;
[[File:Salad greens and vegetables - Cambridge, MA.jpg|750px|center|Salad greens and vegetables - Cambridge, MA]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1091" sha1="lte7u58zogqdsj5rahwj9q8kfdex1hw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='text-align:center'&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Vegetable Alphabet&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;This page is intended to be read by a parent, teacher, or guardian to show different types of fruit vegetables for every letter of the alphabet.&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
[[File:Salad greens and vegetables - Cambridge, MA.jpg|750px|center|Salad greens and vegetables - Cambridge, MA]]
&lt;big&gt;[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/A|A]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/B|B]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/C|C]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/D|D]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/E|E]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/F|F]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/G|G]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/H|H]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/I|I]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/J|J]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/K|K]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/L|L]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/M|M]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/N|N]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/O|O]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/P|P]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Q|Q]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/R|R]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/S|S]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/T|T]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/U|U]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/V|V]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/W|W]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/X|X]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Y|Y]] - [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Z|Z]]
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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    <title>User:TechVindicator/Vegetable Alphabet/A</title>
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        <id>3626296</id>
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      <comment>Create.</comment>
      <origin>4672404</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="270" sha1="k9abkzto52doa6qlh9pyp3s9z42useo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style='text-align:center'&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''A''' is for Asparagus&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
[[File:Asparagus-Bundle.jpg|Asparagus-Bundle|center|250x635px]]
[[File:Farm-Fresh arrow right.png|Farm-Fresh arrow right|left|64px|link={{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/B]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Nihad Karimli</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T06:56:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TechVindicator</username>
        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Warning user with {{Please facts}}</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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== September 2026 ==
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please introduce new material based on factual and accurate information.''' Your fellow contributors may challenge or remove material that does not cite a reliable source in the [[Wikibooks:Manual of Style#Bibliography|bibliography section]] of a book. Read [[Using Wikibooks]] to learn how to contribute to and edit books. You can ask questions or for help in the [[WB:PROJECTS|projects reading room]]. Thank you. }}
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 06:56, 26 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Welcoming user with {{Bigwelcome}}</comment>
      <origin>4672408</origin>
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== September 2026 ==
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please introduce new material based on factual and accurate information.''' Your fellow contributors may challenge or remove material that does not cite a reliable source in the [[Wikibooks:Manual of Style#Bibliography|bibliography section]] of a book. Read [[Using Wikibooks]] to learn how to contribute to and edit books. You can ask questions or for help in the [[WB:PROJECTS|projects reading room]]. Thank you. }}
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 06:56, 26 September 2026 (UTC)
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikibooks, Nihad Karimli!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- FIRST COLUMN --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:49.5%; float:left; margin:0em; padding:0em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear app kedit.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''First steps tutorial'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wikibooks is for [[WB:AGF|collaborative]] development of free&amp;nbsp;[[WB:WIW|textbooks]].'''

You do not need technical skills to [[Using Wikibooks|contribute]]. You can [[WB:BOLD|easily change most books]]. Please [[WB:CHAT|introduce yourself]], and let us know what [[WB:PROJECTS|interests you]].

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our [[Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikimedians|Wikimedia Orientation]] should quickly get you started.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon apps query.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Getting help'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* Read the [[Using Wikibooks]] book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our [[Help:Contents|help pages]] for more information.
* You can get friendly help from the community in the [[WB:HELP|user assistance room]] or our [[irc:wikibooks|IRC channel]].
* Upload freely licensed files to [[commons:Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]]. You may [[WB:RFP|request permission]] to upload [[w:fair use|fair use]] files locally. Please include author and source {{tl|information}} and a {{nowrap|{{tl|non-free use rationale}}}} for [[WB:FU|non-free]] files.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- SECOND COLUMN --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:49.5%; float:left; margin:0em; padding:0em;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #14304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Nuvola filesystems trashcan full.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Made a mistake?'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* You can [[WB:REVERT|restore]] a previously saved version.
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* Need to rename a page? Use the ''move'' tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for [[WB:HELP|help]]).
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* Was a page you made deleted? Please read the [[WB:DP|deletion policy]], and check the [[Special:Log/delete|deletion log]] to find out why. Also check the [[WB:RFD|RFD]] archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at [[WB:RFU]], or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible selected&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Transmission icon.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Goodies, tips and tricks'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* Please fill in [[WB:ES|the edit summary]] and [[WB:PREVIEW|preview]] your edits before saving.
* Sign your name on [[WB:TALK|discussion pages]] by typing &amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; padding-right:1em; text-align:right; font-size:smaller&quot;&gt;(Would you like to provide [[Template talk:Bigwelcome|feedback]] on this message?)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 07:02, 26 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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        <id>3626296</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Welcome heading (more organised)</comment>
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== September 2026 ==
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please introduce new material based on factual and accurate information.''' Your fellow contributors may challenge or remove material that does not cite a reliable source in the [[Wikibooks:Manual of Style#Bibliography|bibliography section]] of a book. Read [[Using Wikibooks]] to learn how to contribute to and edit books. You can ask questions or for help in the [[WB:PROJECTS|projects reading room]]. Thank you. }}
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 06:56, 26 September 2026 (UTC)
==Welcome==
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikibooks, Nihad Karimli!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- FIRST COLUMN --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:49.5%; float:left; margin:0em; padding:0em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear app kedit.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''First steps tutorial'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wikibooks is for [[WB:AGF|collaborative]] development of free&amp;nbsp;[[WB:WIW|textbooks]].'''

You do not need technical skills to [[Using Wikibooks|contribute]]. You can [[WB:BOLD|easily change most books]]. Please [[WB:CHAT|introduce yourself]], and let us know what [[WB:PROJECTS|interests you]].

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our [[Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikimedians|Wikimedia Orientation]] should quickly get you started.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon apps query.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Getting help'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* Read the [[Using Wikibooks]] book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our [[Help:Contents|help pages]] for more information.
* You can get friendly help from the community in the [[WB:HELP|user assistance room]] or our [[irc:wikibooks|IRC channel]].
* Upload freely licensed files to [[commons:Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]]. You may [[WB:RFP|request permission]] to upload [[w:fair use|fair use]] files locally. Please include author and source {{tl|information}} and a {{nowrap|{{tl|non-free use rationale}}}} for [[WB:FU|non-free]] files.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- SECOND COLUMN --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:49.5%; float:left; margin:0em; padding:0em;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #14304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Nuvola filesystems trashcan full.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Made a mistake?'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* You can [[WB:REVERT|restore]] a previously saved version.
* Pages should follow the [[WB:NP|&lt;code&gt;'''Book Title/Chapter Title'''&lt;/code&gt;]] naming convention.
* Need to rename a page? Use the ''move'' tab (is available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for [[WB:HELP|help]]).
* To request a page be deleted, add {{tlx|delete|''your reason''}} to the top of the page.
* Was a page you made deleted? Please read the [[WB:DP|deletion policy]], and check the [[Special:Log/delete|deletion log]] to find out why. Also check the [[WB:RFD|RFD]] archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at [[WB:RFU]], or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible selected&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Transmission icon.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Goodies, tips and tricks'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* Please fill in [[WB:ES|the edit summary]] and [[WB:PREVIEW|preview]] your edits before saving.
* Sign your name on [[WB:TALK|discussion pages]] by typing &amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;
* User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the ''Gadgets'' tab of [[Special:Preferences|''my preferences'']]; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit ''save''!
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; padding-right:1em; text-align:right; font-size:smaller&quot;&gt;(Would you like to provide [[Template talk:Bigwelcome|feedback]] on this message?)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 07:02, 26 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== September 2026 ==
{{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please introduce new material based on factual and accurate information.''' Your fellow contributors may challenge or remove material that does not cite a reliable source in the [[Wikibooks:Manual of Style#Bibliography|bibliography section]] of a book. Read [[Using Wikibooks]] to learn how to contribute to and edit books. You can ask questions or for help in the [[WB:PROJECTS|projects reading room]]. Thank you. }}
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 06:56, 26 September 2026 (UTC)
==Welcome==
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikibooks, Nihad Karimli!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- FIRST COLUMN --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:49.5%; float:left; margin:0em; padding:0em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear app kedit.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''First steps tutorial'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wikibooks is for [[WB:AGF|collaborative]] development of free&amp;nbsp;[[WB:WIW|textbooks]].'''

You do not need technical skills to [[Using Wikibooks|contribute]]. You can [[WB:BOLD|easily change most books]]. Please [[WB:CHAT|introduce yourself]], and let us know what [[WB:PROJECTS|interests you]].

If you already contribute at other Wikimedia projects, our [[Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikimedians|Wikimedia Orientation]] should quickly get you started.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon apps query.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Getting help'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* Read the [[Using Wikibooks]] book for a friendly introduction to the project, or our [[Help:Contents|help pages]] for more information.
* You can get friendly help from the community in the [[WB:HELP|user assistance room]] or our [[irc:wikibooks|IRC channel]].
* Upload freely licensed files to [[commons:Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]]. You may [[WB:RFP|request permission]] to upload [[w:fair use|fair use]] files locally. Please include author and source {{tl|information}} and a {{nowrap|{{tl|non-free use rationale}}}} for [[WB:FU|non-free]] files.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- SECOND COLUMN --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:49.5%; float:left; margin:0em; padding:0em;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #14304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Nuvola filesystems trashcan full.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Made a mistake?'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* You can [[WB:REVERT|restore]] a previously saved version.
* Pages should follow the [[WB:NP|&lt;code&gt;'''Book Title/Chapter Title'''&lt;/code&gt;]] naming convention.
* Need to rename a page? Use the ''move'' tab (is available once your account is 4 days old and once you have made 5 edits - until then, ask for [[WB:HELP|help]]).
* To request a page be deleted, add {{tlx|delete|''your reason''}} to the top of the page.
* Was a page you made deleted? Please read the [[WB:DP|deletion policy]], and check the [[Special:Log/delete|deletion log]] to find out why. Also check the [[WB:RFD|RFD]] archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at [[WB:RFU]], or ask the administrator who deleted the page.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible selected&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[File:Transmission icon.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Goodies, tips and tricks'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;&quot;&gt;
* Please fill in [[WB:ES|the edit summary]] and [[WB:PREVIEW|preview]] your edits before saving.
* Sign your name on [[WB:TALK|discussion pages]] by typing &amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;&amp;#126;
* User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the ''Gadgets'' tab of [[Special:Preferences|''my preferences'']]; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit ''save''!
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both; padding-right:1em; text-align:right; font-size:smaller&quot;&gt;(Would you like to provide [[Template talk:Bigwelcome|feedback]] on this message?)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 07:02, 26 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gh5v995h3h9h231ahrai1fg1u2n8vbh</sha1>
    </revision>
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