Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 385 4672755 4672666 2026-09-28T13:47:55Z ActStuffOGWiki 3624203 /* Weekly News Around the World! */ Reply 4672755 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Suicide]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. The !votes are slightly for deletion, plus the fact that this book is based around a copyright violation, which we cannot in principle agree to host here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:42, 27 September 2026 (UTC)}} I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground. * The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce "open-content textbooks" (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope. * This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the <code>alt.suicide.holiday</code> Usenet group, the "ASH wiki", which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book. * Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value. Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good. If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well: * [[Template:Suicide methods]] * [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused) * [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above * [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC) : {{keep|weak keep}} a)&nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC) ::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC) *::Per above, globally banned user, not a useful guide that fits our criteria, copyright concerns. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC) * '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC) * '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to "suicide prevention"?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC) *:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC) *::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with "This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide."--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC) *:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of "philosophical issues" in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - :1. "instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic" - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk) :2. Not a reason. :3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all''' Not educational. It is also copyright infringement in that alot of it was simply copied and pasted into place from a preexisting book. [[User:Jmh649|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 21:02, 25 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] == {{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}} Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Weekly News Around the World!]] == Wikibooks is not a news site, and a "book" consisting of summaries of arbitrarily chosen news stories is not a textbook. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:36, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Actually, please '''[[Wikibooks:DELETE|delete]]''' this book. I accidentally [[Help:Pages|created a book]] instead of using the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]]. I was just testing my editing skills. [[User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]] ([[User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]]) 13:47, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ck25ny9f5ohtk2v6xmtypnfdxxrvqo3 4672772 4672755 2026-09-28T14:40:11Z Koavf 16549 /* Weekly News Around the World! */ Reply 4672772 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Suicide]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. The !votes are slightly for deletion, plus the fact that this book is based around a copyright violation, which we cannot in principle agree to host here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:42, 27 September 2026 (UTC)}} I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground. * The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce "open-content textbooks" (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope. * This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the <code>alt.suicide.holiday</code> Usenet group, the "ASH wiki", which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book. * Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value. Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good. If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well: * [[Template:Suicide methods]] * [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused) * [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above * [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC) : {{keep|weak keep}} a)&nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC) ::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC) *::Per above, globally banned user, not a useful guide that fits our criteria, copyright concerns. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC) * '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC) * '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to "suicide prevention"?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC) *:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC) *::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with "This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide."--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC) *:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of "philosophical issues" in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - :1. "instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic" - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk) :2. Not a reason. :3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all''' Not educational. It is also copyright infringement in that alot of it was simply copied and pasted into place from a preexisting book. [[User:Jmh649|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 21:02, 25 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] == {{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}} Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Weekly News Around the World!]] == Wikibooks is not a news site, and a "book" consisting of summaries of arbitrarily chosen news stories is not a textbook. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:36, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Actually, please '''[[Wikibooks:DELETE|delete]]''' this book. I accidentally [[Help:Pages|created a book]] instead of using the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]]. I was just testing my editing skills. [[User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]] ([[User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]]) 13:47, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ::{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:40, 28 September 2026 (UTC) 0cjzusnq9vy156wv9v0wbif8tru3mkh 4672774 4672772 2026-09-28T14:41:08Z Koavf 16549 /* Weekly News Around the World! */ 4672774 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Suicide]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. The !votes are slightly for deletion, plus the fact that this book is based around a copyright violation, which we cannot in principle agree to host here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:42, 27 September 2026 (UTC)}} I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground. * The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce "open-content textbooks" (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope. * This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the <code>alt.suicide.holiday</code> Usenet group, the "ASH wiki", which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book. * Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value. Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good. If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well: * [[Template:Suicide methods]] * [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused) * [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above * [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC) : {{keep|weak keep}} a)&nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC) ::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC) *::Per above, globally banned user, not a useful guide that fits our criteria, copyright concerns. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC) * '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC) * '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to "suicide prevention"?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC) *:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC) *::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with "This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide."--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC) *:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of "philosophical issues" in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - :1. "instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic" - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk) :2. Not a reason. :3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all''' Not educational. It is also copyright infringement in that alot of it was simply copied and pasted into place from a preexisting book. [[User:Jmh649|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 21:02, 25 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] == {{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}} Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Weekly News Around the World!]] == {{closed|Deleted. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:41, 28 September 2026 (UTC)}} Wikibooks is not a news site, and a "book" consisting of summaries of arbitrarily chosen news stories is not a textbook. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:36, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Actually, please '''[[Wikibooks:DELETE|delete]]''' this book. I accidentally [[Help:Pages|created a book]] instead of using the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]]. I was just testing my editing skills. [[User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]] ([[User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]]) 13:47, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ::{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:40, 28 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} mitdbq27gau5cnvkga1lsezjt2pt4cs 4672775 4672774 2026-09-28T14:41:23Z Koavf 16549 /* Weekly News Around the World! */ 4672775 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Suicide]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. The !votes are slightly for deletion, plus the fact that this book is based around a copyright violation, which we cannot in principle agree to host here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:42, 27 September 2026 (UTC)}} I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground. * The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce "open-content textbooks" (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope. * This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the <code>alt.suicide.holiday</code> Usenet group, the "ASH wiki", which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book. * Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value. Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good. If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well: * [[Template:Suicide methods]] * [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused) * [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above * [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC) : {{keep|weak keep}} a)&nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC) ::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC) *::Per above, globally banned user, not a useful guide that fits our criteria, copyright concerns. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC) * '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC) * '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to "suicide prevention"?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC) *:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC) *::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with "This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide."--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC) *:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of "philosophical issues" in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - :1. "instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic" - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk) :2. Not a reason. :3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all''' Not educational. It is also copyright infringement in that alot of it was simply copied and pasted into place from a preexisting book. [[User:Jmh649|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 21:02, 25 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] == {{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}} Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Weekly News Around the World!]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:41, 28 September 2026 (UTC)}} Wikibooks is not a news site, and a "book" consisting of summaries of arbitrarily chosen news stories is not a textbook. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:36, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Actually, please '''[[Wikibooks:DELETE|delete]]''' this book. I accidentally [[Help:Pages|created a book]] instead of using the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]]. I was just testing my editing skills. [[User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]] ([[User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]]) 13:47, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ::{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:40, 28 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} qv08pi43qpvmjjf4s7f7xiokx5rv0w8 4672861 4672775 2026-09-29T00:01:49Z JJPMaster (bot) 3488561 Bot: Removing archived requests from main RfD page 4672861 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) bw61z1bzhlr92nd7chb4qeqnjnjjqo1 4672893 4672861 2026-09-29T10:23:02Z MrBerard 3626488 /* A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027 */ Reply 4672893 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::::Hi, :::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅 :::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) falx25zn6nxpr9nqqcws26hl2uv4rsc 4672894 4672893 2026-09-29T10:27:21Z MrBerard 3626488 /* A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027 */ Reply 4672894 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::::Hi, :::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅 :::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) ::::::I can't seem to put a link without the edit being deemed destructive, so I'll let you trusted people do what's needed. [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:27, 29 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) c2vaa58wz73h9a5pvbowhs63azqlx3v 0 5748 4672855 4665374 2026-09-28T23:27:36Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3624460 A Russian man replaced the image of the Nepali man; more audio was added. 4672855 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|80px|right|Герб России]] <div style="margin:0 85px 0 0; padding:1ex; background-color:lightgreen;{{Text default color}}; color:#069; border:1px solid #069; font-size:230%; text-align:center;">''Lesson 1'' &mdash; Как тебя зовут?</div> <!--<center>[[File:Beautiful smile.jpg|150px]]</center>--> [[File:Kremlin complex in Moscow.jpg|thumb|Кремль ---- The [[w:Kremlin|Kremlin]], which is known to be headquarters of [[w:Politics of Russia|Russian authorities]].]] <!--[[Image:Смольный.jpg|thumb|Смольный институт ---- The [[w:Smolny|Smolny Institute]], which was used as [[w:Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s headquarters during the [[w:October Revolution|October Revolution]].]]--> __FORCETOC__ == Dialogue == Read an introductory dialogue between a boy, '''Sasha''', and a girl, '''Katya'''. You can read the lines using [[w:Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key|pronunciation respelling key]]. {| style="padding:2ex; background-color: #faf6ed;{{Text default color}}; border:1px solid #fad67d;" ! Line ! Respelling |- | '''Са́ша''': {{lang|ru|Приве́т! Меня́ зову́т Са́ша. Как тебя́ зову́т?}} || '''<small>SA</small>-sha''': ''preev-<small>YET</small>! men-<small>YA</small> za-<small>VOOT</small> <small>SA</small>-sha. kak tye-<small>BYA</small> za-<small>VOOT</small>''? |- | '''Ка́тя''': {{lang|ru|Приве́т, Са́ша. Меня́ зову́т Ка́тя. Как дела́?}} || '''<small>KAT</small>-ya''': ''preev-<small>YET</small>, <small>SA</small>-sha. men-<small>YA</small> za-<small>VOOT</small> <small>KAT</small>-ya. kak dye-<small>LA</small>?'' |- | '''Са́ша''': {{lang|ru|Хорошо́. А у тебя́?}} || ''kha-ra-<small>SHO</small>. a oo teb-<small>YA</small>?'' |- | '''Ка́тя''': {{lang|ru|О́чень хорошо́.}} || ''<small>O</small>-chen kha-ra-<small>SHO</small>'' |- | '''Са́ша''': {{lang|ru|Я студе́нт. А ты студе́нтка?}} || ''ya stoo-<small>DYENT</small>. a ti stoo-<small>DYENT</small>-ka?'' |- | '''Ка́тя''': {{lang|ru|Да, я студе́нтка.}} || ''da, ya stoo-<small>DYENT</small>-ka'' |- | '''Са́ша''': {{lang|ru|Ну, пока́!}} || ''noo, po-<small>KA</small>'' |} {{hidden begin |title = Notes }} *'''Приве́т!''' is an informal greeting, loosely translated as 'Hi!' or 'Hey!'. The more formal meeting is '''здра́вствуйте''' (''<small>ZDRAV</small>-stvooy-tye'') *'''Меня́ зову́т...''' literally means 'Me they call...' or 'They call me...', and is the Russian way of saying 'My name is...'. Similarly, '''как тебя́ зову́т?''' literally means 'How you they call?', or 'How do they call you?', and is how Russians ask 'What's your name?'. *'''Как дела́?''' literally means 'How (are) things?' (the word 'are' is omitted in Russian). '''А у тебя́?''' means 'And by you?'. *'''Хорошо́''' is a general catch-all word that means 'good', 'fine', 'OK', etc. *'''Студент''' and '''студентка''' both mean 'student', but the former is for males and the latter is for females. Feminine words often end in a '''-а''' or a '''-я''', while masculine words often end in a consonant. See the page on [[Russian/Grammar/Gender|gender]] for more details. *Russians often omit the ''copula'', i.e., words like 'is', 'are', 'am' - any present tense form of the verb 'to be'. They also omit articles, which in English are 'a', 'an', and 'the'. Thus, 'I am a student' becomes '''Я студент / Я студентка'''. *'''Ну''' is an interjection, a filler word that corresponds to the English 'well'. {{hidden end}} '''[[Russian/Exercises/Как тебя зовут?#Dialogue|Translation]]''' ''(test yourself)'' == Hello! == [[File:Acting commander of the Russian Northern Fleet rear admiral Andrey Volozhinsky renders a salute, 2011.jpg|200px|thumb|Здравствуйте!]] {| {{Russian table header|Vocabulary|Привет!|Hello!|4}} ! English ! Русский ! Listen ! Notes |- | rowspan="2" | Hello | [[wikt:здравствуйте|здрáвствуйте]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-здравствуйте!.ogg|·]]</span> | |- | [[wikt:здравствуй|здрáвствуй]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-здравствуй!.ogg|·]]</span> | |- | Hi | [[wikt:привет|привéт]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-привет.ogg|·]]</span> | X |- | Good morning! | [[wikt:доброе утро|дóброе ýтро]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:LL-Q7737 (rus)-DoctorandusManhattan-доброе утро.wav|·]]</span> | |- | Good day! | [[wikt:добрый день|дóбрый день]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:LL-Q7737 (rus)-Tatiana Kerbush-добрый день.wav|·]]</span> | |- | Good evening! | [[wikt:добрый вечер|дóбрый вéчер]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-добрый вечер.ogg|·]]</span> | |- | Good night! | [[wikt:спокойной ночи|спокóйной нóчи]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:LL-Q7737 (rus)-Tatiana Kerbush-спокойной ночи.wav|·]]</span> | |- | See you later! | [[wikt:пока|покá]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-пока!.ogg|·]]</span> | X |- | Goodbye | [[wikt:до свидания|до свидáния]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-до свидания.ogg|·]]</span> | O |} {{small/top}} * The first "в" in "здравствуйте" is silent. * The adjective [[wikt:добрый|добрый]] means "kind". {{small/end}} === Formal and Informal === Russian distinguishes between formal and informal modes of address ([[w:en:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Friends and family address each other using the informal register with the [[w:en:Grammatical person|second person]] singular pronoun "ты" (you), while employees and students use the formal register with bosses and professors with the second person plural pronoun "вы" (you, referring to more than one person). Adults always use "ты" when talking to a child. In the vocabulary tables "Notes" column, the "X" denotes an exclusively informal term, and the "O" indicates an exclusively formal term. ; Example * Доброе утро, [[wikt:студент|студенты]]! *: ''Good morning, students!'' * До свидания, [[wikt:профессор|профессор]]. *: ''Good bye, professor.'' * Катя, пока! *: ''Katya, bye!'' == What's your name? == [[Image:Lenin and stalin crop.jpg|thumb|— Как тебя зовут?<br>— [[w:en:Vladimir Lenin|Владимир]]. А тебя?<br>— [[w:en:Joseph Stalin|Иосиф]]. Очень приятно.]] {| {{Russian table header|Vocabulary|Как тебя зовут?|What is your name?|3}} ! English ! Русский ! Notes |- | rowspan="2" | What is your name? | [[wikt:как тебя зовут|как тебя́ зову́т]]? | X |- | [[wikt:как вас зовут|как вас зову́т]]? | O |- | My name is.. | [[wikt:меня зовут|меня́ зову́т]].. | |- | rowspan="2" | Your name is.. | тебя́ зову́т.. | X |- | вас зову́т.. | O |- | Nice to meet you. | [[wikt:очень приятно|óчень прия́тно]] | |} * "Как тебя зовут?", the phrase used to ask someone's name, translates to "How do they call you?" * "Очень [[wikt:приятный|приятно]]", means "very pleasant." ; Example * Как тебя зовут? *: ''What is your name?'' * Меня зовут Пётр. *: ''My name is Pyotr.'' * Очень приятно. *: ''Nice to meet you.'' {{hidden begin |title = Grammar }} * It should now be obvious that тебя and вас are interchangeable, the former used in casual / familiar settings and the latter in formal settings; вас is also the plural form of "you". An example may be у вас есть хлеб? meaning, "do you have bread?" - being both plural and formal. * With the first phrase comes an interesting note. Because the function of words is mostly determined by [[Russian/Grammar/Cases|declension]], word order is ''mostly'' free. "Меня зовут Пётр" and "Пётр меня зовут" mean the same thing. "Mostly" is highlighted, however, because some combinations do not work, so avoid straying too far from the word order of the examples until later. {{hidden end}} '''[[Russian/Exercises/Как тебя зовут?#What's your name?|Go to the exercise]]''' === Russian names === [[Image:Smile Lirion.svg|thumb|Экскурсовод:<br>— В этом доме [[w:Vladimir Lenin|Владимир Ильич Ленин]] с [[w:Inessa Armand|Инессой Арманд]] скрывался от [[w:Nadezhda Krupskaya|Надежды Константиновны Крупской]].]] [[w:Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries|Russian names]] for people are composed of a [[w:given name|given name]], a [[w:patronymic|patronymic]], and a [[w:family name|family name]]. The given name is a person's first name, and is usually chosen by the parents at birth. The patronymic is a derivation of the father's name, modified by gender. The family name is the name shared by the immediate family and passed down by the male descendants, but also modified by gender. * '''[[w:Vladimir Putin|Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin]]''' (<span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-Vladimir_Vladimirovich_Putin.ogg|Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин]]</span>) is Russia's second president. ** Vladimir is his given name. ** Vladimirovich is his patronymic. His father was also named Vladimir. If he had a sister, her patronymic would be Vladimirovna (Владимировна). ** Putin is his family name. His former wife, [[w:Lyudmila Putina|Lyudmila Putina]] has the feminine version of the name, Putina. * '''[[w:Maria Sharapova|Maria Yuryevna Sharápova]]''' (<span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Maria sharapova.ogg|Мари́я Ю́рьевна Шара́пова]]</span>) is a famous tennis player. ** Maria is her given name. ** Yuryevna is her patronymic. Her father was named Yuri. If she had a brother, his patronymic would be Yuryevich (Юрьевич). ** Sharapova is her family name. Her father's family name is Sharapov. == How are you? == [[Image:USNA cheerleaders.jpg|thumb|— Мария, как дела?<br>— Неплохо.]] {| {{Russian table header|Vocabulary|Как дела?|How are you?|4}} ! English ! Русский ! Listen ! Notes |- | How are you? | [[wikt:Как дела|Как дела́]]? | | |- | Well ("good") | [[wikt:хорошо|хорошо́]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-хорошо.ogg|·]]</span> | |- | Bad | [[wikt:плохо|пло́хо]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-плохо.ogg|·]]</span> | |- | Not bad | [[wikt:не|не]]пло́хо | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-неплохо.ogg|·]]</span> | |- | rowspan=2 | And you? | А у тебя́? | | X |- | А у вас? | | O |- | Thank you | [[wikt:спасибо|спаси́бо]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-спасибо.ogg|·]]</span> | |} * The three answers to "как дела" are adverbs. * You can append "очень" (very) to the front of any adverb. ; Example * '''Иван''': Привет, Юлия. Как дела? *: ''Hello, Yuliya. How are you?'' * '''Юлия''': Очень хорошо, спасибо. А у тебя, Иван? *: ''Very well, thanks. And you, Ivan?'' * '''Иван''': Неплохо. Пока! *: ''Not bad. See you later!'' '''[[Russian/Exercises/Как тебя зовут?#How are you?|Go to the exercise]]''' == Who is this? == [[Image:De claris mulieribus.jpg|thumb|— Кто это?<br>— Это Миша. Он [[wikt:лев|лев]].<br>— [[wikt:ясно|Ясно]]. Очень приятно.]] {| {{Russian table header|Vocabulary|Кто это?|Who is this?|4}} ! English ! Русский ! Listen ! Notes |- | I am.. | [[wikt:я#Russian|Я]].. | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Alfavit33.ogg|·]]</span> | |- | rowspan=2|You are.. | [[wikt:ты#Russian|Ты]].. | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-ты.ogg|·]]</span> | X |- | [[wikt:вы#Russian|Вы]].. | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-вы.ogg|·]]</span> | O |- | He is.. | [[wikt:он|Он]].. | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-он.ogg|·]]</span> | M |- | She is.. | [[wikt:она|Она]].. | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-она.ogg|·]]</span> | F |- | rowspan=2|Student | [[wikt:студент|студе́нт]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-студент.ogg|·]]</span> | M |- | [[wikt:студентка|студе́нтка]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-студент.ogg|·]]</span> | F |- | Who is.. | [[wikt:кто|кто]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-кто.ogg|·]]</span> | |- | This | [[wikt:это|э́то]] | <span class="IPA unicode audiolink">[[Media:Ru-eto.ogg|·]]</span> | |} ; Example * '''Сергей''': Доброе утро, Наташа. Как дела? *: ''Good morning, Natasha. How are you?'' * '''Наташа''': Хорошо, спасибо. Кто это? *: ''Well, thanks. Who is this?'' * '''Сергей''': Это Иван. Он студент. *: ''This is Ivan. He is a student.'' * '''Иван''': Очень приятно. Вы студентка? *: ''Nice to meet you. Are you a student?'' * '''Наташа''': Да, я студентка. *: ''Yes, I am a student.'' {{hidden begin |title = Grammar }} * '''[[Russian/Grammar/Articles|Russian lacks "is" and articles]]''': Russian does not use the existence verb "быть" in the present tense, or articles such as "a", "an", or "the." The verb "быть" does have a present tense, but it is considered archaic and old fashioned in standard Russian, albeit still used regularly in most dialects. Simply following "я" (I, me) with a noun suffices to say "I am a.." However, in written Russian, when the subject is a noun (not a pronoun), an [[w:em dash|em dash]] (—) functions as the verb. The proper sentence to say "Ivan is a student" is "Иван — студент." * '''Gender''': The noun "студент" is the first instance of [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]]. "Студент" is used when the speaker is referring to himself or another male. "Студентка" is used when the speaker is referring to herself or another female. {{hidden end}} '''[[Russian/Exercises/Как тебя зовут?#Who is this?|Go to the exercise]]''' == Summary == In this lesson, you have learned: * How to greet people (''Привет, доброе утро'') * How to introduce yourself (''Меня зовут Иван'') * How to introduce others (''Это Сергей'') * How to say how you are (''Хорошо, неплохо'') '''[[Russian/Exercises/Как тебя зовут?|Finish the exercises and translate the introductory dialogue]]''' before moving on. == External links == * [http://www.russianforfree.com/lessons-russian-language-01.php Russian for Beginners (free online course)] Learning method based on dialogues and audio. {{Russian}} ---- <big>'''[[Russian/Lesson 2|Lesson 2 >>]]'''</big> 8lej0y0mekeit1evwdf68yvdd62ps04 102 12894 4672741 4672634 2026-09-28T12:24:59Z Arief Azazie Zain 3627000 4672741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cuisine|Indonesia}} | [[Cookbook:Southeast Asian cuisines|Southeast Asian cuisines]] Indonesian cuisine features a mixture of [[Cookbook:Cuisine of China|Chinese]], [[Cookbook:Cuisine of India|Indian]] and [[Cookbook:European cuisines|European]] influences. Being an archipelago with hundreds of different ethnic groups, Indonesian cuisine is extremely rich in variety, with regional cooking techniques and ingredients. '''Vegetarian''' (''Sayuran'') *[[Cookbook:Gado-gado|Gado-gado]] Indonesian [[Cookbook:Salad|salad]] with [[Cookbook:Peanut Curry Sauce|peanut sauce]] *[[Cookbook:Rujak|Rujak]] [[Cookbook:Fruit|Fruit]] salad *[[Cookbook:Sayur Asem|Sayur Asem]] Vegetable soup with tamarind *[[Cookbook:Sambal Telor|Sambal Telor]] Boiled egg in Hot Chili Sauce *[[Cookbook:Tempeh|Tempeh]] Fermented soybean cake **[[Cookbook:Tempe Mendoan|Tempe Mendoan]] '''[[Cookbook: Steamed Rice|Rice]]''' (''Nasi''/''Nasi Putih'' (white rice)) *[[Cookbook:Nasi Goreng|Nasi Goreng]] Fried rice *[[Cookbook:Nasi Gurih|Nasi Gurih]] Aromatic rice *[[Cookbook:Nasi Kuning|Nasi Kuning]] Yellow rice *[[Cookbook:Nasi Uduk|Nasi Uduk]] Coconut-milk rice *[[Cookbook:Tapai|Tapai]] Fermented rice (also peuyeum, fermented cassava) '''[[Cookbook:Poultry|Poultry]]''' (''Ayam'') For authentic Indonesian dishes, use free range chicken if available *[[Cookbook:Fried Chicken of Indonesia (Ayam Goreng Kuning)|Ayam Goreng Kuning]] [[Cookbook:Frying|Fried]] [[Cookbook:Chicken|chicken]] with yellow [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]] *[[Cookbook:Ayam Goreng Mentega|Ayam Goreng Mentega]] [[Cookbook:Stir-fry|Stir fried]] chicken with [[Cookbook:Worcestershire Sauce|Worcestershire sauce]] *[[Cookbook:Chicken Curry (Kare Ayam)|Kare Ayam]] Chicken Curry *[[Cookbook:Opor Ayam|Opor Ayam]] Chicken in [[Cookbook:Coconut Milk|coconut milk]] [[Cookbook:Soup|soup]] *[[Cookbook:Sate Ayam|Sate Ayam]] BBQ Chicken with bamboo skewers and peanut sauce *[[Cookbook:Soto Ayam|Soto Ayam]] Spicy chicken soup '''[[Cookbook:Beef|Beef]]''' (''Daging sapi'') *[[Cookbook:Rendang|Rendang]] Spiced beef *[[Cookbook:Empal Gepuk|Empal Gepuk]] Fried beef steak *[[Cookbook:Sop Buntut|Sop Buntut]] [[Cookbook:Ox|Oxtail]] soup '''[[Cookbook:Goat|Goat]]''' (''Kambing'') [[Cookbook:Lamb|Lamb]] (''Domba'') may also be used in these recipes *[[Cookbook:Gulai Kambing|Gulai Kambing]] Spicy goat soup *[[Cookbook:Sate Kambing|Sate Kambing]] BBQ Goat with bamboo skewers '''[[Cookbook:Pork|Pork]]''' (''Daging babi'') *[[Cookbook:Pork Braised with Garlic and Onions of Indonesia (Babi Kecap)|Babi Kecap]] Pork in Sweet Soy Sauce '''[[Cookbook:Fish|Fish]] and [[Cookbook:Seafood|Seafood]]''' (''Ikan dan Hidangan Laut'') *[[Cookbook:Pepes Ikan|Pepes Ikan]] Fish in Indonesian [[Cookbook:Spices|spices]] *[[Cookbook:Kepiting Saus Tiram|Kepiting Saus Tiram]] [[Cookbook:Crab|Crab]] in [[Cookbook:Oyster Sauce|oyster sauce]] [[Cookbook:Egg|'''Egg''']] (''Telur'') * [[Cookbook:Telur dadar|Telur Dadar]] Cooked Egg '''Side dishes''' (''Lauk-pauk'') *[[Cookbook:Serundeng|Serundeng]] Grated Coconut with Whole Peanuts *[[Cookbook:Mixed Pickled Vegetables (Acar Campur)|Acar Campur]] Mixed Pickled Vegetables *[[Cookbook:Sambal Ikan Teri|Sambal Ikan Teri]] Spicy small Anchovies with Peanuts *[[Cookbook:Peanut Sauce (Saus Kacang)|Saus Kacang]] Peanut sauce '''[[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]] and Cookies''' (''Hidangan penutup dan kue-kue'') *[[Cookbook:Klepon|Klepon]] Indonesian Glutinous Rice Balls filled with palm sugar coated with grated coconut *[[Cookbook:Lapis Legit|Lapis Legit]] Indonesian Layer Cake *[[Cookbook:Nastar|Nastar]] [[Cookbook:Pineapple|pineapple]] Cookie *[[Cookbook:Bubur Candil|Bubur Candil]] Indonesian Glutinous Rice Balls Sweet Soup [[Category:Pacific cuisines|Indonesia]] [[Category:Asian cuisines]] e35rgl1iorjqd9rbsn37409h392ly5d 0 13106 4672892 4672710 2026-09-29T09:25:10Z Jeff1138 301139 4672892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in S: drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus saves it features in a CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual] in Guide format. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/icaros-sequence <pre> ; run shell if ${Icaros/autoshell} EQ true run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: EndIF </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} 7jrm5vhtn3n73vqaiwe6j4o2ke11k3z 0 16226 4672874 4672610 2026-09-29T04:46:52Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3624460 There is no future imperative verb form. 4672874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{print version}} {{Category 4 Language}} <br clear="all"> [[File:Alexander and Bucephalus - Battle of Issus mosaic - Museo Archeologico Nazionale - Naples BW.jpg|center|300px|Naples, National Archaeological Museum, Alexander Mosaic, Battle of Isus]] {{Book title|{{BOOKNAME}}|An introduction to the Koine Greek language.}} This text serves as an introduction to '''Koine Greek''', also known as '''Biblical Greek''', appropriate for a two year course. A fluent knowledge of English is presumed. :''For other Greek languages, click [[Subject:Greek language|here]].'' ==Preface== :[[/A Historical Setting for Koine Greek/]] ==Pronunciation== :[[/Alphabet, Pronunciation, and Punctuation/]] :[[/Additional Information: Accents/]] :[[/Exercise in Pronunciation: John 1:1-5/]] ==Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns== :[[/Introduction to Nouns/]] :[[/Declining 1st and 2nd Declension Nouns/]] :[[/Prepositions and εἰμί/]] :[[/Adjectives/]] :[[/Pronouns/]] :[[/Declining 3rd Declension Nouns/]] ==Finite Indicative Verb Forms== :[[/Accents and Morae/]] :[[/Introduction to Finite Indicative Verbs/]] :[[/Contract Verbs/]] ===The Future Tense=== :[[/Future Active Indicative/]] :[[/Future Middle Indicative/]] :[[/Future Passive Indicative/]] ===The Imperfect Tense=== :[[/Imperfect Active Indicative/]] :[[/Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative/]] ===The Aorist Tense=== :[[/2nd Aorist Active Indicative/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Middle Indicative/]] :[[/1st Aorist Active Indicative/]] :[[/1st Aorist Middle Indicative/]] :[[/Aorist Passive Indicative/]] ===The Perfect Tense=== :[[/Perfect Active Indicative/]] :[[/Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative/]] ==Finite Non-Indicative Verb Forms== ===The Subjunctive=== :[[/Introduction to the Subjunctive Mood/]] :[[/Present Active Subjunctive/]] :[[/Present Middle/Passive Subjunctive/]] :[[/1st Aorist Active Subjunctive/]] :[[/1st Aorist Middle Subjunctive/]] :[[/1st Aorist Passive Subjunctive/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Active Subjunctive/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Middle Subjunctive/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Passive Subjunctive/]] :[[/Perfect Active Subjunctive/]] :[[/Perfect Middle Subjunctive/]] :[[/Perfect Passive Subjunctive/]] ===The Imperative=== :[[/Introduction to the Imperative Mood/]] :[[/Present Active Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Present Middle/Passive Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/1st Aorist Active Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/1st Aorist Middle Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Active Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Middle Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Passive Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Perfect Active Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Perfect Middle Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Perfect Passive Imperative (ω conjugation)/]] ===The Optative=== :[[/Introduction to the Optative Mood/]] :[[/Present Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Present Middle/Passive Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/1st Aorist Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/1st Middle Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Middle Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Passive Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Future Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Future Middle Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Future Passive Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Perfect Active Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Perfect Middle Optative (ω conjugation)/]] :[[/Perfect Passive Optative (ω conjugation)/]] ==The -μι Conjugation== :[[/Present Active Imperative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/Present Middle/Passive Imperative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/1st Aorist Active Imperative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/1st Aorist Middle Imperative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Active Imperative(μι conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Passive Imperative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/Present Active Optative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/Present Middle/Passive Optative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/1st Aorist Active Optative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/1st Aorist Middle Optative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Active Optative (μι conjugation)/]] :[[/2nd Aorist Passive Optative (μι conjugation)/]] ==Non-finite Verbal Forms== ===The Participle=== :[[/Introduction to Participles/]] :[[/Present Participle/]] :[[/Aorist Participle/]] :[[/Perfect Participle/]] :[[/Future Participle/]] ===The Infinitive=== :[[/Introduction to Infinitives/]] :[[/Present Infinitive/]] :[[/Aorist Infinitive/]] :[[/Perfect Infinitive/]] ==Advanced Syntax== ===Adverbs=== :[[/Overview of Adverbs/]] ===Particles=== :[[/Overview of Particles/]] ===Conjunctions=== :[[/Coordinating (Paratactic) Conjunctions/]] :[[/Subordinating (Hypotactic) Conjunctions/]] :[[/Conditional Clauses/]] ===The Genitive Absolute=== :[[/The Genitive Absolute/]] ==Appendix A - Vocabulary Lists== ==Appendix B - Grammar Summary== ==Appendix C - Reading Exercises== == About this Book == :[[Koine Greek/Authors|Authors]] == External Links == * For more free language-learning information on Koine Greek (used in the New Testament and by the army of Alexander the Great), go to Textkit's website at http://www.textkit.com. * Another great source is http://ntgateway.com/ * [http://www.wikichristian.org/Koine_Greek Koine Greek] plus [http://www.wikichristian.org/Koine_Greek:_Dictionary Dictionary] at [http://www.wikichristian.org/Main_Page WikiChristian] {{Shelves|Greek language}} {{alphabetical|K}} {{status|25%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 3b058br69szgnm9dvs191hy2mlopi5o 0 29015 4672854 3602845 2026-09-28T22:51:07Z Rgdboer 1021217 /* Algebras over a Field */ns Algebras from groups 4672854 wikitext text/x-wiki In this section we will talk about structures with three operations. These are called algebras. We will start by defining an algebra over a field, which is a vector space with a bilinear vector product. After giving some examples, we will then move to a discussion of quivers and their path algebras. == Algebras over a Field == '''Definition 1:''' Let <math>F</math> be a field, and let <math>A</math> be an <math>F</math>-vector space on which we define the vector product <math>\cdot\,:\,A\times A\rightarrow A</math>. Then <math>A</math> is called an ''algebra over'' <math>F</math> provided that <math>(A,+,\cdot)</math> is a ring, where <math>+</math> is the vector space addition, and if for all <math>a,b,c\in A</math> and <math>\alpha\in F</math>, # <math>a(bc)=(ab)c</math>, # <math>a(b+c)=ab+ac</math> and <math>(a+b)c=ac+bc</math>, # <math>\alpha(ab)=(\alpha a)b=a(\alpha b)</math>. The ''dimension'' of an algebra is the dimension of <math>A</math> as a vector space. '''Remark 2:''' The appropriate definition of a ''subalgebra'' is clear from Definition 1. We leave its formal statement to the reader. '''Definition 2:''' If <math>(A,+,\cdot)</math> is a commutative ring, <math>A</math> is called a ''commutative algebra''. If it is a division ring, <math>A</math> is called a ''division algebra''. We reserve the terms ''real'' and ''complex algebra'' for algebras over <math>\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\mathbb{C}</math>, respectively. The reader is invited to check that the following examples really are examples of algebras. '''Example 3:''' Let <math>F</math> be a field. The vector space <math>F^n</math> forms a commutative <math>F</math>-algebra under componentwise multiplication. '''Example 4:''' The [[Abstract Algebra/Quaternions|quaternions]] <math>\mathbb{H}</math> is a 4-dimensional real algebra. We leave it to the reader to show that it is ''not'' a 2-dimensional complex algebra. '''Example 5:''' Given a field <math>F</math>, the vector space of polynomials <math>F[x]</math> is a commutative <math>F</math>-algebra in a natural way. '''Example 6:''' Let <math>F</math> be a field. Then any matrix ring over <math>F</math>, for example <math>\left(\begin{array}{cc} F & 0 \\ F & F\end{array}\right)</math>, gives rise to an <math>F</math>-algebra in a natural way. == Algebras from groups == Suppose ''G'' is a group of order 2''n'' and ''k'' is an element of order 2. Let ''H'' be the quotient group of ''G'' by the subgroup generated by ''k''. Then for any field ''F'', there is an algebra ''A'' of dimension ''n'' where the basis of ''A'' is ''H''. An element of ''A'' has the form <math>\sum_{i=1}^n f_i g_i</math> where the f's are in ''F'' and the g's in ''H''. Two elements multiply as :<math>\sum_i^n e_i g_i \times \sum_j^n f_j h_j= \sum_i^n \sum_j^n (e_i f_j)(g_i h_j).</math> The associativity of this product follows from associativity in H and F. '''Example 1:''' ''G'' = quaternion group, ''F'' = real numbers, ''k'' = &minus;1, ''A'' = quaternions. '''Example 2:''' ''G'' = dihedral group of order 8, ''F'' = real numbers, ''k'' = &minus;1, ''A'' = split-quaternions == Quivers and Path Algebras == Naively, a quiver can be understood as a directed graph where we allow loops and parallell edges. Formally, we have the following. '''Definition 7:''' A ''quiver'' is a collection of four pieces of data, <math>Q=(Q_0,Q_1,s,t)</math>, # <math>Q_0</math> is the set of ''vertices'' of the quiver, # <math>Q_1</math> is the set of ''edges'', and # <math>s,t\,:\, Q_1\rightarrow Q_0</math> are functions associating with each edge a ''source vertex'' and a ''target vertex'', respectively. We will always assume that <math>Q_0</math> is nonempty and that <math>Q_0</math> and <math>Q_1</math> are finite sets. '''Example 8:''' The following are the simplest examples of quivers: # The quiver with one point and no edges, represented by <math>1</math>. # The quiver with <math>n</math> point and no edges, <math>1\quad 2\quad ... \quad n</math>. # The linear quiver with <math>n</math> points, <math>1\,\stackrel{a_1}{\longrightarrow}\, 2\,\stackrel{a_2}{\longrightarrow} \,...\,\xrightarrow{a_{n-1}} \,n</math>. # The simplest quiver with a nontrivial loop, <math>1\underset{a}\stackrel{b}{\leftrightarrows} 2</math>. '''Definition 9:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver. A ''path'' in <math>Q</math> is a sequence of edges <math>a=a_ma_{m-1}...a_1</math> where <math>s(a_i)=t(a_{i-1})</math> for all <math>i=2,...,m</math>. We extend the domains of <math>s</math> and <math>t</math> and define <math>s(a)\equiv s(a_0)</math> and <math>t(a)\equiv t(a_m)</math>. We define the ''length'' of the path to be the number of edges it contains and write <math>l(a)=m</math>. With each vertex <math>i</math> of a quiver we associate the ''trivial path'' <math>e_i</math> with <math>s(e_i)=t(e_i)=i</math> and <math>l(e_i)=0</math>. A nontrivial path <math>a</math> with <math>s(a)=t(a)=i</math> is called an ''oriented loop'' at <math>i</math>. The reason quivers are interesting for us is that they provide a concrete way of constructing a certain family of algebras, called ''path algebras''. '''Definition 10:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver and <math>F</math> a field. Let <math>FQ</math> denote the free vector space generated by all the paths of <math>Q</math>. On this vector space, we define a vector product in the obvious way: if <math>u=u_m...u_1</math> and <math>v=v_n...v_1</math> are paths with <math>s(v)=t(u)</math>, define their product <math>vu</math> by concatenation: <math>vu=v_n...v_1u_m...u_1</math>. If <math>s(v)\neq t(u)</math>, define their product to be <math>vu=0</math>. This product turns <math>FQ</math> into an <math>F</math>-algebra, called the ''path algebra of'' <math>Q</math>. '''Lemma 11:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver and <math>F</math> field. If <math>Q</math> contains a path of length <math>|Q_0|</math>, then <math>FQ</math> is infinite dimensional. ''Proof:'' By a counting argument such a path must contain an oriented loop, <math>a</math>, say. Evidently <math>\{ a^n \}_{n\in\mathbb{N}}</math> is a linearly independent set, such that <math>FQ</math> is infinite dimensional. '''Lemma 12:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver and <math>F</math> a field. Then <math>FQ</math> is infinite dimensional if and only if <math>Q</math> contains an oriented loop. ''Proof:'' Let <math>a</math> be an oriented loop in <math>Q</math>. Then <math>FQ</math> is infinite dimensional by the above argument. Conversely, assume <math>Q</math> has no loops. Then the vertices of the quiver can be ordered such that edges always go from a lower to a higher vertex, and since the length of any given path is bounded above by <math>|Q_0|-1</math>, there dimension of <math>FQ</math> is bounded above by <math>\mathrm{dim}\,FQ\leq |Q_0|^2-|Q_0|<\infty</math>. '''Lemma 13:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver and <math>F</math> a field. Then the trivial edges <math>e_i</math> form an orthogonal idempotent set. ''Proof:'' This is immediate from the definitions: <math>e_ie_j=0</math> if <math>i\neq j</math> and <math>e_i^2=e_i</math>. '''Corollary 14:''' The element <math>\sum_{i\in Q_0} e_i</math> is the identity element in <math>FQ</math>. ''Proof:'' It sufficed to show this on the generators of <math>FQ</math>. Let <math>a</math> be a path in <math>Q</math> with <math>s(a)=j</math> and <math>t(a)=k</math>. Then <math>\left(\sum_{i\in Q_0} e_i\right)a=\sum_{i\in Q_0} e_ia=e_ja=a</math>. Similarily, <math>a\left(\sum_{i\in Q_0} e_i\right)=a</math>. ''To be covered:'' - General R-algebras {{BookCat}} l58ai2nkhqkh42hked13z366fsg3wlv 0 31808 4672879 4660585 2026-09-29T05:50:50Z Jcb 90773 4672879 wikitext text/x-wiki {|style="width:80%; text-align:left; background-color:#F5D0A9;{{Text default color}};" align="center" |- | They don’t tell you how quiet hospitals can get in the middle of the night. They don’t tell you that the sores on the skin smell strange, like from some other world. They don’t tell you that bodies can release fluids from almost any pore in rapid succession; kind of like the way tears come flying from eyes, yellow and red stuff can come out of a wrist. They don’t tell you that the whole place smells like a mixture of urine and antiseptic. They don’t tell you – though you’re not surprised – that most of the religious people going from room to room and bed to bed won’t stop to talk to you, will flinch if you try to shake their hand on the rare occasion they do stop by, and might leave miniature Bibles outside the door while you and your companion sleep inside. They don’t tell you how hard it is to hold someone and sleep in a hospital bed. They don’t tell you that the some doctors, nurses and other medical staff will bring you food, try to make your companion laugh, show you how to use the coffee machine for free as if you work there, bring you a “good” blanket from home, and harass any religious people that give you and especially your companion a hard time. They don’t tell you that other doctors, nurses, and other medical staff will try to get you to leave, will avoid contact with your body and your eyes just in case you have caught your companion’s condition and they have already forgot how transmission works, will be overheard saying things like, “Well, he probably asked for it,” or will ask you to close the door to your companion’s room because it might upset people. They don’t tell you that when you feed someone ice chips you need to move slow and softly and be ready to hold them if they start to choke on something even that small. They don’t tell you what it feels like to watch your first love die from AIDS. Even though they don't tell you any of these things, I can promise you that you’ll never forget it no matter how hard you try. |} ==Introduction== [[Image:Hoact21.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A doctor conducting a pre-natal examination of a patient in El Salvador.]] The [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO) defines '''health''' as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and does not consist only of the absence of disease or infirmity" ([http://w3.whosea.org/aboutsearo/const.htm source]) Though this is a useful definition, some would consider it idealistic and non-realistic because using the WHO definition classifies 70-95% of people as unhealthy. There can also be other definitions of health, e.g. statistical (systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure) and functional (ability to carry out Activities of Daily Living or ADLs). The WHO definition also overlooks the fact that several factors influence both the definition of health and standards of health. [[Image:Babyimmunization.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Immunizations from various diseases have improved health worldwide.]] What it means to be healthy can vary from culture to culture and is often connected with advances in technology and cultural patterns of race, class, gender, and sexual inequalities. In some cultures, larger body sizes are seen as a sign of healthiness as it indicates an individual has a preponderance of food. In other cultures, largeness is more closely associated with unhealthy lifestyles (e.g., lack of exercise, poor eating habits, etc.). Advances in technology have also expanded the idea of what it means to be healthy. What are understood today to be healthy practices were not emphasized prior to clear understandings of disease and the contributions of lifestyles to health, and some practices advanced as "healthy" today are the result of cultural beliefs that benefit some at the expense of others. Finally, sociologists have demonstrated that access, utilization, education, and practices related to health and well being are heavily influenced by (and often seemingly determined by) prevailing cultural norms, beliefs, and patterns that often have little or nothing to do with physiological health. '''Health care''' (or '''healthcare''') is an industry associated with the prevention, treatment, and management of [[w:illness|illness]] along with the promotion of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the [[w:medical|medical]] and [[w:allied health|allied health]] professions. Healthcare is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries, consuming over 10 percent of [[w:gross domestic product|gross domestic product]] of most developed nations. In 2000, health care costs paid to hospitals, doctors, diagnostic laboratories, pharmacies, [[w:medical device|medical device]] manufacturers and other components of the health care system, consumed an estimated 14 percent of the [[w:GNP|gross national product]] of the United States, the largest of any country in the world. For the [[w:G8|G8]] countries (eight of the most developed countries in the world) the average is about nine percent. Importantly, this may be due to the United States' interesting position as the only G8 and highly developed country that, since [[w: The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973|The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973]], utilizes a private, for profit system of [[w: managed care|managed care]] rather than a public good, non-profit system of health promotion. In fact, the U.S. healthcare system generally costs more, produces equal or worse outcomes, incentivizes treatment over prevention, emphasizes cures over health, values quantity over quality of life, uses a lot of advanced technologies, and is heavily determined by "market forces" in comparison to healthcare systems (some nonprofit and some for profit) in other developed countries.<ref name="Rosich2010">Rosich, Katherine and Janet Hankin. 2010. “Executive Summary: What Do We Know? Key Findings from 50 Years of Medical Sociology.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Extra Issue, 51:S1-S9.</ref> Exploring patterns like those noted above in relation to U.S. healthcare, [[w: Medical Sociology|Medical Sociology]] is concerned with the distribution of healthcare services globally, in particular inequalities in healthcare, and how conceptions of health have changed over time. ==Health Disparities== [[Image:Tobias-AIDS-test.jpg|right|thumb|300px|In an effort to dispel the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS testing in Ethiopia, Randall Tobias, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, was publicly tested.]] While technology has advanced the practice of medicine and generally improved health, not all people have the same access to health care or the same quality of health care. According to the [[w:Health Resources and Services Administration|Health Resources and Services Administration]] of the U.S., ''health disparities'' are the "population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care" ([http://www.google.com/url?sa=U&start=4&q=http://www.hrsa.gov/OMH/OMH/disparities/pages07to08.pdf&e=9888 source]). Of particular interest to sociologists are the differences in health and quality of health care across racial, socioeconomic, ethnic, gender, and sexual groups. In the United States, health disparities are well documented in racial minority populations such as [[w:|African Americans]], [[w:Native Americans|Native Americans]], [[w:Asian Americans|Asian Americans]], and [[w:Hispanics|Hispanics]]. When compared to European Americans, these minority groups have higher incidents of chronic diseases, higher mortality, and poorer health outcomes. Among the disease-specific examples of racial and ethnic disparities in the United States is the cancer incidence rate among African Americans, which is 10 percent higher than among European Americans and generally linked to the environmental conditions of predominantly racial minority neighborhoods. In addition, American adults of African and Hispanic lineage have approximately twice the risk of developing diabetes than American adults of European lineage, which often reflects the lack of access to quality foods and healthcare resources within predominantly racial minority neighborhoods. Minorities also have higher rates of [[w:cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular disease]], [[w:HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]], and [[w:infant mortality|infant mortality]] than whites, which suggests the lack of preventative services and education in predominantly racial minority neighborhoods and schools may play an important role. There are also substantial differences in health based on social class or socioeconomic status, which have also been linked to neighborhood concentration and environmental effects.<ref name="Simon2009">Simon, Stephanie, and Betsy McKay. 2009. “Developing World's Parasites, Disease Hit U.S..” wsj.com, August 22 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125090339313750961.html (Accessed August 24, 2009).</ref> As of 2009, diseases that were common only in the developed world (e.g., [[W:toxocariasis|toxocariasis]], [[w:cysticercosis|cysticercosis]], [[w:chagas|chagas]], and [[w:cytomegalovirus|cytomegalovirus]]) were becoming a serious concern among economically disadvantaged populations in the U.S.<ref name="Simon2009"/> Building on these insights, sociologists and public health researchers have documented a wide variety of racial and economic health disparities tied to neighborhood and environmental contexts,<ref name="Burdette2012a">Burdette, Amy M. and Belinda L. Needham. 2012. “Neighborhood Environment and BMI Trajectories from Adolescence to Adulthood” Journal of Adolescent Health 50: 30-37.</ref><ref name="Burdette2012b">Burdette, Amy M. Terrence D. Hill and Lauren Hale. 2012. “Household Disrepair and the Mental Health of Low-income Urban Women.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 88: 142-153.</ref><ref name="Hale2010">Hale, Lauren, Terrence D. Hill and Amy M. Burdette. 2010. “Sleep Quality as a Mediator of Neighborhood Effects on Health” Preventive Medicine 51: 275-278</ref><ref name="Hill2009">Hill, Terrence D., Amy M. Burdette, and Lauren Hale. 2009. “Neighborhood Disorder, Sleep Quality, and Psychological Distress: A Model of Structural Amplification” Health and Place 15: 1006- 1013</ref> and have even begun requiring graduate courses and training workshops on neighborhood contexts for public health, epidemiological, and medical sociology researchers. Researchers have also documented significant health disparities within gender and sexual minority populations in the United States.<ref name="Rieker2013">Rieker, Patricia, Chloe Bird, and Martha Lang. 2013. “Understanding Gender and Health: Old Patterns, New Trends, and Future Directions.” Pp. 52−74 in Handbook of Medical Sociology, 6th Edition, edited by C. Bird, P. Conrad, A. Fremont, and S. Timmermans. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.</ref> In terms of gender, for example, researchers have found that women and trans people experience significantly different treatment from health care providers, and often experience more chronic conditions throughout the life course. Further, these researchers have noted the tendency for medical research to prioritize illnesses that are more common in heterosexual men while downplaying, ignoring, and stigmatizing conditions that are more common among other gender and sexual groups. In terms of sexualities, for example, researchers have documented the systematic exclusion of non-heterosexual healthcare needs, priorities, and concerns throughout medical history, training programs, and certification processes,<ref name="Dececco1999">John Dececco Phd, Michael Scarce. 1999. Smearing the Queer: Medical Bias in the Health Care of Gay Men. Routledge.</ref> and sexual minorities regularly report primarily negative interactions with healthcare providers in the United States.<ref name="Goldberg2011">Goldberg, Lisa, Ami Harbin, and Sue Campbell. 2011. “Queering the Birthing Space: Phenomenological Interpretations of the Relationships between Lesbian Couples and Perinatal Nurses in the Context of Birthing Care.” Sexualities 14(2):173–92.</ref> Further, medical history is littered with example of labeling women's natural experiences and bodily functions (especially during times of women's rights movement activity and success) in medical terms that serve to stigmatize, control, and devalue women's health and well-being.<ref name="Chrisler2002">Chrisler, Joan and Paula Caplan. 2002. “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde: How PMS became a Cultural Phenomenon and Psychiatric Disorder.” Annual Review of Sex Research 13:274-306.</ref> FInally, historical records reveal the use of medical authority and technologies to demonize, stigmatize, and justify the institutionalization and arrest of sexual minorities throughout the last century.<ref name="Katz2007">Katz, Jonathan Ned. 2007. The Invention of Heterosexuality. University of Chicago Press.</ref> In all such cases, gender and sexual minorities regularly experience disparate outcomes, experiences, and relationships as a result of healthcare systems that treat them differently. [[File:Self-Reported Health by Race-Ethnicity in 2012.png|thumb|center|800px]] [[File:Self-Reported Health by Education in 2012.png|thumb|center|800px]] [[File:Self-Reported Health by Income in 2012.png|thumb|center|800px]] ===Causes of Health Disparities=== There is debate about what causes health disparities between dominant and subordinate groups. However, it is generally accepted that disparities can result from three main areas: *From the differences in [[w:socioeconomic|socioeconomic]] and [[w:environmental|environmental]] characteristics of different ethnic and racial groups. For instance, American Africans and Hispanics tend to live in poorer neighborhoods that are near to industrial areas and are older than new suburban subdivisions. Industrial pollutants and lead-paint, common in older homes, can both lead to increased incidents of disease. Similarly, gender and sexual minorities are more likely to be displaced from their homes at earlier ages (e.g., with less symbolic and economic capital) than other members of society.<ref>Wodtke, Geoffrey T. et al, Concentrated poverty, ambient air pollution, and child cognitive development, ''Science Advances'' (2022). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0285</ref> *From the barriers certain minority groups encounter when trying to enter into the health care delivery system. *From the quality of health care different minority groups receive. Most attention on the issue has been given to the health outcomes that result from differences in access to medical care among groups and the quality of care different groups receive. Reasons for disparities in access to health care are many, but can include the following: *Lack of insurance coverage. Without health insurance, patients are more likely to postpone medical care, more likely to go without needed medical care, and more likely to go without prescription medicines. Minority groups in the United States lack insurance coverage at higher rates than members of dominant groups. *Lack of a regular source of care. Without access to a regular source of care, patients have greater difficulty obtaining care, fewer doctor visits, and more difficulty obtaining prescription drugs. Compared to whites, minority groups in the United States are less likely to have a doctor they go to on a regular basis and are more likely to use emergency rooms and free or reduced rate, government subsidized [[w:clinics|clinics]] as their regular source of care. *Lack of financial resources. Although the lack of financial resources is a barrier to health care access for many Americans, the impact on access appears to be greater for minority populations. *Structural barriers. Structural barriers to health care include poor transportation, an inability to schedule appointments quickly or during convenient hours, and excessive time spent in the waiting room, all of which affect a person's ability and willingness to obtain needed care. *The health financing system. The [[w:Institute of Medicine|Institute of Medicine]] in the United States says fragmentation of the U.S. health care delivery and financing system is a barrier to accessing care. Racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to be enrolled in health insurance plans which place limits on covered services and offer a limited number of health care providers. *Scarcity of providers. In inner cities, rural areas, and communities with high concentrations of minority populations, access to medical care can be limited due to the scarcity of primary care practitioners, specialists, and diagnostic facilities. In addition more private practices are putting limits on the number of medicaid and medicare patients that they will accept because these programs reimburse at a much lower percentage than private insurers. Finding physicians who accept [[w:Medicaid|Medicaid]] and [[w:Medicare|Medicare]] is becoming increasingly difficult. *Linguistic barriers. Language differences restrict access to medical care for minorities in the United States who are not English-proficient. *Low Health literacy. This is where patients have problems obtaining, processing, and understanding basic health information. For example, patients with a poor understanding of good health may not know when it is necessary to seek care for certain symptoms. Similarly, they may not understand the medical jargon that is used by health professionals and, consequently, are unable to accurately follow medical instructions. While problems with health literacy are not limited to minority groups, the problem can be more pronounced in these groups than in whites due to socioeconomic and educational factors. *Lack of [[w:diversity|diversity]] in the health care workforce. Cultural differences between predominantly white health care providers and minority patients is also often cited as a barrier to health care. Only 4% of physicians in the United States are African American; Hispanics represent just 5%. These percentages are much lower than these groups' respective proportions of the United States population. *Provider discrimination. This is where health care providers either unconsciously or consciously treat certain racial and ethnic patients differently than they treat their white patients. Some research suggests that minorities are less likely than whites to receive a kidney transplant once on dialysis or to receive pain medication for bone fractures. Critics question this research and say further studies are needed to determine how doctors and patients make their treatment decisions. Others argue that certain diseases cluster by ethnicity and that clinical decision making does not always reflect these differences. [[File:Percentage not Covered by Health Insurance by Race-Ethnicity - 2008 to 2012.png|thumb|center|800px]] [[File:Percentage not Covered by Health Insurance by Income - 2008 to 2012.png|thumb|center|800px]] ===Examples of Health Disparities=== There are a number of ways in which health disparities play out based on different systems of stratification. Health disparities resulting from economic stratification are wide-ranging. Poorer women have reduced access to mammograms to detect breast cancer, even when they are better candidates for screening.<ref name="Williams2008">Williams, Brie A., Karla Lindquist, Rebecca L. Sudore, Kenneth E. Covinsky, and Louise C. Walter. 2008. “Screening Mammography in Older Women: Effect of Wealth and Prognosis.” Arch Intern Med 168:514-520.</ref> Wealthier people live longer than poorer people. Wealthier people in the U.S. today live about 4.5 years longer than poorer people (79.2 vs. 74.7, respectively).<ref name="Pear2008">Pear, Robert. 2008. “Gap in Life Expectancy Widens for the Nation.” The New York Times, March 23 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/us/23health.html (Accessed March 25, 2008).</ref> Additionally, affluent and more educated people are more likely to take advantages of advances in medical science and technology and have seen a more rapid decline in smoking rates, which directly improves health.<ref name="Pear2008"/> Disparities in health care between the rich and poor are not inevitable - they are directly correlated with disparities in wealth. The differential and unequal treatment of the rich and poor follows the gap between the rich and the poor: From 1966 to 1980, socioeconomic disparities declined in tandem with a decline in mortality rates, but the disparity has since increased as income stratification has, and as our healthcare model has become mostly private, for profit, and insurance based.<ref name="Pear2008"/> Financial access to health care is not the only factor that affects health; poorer people are generally less likely to exercise, resulting in overall poorer health as well.<ref name="Wen2007">Wen M, Browning CR & Cagney K. 2007. “A multi-level study of neighborhood environment and its relationship to physical activity in adulthood” Urban Studies:44(13): 1-18.</ref> This is probably due to fewer opportunities to exercise and less access to safe, clean exercise facilities. Poorer individuals also live in more dangerous neighborhoods and are more likely to eat unhealthy food (or lack the resources necessary to prepare healthy food they acquire) and engage in risky or unhealthy behavior (often as a result of a lack of options for healthy and less risky behaviors within their environments), all of which contributes to poorer health.<ref name="Pear2008"/><ref name="Akers2011">Akers, Aletha Y., Melvin R. Muhammad, and Giselle Corbie-Smith. 2011. “‘When you got nothing to do, you do somebody’: A community’s perceptions of neighborhood effects on adolescent sexual behaviors.” Social Science & Medicine 72:91-99.</ref> As noted above, researchers also find health disparities based on gender and sexual stratification. One study found that women are less likely than men to be recommended for knee replacement surgery, even when they have the same symptoms.<ref name="Borkhoff2008">Borkhoff, Cornelia M. et al. 2008. “The effect of patients' sex on physicians' recommendations for total knee arthroplasty.” CMAJ 178:681-687.</ref> While it was unclear what role the sex of the recommending physicians played, the authors of this study encourage women to challenge their doctors in order to get care equivalent to men. Expanding on examples like this, researchers have noted that the ways medical professionals approach sexual and gender minorities are often heavily sexualized and gendered, which creates barriers for gender and sexual minorities - even those with the economic and educational resources to acquire care.<ref name="Giuffre2000">Giuffre, Patti A., and Christine L. Williams. 2000. “NOT JUST BODIES Strategies for Desexualizing the Physical Examination of Patients.” Gender & Society 14(3):457–82.</ref><ref name="Goldberg2011"/> Health disparities based on race also exist. Similar to the difference in life expectancy found between the rich and the poor, affluent white women live 14 years longer in the U.S. (81.1 years) than poor black men (66.9 years).<ref name="Pear2008"/><ref name="Griffith2010"/> There is also evidence that blacks receive less aggressive medical care than whites, similar to what happens with women compared to men.<ref name="Pear2008"/> Black men describe their visits to doctors as stressful and report that physicians do not provide them with adequate information to implement the recommendations they are given, similar to gender and sexual minorities.<ref name="Griffith2010">Griffith, D.M., Allen, J.O. & Gunter, K. (2010). Social and Cultural Factors Influence African American Men’s Medical Help-seeking. Research on Social Work Practice. Published online 18 November 2010. Special issue on African American males.</ref> Another contributor to the overall worse health of blacks is the incident of HIV/AIDS - the rate of new AIDS cases is 10 times higher among blacks than whites and blacks are 20 times as likely to have HIV/AIDS as are whites, which is generally due to the structural violence (e.g., poverty, lack of health education, lack of access to medical care, and lack of sexual education) plaguing contemporary African-American communities.<ref name="Adimora2009">Adimora, Adaora A., Victor J. Schoenbach, and Michelle A. Floris-Moore. 2009. “Ending the Epidemic of Heterosexual HIV Transmission Among African Americans.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37:468-471.</ref><ref name="Lane2004">Lane, Sandra D. et al. 2004. “Structural Violence and Racial Disparity in HIV Transmission.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 15(3):319–35.</ref> ==Paying for Medical Care== As noted in the previous section, disparities in health care are often related to an individual's or a group's ability to pay for health care. This section discusses the costs of healthcare and the different approaches to health care that have been taken by governments around the world. ===Health Insurance=== '''Health insurance''' is a type of insurance whereby the insurer pays the medical costs of the insured if the insured becomes sick due to covered causes or accidents. The insurer may be a private organization or a government agency. According to the 2005 United States Census Bureau, approximately 85% of Americans have health insurance. Approximately 60% obtain health insurance through their place of employment or as individuals and various government agencies provide health insurance to 25% of Americans. Despite the claims of the [[w: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], however, it is important to remember that researchers have demonstrated that access to health insurance will have a limited impact on health disparities due to the importance of varied types of social, psychological, material, symbolic, and political resources in the overall construction, maintenance, and challenge of health inequalities.<ref name="Ross2000">Ross, Catherine and John Mirowsky. 2000. “Does Medical Insurance Contribute to Socioeconomic Differentials in Health?” The Milbank Quarterly 78:291−321.</ref> While the rising cost of health care is debated, some contributing causes are accepted. Aging populations require more health care as a result of increased life expectancy. Advances in medical technology have arguably driven up the prices of procedures, especially cutting edge and experimental procedures. Poor health choices also increase health care costs by increasing the incident of disease and disability. Preventable health issues are related to: *insufficient exercise *[[w:junk food|unhealthy food choices]] *excessive alcohol consumption *[[w:smoking|smoking]] *[[w:obesity|obesity]] (more on this below) In theory, people could lower health insurance prices by exercising, eating healthy food, and avoiding addictive substances that are damaging to the body. Healthier lifestyles protect the body from disease, and with fewer diseases, there would be fewer health care related expenses, but healthier lifestyles rely upon the opportunity to possess favorable economic resources and neighborhood location (e.g., exercise, food choices, obesity), and the ability to avoid (or find alternate ways to manage) experiencing continuous stress exposure, traumatic events, and structural violence (e.g., alcohol and cigarette consumption). Another element of high health care costs is related to the private management of healthcare by large corporations. While this is discussed in greater detail below, it is worth noting that corporate profits have also played a role in increased health care premiums. [[File:Health Care Industries Annual Revenue 2000 to 2012.png|thumb|center|800px|This figure shows the annual revenue of health care industries in the US from 2000 to 2012 in trillions of dollars.]] [[File:Operating Incomes of Aetna Kaiser Permanente and Humana from 2011-2013.png|thumb|center|800px|This figure show the annual operating incomes of Aetna, Kaiser Permanente, and Humana from 2011-2013.]] ===Private Insurance and Free-Market Health Care=== Two types of health insurance have developed in modern society: private health insurance (or free-market) models and publicly funded health insurance models. The benefits and drawbacks of each of these models are discussed in this and the following section. Private insurance refers to health insurance provided by a non-governmental organization, usually a privately owned or publically traded corporation. Private insurance as the primary provider of health care in a developed nation is really only found in the United States as of 1973. It is important to note that while the United States is the most private of any system, there is a substantial public component. Of every dollar spent on health care in the United States, 44 cents comes from some level of government. In addition, government also increases private sector costs by imposing licensing and regulatory barriers to entry into both the practice of medicine and the drug trade within America. Private practitioners also face inflated costs through the government's use of [[w:protectionist|protectionist]] measures against foreign companies, to uphold the [[w:intellectual property rights|intellectual property rights]] of the U.S. [[w:pharmaceutical|pharmaceutical]] industry. Advocates of the private model argue that this approach to health care has the following benefits: *Some economists argue that the free market is better able to allocate discretionary spending where consumers value it the most. There is variation among individuals about how much they value peace of mind and a lower risk of death. For example, while a public-funded system (see below) might decide to pay for a pap smear only once every five years if the patient was not positive for the human papilloma virus based on cost efficiency, in a private system a consumer can choose to be screened more often and enjoy the luxury of greater peace of mind and marginally reduced risk. When evaluating the pool of current medical spending available to fund cost effective care for the uninsured, this discretionary spending might be moved to non-medical luxury goods. Also, since current private plans are not very good at limiting spending to cost effective procedures and schedules, those consumers exploiting this will view the transition to a public system as a reduction in their compensation or benefits, and will question whether a society that will allow them to buy a better car or a European vacation, but not better health care, is truly free. *Advocates also point to the remarkable advances in medical technology that have accompanied the private insurance/free-market approach to health care. When health care is privately funded, the opportunity for making large amounts of money is an attractive proposition for researchers in medical technology and pharmaceuticals. Thus, the private insurance system, while it may not provide adequate care for everyone (see the criticisms below), does provide cutting edge technology for those who can afford it. *Advocates also argue that private industry is more efficient than government, which can be quite susceptible to bloat and bureaucracy. However, as is discussed below, this is not always true. Despite these possible benefits, the private insurance approach is not without its drawbacks. Following are some of the more common criticisms of the private health insurance approach to health care: *As noted above, private insurance can be a boon to those who can afford the cutting edge technology. But the flipside to this boon is that the United States, the only mostly-private health delivery system in a developed country, is below average among developed nations by almost every health measure, including: [[w:infant mortality|infant mortality]], [[w:life expectancy|life expectancy]], [[w:chronic disease|chronic diseases]] and [[w:cancer|cancer]] survival rates.<ref name="Banks2006">Banks, James; Marmot, Michael; Oldfield, Zoe, and Smith, James P. Disease and Disadvantage in the United States and in England. JAMA. 2006 May 3; 295(17):2037-2045</ref> As evidence of this, people in lower socioeconomic classes in the US are significantly more likely to contract a preventable disease than are people in higher socioeconomic classes, which is not the case in Canada, where they have universal healthcare.<ref name="Willson2009">Willson, Andrea E. 2009. “'Fundamental Causes' of Health Disparities: A Comparative Analysis of Canada and the United States.” International Sociology 24:93-113.</ref> This is directly attributable to reduced access to healthcare in the US for those with less money. *More than half of the people with chronic conditions in the US regularly skip pills and doctors' appointments for conditions like diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and depression because of the cost of the care.<ref name="Schoen2009">Schoen, Cathy, Robin Osborn, Sabrina K.H. How, Michelle M. Doty, and Jordon Peugh. 2009. “In Chronic Condition: Experiences Of Patients With Complex Health Care Needs, In Eight Countries, 2008.” Health Aff 28:w1-16.</ref> *Another significant criticism of the private system is that it ends up being more costly than publicly funded systems. In 2001 the United States government spent $4,887 per person on health care. That is more than double the rate of any other [[w:G8|G8]] country, except Japan which spends close to $2,627 per capita annually. Considering private insurers are supposed to cover the majority of health care costs in the U.S., it is somewhat surprising that the United States spends a greater fraction of its national budget on health than Canada, Germany, France, or Japan. One explanation for the higher health care costs in the U.S. is the billing approach: in the U.S., many doctors work on a fee-for-service basis, which means they earn more if they do more tests or are consulted more frequently. In contrast, doctors who are salaried have no financial incentive to perform unnecessary tests. This was the explanation given for the wide disparity in Medicare spending for patients in the last two years of their lives at top teaching hospitals: per patient costs at UCLA were $93,000, but only $53,000 at the Mayo Clinic. When doctors are salaried, they are not inclined to perform unnecessary tests just to increase their income, which is what doctors using fee-for-service approaches do.<ref name="Wennberg2008">Wennberg, John E., Elliott S. Fisher, David C. Goodman, Jonathan S. Skinner, and Sandra M. Sharp. 2008. Tracking the Care of Patients with Severe Chronic Illness: The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care 2008. Lebanon, New Hampshire: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice http://web.archive.org/web/20090325003539/http://www.dartmouthatlas.org/atlases/2008_Chronic_Care_Atlas.pdf (Accessed April 13, 2008).</ref> The quality of care and patient life expectancy did not differ between these two hospitals, despite the substantial difference in costs. *Most experts believe that significant [[w:market failure|market failure]] occurs in health markets, thereby leading free market insurance models to operate inefficiently. The consumers of health care are vastly less knowledgeable than the medical professionals they buy it from. An individual is especially less likely to make rational choices about his/her own health care in a case of emergency. The extreme importance of health matters to the consumer adds to the problem of the information gap. This gives the medical profession the ability to set rates that are well above free market value. The need to ensure competence and qualifications among medical professionals also means that they are inevitably closely controlled by professional associations that can exert [[w:monopoly|monopolistic]] control over prices. Monopolies are made even more likely by the sheer variety of specialists and the importance of geographic proximity. Patients in most markets have no more than one or two heart specialists or brain surgeons to choose from, making competition for patients between such experts very limited. *In theory when a government sets billing rates it can negotiate with the professional societies with equal heft and knowledge, reaching a total cost that is closer to the ideal than an unregulated market. In private insurance systems, each insurance company is responsible for negotiating its own salaries. A possible result of this approach is the higher pay in doctors' salaries. Doctors' salaries do tend to be much lower in public systems. For instance, doctors' salaries in the United States are twice those in Canada. *The private insurance or free-market approach also fails to provide an efficient delivery for health care because prevention is such an essential component, but one that most people misjudge. Screening for diseases such as cancer saves both lives and money, but there is a tendency within the general population to not correctly assess their risk of disease and thus to not have regular check ups. Many people are only willing to pay a doctor when they are sick, even though this care may be far more expensive than regular preventative care would have been. Delaying treatment until the condition is too severe to be treated can result, often with serious and lamentable consequences.<ref name="Krugman2008">Krugman, Paul. 2008. “Health Care Horror Stories.” The New York Times, April 11 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/opinion/11krugman.html (Accessed April 13, 2008).</ref> The one exception is when extensive publicity, such as that for [[w:mammogram|mammograms]], is undertaken. Making regular appointments cheaper, or even free (as is done in public systems), has been shown to reduce both rates of illness and costs of health care. Conversely, placing the cost of a visit to a general practitioner too low will lead to excessive visits wasting both a patient's and a doctor's time. Thus while some experts believe free doctor visits produce ideal results, most believe that forcing people to pay some fraction of the cost of an appointment is better. *When a claim is made, particularly for a sizeable amount, the use of paperwork and bureaucracy can allow insurance companies to avoid payment of the claim or, at a minimum, greatly delay it. Some people simply give up pursuing their claims with their insurance provider. This is a cost-cutting technique employed by some companies; fighting claims legally is actually less expensive in some instances than paying the claims outright. *Insurance companies usually do not announce their health insurance premiums more than one year in advance. This means that, if one becomes ill, he or she may find that the premiums have greatly increased. This largely defeats the purpose of having insurance in the eyes of many. However, this is not a concern in many group health plans because there are often laws that prevent companies from charging a single individual in the plan more than others who are enrolled in the same insurance plan. *Health insurance is often only widely available at a reasonable cost through an employer-sponsored group plan. This means that unemployed individuals and self-employed individuals are at an extreme disadvantage and will have to pay for more for their health care. *Experimental treatments or particularly expensive drugs are often not covered.<ref name="Kolata2008">Kolata, Gina. 2008. “Co-Payments Soar for Drugs With High Prices.” The New York Times, April 14 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/us/14drug.html (Accessed February 11, 2010).</ref> This practice is especially criticized by those who have already tried, and not benefited from, all ''standard'' medical treatments. Because insurance companies can avoid paying claims for experimental procedures, this has lead some insurers to claim that procedures are still ''experimental'' well after they have become standard medical practice. This phenomenon was especially prevalent among private insurance companies after [[w:organ transplants|organ transplants]], particularly kidney transplants, first became standard medical practice, due to the tremendous costs associated with this procedure and other organ transplantation. This approach to avoiding paying premiums can also undermine medical advances. *[[w:Health Maintenance Organization|Health Maintenance Organizations]] or (HMO) types of health insurance are often criticized for excessive cost-cutting policies that include accountants or other administrators making medical decisions for customers. Rather than allowing such decisions to be made by health care professionals who know which procedures or treatments are necessary, these health plan administrators are dictating medical practice through their refusal to cover claims. *As the health care recipient is not directly involved in payment of health care services and products, they are less likely to scrutinize or negotiate the costs of the health care they receive. To care providers (health care professionals, not the insurers), insured care recipients are viewed as customers with relatively limitless financial resources who do not consider the prices of services. To address this concern, many insurers have implemented a program of bill review in which insured individuals are allowed to challenge items on a bill (particularly an inpatient hospital bill) as being for goods or services ''not received''. If a challenge is proven accurate, insured individuals are awarded with a percentage of the amount that the insurer would have otherwise paid for this disputed item or service. Concerns about health insurance are prevalent in the United States. A June 2005 survey of a random national sample by the [[w:Kaiser Family Foundation|Kaiser Family Foundation]] found that twice as many Americans are more worried about rising health care costs than losing their job or being the victim of a terrorist attack ([http://my.webmd.com/content/Article/108/108740.htm source]). Healthcare changes in the United States, however, are typically rife with conflict, slow to progress, and dominated by concerns about profits rather than patients, which often leads to a highly fractured and conflict-oriented approach with little room for significant changes except over vast periods of time (see debates surrounding [[w: Social Security|Social Security]], the [[w: Hill-Burton Act|Hill-Burton Act]], the [[w: EMTALA|EMTALA]], and the [[w: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] for examples. ===Publicly Funded Health Care=== An alternative to private health insurance and the free-market approach to health care is publicly funded health care. Publicly funded medicine is health care that is paid wholly or mostly by public funds (i.e., [[w:tax|taxes]]). Publicly funded medicine is often referred to as ''socialized medicine'' by its opponents, whereas supporters of this approach tend to use the terms ''universal healthcare'', ''single payer healthcare'', or ''[[w:National Health Service|National Health Services]]''. It is seen as a key part of a [[w:welfare state|welfare state]]. [[File:Universal_health_care.svg|thumb|center|800px|58 countries with universal health care in 2009.]] This approach to health care is the most common and popular among developed (and developing) nations around the world today. The majority of [[w:developed country|developed nations]] have publicly funded health systems that cover the great majority of the population. For some examples, see the [[w:British National Health Service|British National Health Service]], [[w:medicare (Canada)|medicare Canada]] and [[w:Medicare (Australia)|medicare Australia]]. Even among countries that have publicly funded medicine, different countries have different approaches to the funding and provision of medical services. Some areas of difference are whether the system will be funded from general government revenues (e.g. Italy, Canada) or through a government social security system (France, Japan, Germany) on a separate budget and funded with special separate taxes. Another difference is how much of the cost of care will be paid for by government or social security system, in Canada all hospital care is paid for by the government while in Japan patients must pay 10 to 30% of the cost of a hospital stay. What will be covered by the public system is also important; for instance, the Belgian government pays the bulk of the fees for dental and eye care, while the Australian government covers neither. The United States has been virtually alone among developed nations in not maintaining a publicly-funded health-care system since South Africa adopted a publicly-funded system after toppling its [[w:apartheid|apartheid]] regime. However, a few states in the U.S. have taken serious steps toward achieving this goal, most notably Minnesota. Other states, while not attempting to insure all of their residents strictly speaking, cover large numbers of people by reimbursing hospitals and other health-care providers using what is generally characterized as a [[w:charity care|charity care]] scheme, which often includes levies. A 2007 New York Times/CBS Poll found that a majority of Americans support some form of universal healthcare (59%), and just as many Americans support it even if it means raising their taxes.<ref name="Toner2007">Toner, R., & Elder, J. (2007). Most Support U.S. Guarantee of Health Care. The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/washington/02poll.html</ref> Support is mixed between Democrats, Republicans, and Independents: 63% of Democrats support universal healthcare, 49% of Independents do, and 30% of Republicans do. Publicly funded medicine may be administered and provided by the [[w:government|government]], but in some systems that is not an obligation: there exist systems where medicine is publicly funded, yet most health providers are private entities. The organization providing public health insurance is not necessarily a public administration, and its budget may be isolated from the main state budget. Likewise, some systems do not necessarily provide universal healthcare, nor restrict coverage to public health facilities. Proponents of publicly funded medicine cite several advantages over private insurance or free-market approaches to health care: *Publicly funded approaches provide universal access to health care to all citizens, resulting in equality in matters of life and death. *Publicly funded health care reduces contractual paperwork. *Publicly funded health care facilitates the creation of uniform standards of care. *Publicly funded health care may help reduce illnesses associated with job loss. As many people in the US rely on their jobs for health insurance, losing their jobs increases stress and, as a result, increases illness.<ref name="Strully2009">Strully, K. W. (2009). “Job Loss and Health in the U.S. Labor Market.” Demography 46(2):</ref> *It is also the case that publicly funded systems result in a reduction in the percentage of societal resources devoted to medical care; meaning public systems cost less than private systems. Publicly funded health care is not without its criticisms. Some purported disadvantages of the public system include: *Some critics argue there is a greater likelihood of lower quality health care than privately funded systems. However, because of the universal accessibility of health care, this claim is generally not true.<ref name="Banks2006"/> *Another criticism of publicly funded health care is that there is less motivation for medical innovation and invention and less motivation for society's most skilled people to become doctors, because of the lower amount of monetary compensation. *Price no longer influences the allocation of resources, thus removing a natural self-corrective mechanism for avoiding waste and inefficiency (though the redundancy of the private system - competing insurers - often results in more inefficiency than a single, public system). *Health care workers' pay is often not related to quality or speed of care. Thus very long waits can occur before care is received. *Because publicly funded medicine is a form of [[w:socialism|socialism]], many of the general concerns about socialism can be applied to this approach. *People are afraid that they can't choose their own doctor. The state chooses for them. This also tends to be an over-exaggerated and ill-founded concern as there is some degree of freedom in choosing medical practitioners in public systems. ===Parallel Public/Private Systems=== Almost every country that has a publicly funded health care system also has a parallel private system, generally catering to the wealthy. While the goal of public systems is to provide equal service, the [[w:egalitarianism|egalitarianism]] tends to be closer to ''partial egalitarianism''. Every nation either has parallel private providers or its citizens are free to travel to a nation that does, so there is effectively a [[w:two-tier healthcare|two-tier healthcare]] system that reduces the [[w:social equality|equality]] of service. Since private providers are typically better paid, those medical professionals motivated by remunerative concerns migrate to the private sector while the private hospitals also get newer and better equipment and facilities. A number of countries such as Australia attempt to solve the problem of unequal care by insisting that doctors divide their time between public and private systems. Proponents of these parallel private systems argue that they are necessary to provide flexibility to the system and are a way to increase funding for the health care system as a whole by charging the wealthy more. Opponents believe that they are allowed to exist mainly because politicians and their friends are wealthy and would prefer better care. They also argue that all citizens should have access to high quality healthcare. The only country not to have any form of parallel private system for basic health care is Canada. However, wealthy Canadians can and travel to the United States for care. Also, in some cases, doctors are so well paid in both systems that prestige is often more important to them than remuneration. This is very much the case in the United Kingdom where private medicine is seen as less prestigious than public medicine by much of the population. As a result, the best doctors tend to spend the majority of their time working for the public system, even though they may also do some work for private healthcare providers. The British in particular tend to use private healthcare to avoid waiting lists rather than because they believe that they will receive better care from it. ===Difficulties of analysis=== Cost-benefit analysis of healthcare is extremely difficult to do accurately, or to separate from emotional entanglement. For instance, prevention of smoking or obesity is presented as having the potential to save the costs of treating illnesses arising from those choices. Yet, if those illnesses are fatal or life shortening, they may reduce the eventual cost to the system of treating that person through the rest of their life, and it is possible that they will die of an illness every bit as expensive to treat as the ones they avoided by a healthy lifestyle. This has to be balanced against the loss of taxation or insurance revenue that might come should a person have a longer productive (i.e. working and tax or insurance-paying) life. The cost-benefit analysis will be very different depending on whether you adopt a whole-life accounting, or consider each month as debits and credits on an insurance system. In a system financed by taxation, the greatest cost benefit comes from preserving the working life of those who are likely to pay the most tax in the future, i.e. the young and rich. Few politicians would dare to present the big picture of costs in this way, because they would be condemned as callous. Nevertheless, behind the scenes, a responsible government must be performing cost analysis in order to balance its budget; it is not likely, however, to take the most purely cost effective route. It may choose to provide the ''best'' health care according to some other model, but the cost of this still must be estimated and funded, and there is no uncontroversial definition of ''best''. In producing a definition of quality of healthcare, there is an implication that quality can be measured. In fact, the effectiveness of healthcare is extremely difficult to measure, not only because of medical uncertainty, but because of intangible quantities like ''quality of life''. This is likely to lead to systems that measure ''only'' what is easy to measure (such as length of life, waiting times or infection rates). As a result, the importance of treating chronic, but non-fatal conditions, or of providing the best care for the terminally ill may be reduced. Thus, it is possible for personal satisfaction with the system to go down, while metrics go up. ==Behavior and Environmental Influences on Health== The following sections explore some of the ways behaviors and environment can impact human health. ===Smoking=== The [[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide" ([http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit/canquit.htm source]). A person's increased risk of contracting disease is directly proportional to the length of time that a person continues to smoke as well as the amount smoked. However, if someone stops smoking the risks of developing diseases steadily decline, although gradually, as the damage to their body is repaired. The main health risks from tobacco smoking pertain to diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular smoking is a major risk factor for: [[w:myocardial infarction|myocardial infarction]] (heart attack); diseases of the [[w:Respiratory system|respiratory tract]], such as [[w:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]] (COPD) and [[w:emphysema|emphysema]]; and [[w:cancer|cancer]], particularly [[w:lung cancer|lung cancer]] and cancers of the [[w:larynx|larynx]] and [[w:tongue|tongue]]. Prior to [[w:World War I|World War I]], lung cancer was considered to be a rare disease, one most physicians would never see during their career. With the postwar rise in popularity of cigarette smoking came a virtual epidemic of lung cancer. ===Alcohol=== '''Alcoholism''' is a dependency on alcohol characterized by craving (a strong need to drink), loss of control (being unable to stop drinking despite a desire to do so), physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms, and tolerance (increasing difficulty of becoming drunk). Although acceptance of the ''[[w:American Disease Model|American Disease Model]]'' is not without controversy, the [[w:American Medical Association|American Medical Association]], the [[w:American Psychiatric Association|American Psychiatric Association]], the [[w:American Hospital Association|American Hospital Association]], the [[w:American Public Health Association|American Public Health Association]], the [[w:National Association of Social Workers|National Association of Social Workers]], the [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], and the [[w:American College of Physicians|American College of Physicians]] have all classified alcoholism as a [[w:disease|disease]]. In a 1992 [[w:JAMA|JAMA]] article, the [[w:Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence|Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence]] and the [[w:American Society of Addiction Medicine|American Society of Addiction Medicine]] published this definition for alcoholism: "Alcoholism is a primary chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, mostly denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic." Symptoms of a person's dependence on alcohol may include, but are not limited to, a feeling of necessity in regards to consumption of alcohol, or an inability to resist alcohol if offered. Though these symptoms often arise from a physical dependence on the substance, it is not uncommon for individuals, especially teenagers and adolescents between the ages of fifteen and twenty, to rely on alcohol as a means of social interaction. If a person cannot refuse alcohol in the presence of others, insists on drinking alcohol excessively for fear of alienation and neglect, or feels they cannot socially interact with others unless under the influence then this person is considered socially dependent on the substance. These traits can be noticed in individuals who relocate (such as students attending a new university) whereby an individual with no past history of alcohol consumption begins to consume alcohol in order to associate and relate to others. Social dependence, though not physically threatening in early stages, can lead to physical dependence if the person cannot control their urges and more so their reasons for drinking. The causes for alcohol abuse and dependence cannot be easily explained, but the long-standing, unscientific prejudice that alcoholism is the result of moral or ethical weakness on the part of the sufferer has been largely altered. Recent polls show that 90% of Americans currently believe that alcoholism is, in fact, a [[w:disease|disease]] (source?). Of the two thirds of the North American population who consume alcohol, 10% are alcoholics and 6% consume more than half of all alcohol. Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and [[w:popular culture|popular culture]]. In modern times, the recovery movement has led to more realistic portraits of alcoholics and their problems. The social problems arising from alcoholism can include loss of employment, financial problems, marital conflict and divorce, convictions for crimes such as drunk driving or public disorder, loss of accommodation, and loss of respect from others who may see the problem as self-inflicted and easily avoided. Exhaustive studies, including those by author [[w:Wayne Kritsberg|Wayne Kritsberg]], show that alcoholism affects not only the addicted but can profoundly impact the family members around them. Children of alcoholics can be affected even after they are grown. This condition is usually referred to as ''The Adult Children of Alcoholics Syndrome''. [[w:Al-Anon|Al-Anon]], a group modelled after [[w:Alcoholics Anonymous|Alcoholics Anonymous]], offers aid to friends and family members of alcoholics. ====Moderate Drinking==== Of course, not everyone who consumes alcohol is an alcoholic or is at danger of becoming an alcoholic. In fact, there is some debate as to whether there are some benefits derived from moderate consumption of alcohol. The controversy over moderate drinking is an ongoing debate about the claimed benefit or harm to human health from moderate consumption of [[w:alcoholic beverage|alcoholic beverages]]. Moderate consumption typically means the consumption of 1 to 3 drinks of an alcoholic beverage a day; the number varies with age and gender. There is wide consensus that over-drinking is harmful: [[w:ethanol|alcohol]] damages human cells and organs such as the [[w:brain|brain]], [[w:liver|liver]] and [[w:kidney|kidney]]. Many studies show that consumers of up to 3 drinks a day have a 10% to 40% lower risk of [[w:coronary heart disease|coronary heart disease]] than those who abstain. Rimm ''et al.''<ref name="Rimm1999">Rimm, E B, P Williams, K Fosher, M Criqui, and M J Stampfer. 1999. “Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors.” BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 319:1523-1528.</ref> predict a 24.7% decrease in the risk of coronary heart disease based upon 30g alcohol/day. Critics of moderate drinking claim that any benefits are far outweighed by the possible consequences of over consumption and that these benefits can be had by less risky means. Scientists also note that studies supporting the benefits of moderate drinking do not control for other factors, such as lifestyle differences between moderate drinkers and nondrinkers. There is evidence that moderate drinkers are more affluent than nondrinkers and as such lead lifestyles that are more conducive to good health in general. Research on the effects of moderate drinking is in its early stages. No long term studies have been done and control groups would be difficult to establish because of the many variables. The current medical recommendation<ref name="Abdulla1997">Abdulla, S. 1997. “Is alcohol really good for you?.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90:651.</ref> regarding being a moderate drinker is that it is "not only meaningless but also irresponsible" to become a moderate drinker if you don't already drink given that the many obvious health hazards of alcohol outweigh "the benefits of alcohol [which] are small and ill-understood" particularly when so many other cardiovascular treatments are available (p. 651). ====Effects of Fetal Alcohol Exposure==== Fetal alcohol exposure is regarded by researchers as the leading known cause of mental and physical birth defects, surpassing both [[w:spina bifida|spina bifida]] and [[w:Down syndrome|Down syndrome]], producing more severe abnormalities than [[w:heroin|heroin]], [[w:cocaine|cocaine]], or [[w:marijuana|marijuana]], and is the most common preventable cause of birth defects in the United States ([http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/brain/fas.html source]). It can cause [[w:mental retardation|mental retardation]], facial deformities, stunted physical and emotional development, behavioral problems, [[w:memory|memory]] deficiencies, attention deficits, impulsiveness, an inability to reason from cause to effect; a failure to comprehend the concept of time; and an inability to tell reality from fantasy. Secondary disabilities develop over time because of problems fitting into the environment. Researchers believe that the risk is highest early in the pregnancy, but there are risks throughout because the fetus' brain develops throughout the entire pregnancy. No amount of alcohol, during any trimester, is absolutely safe. ===Obesity=== [[Image:VenusWillendorf.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Venus of Willendorf]] '''Obesity''' is a condition in which the natural energy reserve of humans, which is stored in [[w:adipose tissue|fat tissue]], is expanded far beyond usual levels to the point where it impairs health. While cultural and scientific definitions of obesity are subject to change, it is accepted that excessive body weight predisposes to various forms of disease, particularly [[w:cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular disease]]. There is continuous debate over obesity, at several levels. The [[w:evidence based medicine|scientific evidence]] informing these debates is more contradictory than most simple arguments assume. Statistics demonstrating correlations are typically misinterpreted in public discussion as demonstrating causation, a fallacy known as the [[w:spurious relationship|spurious relationship]]. In several human cultures, obesity is (or has been) associated with attractiveness, strength, and fertility. Some of the earliest known cultural artifacts, known as [[w:Venus of Willendorf|Venuses]], are pocket-sized statuettes representing an obese female figure. Although their cultural significance is unrecorded, their widespread use throughout pre-historic Mediterranean and European cultures suggests a central role for the obese female form in magical rituals and implies cultural approval of (and perhaps reverence for) this body form. Obesity functions as a symbol of wealth and success in cultures prone to food scarcity. Well into the early modern period in European cultures, it still served this role. Contemporary cultures which approve of obesity, to a greater degree than European and Western cultures, include African, Arabic, Indian, and Pacific Island cultures. The implication of these cultural variations in attitudes toward obesity is that ideal body shape is culturally relative. Another illustration of this is the finding that feminists are less likely to consider "ultra-thin" the ideal body image than non-feminists, indicating the culture and philosophy of feminism countermands the effects of popular media.<ref name="Swami2008">Swami, Viren, Natalie Salem, Adrian Furnham, and Martin J. Tovee. 2008. “The influence of feminist ascription on judgements of women's physical attractiveness.” Body Image.</ref> In Western cultures, obesity has come to be seen more as a medical condition than as a social statement. Various stereotypes of obese people have found their way into expressions of popular culture. A common stereotype is the obese character who has a warm and dependable personality, presumedly in compensation for social exclusion, but equally common is the obese vicious [[w:bullying|bully]]. [[w:Gluttony|Gluttony]] and obesity are commonly depicted together in works of fiction. It can be argued that depiction in popular culture adds to and maintains commonly perceived stereotypes, in turn harming the [[w:self esteem|self esteem]] of obese people. A charge of prejudice and/or discrimination on the basis of appearance could be leveled against these depictions. [[File:Obese by state-1990.png|thumb|center|800px|This is a map showing the percentage of individuals by state who were overweight or obese in 1990.]] [[File:Obese by state-1998.png|thumb|center|800px|This is a map showing the percentage of individuals by state who were overweight or obese in 1998.]] [[File:Obese by state-2007.png|thumb|center|800px|This is a map showing the percentage of individuals by state who were overweight or obese in 2007.]] ====Causes of Obesity==== Conventional wisdom holds that obesity is caused by over-indulgence in fatty or sugary foods, portrayed as either a failure of will power or a species of addiction. Various specialists strongly oppose this view. For example, Professor [[w:Thomas Sanders|Thomas Sanders]], the director of the Nutrition, Food & Health Research Centre at [[w:King's College London|King's College London]], emphasises the need for balance between activity and consumption: :''In trials, there is no evidence suggesting that reducing fat intake has an effect on obesity. As long as your expenditure equals what you eat, you won't put on weight, regardless of how high the fat content is in your diet'' (''[[w:The Times|The Times]]'', London, 10 March 2004). Obesity is generally a result of a combination of factors: *[[w:Genetic|Genetic]] predisposition *Energy-rich [[w:diet (nutrition)|diet]] *Limited exercise and sedentary lifestyle *[[w:Weight cycling|Weight cycling]], caused by repeated attempts to lose weight by dieting *Underlying illness *Certain [[w:eating disorders|eating disorders]] *Poverty Some eating disorders can lead to obesity, especially [[w:binge eating disorder|binge eating disorder]] (BED). As the name indicates, patients with this disorder are prone to overeat, often in binges. A proposed mechanism is that the eating serves to reduce anxiety, and some parallels with substance abuse can be drawn. An important additional factor is that BED patients often lack the ability to recognize hunger and satisfaction, something that is normally learned in childhood. [[w:Learning theory (education)|Learning theory]] suggests that early childhood conceptions may lead to an association between food and a calm mental state. [[Image:PrevalenceOverweightAge6-19.GIF|right|thumb|400px|Increase in Overweight among US Children and Adolescents.]] While it is often quite obvious why a certain individual gets fat, it is far more difficult to understand why the average weight of certain societies have recently been growing. While genetic causes are central to who is obese, they cannot explain why one culture grows fatter than another. Although there is no definitive explanation for the recent epidemic of obesity, an [[w:evolution|evolutionary]] hypothesis offers one explanation. In times when food was scarce, the ability to take advantage of rare periods of abundance and use such abundance by storing energy efficiently was likely an evolutionary advantage. This is precisely the opposite of what is required in a sedentary society, where high-energy food is available in abundant quantities in the context of decreased exercise. Although many people may have a genetic propensity towards obesity, it is only with the reduction in physical activity and a move towards high-calorie diets of modern societies that it has become so widespread. An alternative to an evolutionary hypothesis is an inequality hypothesis. In most developed nations, there are massive food surpluses, but these surpluses do not apply uniformly across populations. Similarly, sedentary lifestyles are not evenly distributed, and many of the populations experiencing increasing levels of obesity are rather active compared to other groups with lower levels of obesity. Even in the most developed nations, the people most likely to develop obesity tend to have the lowest access to quality foods and many of them spend considerable time being active due to work and/or family requirements. As a result, evolutionary hypotheses would suggest these people would take advantage of rare periods of abundance without developing obesity due to their lower levels of average consumption and moderate levels of activity. The opposite, however, is what occurs. Seeking to explain this phenomenon, researchers focused on neighborhood effects have systematically demonstrated that poverty is a more likely explanation for obesity. Specifically, people in impoverished areas often lack access to food available to more economically well off members of society, often only have access to foods that can lead to obesity (due to their high-calorie contents) within their neighborhoods (even if they maintain active lifestyles or working lives), and often lack access to many of the resources (e.g., stoves, cooking utensils, transportation to healthier grocery stores, electricity, etc.) necessary for taking advantage of food surpluses. While proponents of evolutionary hypotheses point to individualistic elements like exercise, genetics, diet selection, and sedentary lifestyles that suggest we may improve health without drastically altering our current economic, political, and health systems, proponents of social explanations (such as poverty and environmental pollution) note that even when researchers and advocates have found ways to minimize these individualistic elements (e.g., via food programs, dietary education protocols, exercise programs, limited or temporary economic support, and genetic interventions) the patterns of obesity have not changed much. As a result, these researchers hypothesize that obesity (and other health-related epidemics that have become common in the last couple hundred years) can only be understood (and thus combatted) by examining the social factors that may contribute to physiological, biological, genetic, and other health-related transformations, adaptations, and mutations within the bodies of people experiencing said social factors and shifts within our natural surroundings.<ref name="Link2010">Link, Bruce G. and Jo Phelan. 2010. “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Health Inequalities.” Pp. 3−17 in Handbook of Medical Sociology, 6th Edition, edited by C. Bird, P. Conrad, A. Fremont, and S. Timmermans. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.</ref><ref name="Rosich2010"/><ref name="Burdette2008">Burdette, Amy and Terrence Hill. 2008. “An examination of processes linking perceived neighborhood disorder and obesity.” Social Science & Medicine 67:38-46.</ref> As noted above, the obesity epidemic is most notable in the United States. In the years from just after the Second World War until 1960 the average person's weight increased, but few were obese. In 1960 almost the entire white population was well fed, but not overweight. In the two and a half decades since 1980 the growth in the rate of obesity has accelerated markedly (while mirroring the growth in poverty and food insecurity rates) and is increasingly becoming a [[w:public health|public health]] concern. There are a number of theories as to the cause of this change since 1980, but most echo assumptions embedded within initial evolutionary hypotheses at present (and rely merely on assumptions that specific correlations are related to the fundamental cause of the issue), and thus may need to be readjusted in relation to emerging recognition of the limitations of these theories: *Obese people appear to be less active in general than lean people, and not just because of their obesity. A controlled increase in calorie intake of lean people did not make them less active, nor, correspondingly, when obese people lost weight did they become more active. Weight change does not affect activity levels, but the converse seems to be the case.<ref name="Levine2005">Levine JA, Lanningham-Foster LM, McCrady SK, Krizan AC, Olson LR, Kane PH, Jensen MD, Clark MM. ''Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity.'' Science 2005;307:584-6. {{PMID|15681386}}.</ref> *Another important contributor to the current obesity concern is the much lower relative cost of foodstuffs: agricultural [[w:subsidy|subsidies]] in the United States and Europe have led to lower food prices for consumers than at any other point in history. *Marketing may also play a role. In the early 1980s the [[w:Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration lifted most regulations for advertising to children. As a result, the number of commercials seen by the average child increased greatly, and a large proportion of these were for [[w:fast food|fast food]] and [[w:candy|candy]]. There is now compelling evidence that children's exposure to food commercials on television increases the odds of childhood obesity.<ref name="Zimmerman2010">Zimmerman, Frederick J., and Janice F. Bell. 2010. “Associations of Television Content Type and Obesity in Children.” Am J Public Health 100:334-340.</ref> *Changes in the price of [[w:gasoline|gasoline]] may also have had an effect, as unlike during the 1970s it is now affordable in the United States to drive everywhere, curtailing both foot traffic and the riding of bikes. An indication of the reliance on cars in the U.S. is the increasing number of areas that are built without sidewalks and parks. *Increases in the service sector of the economy have resulted in a greater percentage of the population spending most of their workday behind a desk or computer. *A social cause that is believed by many to play a role is the increasing number of ''two income households'' where one parent no longer remains home to look after the house. This increases the number of restaurant and take-out meals. *Urban sprawl may also contribute to the increase in obesity rates, possibly due to less walking and less time for cooking.<ref name="Lopez2004">Lopez R. ''Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese.'' Am J Publ Health 2004;94:1574-9. {{PMID|15333317}}.</ref> *Since 1980 both sit-in and fast food restaurants have seen dramatic growth in terms of the number of outlets and customers served. Low food costs and intense competition for market share led to increased portion sizes. For example, [[w:McDonalds|McDonalds']] french fries portions rose from 200 calories in 1960 to over 600 calories today. *Increasing [[w:affluence|affluence]] itself may be a cause or contributing factor since obesity tends to flourish as a [[w:diseases of affluence|disease of affluence]] in countries which are developing and becoming westernised (for more information on this factor, see [http://www.iotf.org/ here)]. This is supported by the observation of a dip in American GDP after 1990, the year of the [[w:Gulf War|Gulf War]], followed by an exponential increase. U.S. obesity statistics followed the same pattern, offset by two years ([http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/ source]). Some obesity co-factors are resistant to the theory that the ''epidemic'' is a new phenomenon. In particular, a [[w:social class|class]] co-factor consistently appears across many studies. Comparing net worth with BMI scores, one study found obese American subjects were approximately half as wealthy as thin ones.<ref name="Zagorsky2005">Zagorsky, Jay L. 2005. “Health and Wealth. The Late-20th Century Obesity Epidemic in the U.S.” Economics and Human Biology 3(2):296–313.</ref> When income differentials were factored out, the inequity persisted: thin subjects were inheriting more wealth than fat ones. Another study finds women who married into a higher status were thinner than women who married into lower status. Like many other recent analyses of social patterning within obese and non-obese populations, these studies suggest that while evolutionary hypotheses provided an important starting point, the answers to the problems likely lie either elsewhere or via an integration of evolutionary and fundamental causes theories.<ref name="Link2010"/> ====Policy Responses to Obesity==== On top of controversies about the causes of obesity, and about its precise health implications, come controversies about the correct [[w:policy|policy]] approach to obesity. The main debate is between ''personal responsibility'' advocates, who resist regulatory attempts to intervene in citizen's private dietary habits, and ''public interest'' advocates, who promote regulations on the same public health grounds as the restrictions applied to tobacco products. Importantly, these suggestions are (thus far) primarily tied to evolutionary hypotheses, which suggests that they are more likely to influence individual cases and less likely to greatly effect the overall patterns. There is some evidence that the public interest approach may help, though it is clearly not the solution to the problem, and many activists worry that it will - like anti-smoking campaigns - ultimately become an attempt to limit the liberty and decision-making options for people rather than simply address the problems associated with consumption behaviors. A recent study found that parents order items for their children from fast food menus that total to just over 100 fewer calories when each item's calories are clearly labeled.<ref name="Tandon2010">Tandon, Pooja S., Jeffrey Wright, Chuan Zhou, Cara Beth Rogers, and Dimitri A. Christakis. 2010. “Nutrition Menu Labeling May Lead to Lower-Calorie Restaurant Meal Choices for Children.” Pediatrics peds.2009-1117.</ref> This suggests that raising awareness and educating consumers about the calorie content may help reduce the number of calories consumed for those individuals that have the privilege (e.g., the economic, social, and educational resources) to be selective in their and their children's dietary selections. In the U.S., a recent bout in this controversy involves the so-called [[w:Cheeseburger Bill|Cheeseburger Bill]], an attempt to indemnify food industry businesses from frivolous law suits by obese clients. On July 16, 2004, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services officially classified obesity as a disease. Speaking to a Senate committee, [[w:Tommy Thompson|Tommy Thompson]], the Secretary of Health and Human Services, stated that Medicare would cover obesity-related health problems. However, reimbursement would not be given if a treatment was not proven to be effective. ==The Evolution of Health Care and Medicine== All human societies have beliefs that provide explanations for, and responses to, childbirth, death, and disease. Throughout the world, illness has often been attributed to [[w:witchcraft|witchcraft]], [[w:demons|demons]], or the will of the gods, ideas that retain some power within certain cultures and communities (see [[w:faith healing|faith healing]]). However, the rise of scientific medicine in the past two centuries has altered or replaced many historic health practices while granting others (regardless of their results at times) legitimacy in the public consciousness. ===Folk Medicine=== [[Image:Healer_street_vendor_in_Dhaka.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The man pictured here is a shaman or traditional healer in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. He is selling various animal parts as cures.]] Folk medicine refers collectively to procedures traditionally used for treatment of illness and injury, aid to childbirth, and maintenance of wellness. It is a body of knowledge distinct from modern, ''scientific medicine'' but may coexist in the same culture. It is usually unwritten and transmitted orally until someone ''collects'' it. Within a given culture, elements of folk medicine may be diffusely believed by many adults or may be gathered and applied by those in a specific role of [[w:healer|healer]], [[w:shaman|shaman]], [[w:midwife|midwife]], [[w:witch|witch]], or dealer in herbs. Elements in a specific culture are not necessarily integrated into a coherent system and may be contradictory. Folk medicine is sometimes associated with [[w:quackery|quackery]] when practiced as theatrics or otherwise practiced fraudulently, yet it may also preserve important cultural tradition from the past. Herbal medicine is an aspect of folk medicine that involves the use of gathered plant parts to make teas, [[w:poultice|poultices]], or powders that purportedly effect cures. Many effective treatments adopted by physicians over the centuries were derived from plants (e.g. aspirin), and botany was an important part of the ''materia medica'' of professional medical training before the 20th century. Attention has been paid to the folk medicine of indigenous peoples of remote areas of the world in the interest of finding new pharmaceuticals. Of concern is the extinction of many species by the clearing of formerly wild rainforests. Such activity may lead to the loss of species of plants that could provide aids to modern medicine. Attitudes toward this type of knowledge gathering and plant preservation vary and political conflicts have increasingly arisen over ''ownership'' of the plants, land, and knowledge in several parts of the world. While potentially important as cultural tradition, folk medicine should not be considered a reliable or proven form of healthcare; anyone considering trying folk medicine should always consult with a scientifically trained doctor first while exploring ways that folk medicine may aid, enhance, or provide better options than scientifically based approaches (e.g., the herbs at the heart of aspirin use do not come with the same side-effects and potential blood and heart issues in later life that aspirin has). ===Alternative Medicine=== '''Alternative medicine''' describes methods and practices used in place of, or in addition to, [[w:medicine|conventional]] or scientific treatments. There is some debate as to what is included under the label "alternative," as these practices include things as far ranging as: spiritual, metaphysical, or religious treatments; Eastern and Asian traditional treatments; and a variety of unproven treatments, like [[w:acupuncture|acupuncture]], [[w:chiropractic|chiropractic]], [[w:healing-touch|healing-touch]], and [[w:homeopathy|homeopathy]]. One popular definition of alternative medicine is provided by [[w:Richard Dawkins|Richard Dawkins]], an Oxford biologist: "that set of practices that cannot be tested, refuse to be tested or consistently fail tests."<ref name="Dawkins2003">Dawkins, Richard in Snake Oil, and Other Preoccupations by John Diamond. 2003. http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/snakeoil.shtml</ref> The widespread acceptance of various forms of alternative medicine is a good illustration of a combination of social-psychological ideas, including: [[w:fads|fads]], [http://www.aaas.org/spp/scifree/articles/102700.shtml scientific illiteracy], the power of marketing in a capitalistic economy, the influence of misinformed politicians on public policy [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/nccam.html e.g., The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of Health] and the willingness of people without "alternatives" to turn to unproven therapies when modern medicine informs them [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/quacksell.html there is nothing else that can be done]. Importantly, these same processes often facilitate the practice of newfound scientific approaches to medicine before researchers know exactly what such treatments and pills may do to human beings over the life course.<ref name="Tiefer2006">Tiefer, Lenore. 2006. “The Viagra Phenomenon.” Sexualities 9:273-294.</ref><ref>Busfield, Joan. 2006. “Pills, Power, People: Sociological Understandings of the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Sociology 40(2):297-314.</ref> ===Western Medicine=== [[Image:Tahril-neonatal.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Modern medicine has substantially improved quality of life around the world.]] Healthcare improves as a result of some advancements in [[w:medical science|medical science]]. Western medicine approaches health care from two angles. The first, the medical model, focuses on the eradication of illness through [[w:diagnosis|diagnosis]] and effective treatment. The second, the [[w:social model|social model]], focuses on changes that can be made in society and in people's own lifestyles to make the population healthier. Western, scientific medicine has proven uniquely effective at treating and preventing some diseases while wholly inadequate in treating others. It is increasingly widespread and more widely accepted than other forms of medicine, but researchers cannot ascertain whether this is due to results, concerted political and economic campaigns to stigmatize other approaches, or some combination of both. Western medicine is notably secular in name, officially indifferent to ideas of the supernatural or the spirit, and officially concentrated on the body and society to determine causes and cures, but throughout history religious organizations and institutions (especially with corporate or economic backing) have exerted considerable influence upon much Western Scientific medical development and practice). Despite its issues and problem areas, most researchers believe that Western scientific medicine is the most effective contributor to the health of humans in the world today. ====Criticisms of Alternative and Western Medicines==== Some of the criticisms of alternative and western-science medicine include: *Lack of Western Science approved testing. Many of the studies allegedly supporting the claims of alternative medicine are not controlled, double-blind peer-reviewed experiments, which is considered the gold standard in science and modern medicine (but they are also often not paid for and controlled by for-profit companies, which occurs throughout Western Scientific Medicine). The efficacy of these treatments has not been demonstrated through double-blind [[w:randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trials]]. Where alternative methods provide temporary symptomatic relief, this can usually be explained as being due to the [[w:placebo effect|placebo effect]], to natural healing, or to the cyclical nature of some illnesses. *Not proven to be an alternative. The term ''alternative medicine'' is misleading, as these treatments have not been proven to be an effective alternative to regulated [[w:conventional medicine|conventional medicine]], but alternative medicine proponents point out that the same can be said (not proven, though often demonstrated to be probable) of Western Medicine. *Safety issues. Some ''alternative'' practices (like some Western medicine practices) have killed people.<ref name="Willmsen2007">Willmsen, Christine, and Michael J. Berens. 2007. “Public never warned about dangerous device.” The Seattle Times, November 19 http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2004022178_miracle19m2.html (Accessed April 13, 2008).</ref><ref name="Imrie2008">Imrie, Robert. 2008. “Parents Pick Prayer Over Doctor, Girl Dies.” AOL News, March 28 http://news.aol.com/health/story/ar/_a/parents-pick-prayer-over-doctor-girl/20080327161309990002 (Accessed April 13, 2008).</ref> While not all alternative medicine treatments are potentially lethal, many are, and as a result, Western Medical authorities argue that Western Scientific standards must be applied to these medicines in the same way they are applied to many Western Medicine treatments that are lethal (once again, even though not all are). The lack of oversight by government regulators like the Food and Drug Administration (similar to the lack of oversight it actually provides to the Western pharmaceutical industry<ref name="Busfield2006">Busfield, Joan. 2006. “Pills, Power, People: Sociological Understandings of the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Sociology 40(2):297-314.</ref>) allows those selling these products virtually free-reign to employ whatever techniques they can sell (similar to lessened marketing regulations concerning pharmaceutical sales). The result is a buyer beware situation in which consumers must discern whether the treatment is harmful regardless of whether such treatment comes from Alternative or Western medical traditions. Proponents of alternative medicine say that people should be free to choose whatever method of healthcare they want, and Western Medicine proponents make the same argument, but each group tends to highlight the benefits of their approach (for example, alternative approaches to birth and hemophilia) and western approaches to infectious disease and immune deficiency) without regard for their tradition's faults and controversies (for example, alternative approaches to pain relief that offered no herbal or pharmaceutical relief or western creation and treatment of diseases that likely did not exist - like hysteria, which was ultimately a response to gender inequality with little to no biological basis or consequence). Critics agree that people should be free to choose, but when choosing, people must be certain that whatever method they choose will be safe and effective. People who choose alternative or western medicines may think they are choosing a safe, effective medicine, while they may only be getting [[w:quackery|quack]] remedies. This issue is particularly important in the treatment of children and individuals whose capacity to evaluate the treatment is impaired. *Delay in seeking conventional medical treatment. There is a concern that patients may delay seeking conventional medicine that could be more effective, while they undergo alternative therapies, potentially resulting in harm. At the same time, there is concern that patients often avoid alternative medicines that could be more effective due to the stigmatization of alternative approaches in Western societies. This is especially important - and part of the reason alternative and western approaches are being integrated in many settings - because human biology is incredibly complex, and often the answers to any condition require systematic comparison of multiple approaches and methods. *Poor diagnosis. Western and Alternative doctors and practitioners hold that the other tradition sometimes fail to correctly diagnose illnesses and therefore does not provide safe therapies. With a minor illness this may not be a serious concern, but with more serious illness it can lead to [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/harmquack.html injury, disfigurement, or death]. In terms of alternative approaches, for example, the lack of vital monitoring practiced in some traditions may lead practitioners to miss important details concerning heart conditions, and in terms of western approaches, the emphasis on and history of dismissing women's concerns often leads to misdiagnosis of disorders due to focus upon the genital and reproductive organs. *Cost. In countries where healthcare is state-funded or funded by medical insurance, alternative therapies are often not covered, and must be paid for by the patient. Costs for some therapies are relatively inexpensive, just several dollars for a medication. But others can be thousands of dollars and require continued payments for years and years.<ref name="Willmsen2007"/> Note, this is the same issue that faces the many people unable to acquire health insurance throughout the world. *Issues of regulation. Neither alternative or western medicines are properly regulated.<ref name="Busfield2006"/> As a result, there is often little to no governmental control on who practices alternative medicine and no real way of knowing what training or expertise they possess. In the United States, herbal remedies, vitamins, and supplements are not regulated by the [[w:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA).<ref name="Brody2008">Brody, Jane E. 2008. “Potential for Harm in Dietary Supplements.” The New York Times, April 8 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/08/health/08brod.html (Accessed April 13, 2008).</ref><ref name="CSPI2007">“Memory Supplements Forgettable, Says CSPI.” http://www.cspinet.org/new/200705041.html (Accessed April 13, 2008).</ref> This means that companies are not required to prove that these supplements are either effective or safe. The failure to regulate supplements has led to serious health issues for some, including some deaths.<ref name="Brody2008"/> Such problems did ultimately lead [http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ephedra/december2003/ the FDA to ban the sale] of [[w:ephedra|ephedra]]. Similarly, there is often little to no governmental control over pharmaceutical research and practices, and much pharmaceutical (and other Western) medical research is subsidized by corporations in search of profits rather than health, which leaves patients with no real way of knowing whether or not their "medicine" is actually a good idea or simply an addition to the bottom line. A notable example of this problem can be seen in western medical science approaches to [[w: breast cancer|breast cancer]] where - especially since the 1980's - corporate profits from the condition have exploded while treatment remains relatively the same as the 1940's approach (e.g., burn, slash and kill), where mammograms - supported by science funded by companies that create and sell mammography machines - and detection have become the focus to the detriment of attempts to compel researchers to search for cures and new treatment protocols, where billions of dollars are raised each year for research without any accountability concerning where this money goes, and where the most scientific answers to the problem itself (e.g., environmental factors that mirror rates of breast cancer in society since the 1930's) are completely ignored, unfunded, and left to private researchers to study.<ref>Sulik, Gayle. 2012. Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health. Oxford University Press.</ref> Considering the amount of people that die each year from breast cancer related conditions or issues, the lack of oversight (and scientific ethics) in much of the Western Medical tradition (similar to alternative traditions) is quite astounding and powerful in its consequences. *Testing and studies. The western scientific community argues that many studies carried out by alternative medicine promoters are flawed, as they often use testimonials and [[w:hearsay|hearsay]] as evidence, leaving the results open to observer bias. They argue that the only way to counter observer bias is to run a double-blind experiment in which neither the patient nor the practitioner knows whether the real treatment is being given or if a [[w:placebo|placebo]] has been administered. This research should then be reviewed by peers to determine the validity of the research methodology. Testimonials are particularly disturbing in this regard because, by chance alone, some people may see some improvement in the ailment for which they are being treated and will proceed to testify that the method helped them when the method was not the true cause of improvement.<ref name="Beyerstein2008">Beyerstein, Barry L. n.d. “Why Bogus Therapies Often Seem to Work.” quackwatch.org. http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/altbelief.html (Accessed April 13, 2008).</ref> Interestingly, promoters of Alternative Medicine levy the exact same complaint at the foot of western medical science - due to the pharmaceutical funding and oversight of most western "experiments", the studies are automatically victims of observer bias in their construction in much the same way western scientists argue alternative medicine may be biased in their procedures. For example, much breast cancer research and treatment science is funded by and subject to the funding of cosmetic companies that incidentally offer the products most highly correlated with breast cancer in America today (e.g., it is like having tobacco companies manage the scientific study of smoking - for a useful took where you can examine the cancer-causing content of your cosmetics see the recommended reading at the end of this section).<ref name="Sulik2012">Sulik, Gayle. 2012. Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health. Oxford University Press.</ref> Analyses across both fields often finds similar problematic procedures in both fields, but recent attempts to integrate (rather than demonize) these fields may be capable of reducing these problems.<ref name="Sulik2012"/> Recognizing the complexity of these issues, it is important for all people to learn about various aspects of health and well being, methods of critical thinking and decision making, and ways to keep abreast of ongoing developments within and between western-science and alternative medical traditions, practices, problems, benefits, and limitations. In so doing, people may ascertain the best health-related practices for themselves and the people they care about while also pushing both of these medical traditions toward greater regulation, oversight, integration, and care practices for all people. ==Additional Reading== *The New York Times recently invited a professor of bioethics to discuss the ethics of rationing healthcare. This article would serve as a very good launching point for discussing the ethics of universal healthcare. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/19/magazine/19healthcare-t.html *At this website, you may read the entire Affordable Care Act, or use the tabs to find the information most useful to you. Of particular interest are the timeline and the Key Features for the law, as well as the young adult section of the website (young adult defined as anyone under the age of 26) because it will probably have most of the changes that will directly effect most college students. Keep in mind this is the official site for the law, which means two important things: (1) it is constantly checked for accuracy by researchers so you will be getting the proper information about the law and changes, and (2) it is regularly updated as new developments, decisions, or time marks pass during the roll out of the law. http://www.healthcare.gov/law/index.html Further examples Rosich, Katherine and Janet Hankin. 2010. “Executive Summary: What Do We Know? Key Findings from 50 Years of Medical Sociology.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Extra Issue, 51:S1-S9. Burdette, Amy and Terrence Hill. 2008. “An examination of processes linking perceived neighborhood disorder and obesity.” Social Science & Medicine 67:38-46. Ross, Catherine and John Mirowsky. 2000. “Does Medical Insurance Contribute to Socioeconomic Differentials in Health?” The Milbank Quarterly 78:291−321. Busfield, Joan. 2006. “Pills, Power, People: Sociological Understandings of the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Sociology 40(2):297-314. Rier, David A. 2000. “The missing voice of the critically ill: a medical sociologist’s firstperson account.” Sociology of Health & Illness 22(1):68-93. Smith, Allen and Sherryl Kleinman. 1989. “Managing Emotions in Medical School.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 52:6-69. Chrisler, Joan and Paula Caplan. 2002. “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde: How PMS became a Cultural Phenomenon and Psychiatric Disorder.” Annual Review of Sex Research 13:274-306. ““But we have to do Something”: Surgical Correction of Atypical Genitalia.” by Katrina Roen Akers, Aletha Y., Melvin R. Muhammad, and Giselle Corbie-Smith. 2011. “‘When you got nothing to do, you do somebody’: A community’s perceptions of neighborhood effects on adolescent sexual behaviors.” Social Science & Medicine 72:91-99. Winterich, Julie A. 2003. Sex, Menopause, and Culture: Sexual Orientation and the Meaning of Menopause for Women’s Sex Lives. Gender & Society 17(4): 627-642. Elson, Jean. 2003. Hormonal Hierarchy: Hysterectomy and Stratified Stigma. Gender & Society 17(5): 750-770. Brubaker, Sarah Jane. 2007. Denied, Embracing, and Resisting Medicalization: African American Teen Mothers’ Perceptions of Formal Pregnancy and Childbirth Care. Gender & Society 21(4): 528-552. Kelly, Kimberly, and Linda Grant. 2007. State Abortion and Nonmarital Birthrates in the Post-Welfare Reform Era: The Impact of Economic Incentives on Reproductive Behaviors of Teenage and Adult Women. Gender & Society 21(6): 878-904. ==Discussion Questions== * What does it mean to be healthy? * Would you prefer private or public health care? * What do you think is contributing to the prevalence of obesity in many countries? * How long have we had science-based medical treatments? ==References== <references/> ==External links== *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/interactive/2012/dec/13/how-people-die-global-mortality-visualised The Guardian has an excellent graphic illustrating leading causes of death by age, sex, and region of the world in 1900 and 2010.] *[http://www.sram.org/ The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine] *[http://www3.who.int/whosis/core/core_process.cfm?option=3 International health statistics comparison] *[http://www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/ns20/year_f.html International Health Statistics: What the Numbers Mean for the United States - 1994] *[http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/jcush_analyticalreport.pdf Joint CDC/StatsCan comparison on the two health care systems - 2004 (pdf)] *[http://depts.washington.edu/fasdpn/ Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic & Prevention Network (FAS DPN)] *[http://www.well.com/user/woa/fsfas.htm Well.com FAS Fact Sheet] *[http://www.nofas.org/faqs.aspx FAQ on FAS from National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome] *[http://www.come-over.to/FAS/Whitehorse/WhitehorseArticleSC1.htm Dr Sterling Clarren's keynote address on FASD], Prairie Northern Conference on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Yukon 2002 *[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/319/7224/1523?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=rimm&searchid=1025569638239_15875&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=1,2,3,4,10 Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors] *[http://www.ncmhd.nih.gov/ National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities] *[http://www.healthpolicyohio.org/publications/healthdisparities.html Understanding Health Disparities] *[http://raceandhealth.hhs.gov/ Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health] United States government minority health initiative *[http://www.healthdisparities.net/hdc/html/home.aspx Health Disparities Collaborative] * [http://web.archive.org/web/20050526114308/http://www.apha.org/NPHW/toolkit/Toolkit-PHW04-LR.pdf American Public Health Association. "Eliminating Health Disparities: Toolkit" (2004)] * [http://www.thedoctorslounge.net/centers/nutrition/calculators/index.htm Obesity, BMI and Calorie assessment Calculators] * [http://www.nutri.info/body_mass_index_download.htm Body Mass Index Calculator] * [http://web4health.info/en/answers/life-obesity-menu.htm Obesity advice / FAQs] * [http://www.iotf.org/ International Task Force on Obesity] * [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/obesity.htm Childhood Obesity] * [http://www.travelinsurance.org/the-attack-on-obesity-and-the-bmi-myth/ Argument that the concern for obesity is overwrought] * [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7452/1327 BMJ Article on Obesity and Public policy] * [http://www.thepublicinterest.com/current/article3.html Economics of Obesity] * [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/symposium/sacks_files/v3_document.htm ''The Worldwide Obesity Epidemic''] by Frank Sacks MD * [http://images.medicalbillingandcodingcertification.net.s3.amazonaws.com/decoding-your-medical-bills.gif Infographic on healthcare costs in the US.] * [http://www.inspiredhealthgroup.com inspiredhealthgroup.com] * [http://www.goodhealthnevada.com/ goodhealthnevada.com] *This website provides information that allows people to ask questions and find answers concerning medical topics. It is continuously updated and regulated by staff at Columbia University. http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/ *This is a resource site for educational materials about contraceptive and reproductive health options http://bedsider.org/ *This site provides information on the content and potential health problems (especially breast cancer) associated with cosmetic brands. http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ *Index Mundi lets you build current-to-the-year trend graphs for a wide variety of different topics. You can also compare across many different nations. http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/topics/health *Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) has reports and graphs, maps, etc. for many health-related topics. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/ *National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), another CDC resource provides statistics on a variety of health-related topics. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ *For those interested in FL specifically, there is the ever-expanding Florida CHARTS. http://www.floridacharts.com/charts/default.aspx {{chapter navigation|Religion|Politics}} h4s5g87ockkhqeo6ieg1xda5d25y5y9 0 36600 4672876 1720827 2026-09-29T05:46:09Z Jcb 90773 4672876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} ==Epidemiology== *M>F 2:1 *3% of upper respiratory tract cancers ==Anatomy== *For the purpose of staging, is divided into four subsites: septum, floor, lateral wall, and vestible. *''Nasal vestibule'' is the anterior nasal cavity extending from the nostrils to the internal nasal valve. *''Lateral wall'' of nasal cavity includes the superior, medial and inferior turbinates, the nasolacrimal duct, and the osteomeatus. *5-12% incidence of nodal mets at diagnosis. *Draining lymphatics of nasal vestibule include Level I, facial and preauricular. '''Staging:''' see [[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Sinonasal/Staging|Staging]] ==Histology== '''Nasal Cavity''' *SCC 50% *Esthesioneuroblastoma 13%. *Melanoma 10-15% '''Nasal Vestibule''' *SCC 80% ==Treatment of Carcinoma of Nasal Vestibule== *Tumors of the nasal vestibule are typically considered separate from nasal cavity tumors, because they are essentially skin cancers and as such have a different natural history *Definitive radiation therapy preferred over primary surgical approach for T1-2N0 SCC of nasal vestibule because of good local control of xrt and major cosmetic sequellae of surgery. ===Definitive Radiation for Nasal Vestibule=== *'''The Netherlands, 2004''' {{PMID|15275715}} -- Langendijk JA et al. "Radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004 Aug 1;59(5):1319-25. **56 pts w/ Wang Classification T1 and T2 tumors tx'd w/ external beam xrt +/- endocavitary brachytherapy boost. **Local control rate at 2 yrs was 80%. 12% developed nodal metastases. *'''Gainesville, 1999''' (1970-1995) {{PMID|10402517}} -- Mendenhall WM et al. "Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule." Head Neck. 1999 Aug;21(5):385-93. **56 pts tx'd w/ xrt alone and 4 w/ xrt followed by surg **5yr local control 94%, T4 71% **5yr CSS 94%, T4 86% *'''Denmark, 1984''' {{PMID|6331090}} -- Johansen LV et al. "Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule. Treatment results." Acta Radiol Oncol. 1984;23(2-3):189-92. **66 pts w/ SCC of nasal vestibule, mostly tx'd w/ xrt alone. **Cure rate for Wang's T1 (81%) and Wang's T2 (52%). 12/22 local recuurence salvaged successfully w/ surgery. **Local recurrence w/ T3 was 88% ===Prognostic Factors for Nasal Vestibule=== *'''Princess Margaret, 2007''' (1979-2000) {{PMID|17298305}} -- Jeannon J-P et al. "Prognostic indicators in carcinoma of the nasal vestibule." Clin Otolaryngol. 2007 Feb;32(1):19-23. **Largest published series of SCC of nasal vestibule. **84 pts w/ SCC of nasal vestibule w/ 77% managed w/ primary xrt **5yr OS 58%, 5yr DFS 52% **Wang classification only prognostic indicator significant on multi-variate analysis. *'''MGH, 1976''' {{PMID|820421}} -- Wang CC. "Treatment of carcinoma of the nasal vestibule by irradiation." Cancer. 1976 Jul;38(1):100-6. **36 pts w/ SCC of nasal vestibule **3yr NED rates were 83% for Wang's T1, 71% for Wang's T2, and 50% for Wang's T3 **Pts w/ bone destruction best tx'd w/ primary surgical approach +/- xrt. ==Treatment of Carcinoma of Nasal Cavity== *Definitive radiation therapy for nasal cavity is preferred over surgery, and may include a brachytherapy boost. *'''SEER Database analysis, 2002''' {{PMID|12220216}} -- Bhattacharyya N. "Cancer of the nasal cavity: survival and factors influencing prognosis." Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002 Sep;128(9):1079-83. **981 pts, 97% non-metastatic, SCC 50%, esthesioneuroblastoma 13%, xrt delivered in 50% cases. **Overall 5 yr survival 57% *'''MD Anderson, 1992''' (1969-1985) {{PMID|1410570}} -- Ang KK. "Carcinomas of the nasal cavity." Radiother Oncol. 1992 Jul;24(3):163-8. **45 pts w/ carcinoma of nasal cavity tx'd curatively (18 xrt alone, 27 surg + xrt) **All pts w/ dz originating from septum controlled. 9/31 w/ dz from floor or lateral wall of nasal cavity died of dz **OS at 5 yrs 75%, at 10 yrs 60% **4 pts had blindness (2 from xrt, 2 from exenteration). *'''Mallinkrodt, 1988''' (1969-84) {{PMID|2846481}} -- Hawkins RB. "Carcinoma of the nasal cavity--results of primary and adjuvant radiotherapy." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Nov;15(5):1129-33. **62 pts w/ CA of nasal cavity tx'd w/ either definitive xrt or surg + xrt. 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IDEOGRAPH-4D53|&#x4d53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D54|&#x4d54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D55|&#x4d55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D56|&#x4d56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D57|&#x4d57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D58|&#x4d58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D59|&#x4d59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D5A|&#x4d5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D5B|&#x4d5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D5C|&#x4d5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D5D|&#x4d5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D5E|&#x4d5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D5F|&#x4d5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4D6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D60|&#x4d60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D61|&#x4d61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D62|&#x4d62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D63|&#x4d63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D64|&#x4d64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D65|&#x4d65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D66|&#x4d66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D67|&#x4d67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D68|&#x4d68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D69|&#x4d69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D6A|&#x4d6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D6B|&#x4d6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D6C|&#x4d6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D6D|&#x4d6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D6E|&#x4d6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D6F|&#x4d6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4D7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D70|&#x4d70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D71|&#x4d71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D72|&#x4d72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D73|&#x4d73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D74|&#x4d74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D75|&#x4d75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D76|&#x4d76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D77|&#x4d77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D78|&#x4d78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D79|&#x4d79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D7A|&#x4d7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D7B|&#x4d7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D7C|&#x4d7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D7D|&#x4d7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D7E|&#x4d7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D7F|&#x4d7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4D8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D80|&#x4d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D81|&#x4d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D82|&#x4d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D83|&#x4d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D84|&#x4d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D85|&#x4d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D86|&#x4d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D87|&#x4d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D88|&#x4d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D89|&#x4d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D8A|&#x4d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D8B|&#x4d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D8C|&#x4d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D8D|&#x4d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D8E|&#x4d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D8F|&#x4d8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4D9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D90|&#x4d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D91|&#x4d91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D92|&#x4d92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D93|&#x4d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D94|&#x4d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D95|&#x4d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D96|&#x4d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D97|&#x4d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D98|&#x4d98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D99|&#x4d99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D9A|&#x4d9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D9B|&#x4d9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D9C|&#x4d9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D9D|&#x4d9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D9E|&#x4d9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4D9F|&#x4d9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA0|&#x4da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA1|&#x4da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA2|&#x4da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA3|&#x4da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA4|&#x4da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA5|&#x4da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA6|&#x4da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA7|&#x4da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA8|&#x4da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DA9|&#x4da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DAA|&#x4daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DAB|&#x4dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DAC|&#x4dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DAD|&#x4dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DAE|&#x4dae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DAF|&#x4daf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DBx |style="background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB0|&#x4db0;}}||style="background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB1|&#x4db1;}}||style="background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB2|&#x4db2;}}||style="background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB3|&#x4db3;}}||style="background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB4|&#x4db4;}}||style="background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB5|&#x4db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB6|&#x4db6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB7|&#x4db7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB8|&#x4db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB9|&#x4db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBA|&#x4dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBB|&#x4dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBC|&#x4dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBD|&#x4dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBE|&#x4dbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBF|&#x4dbf;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#92ff6c" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE CREATIVE HEAVEN|&#x4dc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE RECEPTIVE EARTH|&#x4dc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DIFFICULTY AT THE BEGINNING|&#x4dc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR YOUTHFUL FOLLY|&#x4dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR WAITING|&#x4dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR CONFLICT|&#x4dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE ARMY|&#x4dc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR HOLDING TOGETHER|&#x4dc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR SMALL TAMING|&#x4dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR TREADING|&#x4dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR PEACE|&#x4dca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR STANDSTILL|&#x4dcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR FELLOWSHIP|&#x4dcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GREAT POSSESSION|&#x4dcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR MODESTY|&#x4dce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR ENTHUSIASM|&#x4dcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#92ff6c" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR FOLLOWING|&#x4dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR WORK ON THE DECAYED|&#x4dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR APPROACH|&#x4dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR CONTEMPLATION|&#x4dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR BITING THROUGH|&#x4dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GRACE|&#x4dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR SPLITTING APART|&#x4dd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR RETURN|&#x4dd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR INNOCENCE|&#x4dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GREAT TAMING|&#x4dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR MOUTH CORNERS|&#x4dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GREAT PREPONDERANCE|&#x4ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE ABYSMAL WATER|&#x4ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE CLINGING FIRE|&#x4ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR INFLUENCE|&#x4dde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DURATION|&#x4ddf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#92ff6c" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR RETREAT|&#x4de0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GREAT POWER|&#x4de1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR PROGRESS|&#x4de2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DARKENING OF THE LIGHT|&#x4de3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE FAMILY|&#x4de4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR OPPOSITION|&#x4de5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR OBSTRUCTION|&#x4de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DELIVERANCE|&#x4de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DECREASE|&#x4de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR INCREASE|&#x4de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR BREAKTHROUGH|&#x4dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR COMING TO MEET|&#x4deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GATHERING TOGETHER|&#x4dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR PUSHING UPWARD|&#x4ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR OPPRESSION|&#x4dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE WELL|&#x4def;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#92ff6c" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR REVOLUTION|&#x4df0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE CAULDRON|&#x4df1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE AROUSING THUNDER|&#x4df2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE KEEPING STILL MOUNTAIN|&#x4df3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DEVELOPMENT|&#x4df4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE MARRYING MAIDEN|&#x4df5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR ABUNDANCE|&#x4df6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE WANDERER|&#x4df7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE GENTLE WIND|&#x4df8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE JOYOUS LAKE|&#x4df9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DISPERSION|&#x4dfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR LIMITATION|&#x4dfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR INNER TRUTH|&#x4dfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR SMALL PREPONDERANCE|&#x4dfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR AFTER COMPLETION|&#x4dfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR BEFORE COMPLETION|&#x4dff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4E0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00|&#x4e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E01|&#x4e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E02|&#x4e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E03|&#x4e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E04|&#x4e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E05|&#x4e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2000x |{{ucr|20000|&#x20000;}}||{{ucr|20001|&#x20001;}}||{{ucr|20002|&#x20002;}}||{{ucr|20003|&#x20003;}}||{{ucr|20004|&#x20004;}}||{{ucr|20005|&#x20005;}}||{{ucr|20006|&#x20006;}}||{{ucr|20007|&#x20007;}}||{{ucr|20008|&#x20008;}}||{{ucr|20009|&#x20009;}}||{{ucr|2000A|&#x2000a;}}||{{ucr|2000B|&#x2000b;}}||{{ucr|2000C|&#x2000c;}}||{{ucr|2000D|&#x2000d;}}||{{ucr|2000E|&#x2000e;}}||{{ucr|2000F|&#x2000f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2001x |{{ucr|20010|&#x20010;}}||{{ucr|20011|&#x20011;}}||{{ucr|20012|&#x20012;}}||{{ucr|20013|&#x20013;}}||{{ucr|20014|&#x20014;}}||{{ucr|20015|&#x20015;}}||{{ucr|20016|&#x20016;}}||{{ucr|20017|&#x20017;}}||{{ucr|20018|&#x20018;}}||{{ucr|20019|&#x20019;}}||{{ucr|2001A|&#x2001a;}}||{{ucr|2001B|&#x2001b;}}||{{ucr|2001C|&#x2001c;}}||{{ucr|2001D|&#x2001d;}}||{{ucr|2001E|&#x2001e;}}||{{ucr|2001F|&#x2001f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2002x |{{ucr|20020|&#x20020;}}||{{ucr|20021|&#x20021;}}||{{ucr|20022|&#x20022;}}||{{ucr|20023|&#x20023;}}||{{ucr|20024|&#x20024;}}||{{ucr|20025|&#x20025;}}||{{ucr|20026|&#x20026;}}||{{ucr|20027|&#x20027;}}||{{ucr|20028|&#x20028;}}||{{ucr|20029|&#x20029;}}||{{ucr|2002A|&#x2002a;}}||{{ucr|2002B|&#x2002b;}}||{{ucr|2002C|&#x2002c;}}||{{ucr|2002D|&#x2002d;}}||{{ucr|2002E|&#x2002e;}}||{{ucr|2002F|&#x2002f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2003x |{{ucr|20030|&#x20030;}}||{{ucr|20031|&#x20031;}}||{{ucr|20032|&#x20032;}}||{{ucr|20033|&#x20033;}}||{{ucr|20034|&#x20034;}}||{{ucr|20035|&#x20035;}}||{{ucr|20036|&#x20036;}}||{{ucr|20037|&#x20037;}}||{{ucr|20038|&#x20038;}}||{{ucr|20039|&#x20039;}}||{{ucr|2003A|&#x2003a;}}||{{ucr|2003B|&#x2003b;}}||{{ucr|2003C|&#x2003c;}}||{{ucr|2003D|&#x2003d;}}||{{ucr|2003E|&#x2003e;}}||{{ucr|2003F|&#x2003f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2004x |{{ucr|20040|&#x20040;}}||{{ucr|20041|&#x20041;}}||{{ucr|20042|&#x20042;}}||{{ucr|20043|&#x20043;}}||{{ucr|20044|&#x20044;}}||{{ucr|20045|&#x20045;}}||{{ucr|20046|&#x20046;}}||{{ucr|20047|&#x20047;}}||{{ucr|20048|&#x20048;}}||{{ucr|20049|&#x20049;}}||{{ucr|2004A|&#x2004a;}}||{{ucr|2004B|&#x2004b;}}||{{ucr|2004C|&#x2004c;}}||{{ucr|2004D|&#x2004d;}}||{{ucr|2004E|&#x2004e;}}||{{ucr|2004F|&#x2004f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2005x |{{ucr|20050|&#x20050;}}||{{ucr|20051|&#x20051;}}||{{ucr|20052|&#x20052;}}||{{ucr|20053|&#x20053;}}||{{ucr|20054|&#x20054;}}||{{ucr|20055|&#x20055;}}||{{ucr|20056|&#x20056;}}||{{ucr|20057|&#x20057;}}||{{ucr|20058|&#x20058;}}||{{ucr|20059|&#x20059;}}||{{ucr|2005A|&#x2005a;}}||{{ucr|2005B|&#x2005b;}}||{{ucr|2005C|&#x2005c;}}||{{ucr|2005D|&#x2005d;}}||{{ucr|2005E|&#x2005e;}}||{{ucr|2005F|&#x2005f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2006x |{{ucr|20060|&#x20060;}}||{{ucr|20061|&#x20061;}}||{{ucr|20062|&#x20062;}}||{{ucr|20063|&#x20063;}}||{{ucr|20064|&#x20064;}}||{{ucr|20065|&#x20065;}}||{{ucr|20066|&#x20066;}}||{{ucr|20067|&#x20067;}}||{{ucr|20068|&#x20068;}}||{{ucr|20069|&#x20069;}}||{{ucr|2006A|&#x2006a;}}||{{ucr|2006B|&#x2006b;}}||{{ucr|2006C|&#x2006c;}}||{{ucr|2006D|&#x2006d;}}||{{ucr|2006E|&#x2006e;}}||{{ucr|2006F|&#x2006f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2007x |{{ucr|20070|&#x20070;}}||{{ucr|20071|&#x20071;}}||{{ucr|20072|&#x20072;}}||{{ucr|20073|&#x20073;}}||{{ucr|20074|&#x20074;}}||{{ucr|20075|&#x20075;}}||{{ucr|20076|&#x20076;}}||{{ucr|20077|&#x20077;}}||{{ucr|20078|&#x20078;}}||{{ucr|20079|&#x20079;}}||{{ucr|2007A|&#x2007a;}}||{{ucr|2007B|&#x2007b;}}||{{ucr|2007C|&#x2007c;}}||{{ucr|2007D|&#x2007d;}}||{{ucr|2007E|&#x2007e;}}||{{ucr|2007F|&#x2007f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2008x |{{ucr|20080|&#x20080;}}||{{ucr|20081|&#x20081;}}||{{ucr|20082|&#x20082;}}||{{ucr|20083|&#x20083;}}||{{ucr|20084|&#x20084;}}||{{ucr|20085|&#x20085;}}||{{ucr|20086|&#x20086;}}||{{ucr|20087|&#x20087;}}||{{ucr|20088|&#x20088;}}||{{ucr|20089|&#x20089;}}||{{ucr|2008A|&#x2008a;}}||{{ucr|2008B|&#x2008b;}}||{{ucr|2008C|&#x2008c;}}||{{ucr|2008D|&#x2008d;}}||{{ucr|2008E|&#x2008e;}}||{{ucr|2008F|&#x2008f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2009x |{{ucr|20090|&#x20090;}}||{{ucr|20091|&#x20091;}}||{{ucr|20092|&#x20092;}}||{{ucr|20093|&#x20093;}}||{{ucr|20094|&#x20094;}}||{{ucr|20095|&#x20095;}}||{{ucr|20096|&#x20096;}}||{{ucr|20097|&#x20097;}}||{{ucr|20098|&#x20098;}}||{{ucr|20099|&#x20099;}}||{{ucr|2009A|&#x2009a;}}||{{ucr|2009B|&#x2009b;}}||{{ucr|2009C|&#x2009c;}}||{{ucr|2009D|&#x2009d;}}||{{ucr|2009E|&#x2009e;}}||{{ucr|2009F|&#x2009f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|200Ax |{{ucr|200A0|&#x200a0;}}||{{ucr|200A1|&#x200a1;}}||{{ucr|200A2|&#x200a2;}}||{{ucr|200A3|&#x200a3;}}||{{ucr|200A4|&#x200a4;}}||{{ucr|200A5|&#x200a5;}}||{{ucr|200A6|&#x200a6;}}||{{ucr|200A7|&#x200a7;}}||{{ucr|200A8|&#x200a8;}}||{{ucr|200A9|&#x200a9;}}||{{ucr|200AA|&#x200aa;}}||{{ucr|200AB|&#x200ab;}}||{{ucr|200AC|&#x200ac;}}||{{ucr|200AD|&#x200ad;}}||{{ucr|200AE|&#x200ae;}}||{{ucr|200AF|&#x200af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|200Bx |{{ucr|200B0|&#x200b0;}}||{{ucr|200B1|&#x200b1;}}||{{ucr|200B2|&#x200b2;}}||{{ucr|200B3|&#x200b3;}}||{{ucr|200B4|&#x200b4;}}||{{ucr|200B5|&#x200b5;}}||{{ucr|200B6|&#x200b6;}}||{{ucr|200B7|&#x200b7;}}||{{ucr|200B8|&#x200b8;}}||{{ucr|200B9|&#x200b9;}}||{{ucr|200BA|&#x200ba;}}||{{ucr|200BB|&#x200bb;}}||{{ucr|200BC|&#x200bc;}}||{{ucr|200BD|&#x200bd;}}||{{ucr|200BE|&#x200be;}}||{{ucr|200BF|&#x200bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.1}};{{text default color}};" 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sandbox created for improvement proposals. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 07:32, 1 April 2021 (UTC) Akinloye Johnsine – Professional Biography Akinloye Johnsine is a dedicated professional with a passion for excellence, innovation, and continuous personal growth. With experience spanning technology, entrepreneurship, and community engagement, Johnsfuckine is committed to delivering impactful solutions and building meaningful relationships. Drivenby a strong work ethic and a desire to make a positive difference, Johnsine has developed expertise in problem-solving, project execution, and customer-focused service. Whether collaborating with teams, leading initiatives, or supporting clients, Johnsine approaches every opportunity with integrity, professionalism, and attention to detail. Beyond professional pursuits, Johnsine values lifelong learning, leadership development, and giving back to the community. A firm believer in embracing new challenges, Johnsine continually seeks opportunities to expand knowledge, improve skills, and contribute to meaningful projects that create lasting value. Known for adaptability, reliability, and a results-oriented mindset, Akinloye Johnsine strives to inspire growth, foster innovation, and make a positive impact in every endeavor. Recent News and Activity There is no recent news or activity for this profile. Browse By: Organizations, People, Events Stay Connected Crunchbase Blog Crunchbase News Subscribe to the Crunchbase Daily Who We Are Company Careers Partners Press Contact Us Talk With Sales What We Do Crunchbase Pro Crunchbase Business Marketplace Data Licensing Customer Stories Pricing Helpful Links Create Profile Featured Lists and Searches Knowledge Center Privacy Do Not Sell My Info AI Content may contain mistakes and is not legal, financial or investment advice. Learn more. Terms of Service | Privacy Policy | Sitemap | © 2026 Crunchbase Inc. All Rights Reserved. (35d1611 1) Cookie Settings | Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Info Search [[User:Akinloye Azeez|Akinloye Azeez]] ([[User talk:Akinloye Azeez|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Akinloye Azeez|contribs]]) 14:52, 10 July 2026 (UTC) nktx9ar4cro8jvh4b7phh3tp9mhs5j3 4672748 4672747 2026-09-28T13:10:14Z Làm Việc Thiện 3346080 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-52182-74|~2026-52182-74]] ([[User talk:~2026-52182-74|talk]]) to last version by Akinloye Azeez: reverting vandalism 4672748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rfd-survived}} {{archives}} == [[Wikibooks:Card Catalog Office/sandbox]] == Above sandbox created for improvement proposals. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 07:32, 1 April 2021 (UTC) Akinloye Johnsine – Professional Biography Akinloye Johnsine is a dedicated professional with a passion for excellence, innovation, and continuous personal growth. With experience spanning technology, entrepreneurship, and community engagement, Johnsine is committed to delivering impactful solutions and building meaningful relationships. Drivenby a strong work ethic and a desire to make a positive difference, Johnsine has developed expertise in problem-solving, project execution, and customer-focused service. Whether collaborating with teams, leading initiatives, or supporting clients, Johnsine approaches every opportunity with integrity, professionalism, and attention to detail. Beyond professional pursuits, Johnsine values lifelong learning, leadership development, and giving back to the community. A firm believer in embracing new challenges, Johnsine continually seeks opportunities to expand knowledge, improve skills, and contribute to meaningful projects that create lasting value. Known for adaptability, reliability, and a results-oriented mindset, Akinloye Johnsine strives to inspire growth, foster innovation, and make a positive impact in every endeavor. Recent News and Activity There is no recent news or activity for this profile. Browse By: Organizations, People, Events Stay Connected Crunchbase Blog Crunchbase News Subscribe to the Crunchbase Daily Who We Are Company Careers Partners Press Contact Us Talk With Sales What We Do Crunchbase Pro Crunchbase Business Marketplace Data Licensing Customer Stories Pricing Helpful Links Create Profile Featured Lists and Searches Knowledge Center Privacy Do Not Sell My Info AI Content may contain mistakes and is not legal, financial or investment advice. Learn more. Terms of Service | Privacy Policy | Sitemap | © 2026 Crunchbase Inc. All Rights Reserved. (35d1611 1) Cookie Settings | Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Info Search [[User:Akinloye Azeez|Akinloye Azeez]] ([[User talk:Akinloye Azeez|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Akinloye Azeez|contribs]]) 14:52, 10 July 2026 (UTC) 68tx5jmwdhzs165pz2ptry3372vzh41 0 116890 4672804 4283924 2026-09-28T16:15:46Z ~2026-52064-58 3627097 /* Rescue Breaths */ 4672804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FirstAidHeader}} == Principles == Humans breathe by inhaling fresh air into the lungs, exchanging part (but not all) of the oxygen in it with unneeded carbon dioxide, and exhaling the spent air. Blood vessels located in the lungs distribute oxygen throughout the cells of the body. Human beings typically have a lung capacity of 4 to 6 liters. When someone stops breathing, this is a life threatening condition known as respiratory arrest. Occasionally when a victim stops breathing, their breathing can restart if stimulated by a rescuer blowing air into their lungs. However, a victim in respiratory arrest is likely to fall into ''cardio-respiratory'' arrest, which means that they are no longer breathing and their heart has also stopped. Without their lungs receiving oxygen, a victim will suffer permanent brain damage after only a few minutes. Because of this, it is crucial that rescuers provide rescue breathing (ventilation) quickly and correctly. == Checking the respiration == {{FA Regional Note|In some areas, trainers advocate calling emergency medical services as soon as you find a patient unconscious (''"call first"''), but the ILCOR protocol is to call EMS once you determine whether the victim is breathing or not (''"call fast"''). This ensures that the correct priority is given to your call. You should summon an ambulance in either case if the patient is unconscious.}} After opening the victim's airway, check to see if the victim is breathing. To do this, place your cheek in front of the victim's mouth (about 3–5&nbsp;cm away) while looking down their chest (towards their feet). If desired, you can also gently place a hand on the center of the victim's chest. This allows you to observe whether the victim is breathing in the following ways: # You may '''Feel''' the victim's breath against your cheek. # You may '''Hear''' the air entering or escaping your victim's lungs. # You may '''See''' the chest rise and fall with each breath. # You may '''Smell''' the breath of the victim as they exhale. If you have placed your hand on the victim's chest, you may also feel their chest rise and fall against your hand. Search for these signs for 10 seconds. If there is no breathing (or it is slower than 6 times per minute), your victim is not adequately moving air in and out of their body. In order to help them, you must perform rescue breathing. {{-}} ==Calling For Help== If a bystander has not already summoned assistance, now is the time to make sure that emergency personnel are enroute (known as EMS, Ambulance Service, Rescue Squad, or Paramedics depending on the region). Ideally, someone else will be able to make the call while you continue aid. If you're alone, you must stop and call yourself. * Europe: 112 * USA & Canada: 911 * Australia: 000 * United Kingdom: 999 or 112 You will need to give the emergency services: * Your exact location (including apartment number, suite, building, etc.) * The illness or injury that the victim is having (to the best of your knowledge). * A telephone number you can be contacted back on (for instance, if they have difficulty finding you) In some cases, the person taking your call will run through a list of questions with you in order to make sure the proper resources are sent to you. Also, some localities will give the caller instructions on what to do before help arrives. Sometimes, the victim must be left unattended while the first aider leaves to seek help for them. If the victim is unconscious they should be left in the recovery position so they do not choke if they vomit. However, if you suspect the victim has an injury to their neck or back, they should not be moved and their head kept stationary, with two exceptions. One, if the victim is in immediate danger (such as from a fire), they should be moved regardless. Two, if the victim is unconscious, the threat of choking outweighs the potential injury to their neck or back, and they should be placed on their side anyway. There are alternative methods for safer positioning available to those with more advanced training.(See [[First Aid/Suspected Spinal Injury|Suspected Spinal Injury]] for more information.) == Rescue Breaths == {{FA Regional Note|In Europe, give 5 rescue breaths for victims of:<br><ul><li>Drowning<li>Trauma<li>Drug overdose</ul><br>For other victims, begin with [[First Aid/C for Compressions|compressions]] instead of rescue breaths.}} Rescue breaths must be provided to victims in a state of respiratory arrest; ''do not'' provide them to a weakly breathing victim. If you cannot detect the breath of the victim, or they are breathing slower than once every ten seconds, begin rescue breathing. If you have a CPR mask or other barrier device, you can use it to protect yourself and the victim from exchange of body fluids. Cheap, keyring-sized CPR masks are available in most pharmacies. Be sure to read the instructions and practice with any equipment you buy. In the event you do not have a barrier device, the rescuer should perform as best they can, given the situation and abilities. If you are uncomfortable performing direct mouth-to-mouth on a stranger, or you find blood or other bodily fluids present, you are not obligated to. You should, however, perform the chest compression portion of CPR, as it is better than doing nothing. The 2010 CPR guidelines changed CPR so compressions are started first, after checking for breathing. To give two rescue breaths: * Kneel at the level of the victim, perpendicular to and facing them. * Maintain an open airway using the head-tilt chin-lift. * Squeeze the nose of the victim with your free hand to seal it shut. * Put your mouth on the mouth of the victim in an airtight manner, and blow into the mouth of the victim so that their chest begins to rise. Never blow forcefully, as this may cause the air to enter the stomach and not their lungs. Instead, exhale smoothly over 1–2 seconds. * Remove your mouth, and let the victim exhale completely (watch for their chest to fall). * Repeat the above steps for your second breath. If your breaths do not go in easily, or the victim's chest did not rise, the airway could have again become closed. Open the airway once again with the head-tilt chin-lift technique and try again, making sure the victim's neck is extended and their head is rocked back fully. Continue with [[First Aid/C for Compressions|CPR compressions]]. {{FAFooter3}} {{BookCat}} og1810ro7e3nylhv1jt2tz8fdequqqw 0 125590 4672883 4620630 2026-09-29T08:04:21Z Jcb 90773 4672883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} :''See also:'' [[Radiation_Oncology/Heel_Spurs/Randomized|Level I Evidence]] <big> Plantar fasciitis / Heel Spurs</big> *Heel spur first described in 1900 as exostatic plantar bone formation at the insertion of the plantar fascia **Plantar heel spur - into calf **Dorsal heel spur - into Achilles tendon *Overall prevalence estimated 8-10% *Symptoms: extensive pain under heel, may radiate into lower leg. Usually gait and mobility impairment *Etiology: Pain is driven by active inflammation and degenerative process at the insertion of plantar fascia onto the medial calcaneal tuberosity. Heel spur may or may not form, and may be completely asymptomatic. Presence of absence of heel spurs has no bearing of clinical efficacy of LDRT, which treats the soft tissue inflammation *Treatment: as for osteoarthritis; decreasing weight-bearing, NSAIDS, corticoid crystal suspensions, local anesthesia, iontophoresis, microwave/ultrasound *RT role: **RT does not dissolve heel spur, if present. **RT dose 3 Gy total in 0.5 Gy/fx twice weekly effective *'''Wiesbaden, 2007''' (Germany) (1990-2002) {{PMID|17453376}} -- "Demographic, clinical and treatment related predictors for event-free probability following low-dose radiotherapy for painful heel spurs - a retrospective multicenter study of 502 patients." (Muecke R, Acta Oncol. 2007;46(2):239-46.) **Retrospective. 502 patients with painful heel spurs. Low-dose RT. Median F/U 2.1 years **RT: 6 or 10 MV beam: 5 Gy in 10 fxs twice weekly, or 5 Gy in 5 fxs twice weekly; 175 kVP beam: 6 Gy in 6 fxs three times weekly **8-year EFS: 61%; prognostic factors: only one RT course, age >58, megavoltage photons **Conclusion: low-dose RT very effective for painful heel spurs *'''Offenbach, 2007''' (Germany) {{PMID|17225939}} -- "Radiation Therapy for Painful Heel Spurs : Results of a Prospective Randomized Study." (Heyd R, Strahlenther Onkol. 2007 Jan;183(1):3-9.) **Randomized. 130 patients with painful heel spurs. RT low-dose 3 Gy in 0.5 Gy/fx twice weekly vs. high-dose 6 Gy in 1.0 Gy/fx twice weekly **Outcome: 6-month excellent/good LD 66% vs. 68% (NS) **Conclusion: RT effective, shouldn't give more than 3 Gy hd5l2thkxm465phnhcoxkxw6dvv5da9 0 125678 4672884 1628215 2026-09-29T08:04:42Z Jcb 90773 4672884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} ==RT dose 3.0 Gy vs. 6.0 Gy== *'''Offenbach, 2007''' (Germany) {{PMID|17225939}} -- "Radiation Therapy for Painful Heel Spurs : Results of a Prospective Randomized Study." (Heyd R, Strahlenther Onkol. 2007 Jan;183(1):3-9.) **Randomized. 130 patients with painful heel spurs. RT low-dose 3 Gy in 0.5 Gy/fx twice weekly vs. high-dose 6 Gy in 1.0 Gy/fx twice weekly **Outcome: 6-month excellent/good LD 66% vs. 68% (NS) **Conclusion: RT effective, shouldn't give more than 3 Gy hiutq9pr5uaq4unf1sliqz9hn52wgep 0 125874 4672878 4052802 2026-09-29T05:48:39Z Jcb 90773 4672878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology/TOC}} ==Epidemiology== *SCC of unknown primary represents 3-5% of cancers of head and neck. ==Natural History== *Likely a result from subclinical primary malignancy in upper aerodigestive tract. *Primary identified in approximately 40% of cases (80% of identified primary cancers are from either tonsil or base of tongue). *Most commonly affect jugulodigastric and upper jugular nodes. ==Diagnostic Workup== *''Clinical examination'' **Complete head and neck exam. **Examination of the skin of the head and neck region. *''CT or MRI'' **Imaging should extend from base of skull to thoracic inlet. *''Panendoscopy with directed biopsies'' **Endoscopic evaluation should include direct laryngoscopy and nasopharynx survey. **For Level II node, directed biopsies should include base of tongue, nasopharynx, pyriform sinus, tonsil. *''Tonsillectomy '' **Tonsillectomy improves yield over focally directed biopsy. **Question ipsilateral vs bilateral tonsillectomy is controversial. **'''Johns Hopkins, 1998''' {{PMID|9818813}} -- McQuone S "Occult tonsillar carcinoma in the unknown primary." Laryngoscope. 1998 Nov;108(11 Pt 1):1605-10. *''PET'' **NCCN recommends only if other workup does not identify the primary. **After FNA of the neck mass, can increase diagnostic yield by 20-30% **However, after negative PET, pan-endoscopy with directed biopsies can detect primary in 10-20% cases. **Therefore, combination of PET and pan-endoscopy with directed biopsies is probably best, with a yield of almost 50% **'''UT San Antonio, 2008''' {{PMID|17657782}} -- Miller FR, "Management of the unknown primary carcinoma: long-term follow-up on a negative PET scan and negative panendoscopy." Head Neck. 2008 Jan;30(1):28-34. **'''Emory Review, 2004''' {{PMID|15517576}} -- Rusthoven KE "The role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary tumor." Cancer. 2004 Dec 1;101(11):2641-9. ***PET detected previously unidentified primary in 24.5% of patients *''Level IV/V LNs'' **Also perform bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy and CT of chest/abdomen/pelvis ==Staging== '''AJCC 8th edition (2017)''': To be used for staging beginning Jan 1, 2018. * '''Cervical Lymph Nodes and Unknown Primary Tumors of the Head and Neck''' ** Used for squamous cell carcinoma and salivary gland carcinoma of all head and neck sites except HPV-related oropharynx cancer, nasopharyx cancer, melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, and sarcoma. ** New staging chapter for 8th edition Occult primary tumor: Staging is T0 and the N category is according to the respective anatomic site based on EBV and HPV status: * EBV-related cervical adenopathy -> Staged according to Nasopharynx * HPV-related cervical adenopathy -> Staged according to HPV-mediated oropharyngeal cancer * All other pts with EBV-unrelated and HPV-unrelated -> Staged according to main H&N staging listed here '''For non-EBV and non-HPV related:''' {{Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Node staging-8thEd}} '''Overall Stage:''' * EBV-related cervical adenopathy -> Staged according to Nasopharynx * HPV-related cervical adenopathy -> Staged according to HPV-mediated oropharyngeal cancer * All other pts with EBV-unrelated and HPV-unrelated -> Staged as below '''For non-EBV and non-HPV related:''' *III - T0 N1 *IVA - T0 N2 *IVB - T0 N3 *IVC - T0 Any N M1 ==Treatment Overview== '''Stage''' *N1 disease can be treated with neck dissection alone. *Patients w/ an excisional biopsy should be tx'd w/ definitive xrt. *N2A-C and N3 disease can be treated with definitive xrt alone. **Planned neck dissection following xrt if persistent disease **Some institutions consider planned neck dissection standard after definitive xrt for N2 disease '''''University of Florida algorithm''''' (in Gunderson, 2nd ed, 2007) *cN1: neck dissection **If pN1, no ECE - observe **If pN2+ or ECE - adjuvant RT **If excisional biopsy done - definitive RT *cN2: **If early N2: definitive RT **If advanced N2-3: definitive chemo-RT **For both, CT scan 1 month after RT, if residual disease, adjuvant neck dissection '''Volume''' *Classically, RT fields would include bilateral neck nodes and mucosal sites of putative origin (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx) *Modified mucosal volume may include only nasopharynx and oropharynx, since University of Florida data shows that hypopharynx and larynx primaries are rare. Nevertheless, for isolated Level III-IV LN, these should probably still be covered *Modified neck volume may include ipsilateral Level Ib-V + RP nodes and contralateral low Level II-V lymph nodes. *Treatment of bilateral neck + mucosal sites of risk appears to improve rate of neck control and even overall survival in some series as compared to unilateral neck irradiation. This issue is considered somewhat controversial and must be weighed against the added toxicity of comprehensive irradiation ==Surgery Alone== *'''Mayo Clinic; 1992''' {{PMID|1618667}} -- "Cervical nodal metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of unknown origin: indications for withholding radiation therapy." (Coster JR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;23(4):743-9.) **Retrospective. 24 patients, unknown primary, unilateral neck disease, curative resection by neck dissection or excisional biopsy. N1 (n=14), N2a (n=6), N2b (n=3), N3 (n=1). ECE (n=8). Median F/U alive patients 8.5 years **Outcome: Primary developed in 4%. Neck recurrence 25%, median TTF 3 months. In 5/6 patients with recurrence ECE+. Both N1 patients who recurred had ECE. 5-year CSS 74%, OS 66% **Conclusion: In pN1 and no ECE, surgery alone sufficient. If pN2+ or ECE, consider adjuvant RT ==Definitive Radiation== *'''Gainesville, 2001''' (1964-97) {{PMID|11316546}} -- Erkal HS et al. "Squamous cell carcinomas metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head-and-neck mucosal site treated with radiation therapy alone or in combination with neck dissection." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 May 1;50(1):55-63. **126 pts w/ SCC of cervical neck from unknown primary. >90% tx'd w/ comprehensive nodal/mucosal site irradiation. **5yr neck control 78% (10% persistent dz, 12% nodal failure. **5yr OS 47% **Factors that affected OS on multi-variate analysis were ECE, N stage, RT dose to mucosal sites. *'''Danish, 2000''' (1975-95) {{PMID|10799723}} -- Grau C et al. "Cervical lymph node metastases from unknown primary tumours. Results from a national survey by the Danish Society for Head and Neck Oncology." Radiother Oncol. 2000 May;55(2):121-9. **277 pts tx'd radically for unknown primary of H&N. 81% tx'd with comprehensive fields (b/l neck, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx and larynx). **5yr OS 37% **Mucosal primary emergence rate 16% (50% of emerging primaries in lung or esophagus). **Comprehensive xrt fields appeared to decrease neck relapse and development of distant mets. Comprehensive xrt fields also improved median overall survival. ===Volume=== '''''Larynx/Hypopharynx Sparing''''' *'''University of Florida; 2005''' (1997-2002) {{PMID|16199981}} -- "Larynx-sparing radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown head and neck primary site." (Barker CA, Am J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct;28(5):445-8.) **Retrospective. 17 patients, curative intent. RT 64.8/36 parallel opposed fields to nasopharynx, oropharynx, and upper cervical LN. Matched anterior neck field at thyroid notch 50/25. Majority had >2 year follow-up **Outcome: No SCC in H&N mucosa. 1/17 (6%) persistent nodal disease, 1/17 (6%) recurrent nodal disease. No distant mets. 5-year CSS 88%, 5-year OS 82% **Conclusion: Larynx-sparing Rt appears effective, and likely reduces toxicity '''''Unilateral vs Bilateral Neck''''' *'''Princess Margaret; 1995''' (1970-86) {{PMID|7480823}} -- Weir L et al. "Radiation treatment of cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary: an analysis of outcome by treatment volume and other prognostic factors." Radiother Oncol. 1995 Jun;35(3):206-11. **144 pts tx'd for unknown primary H&N CA. 85 tx'd to involved nodes; 59 tx'd to both nodes and potential primary sites. **5yr OS 41% **Nodal control 51% (94% neck failures failed within initial tx volume). **Trend towards improved survival for treatment of both potential primary and nodes. *'''Loyola; 1997''' {{PMID|9128954}} -- Reddy SP et al. "Metastatic carcinoma in the cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary site: results of bilateral neck plus mucosal irradiation vs. ipsilateral neck irradiation." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Mar 1;37(4):797-802. **36 pts irradiated to b/l neck + mucosal sites, 16 pts tx'd to unilateral nodes (electrons). **Contralateral nodal failure 44% (unilateral xrt) vs 14% (bilateral xrt) **Mucosal primary emergence rate 44% (unilateral xrt) vs 8% (bilateral xrt) **No difference in 5yr OS. ===IMRT=== *'''Memorial Sloan Kettering; 2008''' (2000-2005) {{PMID|17980501}} -- "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer of unknown primary: toxicity and preliminary efficacy." (Klem ML, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Mar 15;70(4):1100-7. Epub 2007 Nov 5.) **Retrospective. 21 patients treated with IMRT (5 definitive, 16 postoperative). Target volume bilateral neck and mucosal surface. Median dose 66 Gy. Median F/U 2.0 years **Outcome: 2-year PFS 90%, OS 85% **Toxicity: PEG required in 72% combined chemo-RT and 43% IMRT alone. Acute Grade 1 57%, Grade 2 43%. Three esophageal strictures **Conclusion: Acceptable toxicity and encouraging efficacy ==Reviews== *Nieder, C et al. {{PMID|11395241}} "Cervical lymph node metastases from occult squamous cell carcinoma: cut down a tree to get an apple?" Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Jul 1;50(3):727-33. *Coster, J et al. {{PMID|1618667}} "Cervical nodal metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of unknown origin: indications for withholding radiation therapy" Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992; 23(4)743-9 gg8ezkk0u982w2g8glsl3xny8p7ivb5 0 138167 4672733 4672662 2026-09-28T12:16:52Z JCrue 2226064 history 4672733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Giachino Greco|Giachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before Jaenisch, 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player." {{chess/src|jaenisch|pages=64-71}} It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner parite'') by von der Lasa in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846). {{chess/src|handbuch-7|pages=363-374}} ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} iv42o9hbnu27lpz3puwdxuuxjq03gnt 4672734 4672733 2026-09-28T12:17:18Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Giachino Greco|Giachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before Jaenisch, 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player." {{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages=64-71}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}}) It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner parite'') by von der Lasa in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846). {{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages=363-374}} ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 1t1h1az0vdanjm0kuual1dhvkokdda1 4672735 4672734 2026-09-28T12:17:56Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Giachino Greco|Giachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before Jaenisch, 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player." <ref>{{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages=64-71}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}})</ref> It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner parite'') by von der Lasa in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846). <ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages=363-374}}</ref> ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 9ofpkt1wnmoakh8h7i7fh5l2931pyxo 4672736 4672735 2026-09-28T12:19:19Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Giachino Greco|Giachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before [[w:Carl Jaenisch|Jaenisch]], 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing that 1842 that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player." <ref>{{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages=64-71}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}})</ref> It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner parite'') by [[w:Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846). <ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages=363-374}}</ref> ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} psrxfvtvh7gs7cdg76cbg5ec6fsfc20 4672737 4672736 2026-09-28T12:19:37Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Giachino Greco|Giachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before [[w:Carl Jaenisch|Jaenisch]], 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing in 1842 that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player." <ref>{{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages=64-71}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}})</ref> It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner parite'') by [[w:Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846). <ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages=363-374}}</ref> ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} bh4up4vocxc66jkt0nqyp2upn55imd7 4672738 4672737 2026-09-28T12:20:08Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Giachino Greco|Giachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before [[w:Carl Jaenisch|Jaenisch]], 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing in 1842 that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages=64-71}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}})</ref> It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner parite'') by [[w:Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages=363-374}}</ref> ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 4fuck2v3h4u2o02aoyuethkkhfi9h9y 4672830 4672738 2026-09-28T17:56:45Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Gioachino Greco|Gioachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before [[w:Carl Jaenisch|Jaenisch]], 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing in 1842 that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages=64-71}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}})</ref> It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner parite'') by [[w:Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages=363-374}}</ref> ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} ee0e4a6il6ai0wjy8hzx5lx9dyfiyw4 4672831 4672830 2026-09-28T17:59:58Z JCrue 2226064 4672831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Gioachino Greco|Gioachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before [[w:Carl Jaenisch|Jaenisch]], 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing in 1842 that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages=64-71}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}})</ref> It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner parite'') by [[w:Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages=363-374}}</ref> ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} jktwcx74mbhpmw5iosz4x6hun8sh2tr 4 140081 4672886 4672614 2026-09-29T08:10:43Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 2 threads (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/September]] 4672886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:44, 21 September 2026 (UTC) == [[User:AAASecurityGuard]] reported by TechVindicator == Spam [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 10:03, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally locked and blocked}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:18, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == AAASecurityGuard reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|AAASecurityGuard}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/AAASecurityGuard/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:20, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally locked and blocked}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:18, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikibooks:AI For Beginners]] == '''Reason for reporting:''' Wrong title, renaming needed ([[AI For Beginners]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:20, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Moved to the correct namespace}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::{{done|Ultimately deleted}} per [[WB:AI]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:51, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == CU request == {{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} According to [[Special:Diff/4671813]], User:Sisterian ([[Special:Contributions/Sisterian]]) has been using genAI/LLMs for their contributions. User:Pamela Talemwa ([[Special:Contributions/Pamela_Talemwa]]) & User:Sisterian overlap at [[A Young Reader's Guide to a Healthy Environment]] ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&diff=prev&oldid=4671755&diffmode=source], [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&oldid=4665328]). What do our admins and CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:11, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Sisterian]] has also created a page in another person's userspace, [[User:Samah2025/sandbox/A Young Girl’s Guide to Menstrual Health and Wellbeing]], so I will add [[User:Samah2025]] to the list. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:45, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :Hello, @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]], @[[User:Xania|Xania]], @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]. I have been supporting a number of trainees with Wikibooks editing and its looks like a lot more was done outside of the guidance I provided. I am going to look into those contributions and rectify the underlying issues. Thank you. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sisterian|contribs]]) 08:52, 23 September 2026 (UTC) : OK --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 12:13, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == DhaanishChennai123 reported by TechVindicator == * {{userlinks|DhaanishChennai123}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/DhaanishChennai123/ --> [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:05, 24 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by Kittycataclysm. 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[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:53, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-51713-42 reported by Morkoz == * {{userlinks|~2026-51713-42}} Spam, see also [[w:hi:special:contribs/~2026-51214-19|~2026-51214-19]]. <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-51713-42/ --> --[[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 15:43, 25 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by NDKDD (GS). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 22:37, 25 September 2026 (UTC) jeujnn36wq01tgd1hs4zuvcctkyhpr6 4 155331 4672858 4643495 2026-09-29T00:01:19Z JJPMaster (bot) 3488561 Bot: Archiving closed deletion request — [[Special:Permalink/4672775#Suicide|Suicide]] 4672858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == [[Suicide]] == {{closed|1=Closed as '''keep''' per consensus. &nbsp;'''&ndash;'''&nbsp;--[[User:Panic2k4|Panic]] ([[User talk:Panic2k4|talk]]) 23:49, 9 April 2008 (UTC)}} I have nominated this book for a vote. The book is only 2 days old. It was tagged for speedy deletion by [[User:Thewinster|Thewinster]] but [[User:Hoogli|Hoogli]] (the original author) has queried the deletion on the talk page. --[[User:Xania|ЗAНИA]] [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|15px]][[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 00:52, 3 April 2008 (UTC) *[[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px]] '''Keep''' I can see why this book makes many people feel uncomfortable, but I don't see it as a NPOV violation, any more than a book teaching people how to program in C++ advocates the use of it. Of course, as the creator of that book, I could be seen as biased towards keeping it... [[User:Hoogli|Hoogli]] ([[User talk:Hoogli|talk]]) 01:50, 3 April 2008 (UTC) *{{comment}} I'd like to see what this book becomes. If it's a how-to guide for committing suicide, I think it should definitely go. But if it becomes an information source for those considering suicide, it could be a lifesaving resource. --[[User:Jomegat|Jomegat]] ([[User talk:Jomegat|talk]]) 01:56, 3 April 2008 (UTC) **{{comment}} What's wrong about telling people how they can commit suicide? Or a more relevant question, what rule on Wikibooks says that this kind of book is not allowed? [[User:Hoogli|Hoogli]] ([[User talk:Hoogli|talk]]) 02:01, 3 April 2008 (UTC) ***First of all, Wikibooks ''is'' censored by community consensus, so if we decide it goes, it goes. However, I don't see any ''necessary'' conflict between Wikibooks' mission and a text on suicide, ''even if it instructs how to do so''. Such a text would be valuable (for example) to doctors in [[w:The Netherlands|The Netherlands]], where [[w:assisted suicide|assisted suicide]] is [[w:Euthanasia in the Netherlands|legal]]. However, I'd want to see a very clear scope and outline laid out before I'd vote to keep this text. Perhaps Hoogli would do so now, so we can discuss their plans for this book sensibly instead of on the basis of what each of us imagines their plans to be. &nbsp;'''&ndash;&nbsp;[[User:Mike.lifeguard|<span style="color: Indigo;">Mike.lifeguard</span>]]'''&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;<sup>[[User talk:Mike.lifeguard|<span style="color: Indigo;">talk</span>]]</sup> 02:11, 3 April 2008 (UTC) ***{{comment}} I am under the impression that the vast majority of people who take their own lives are mentally ill when they do so. Providing such how-to information to the mentally ill strikes me as a violation of their human rights. --[[User:Jomegat|Jomegat]] ([[User talk:Jomegat|talk]]) 04:22, 3 April 2008 (UTC) *[[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px]] '''Keep'''. What would be POV is if some of us deleted this userbook because of our beliefs about suicide. Keeping this book is the NPOV course. It meets the definition of a textbook, so the textbook status of [[Suicide]] is not an issue. [[User:Cilantrohead|Cilantrohead]] ([[User talk:Cilantrohead|talk]]) 05:51, 3 April 2008 (UTC) *I'm not ready to make a decision, and I'm not sure it would be wise to keep or delete this book, until more content is added so that the nature of the content in this book on such a sensitive topic is written. - <strong>[[User:Anonymous Dissident|<span style="font-family:Script MT Bold;color:Silver">Anonymous Dissident</span>]]</strong>[[User_talk:Anonymous Dissident|<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:Gray">Talk</span></sup>]] 12:52, 3 April 2008 (UTC) *{{comment}} As of yet i'm not sure what to make of this book. I would like to request that the VFD be put on hold, or at least kept open, until the book's scope has been clarified. However if it becomes clear that the book is a how-to guide for commiting suicide, or anything of the sort, I would be ''very'' uncomfortable with it remaining on wikibooks. However I will reserve judgement until a proper outline has been written. [[User:Reece|<span style="color: black;"><b>Reece</b></span>]] [[User talk:Reece|<span style="color: green;"><small>(Talk)</small></span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Reece|<span style="color: green;"><small>(Contributions)</small></span>]] 14:21, 3 April 2008 (UTC) **I agree here. If the book is providing instruction in suicide, I would be uneasy about its remaining here. If it discusses the length and breadth of the topic, then that's another story. --- <strong>[[User:Anonymous Dissident|<span style="font-family:Script MT Bold;color:Silver">Anonymous Dissident</span>]]</strong>[[User_talk:Anonymous Dissident|<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:Gray">Talk</span></sup>]] 15:21, 3 April 2008 (UTC) *{{keep}} It's too early to make a decision about a book which is only a few days old. If the book later included instructions on how to commit suicide then I'd wanted it deleted because it would be impossible to maintain a NPOV rather than for moral reasons. Anyway suicide is legal in most countries (no idea about the USA) but assisted-suicide is illegal. --[[User:Xania|ЗAНИA]] [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|15px]][[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 20:31, 3 April 2008 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Suicide]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. The !votes are slightly for deletion, plus the fact that this book is based around a copyright violation, which we cannot in principle agree to host here. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:42, 27 September 2026 (UTC)}} I realize this book has been nominated for deletion before ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide|1]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)|2]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation|3]]), but it's been over ten years since the last nomination. The project's position on what material is in its educational scope has shifted, as have some of the facts on the ground. * The chartered purpose of Wikibooks is to produce "open-content textbooks" (cf. [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?]]) which are suitable for use in an instructional environment. Providing educational information about suicide in the context of psychiatry could certainly be in scope, as psychiatry is an educational topic; however, instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic, and should not be considered in scope. * This book is, and has always been, primarily intended as an instructional work guiding users on how to commit suicide. It provides effectively no meaningful analytical content ''about'' suicide as a topic. Most of the original content in the book was imported from an early-2000s wiki associated with the <code>alt.suicide.holiday</code> Usenet group, the "ASH wiki", which was specifically and unequivocally dedicated to describing and recommending methods by which readers could commit suicide, and this has carried through to the current version of the book. * Most of the content in the book was removed in 2020 (by redirecting it to the book's main page, e.g. [[Special:Diff/3660495]]) over concerns that it was created by a WMF-banned user ([[User:Leucosticte]]), and because it was likely in violation of the ASH wiki's (unclear) copyright. These changes removed most of the content of the book; much of what remains is image gallery pages like [[Suicide/Blades]] which have no educational value. Suicide is a sensitive topic; if it is covered by a textbook, it should be covered tastefully and with an aim to educate. This book is largely the opposite of that. Having it here is doing more harm than good. If this book is deleted, the following related pages should be deleted as well: * [[Template:Suicide methods]] * [[Template:Infobox suicide method]] (currently unused) * [[User:Leucosticte/About ASH]] - from the ASH wiki, as mentioned above * [[User:Leucosticte/Frequently Asked Questions]] - also from the ASH wiki [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:41, 21 July 2026 (UTC) : {{keep|weak keep}} a)&nbsp;Age is no argument. There are many stale underdeveloped books I would rather delete than keeping around. b)&nbsp;The book’s topic is exceptionally difficult to write about. ''This'' impedes collaborative authoring. c)&nbsp;The book does not really explain ''how'' to commit suicide (like a step‐by‐step guide), neither is it the book’s learning objective. d)&nbsp;Even if ''you construed'' the chapter summarizing various suicide methods ''as instructions'', instructional material on how to commit suicide ''is'' an educational topic. In most ''present‐day societies'' it is not ''ethical'' to teach students how to commit suicide, though. e)&nbsp;Therefore the correct path is to first alter the [[WB:WIW#Wikibooks includes instructional texts|project scope]] to censor books on ethical grounds ''and then'' nominate the book for censorship. ‑‑[[User:Kai Burghardt|Kai Burghardt]] ([[User talk:Kai Burghardt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kai Burghardt|contribs]]) 04:50, 28 July 2026 (UTC) ::Re. c: most of the explicit directions were edited out in 2020, as noted in my nomination, but are still visible in page history. For a couple of explicit examples, see e.g. [[Special:Permalink/3318613]] or [[Special:Permalink/3654645]]. Providing specific instructions was the original intent of this book, and it has never escaped that legacy. If someone were interested in writing a book ''about'' the phenomenon of suicide, they would be better off starting afresh. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:26, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all'''. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:17, 28 July 2026 (UTC) *:why? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC) *::Per above, globally banned user, not a useful guide that fits our criteria, copyright concerns. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 20:39, 25 September 2026 (UTC) * '''Delete all''' per the nomination above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:17, 30 July 2026 (UTC) * '''Keep''' with caution. Rename to "suicide prevention"?--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 04:03, 2 September 2026 (UTC) *:Re. the rename: absolutely not. There is no content in the book about suicide prevention. If you are interested in writing a book on that topic, please start a new one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 5 September 2026 (UTC) *::Rename to '''suicide issues'''? The book starts with "This book discusses the philosophical and practical issues revolving around the subject of suicide."--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]] ([[User talk:TunnelESON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TunnelESON|contribs]]) 16:48, 25 September 2026 (UTC) *:::Aside from being a poor name, that doesn't address any of the issues I identified with the book. (Moreover, that bit of the introduction is largely a fiction; there's no serious discussion of "philosophical issues" in the book.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :{{keep}} - :1. "instructional material on how to commit suicide is not an educational topic" - I think it can be construed as one depending on the person (and does not have to imply that the person is at risk) :2. Not a reason. :3. Not a reason. It is up to the community to decide whether to accept a banned user's work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:37, 6 September 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete all''' Not educational. It is also copyright infringement in that alot of it was simply copied and pasted into place from a preexisting book. [[User:Jmh649|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 21:02, 25 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} e6cf7dx21iyr294ptjw4708y6gemht1 0 156409 4672882 1509561 2026-09-29T08:03:41Z Jcb 90773 4672882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''Health Technology Assessment'''</big> *Subpage: [[Radiation_Oncology/Cost-Effectiveness|Cost-Effectiveness]] *Subpage: [[Radiation_Oncology/Protons/Economics|Proton HTA]] *'''Wisconsin; 2008''' {{PMID|18237799}} -- "Randomized controlled trials in health technology assessment: overkill or overdue?" (Bentzen SM, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Feb;86(2):142-7. Epub 2008 Jan 30.) *'''Mt Vernon Hospital; 2004''' (UK) {{PMID|14751499}} -- "High-tech in radiation oncology: should there be a ceiling?" (Bentzen SM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Feb 1;58(2):320-30.) 8jkpii7uzujww6lp3fiwofm6yo6rlkc 0 180579 4672845 4637936 2026-09-28T20:54:13Z ~2026-52240-90 3627108 4672845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Jerome gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|c50]] |parent=[[../../|Italian game]] → [[../|Giuoco piano]] }} == 4. Bxf7+? · Jerome gambit == 4. Bxf7+? is the unhinged Jerome gambit. Though a Bxf7+ sacrifice works in many lines in the Italian, this is far too early and it is objectively woeful for White. However, it is sharp enough that White has some success at the club level. The idea is [[/4...Kxf7|'''4...Kxf7''']] 5. Nxe5+ Nxe5 6. Qh5+, and White hopes that between Black's exposed king and the skewering of Black's pieces on the fifth rank they will swindle compensation. e.g. 6. Qh5+ g6 7. Qxe5 d6?? (better is Qe7{{chess/not|--}}) 8. Qxh8{{chess/not|++}}. After 4...Kxf7 5. Nxe5+ Nxe5 6. Qh5+ there are several winning approaches for Black. The engine line involves marching their king out to into the middle of the board to guard the bishop: 6...Ke6 7. Qf5+ Kd6 8. f4 Kc6 9. Qxe5 Nf6{{chess/not|---}} etc, and despite the weakness of their enemy's king, White's queen alone can't sustain an attack. The simplest approach is to just return the bishop, 6...Ng6 7. Qxc6{{Chess/not|--}}. White has only captured two pawns in exchange for their knight, and the only piece they have developed is their queen. Black can come out swinging. === History === So named for Alonzo Wheeler Jerome, who wheeled it out against William Shinkman in 1874.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1487237 Jerome v Shinkman, 1874 - Chessgames.com]</ref> [[W:Joseph Henry Blackburne|Joseph Blackburne]] referred to it as the "Kentucky opening".<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1029000 NN v Blackburne, 1884 - Chessgames.com]</ref> ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. Bxf7?''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">4</th> <th align="left">5</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Jerome Gambit</th> <td><br>[[/4...Kxf7|Kxf7]]</td> <td>Nxe5+<br>Nxe5</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also=== {{wikipedia|Jerome Gambit}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} ncz34h8iiialszmt8irvqi5l281ck7i 0 181696 4672877 4531905 2026-09-29T05:47:21Z Jcb 90773 4672877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses'''</big> *For now please see individual subpages ==Epidemiology== *Tumors of the nasal vestibule are frequently considered separately from nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors, because they are essentially skin cancers and as such have a different natural history *Primary tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are usually grouped together, because they are frequently advanced at presentation and it's not clear from which site they originated *Annual incidence ~1/100,000 *Occur more often in men, and age >40 (except salivary gland tumors and esthesioneuroblastoma which are seen earlier) ==Anatomy== *Sites **Nasal vestibule **Nasal cavity **Maxillary sinuses **Frontal sinuses **Ethmoid sinuses **Sphenoid sinus *Lymphatic drainage **Nasal vestibule: submandibular LNs, usually ipsilateral but may be bilateral **Nasal cavity: olofactory group and respiratory group with different drainage patterns ***Olofactory group drains to lateral retropharyngeal LNs, but can also communicate with subarachnoid space and CSF ***Respiratory group drain lower, in lateral retropharyngeal LNs or in Level II LNs **Paranasal sinuses have minimal drainage ==Pathology== *Benign: inverting papilloma can be associated with carcinoma in 5-15% of cases *Squamous cell carcinoma most common *[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Salivary_gland#Minor_Salivary_Glands|Minor salivary glands]] account for 10-15% cases *[[Radiation_Oncology/NHL|Lymphoma]] accounts for ~5%, and includes [[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/NK_T_cell_lymphoma|NK/T cell variant]], which is locally very destructive *[[Radiation Oncology/Esthesioneuroblastoma|Esthesioneuroblastoma]] accounts for 3-4% *[[Radiation_Oncology/Melanoma/Mucosal|Mucosal melanoma]] accounts for ~1% ==Treatment Overview== *Combination of radical surgery and postop radiation is a frequently used approach *Surgical approaches depend on location, and include lateral rhinotomy, medial maxillectomy, total maxillectomy, or craniofacial resection *Extent of surgery correlates with DFS and OS, but not local control if RT is used *Higher radiation doses are associated with improved local control, but visual toxicity is common *Conversely, using conformal RT reduced toxicity while keeping survival comparable to conventional RT *Poor overall survival ~50% at 5 years ==Outcomes== *'''Ghent, Belgium''' **'''2005''' (1998-2003) {{PMID|15915466}} -- "Postoperative intensity-modulated radiotherapy in sinonasal carcinoma: clinical results in 39 patients." (Duthoy W, Cancer. 2005 Jul 1;104(1):71-82.) ***Retrospective. 39 patients, surgery + postop RT. AdenoCA 79%, SCC 21%. Cribriform plate invasion 28%, orbital invasion 36%. Median IMRT 70 Gy. Median F/U 2.6 years ***Outcome: 4-year LC 68%, 4-year OS 59% ***Toxicity: decreased vision 6%, no blindness ***Conclusion: Postop IMRT good LC, with low acute toxicity **'''2009''' (1998-2006) {{PMID|18755554}} -- "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for sinonasal tumors: ghent university hospital update." (Madani I, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Feb 1;73(2):424-32. Epub 2008 Aug 26.) ***Retrospective. 84 patients. Postop IMRT in 89%, primary 11%. Median F/U 3.3 years ***Outcome: 5-year LC 71%, DFS 60%, DMFS 82%, DSS 67%, OS 58%. Invasion of cribriform plate negative predictor ***Toxicity: No radiation blindness, 1 patient radiation retinopathy, 1 patient lacrimal duct stenosis, 3 patients brain necrosis ***Conclusion: IMRT low rate of toxicity, with high local control and survival *'''Turin, Italy; 2008''' (2000-2005) {{PMID|18705398}} -- "Stage III-IV sinonasal and nasal cavity carcinoma treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy." (Gabriele AM, Tumori. 2008 May-Jun;94(3):320-6.) **Retrospective. 31 patients, locally advanced paranasal sinus and nasal cavity tumors. 3D-CRT. Postop (68%) dose 60 Gy or radical dose 68 Gy (32%). Some use of chemotherapy. Median F/U 3.5 years **Outcome: Postop: 5-year LC 74%, 5-year OS 72%. Radical RT 20% and 25%. Local recurrence most common site of failure **Toxicity: No radiation-induced blindness; 4 patients enucleation as part of radical surgery **Conclusion: Local control remains low; 3D-CRT reduces risk of optical pathways but doesn't modify survival *'''UCSF''' **'''IMRT; 2007''' (1998-2004) {{PMID|17189068}} -- "Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for malignancies of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses." (Daly ME, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jan 1;67(1):151-7.) ***Retrospective. 36 patients with PNS cancers, 32 after gross total resection. Sites: 13 ethmoid, 10 maxillary, 7 nasal cavity, 6 other. IMRT 70 Gy to GTV, and 60 Gy to CTV. Median F/U 51 months ***5-year outcomes: LC 58%; DFS 55%; OS 45% ***Toxicity: minimal, no decreased vision, 1 xerophalmia, 1 lacrimal stenosis, 1 cataract ***Conclusion: IMRT no benefit on disease control, but low incidence of complications **'''Historical; 2007''' (1960-2005) {{PMID|17459609}} -- "Carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity treated with radiotherapy at a single institution over five decades: are we making improvement?" (Chen AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Sep 1;69(1):141-7. Epub 2007 Apr 24.) ***Retrospective. 127 patients, sinonasal carcinoma. Conventional 46%, 3D-CRT 39%, IMRT 18% ***Outcome: 5-year OS: 1960's 46%, 1970's 56%, 1980's 51%, 1990's 53%, 2000's 49% ***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 late: 53%, 45%, 39%, 28%, 16% (SS) ***Conclusion: No improvement in disease control or survival, but decreased incidence of complications *'''MSKCC; 2006''' (1987-2005) {{PMID|17161557}} -- "Treatment of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer with modern radiotherapy techniques in the postoperative setting-the MSKCC experience." (Hoppe BS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Dec 7) **Retrospective. 85 patients with PNS, treated with post-op RT. Median RT 63 Gy. 62% treated with IMRT or 3D-CRT, rest with 2D. Median F/U 60 months **5-year outcomes: LC 62%, DM-free 82%, DFS 55%, OS 67%. Bad prognosis: squamous cell and cribriform plate involvement **Toxicity: 1 blindness (but no Grade 3-4 among patients treated with IMRT/3D-CRT) **Conclusion: Local recurrence main problem. Modern RT safe. ==Treatment Technique== *'''Utah; 1991''' {{PMID|1764170}} -- "Graduated block technique for the treatment of paranasal sinus tumors." (Tobler M, Med Dosim. 1991 Dec;16(4):199-204.) **5-field graduated wedge technique. AP beam heavily weighted, prescribed just beyond lens. Lateral wedge fields posteriorly fill-in dose as anterior contribution decreases ==Proton Therapy== ===Clinical Outcomes=== *'''Harvard''' **'''2008''' (1991-2002) {{PMID|17902164}} -- "Extent of surgery in the management of locally advanced sinonasal malignancies." (Resto VA, Head Neck. 2008 Feb;30(2):222-9.) ***Retrospective. 102 patients, locally advanced, treated with proton therapy with or without surgery (R0 20%, R1 49%, R2/biopsy 31%). Squamous cell 32%, neuroendocrine 29%, adenoid cystic 20%, sarcoma 13%, adenocarcinoma 6%. Median RT dose if R0 resection 67.6 Gy, if R1/R2 resection 75.6 Gy usually given BID. Median proton contribution 57%. Concurrent chemo 33% (typically for neuroendocrine). Median F/U 3.6 years, alive 5.1 years ***Outcome: 5-year LC R0 95% vs R1 82% vs R2 87% (NS, no difference by histology); 5-year DFMS 95% vs. 69% vs 52% (no difference by histology). 5-year OS 90% vs 49% vs 39% (worst for squamous cell). Regional failure rate 12% ***Conclusion: High dose proton RT excellent local control regardless of extent of surgery. However, DFS and DMFS depended on extent of surgery. Can consider observation for regional neck **'''2006''' (1991-2001) {{PMID|17050017}} -- "Visual outcome of accelerated fractionated radiation for advanced sinonasal malignancies employing photons/protons." (Weber DC, Radiother Oncol. 2006 Dec;81(3):243-9. Epub 2006 Oct 16.) ***Retrospective. 36 patients, advanced stage nasal or paranasal malignant tumors. Treated with aggressive surgery and post-op RT (78%) or radical RT (22%). Median dose 69.6 CGE, usually BID or concomitant boost. Proton contribution 20-85% depending on beam availability. No concurrent chemo. Median F/U 4.4 years ***Outcome: 3-year OS 90%, 5-year OS 81%. 3-year DFS 77%, 5-year DFS 73% ***Toxicity: late visual/ocular toxicity Grade 2+ (retinopathy, optic neuropathy, cataract, dry-eye syndroma, or nasolacrimal duct blockage) 22% in median 2.6 years after RT) ***Conclusion: AFRT enables delivery of 70 CGE with acceptable ophthalmologic complications **'''2002''' (1992-1998) {{PMID|12173330}} -- "Neuroendocrine tumors of the sinonasal tract. Results of a prospective study incorporating chemotherapy, surgery, and combined proton-photon radiotherapy." (Fitzek MM, Cancer. 2002 May 15;94(10):2623-34.) ***Prospective. 19 patients with olofactory neuroblastoma or neuroendocrine carcinoma. Kadish Stage B 4/19, Kadish Stage C 15/19. Induction cisplatin/etoposide x2 cycles, then proton/photon RT to 69.2 CGE concomitant boost. If response, further 2 cycles of chemo. Median F/U 3.7 years ***Outcome: 5-year OS 74%; 5-year LC 88% ***Toxicity: 1 patient unilateral vision loss after induction chemo. 4 patients frontal/temporal lobe damage by MRI. 2 patients soft tissue/bone necrosis. No radiation-induced visual loss ***Conclusion: This approach is successful, with radical surgery reserved for nonresponders *'''Chiba; 2007''' (1999-2005) {{PMID|17398027}} -- "Proton-beam therapy for olfactory neuroblastoma." (Nishimura H, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jul 1;68(3):758-62. Epub 2007 Mar 29.) **Retrospective. 14 patients (Kadish A 2/14, Kadish B 5/14, Kadish C 7/14). Dose 65 GyE in 2.5 Gy/fx. Median F/U 3.3 years **Outcome: 5-year LC 84%, 5-year RFS 71%, 5-year OS 93% **Toxicity: Liquorrhea 1 patient, no other Grade 3+ **Conclusion: Excellent local control and survival outcome, without serious side effects ===Treatment Planning=== *'''PSI''' **'''Paranasal; 2003''' {{PMID|12559516}} -- "Intensity modulation in radiotherapy: photons versus protons in the paranasal sinus." (Lomax AJ, Radiother Oncol. 2003 Jan;66(1):11-8.) ***Treatment planning. Paranasal case, three dose levels 76 Gy, 66 Gy, and 54 Gy. IMRT vs IMPT comparison ***Outcome: Comparable target conformality and sparing of critical structures; low dose regions or target homogeneity trade-off in IMRT plan ***Conclusion: Comparable target conformality and sparing of critical structures, low dose regions better with IMPT **'''Paraorbital; 2000''' {{PMID|10863085}} -- "Optimizing radiotherapy of orbital and paraorbital tumors: intensity-modulated X-ray beams vs. intensity-modulated proton beams." (Miralbell R, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jul 1;47(4):1111-9.) ***Treatment planning. 4 orbital/paraorbital tumors. IMRT vs IMPT. ***Outcome: PTV coverage comparable. DVHs for OAR better with IMPT, though predicted severe NTCP equally low ***Conclusion: Both IMRT and IMPT optimally treated PTV and reduced severe late toxicity; IMPT better at low/mid-dose regions d4nkuuu9ohvofvi4jnvkkdjd32qxj9n 0 183948 4672770 1623039 2026-09-28T14:39:46Z Greenman 7490 Redirect to transposed position 4672770 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. Bg5/3...d5]] 5o513kex31z4srlr4him7gbvahyrcs4 0 183955 4672767 3229628 2026-09-28T14:38:02Z Greenman 7490 No advantage 4672767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Torre Attack| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd|= |pd|pd|pd| | |pd|pd|pd|= | | | | |pd|nd| | |= | | | |pd| | |bl| |= | | | |pl| | | | |= | | | | |pl|nl| | |= |pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl|= |rl|nl| |ql|kl|bl| |rl|= || }} =Torre Attack= e3 continues white's plan for a kingside assault, with the bishop on d3 and knight on e5 as targets. Black has failed to disrupt white, and needs to play carefully now. At this point, perhaps c5 is the best response. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 d5 3. Bg5 e6''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <td>[[/4...Be7|Be7]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[/4...c5|c5]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[/4...Nbd7|Nbd7]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[/4...h6|h6]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[/4...c6|c6]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[/4...b6|b6]]</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} {{ChessFooter}} e7on3l8msg7o196p682domvk2v3csvc 0 196962 4672803 4109572 2026-09-28T15:42:18Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4672803 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large;">Assessment Chapter 2 Student Soap Box</div> {{BookCat}} ---- <div style="font-size: medium;">Writing good multiple-choice questions is tricky. Writing good multiple-choice questions that require students to apply information, rather than just regurgitate information, is even trickier. But, it can be done. Most high-stakes tests (Virginia's SOLs, the SAT, AP tests, most final exams) contain mostly, if not all, multiple choice questions. These tests aim to assess not just students' knowledge, but their ability to apply knowledge, in other words, their ability to reason. Do you believe these tests do a good job of assessing students' reasoning skills? Why or why not?.</div> ---- ''Add your response below under the appropriate heading ("Thumbs Up" or "Not So Hot"). Extra credit will be awarded to multimedia responses. Don't forget to sign your response with four tildes.'' == Thumbs Up == Yes, I believe standardized tests such as the SAT, AP test, and SOL do an excellent job measuring their preset objectives. The SAT sets out to measure aptitude, and the AP tests and SOL sets out to measure student achievement. The creators of these tests have extensive and significant background in how to test for understanding; they also have knowledge of statistics of how students perform in response to certain types of test questions with all of their various conceptual ingredients included. My only concern with the SOL is that there should be an additional score telling how the student did in comparison to the state average, because sometimes a simple pass/fall score can be misleading if the test is difficult for most students across the state. [[User:Mbrowder|Mbrowder]] ([[User talk:Mbrowder|talk]]) 15:55, 14 June 2009 (UTC) I believe that in most of the SOL tests and on the SAT's the majority of the questions force students to use their reasoning skills. These questions are good indicators of what students not only know and understand, but how they can take that information an apply it to a real life example. Some of the time, however, these types of questions are used by teachers to trick their students. I disagree with this practice and think that stumping or tricking students in a test setting is a good way to lower the overall test scores. Despite the occasional obvious answer questions, most high stake tests encorporate a variety of question styles and formats, in order to keep the student on his or her toes. This type of test makes for a challenging way for students to show off their skills. [[User:Abeck017|Abeck017]] ([[User talk:Abeck017|talk]]) 18:10, 6 June 2009 (UTC) I do not have a problem taking multiple choice tests. I have found myself doing "eenie meenie miny mo" to answer some questions. I think multiple choice questions can be a helpful tool to assess students knowledge.[[User:Msmhobbs04|Msmhobbs04]] ([[User talk:Msmhobbs04|talk]]) 16:59, 6 June 2009 (UTC) I believe that if well written multiple choice can be a good form of assessment. If the questions deal with knowledge or reasoning I believe it can show application. We assess for different reasons. There are so many different ways to assess students, I think the teacher needs to mix it up a iittle.[[User:Aferg006|Aferg006]] ([[User talk:Aferg006|talk]]) 05:43, 6 June 2009 (UTC) I think that a lot of times teachers use multiple choice because it is easy to grade. However, if they are good questions, then multiple choice can be a good form of assessment. Teachers should not ignore other forms of assessment. [[User:Rebecca.hechler|Rebecca.hechler]] ([[User talk:Rebecca.hechler|talk]]) 03:21, 6 June 2009 (UTC) I feel I am on the border with this question. I do not have a problem with multiple questions and using them to assess what student have learned. I do feel that in many cases the questions are not written well. Sometimes I wonder how the people writing the SOL and other tests are qualified. Overall though i do feel the multiple choice questions are the easiest and fairly effective way of assessing knowledge. I believe no matter what the case may be of evaluating testing there is always going to be groups of people that like or dislike the format. I would also go on to say that not every test should be given as a multiple choice test and some should be given orally..written...or any other format. It is tough that every test we are given throughout education is a multiple choice test. I think the most disheartening part about them is I tell myself "the answer is right in from of me" and many times I still can't pick the right one :). [[User:Sston008|Sston008]] ([[User talk:Sston008|talk]]) 16:14, 4 June 2009 (UTC) I feel like multiple choice tests are a fine way to assess students. Personally, I believe one of the only reasons that so many students "hate" or "are terrible at" these types of tests is because, from a very young age, that is what we are conditioned by our peers to believe. In a test, multiple choice questions often do well in conjunction with fill-in-the-blank and short answer. Essays are not always a necessary or valid way to assess students. Frequently, it is common and easy for students to "fudge" their way through an essay, filling it with fluff and not facts, and still receiving a good grade. Done correctly, multiple choice questions can be very difficult. Take, for example, the questions from an AP exam. They are very tricky and have many answers that appear to be correct. These types of questions can only be correctly answered by a student who really knows the material. I went to a private school and never took SOLs so I don't really know how it's questions are, but I do know that all of the tests and exams that I took all through out elementary, middle, and high school (yes, I said elementary) included multiple choice questions that really assessed our knowledge. [[User:Sbutl016|Sbutl016]] ([[User talk:Sbutl016|talk]]) 20:25, 3 June 2009 (UTC) I think multiple choice tests can do a good job of assessing a student’s reasoning skills, IF the questions are well written. That’s the problem. In my experience, both as taking and creating test questions, too many of them are poorly worded or don’t test higher level thinking skills. I think the best exam for assessing a student’s reasoning skills though does not depend solely on multiple choice questions but contains a mix of true and false, multiple choice, and depending on the grade level, essay questions. The multiple choice questions seems to me to be the most fair in assessing a student’s knowledge because with true or false, the student has a 50/50 chance of getting the answer correct if they don’t know the information. Not all students express themselves well in writing on essay questions even if they thoroughly understand the learned concept. A well worded multiple choice question can eliminate the negatives of the true or false and essay question. [[User:Sciaston|Sciaston]] ([[User talk:Sciaston|talk]]) 18:00, 4 June 2009 (UTC) I believe that multiple choice testing can be a good way to assess a student's reasoning skills. However, I do believe that students with specific learning disabilities or even a simple aversion to mutiple choice testing suffer greatly with this testing format. I assisted with the administration of this year's SOL tests at the elementary level. While walking around the room as a classroom proctor, I noticed that there seemed to be more application based questions on the test. It was imperative that the student read each question carefully. A question could mean one thing to one student and something else for another. Also, it appeared that students could easily overlook key information that would lead to an incorrect answer choice. Many teachers compain about "teaching to the test". I believe that good test taking strategies can assist students when they are deconstructing test questions. I must say that I am not a fan of the SOL tests, but I do believe that multiple choice tests with well written questions can be a good way to assess reasoning skills. [[User:Acrow005|Acrow005]] ([[User talk:Acrow005|talk]]) 23:43, 4 June 2009 (UTC) I am kind of in the middle between liking and disliking multiple choice questions. I believe that multiple choice testing is a good way to assess a student's reasoning skills, however I do believe that some students do not test well on standardized tests. I do prefer multiple choice tests personally over short answer, because I feel with multiple choice the process of elimination is available whereas with short answer you have to have completely memorized the information in order to get the answer correct. Multiple choice questions also allow for application questions, which I believe are important because it really tests whether the student knows the material or not. They can apply what they know to a novel situation, therefore expanding their knowledge of the concept itself. I know from personal experience that I do completely different on multiple choice exams in school than I do on standardized tests like the SAT for example. I believe that some students are not good with multiple choice tests in general. That is why I believe teachers need to provide variety in their testing methods, as well as with standardized testing through the use of matching, true/false, short answer and essay response. Also, each student interprets questions differently therefore what one student may feel is correct because of the way he/she reads it another student may interpret the question and come up with a completely different answer. Both students may interpret the question completely different than what the teacher had intended as well. That is why I am kind of on the fence with multiple choice and standardized testing, because although I do believe it is a good tool to measure student's reasoning skills, I also believe that confusion and misinterpretation can also take place. [[User:Rburt005|Rburt005]] ([[User talk:Rburt005|talk]]) 01:25, 6 June 2009 (UTC) I have taken countless multiple choice questions based tests throughout my scholastic career. I believe that they not only assess the logistic knowledge of the student but really make the individual think outside the box... also known as testing the student's reasoning skills. Why? It's simple. For example, if a student is confident of an answer yet there are two others that also make sense and are logically correct, then it makes the student evaluate different standpoints and evaluate the questions from different angles. Multiple choice tests give the student the chance to not only show that they have studied the material at hand, but it tests their own logic. At the end of the day, if the student made the correct choice, not only will the person know the answer but it automatically becomes a subject that the person is confident to discuss and in my case, teach in the near future. Now, some multiple choice questions are very obvious and the answer shines bright between A, B, C or D.... in my opinion multiple choice is easier for students rather than writing a whole essay to answer one question. It's quick and to the point. [[User:Ehern004|Ehern004]] ([[User talk:Ehern004|talk]]) 19:58, 6 June 2009 (UTC) Yes, I believe multiple choice questions can assess a student's ability to reason. These questions provide multiple answers to consider. They do not allow the students to go with the first thing that comes to their mind. Therefore they need to be able to decide what is the most reasonable answer for the question. Multiple Choice Tests also help with test anxiety for students who are overwhelmed when faced with "fill in the blank" tests. By seeing the answers and being able to choose, their memory is prompted and hopefully anxiety is relieved. With the anxiety gone even poor test takers can reason through the choices, eliminate improbable answers and increase their chances of successfully demonstrating their knowledge. [[User:Jtmitchem|Jtmitchem]] ([[User talk:Jtmitchem|talk]]) 22:54, 6 June 2009 (UTC) Being a product of the Virginia SOL's I can say that i think they are a pretty good measure of a students knowledge of the topic for the most part. They are worded in a way that the student is challenged enough to make the test worth while, while also allowing them to pass the test. As with almost everything there is a flip side. Which is that some teachers have started to try to just prepare their classes for just the test and not necessarily the next class that follows it in the students studies. So that is a negative. But overall i think that the tests are a very good thing. I know from a personal experience that I was doing poorly in the class itself because of the way the teaching style of the teacher, but when it came time for the sol I passed with an advanced marking. I think that the tests could use a little tweaking but overall they are pretty good. [[User:Rcoll029|Rcoll029]] ([[User talk:Rcoll029|talk]]) 23:46, 6 June 2009 (UTC) == Not So Hot == While I do think that multiple chpice questions are good for long exams or timed exams I do not think they are the best way to assess the knowledge of the students. Multiple choice questions are often created in a negative form of a question such as " which of the following is not the best example of ...?" Of course this type of question does make the students think more before they answer, I believe that too many of these types of questions ultimately confuse the student. Simple fill in the blank questions are agreat way to assess knowledge or filling in a diagram or map that they have studied. If the information has been presented correctly and often throughout the lesson than fill in questions should be a great way to assess what has been learned.[[User:Jnemo001|Jnemo001]] ([[User talk:Jnemo001|talk]]) 23:16, 26 June 2009 (UTC) Noooo I really don’t think they do that good of a job in assessing a student’s knowledge base. So often on these tests I am thrown off by a word placed in a sentence that changes the entire meaning. I know I could do better by reading and rereading the choices given, and make a better decision sometimes…but when you are trying to hurry to finish a timed test you do what you can to pick what you think is right. Also, even instructors themselves call multiple choice tests “multiple guess” tests because that’s what we always do when we aren’t sure of an answer…you GUESS. If there are 4 questions, you have a ¼ chance of getting them right. Of course we can usually eliminate a choice or two that we know are wrong…so then the chances of getting a question right increase! There is no “sure fire” way to test students but I know we students get happy when we find out a test is multiple choice (or even better yet, true or false)! [[User:Ldomm002|Ldomm002]] ([[User talk:Ldomm002|talk]]) 18:35, 6 June 2009 (UTC) I feel my whole life I have taken a number of tests and the majority of those tests were all multiple choice. I do not care for multiple choice tests very much, however, when they are all you take I guess you have to learn to like them or at least learn to live with them. I feel I am a strong writer and that may play a large role in why I do not love multiple choice tests. I feel more pressure when I know Im taking a multiple choice test. I thoroughly enjoy taking essay tests, however, I have not have too many classes that offered just that. I have had a variety of classes where it was a mixture of multiple choice, true false, and some essays, but hardly ever and just essay tests. My thoughts on this matter seem to match many of my peers. I also did not enjoy taking the SATs or the Praxis, but who really does enjoy those tests? At times I also felt the answer choices left me wondering which was the right answer, or I felt the question was not worded as clearly as it should have been when taking a test that is as serious as the Prxis or SATs. I felt the multiple choice tips were helpful to me, maybe if some of the creators of tests read these tips taking multiple choice tests would be more fun, probably not though. After taking a number of SOL's, SATs, AP tests, etc., I would have to say that I do not think they are as effective as they could be. From my experience, it seems as though these test do not provide clear and concise questions/ answers. When taking these tests, many times I went into it feeling very confident; more often than not, I walked out feeling angry. It just seems like we spend so much time preparing for these exams and then most of what we study is not on the test or not at all the way we practiced. That could be a problem with the preparation or the testing, I'm not sure (maybe a mix of both). From hearing other teachers talk about the SOL's in particular, I know that many of them are frustrated with the tests. A child could explain a concept and have a good knowledge base but the test has a way of phrasing questions that can be very misleading. I don't know much about what goes into making up these standardized tests, but I am almost certain that a group of highly trained people is in charge of writing the questions/answers. Maybe they should spend some time reviewing the article we just read that spells out the points to writing effective questions! [[User:Khedl002|Khedl002]] ([[User talk:Khedl002|talk]]) 00:30, 3 June 2009 (UTC) I understand the concept of having multiple choice tests used so frequently, however I can't say I am a huge fan of them. While taking the Praxis 1 tests, when I didn't know what the answer was I thought "at least I have a 25% chance of getting it right" and guessed. The Praxis 2 art test was extremely difficult because the multiple choice questions pertaining to artists gave an example of something the artist had created or a fact about the artist and then wanted you to pick which artist it was from the four artists listed. There are a million artists in this world, and even after taking six art history classes I had not heard of most of them on the test. These types of multiple choice questions were not helpful, because I was not given a list of artists I should study before taking the test, therefore I did not know what to prepare for. How can someone assess you on something you were not able to fully prepare for? Multiple choice questions either allow a student to "get lucky" for guessing the right answer or frustrate those that were not told how to prepare ahead of time. [[User:Hcogg001|Hcogg001]] ([[User talk:Hcogg001|talk]]) 17:45, 2 June 2009 (UTC) I would have to agree with some of the other posts and say I am not very impressed with the types of questions on tests such as SOL's, the SAT, AP exams and others. As much as I would have studied and prepared for these exams, most times after taking the exam I did not feel that I was as prepared as I should have been. Unfortunately, this hurt my confidence when walking into future exams. I think that many of the questions asked on these exams were not as effective as they could be. They are not always clear or concise, and many times the vocabulary or wording in the question confuses the test taker. Students can be very confident on a subject or concept, but they may have a hard time answering the questions correctly if they cannot get past this misleading way the question is asked. I think that students should possibly be given better review material when preparing for these types of exams. However, I think it is interesting when you hear that on tests such as the SAT, it's not about how much knowledge you have, but about how you take the test. If this is true, then what is the point of knowledge and application questions? I would like to see most questions asked in a clearer way, maybe using some suggestions from the multiple choice article! [[User:Afett001|Afett001]] ([[User talk:Afett001|talk]]) 01:10, 3 June 2009 (UTC) I am not surprised at the other postings about the types of questions on standardized tests. I have taken my share of them as well and the one thing that I have learned is that some questions (that break the rules) are designed to help the test taker move quickly to get finished in the time allotted. I could be wrong but I strongly feel that they want you to discard x amount of answers right off the bat. It seemed that when I took the Praxis II and the PCAT that I always came down to two answers very quickly. I do agree with the article we read with the rule about not using only, except, or none!! My praxis II was full of them. They just do that to trick you up. I think they are testing your reading skills as well. This can be bad because you might know that answer to the information pertaining to the question but misread the question and miss it. My praxis II was filled with all of the above or none of the above as well. I am just very thankful that I passed mine and don't have to worry with it anymore. Hopefully these test will change the way they write their questions and it will help test takers in the future.:) [[User:Hcomb003|Hcomb003]] ([[User talk:Hcomb003|talk]]) 16:40, 3 June 2009 (UTC) Ooh…SOL’s and multiple-choice questions…not my favorite. Too often teachers spend their days teaching and drilling students with narrowed curriculum just to pass these high-stakes tests. In the process, they are losing students to daydreams and boredom. With relentless drilling and worksheets, teachers can only hope their students will regurgitate material enough to pass. Then what? We pray that our students will carry with them what they’ve learned, but for the most part information is lost because it was never engaging enough in the first place. It is a challenging task to test teach and provide students with enough hands-on explorations of subjects. Multiple-choice questions give students a chance to simply guess even when they have no clue of the correct answer. Then, they don’t even get the chance to go back and learn from their incorrect responses. These questions don’t really require any use of higher level, critical thinking abilities. We still teach test-taking methods for these types of questions, such as process of elimination, time management, and choice C. GRE study guides even focus on specific ways to just make an educated guess. The main problem is that students are only focused on memorization and not reasoning. They can memorize facts and then just dump them after their tests. [[User:Abitt002|Abitt002]] ([[User talk:Abitt002|talk]]) 22:30, 3 June 2009 (UTC) In answer to the proposed question of assessment and reasoning, I do not think multiple choice tests are a good platform to measure students reasoning. In a multiple choice test, the student picks one answer out of four usually, without leaving any indication of "why" they picked this particular answer. However, in an essay type test, the instructor can usually decipher the "reasoning" behind their answer because it is written out in paragraph form. This is also a great way to assess if the student has actually retained any of the information they have learned thus far. Keeping this in mind, the instructor needs to give the student clear and concise information prior to the test so that the student is aware and understands what they are required to do and why it is necessary for them to give answers to particular questions (for assessment purposes).[[User:Scarlett1|Scarlett1]] ([[User talk:Scarlett1|talk]]) 03:36, 5 June 2009 (UTC) Ok... multiple choice question exams, for the most part I dislike them. These exams can be very good in assessing students knowledge and reading skills depending on if the students were given the correct tools to approach the test. After taken a number of these test I still find them confusing with wording that is not common and sentence phrasing that sometimes traps you. I think that it is harder for students to approach these test. It is important for teachers to teach very well the process of elimination and association of problem solving thinking to be able to approach these test with confidence. Allot of times when I felt confident about the material after taking one of these test my mind set had completely changed. I myself prefer question test where I can just give my answer depending on what I have learned. I feel that the curriculums that teach skills only aiming to pass these type of exams disable the ability of students to answer questions in an informative written way. [[User:Bpenn005|Bpenn005]] ([[User talk:Bpenn005|talk]]) 13:35, 5 June 2009 (UTC) I think that most multiple choice tests do a fairly well job of assessing students' knowledge as well as their ability to apply that knowledge. This all depends on who is writing the questions. If someone has the ability to write good multiple choice questions, then there is no problem. However, it is hard to get a good balance between knowledge and application, difficulty, and content. My problem with the SOL's is not the questions themselves. It is the extreme pressure put on the students and teachers to pass these tests. Teachers spend so much time worrying about these tests that are not always doing their students justice. The students never get detailed feedback, so they never even learn what mistakes they may have made. I don't think that standardized tests are always beneficial, especially when the stakes are high and the pressure is on to pass. [[User:Alucy001|Alucy001]] ([[User talk:Alucy001|talk]]) 00:43, 6 June 2009 (UTC) I used to be all for multiple choice questions– and sometimes when I feel really haggard, or that I understudied, I rejoice upon seeing them. However, I'm skeptical over if it's the best form of assessment. There can be effective multiple choice tests, I'm sure– but there could have been a much better short answer/brief essay test in its place that had the student get more involved with the content they're supposed to be learning. Multiple choice is the least thought provoking, ''interactive'' test type. It has its time and place, and unfortunately that makes them irregular for English majors. What it boils down to is: I don't ever get the luxury of taking them anymore, so no one else should either. [[User:Hsmit022|Hsmit022]] ([[User talk:Hsmit022|talk]]) 01:13, 6 June 2009 (UTC) I feel that this type of multiple-choice can cause the student to be confused and second guess themselves. The wording of the questions and corresponding answers if not done properly can be more confusing. Short answer and essay, I feel these are the best way to know what has been learned by the student and their ability to apply it. Correctly answering “tricky” multiple-choice questions I feel really only shows the student’s ability to think like the question writer. (So many thoughts are running through my head right now). Scantrons have made this style of testing too easy and is used way too often, classes are too big and teachers don’t always have the time needed to test any other way, and SOL’s ……………… [[User:Mlipl001|Mlipl001]] ([[User talk:Mlipl001|talk]]) 02:16, 6 June 2009 (UTC) Speaking specifically from a mathematical perspective, I believe that multiple choice tests do not fully assess a student's knowledge, especially if the student's work or method is not accounted for. The right answer should not be the only thing that matters. To achieve a passing score on the Algebra 1 SOL a student must correctly answer about 25 out of the 50 questions correctly. Since there are 4 answer choices for each question, a student has a 25% chance to answer every question correctly. That means that out of 50 questions, a student should be able to answer 13 just by guessing randomly. Therefore, the Algebra 1 SOL, and any math SOL for that matter, only requires a student to know how to do 12 problems, at most, to pass. This is an outrage. Not to mention that most of the SOL questions have been dumbed down so far that either: the calculator will give the student the answer without them having the slightest clue, or that the student can simply plug in possible answer choices and still have not clue about the process to solve the problem. In short, I believe that the math SOL especially should NOT be multiple choice. Math is an applied knowledge subject, yet the state of VA has succeeded in taking any thought out of mathematics. ( I just finished my first year teaching Algebra 1 part 2 to repeat students, very few of which knew any basic arithmetic or logic, yet all of them passed their Algebra 1 SOL using the state sanctioned T1-83. Is that really learning?)[[User:Scrai010|Scrai010]] ([[User talk:Scrai010|talk]]) 15:41, 6 June 2009 (UTC) Okay, I get the "reasoning" part already. I understand that it is both critical and beneficial to a student to apply information they've learned. However, as much as I feel prepared for multiple choice test, I feel more times than not...they do me in! I can recall instances where I've been able to answer the question in my head but battle between two or more answers on the page. Though, I'm not completely against multiple choice, I'm just adverse to test where it's the only format offered. I'm aware of this tactic of "reasoning" but I think it's nonsense! I could better support my answer through writing vs. reasoning between several explanations. Therefore, I don't believe this should be the primary method for assessing students! [[User:Rpaige|Rpaige]] ([[User talk:Rpaige|talk]]) 16:38, 6 June 2009 (UTC) Multiple choice tests can sometimes be a blessing or curse, depending on a student’s level of confidence, knowledge and reasoning. I have taken many tests where the multiple choice section almost served as notes within the test, because I could use some of the answers for the application or reasoning questions. While this can be a very useful strategy for students, it can also be just as harmful if they answer the multiple choice questions wrong. Another flaw with this method is that if teachers assess a student based on this, and the student does poorly, the teacher’s most likely assumption is that the student does not know any of the material at all. This may be true for many students, but no all of them; some students are simply not comfortable or cannot perform on multiple choice tests. It may be even worse, if the multiple choice questions are ineffective, just as in the article by Timothy W. Bothell. It is ultimately the student’s responsibility to study for a test, however, it is also the teacher’s responsibility to create an effective test. Knowledge is an important aspect to assess students on but so is their ability to reason. The facts and concepts they learned from lecture almost become useless if students do not know how to apply them, especially in scenarios when they are required in daily life. Unfortunately, many high-stakes test, such as the Virginia’s Standards of Learning, the Scholastic Aptitude Test, Advanced Placement tests and many other exams, consist of at least 50% of multiple choice, which does not demonstrate if the student truly understands the content of the exam. Another issue of application questions or assessing students’ reasoning skills is that most of the time, they are presented in a written format. For students who have a high level of linguistic skills, who learn by looking and writing things down, this is very beneficial for them because the test are almost planned for them. Even students who are verbal, or like to listen and talk while learn, can benefit from these types of tests because they can quietly read the questions to themselves to come to an answer. However, for the group of students who learn hands-on, or kinesthetically, they are at a severe disadvantage because the test leaves little to no room for them to fully use their strengths. The only time they can use their kinesthetic skills is when they do science laboratory activities. I am not saying that during high-stakes test, schools should start having full scale lab activities. At the same time, they can include their hands-on student by providing objects that demonstrate, or apply, the concepts that they know. For example, if a class was doing an exam and one of the questions dealt with the distribution of energy, the teacher would give each student a Newton’s cradle. Students would not have to use the cradle, unless the question requires the use of it. However, if a hands-on student can recall an answer by ''using'' the cradle, the test levels the playing field for all students. Just as teachers provide differentiated instruction for students with special needs, they should also do the same for students with different learning styles. [[User:Adart001|Adart001]] ([[User talk:Adart001|talk]]) 18:39, 6 June 2009 (UTC) Assessment is one of the ways that we make sure that the information that has been taught is understand and retained. I find that multiple choice assessments do not fully take into consideration the people who are not good test takers. Some test have so much volume that it is stressful for the test takers. In my experience, I understand that by the end of a test I am not reading the questions fully because I just want the test to end! That means that I have to force myself to focus and make sure that I take my time. I also have found that some people can describe and apply knowledge in different formats other than taking a written test. We are all not standard learners and assessment should be required but possibly given in other ways rather than multiple choice formats. I do not think that they correctly assess everyone. [[User:Jnewh001|Jnewh001]] ([[User talk:Jnewh001|talk]]) 19:48, 6 June 2009 (UTC) No, in most cases I do not think multiple-choice questions are the best way to assess a student’s knowledge. They are merely, as most things in life, the simplest and most efficient way. Not nearly the best. True practical application is always the best assessment of one’s knowledge, whether this means writing an essay, mixing chemicals, doing complex calculations (and showing your work), or landing a plane, all of these involve the use of actual skills. A multiple choice test is a second hand application of those skills that can approximate one’s knowledge but never their actual talent for applying that knowledge. Let me put it this way, I would never let someone fly a plane, cut me open, or create a new type of rocket fuel, based solely on test scores. Test scores, in my opinion, are simply convenient approximations, and are highly effected by things like, test anxiety, test taking skills, and the quality of the questions, multiple choice tests are especially influenced by these factors. [[User:BitterAsianMan|BitterAsianMan]] ([[User talk:BitterAsianMan|talk]]) 20:53, 6 June 2009 (UTC) thotfysq2312exf5rpak2cjvhpt98ms 0 202147 4672762 4671484 2026-09-28T14:08:06Z Jeff1138 301139 4672762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Host Adapter Protocol USB1 OHCI UHCI USB2 EHCI USB3.0 USB3.1 xHCI == Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, use Prefs/Trident to confirm Vendor and Product IDs Please chat at [https://www.arosworld.org/index.php AROS World] *1996 USB1.0 *1998 USB1.1 *2000 USB2.0 *2008 USB3.0 *2013 USB3.1 *2017 USB3.2 AROS has these USB transfers *Control - *Bulk - Midi 1.0 ( 'send my data when you can' ) *Interrupt - Midi 2.0 *Isochronous - USBAudio, Webcams, etc Isochronous is the starting point of modern types of multimedia creativity. IsoChronous isoc code is already in place in poseidon.library and '''scheduled''' transfers are queued to be later rerouted in the host driver code (needs to be written for each host protocol e.g. OCHI, UCHI, EHCI and [https://cdrdv2-public.intel.com/625472/625472_xHCI_Rev1_2b.pdf#:~:text=Page%203.%20Document%20Number:%20625472%2C%20Revision:%201.2b.%203. XHCI rev1.2], [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/868296/extensible-host-controller-interface-for-universal-serial-bus-xhci-requirements-specification-r2-0.html rev2], etc). There seems to be 2 types of isoc transfers, one is just the normal isoc transfer and the other is realtime implementation of isoc transfer. For isoc transfer there needs to be a scheduler that makes sure no isoc transfers are dropped (in or out) and that they happen at the right time. It all gets difficult as the device making use of the isoc transfer may be at any point on the device tree. One needs to calculate the USB bandwidth for the packet based periodic transfers that are initiated by the host which have fixed but guaranteed bandwidth. Host controllers guarantee this bandwidth by planning a schedule of transfers ahead of time to ensure there is enough time reserved on the bus. [https://www.intel.co.uk/content/www/uk/en/products/docs/io/universal-serial-bus/ehci-specification.html EHCI] [https://www.thegoodpenguin.co.uk/blog/understanding-why-usb-isochronous-bandwidth-errors-occur/ bus-bandwidth] vs payload-bandwidth and the algorithm of the EHCI scheduler. The bandwidth of the endpoint in terms of payload data (stuff we put in a packet) and the protocol overhead, signalling imposed bit stuffing, host delays etc. Poseidon controls the driver and device tree and it provides an API to communicate with the USB devices. Poseidon really doesn't care much about what sort of transfer pipe is opened or used, it only provides the means to do so and forwards the iorequests to the correct driver. Poseidon code is the higher level code for USB communication and drivers are of course the lower level one. [[File:Psd.svg|220px|right]] ; Best Hardware - NEC Chipset (OHCI + EHCI), Intel Chipset (UHCI + EHCI), XHCI USB3.0, USB3.1 & gen 2 Type-A Type-B Type-C ; Next Best Set - General OHCI, SIS (OHCI + EHCI), ; Buggy Chipset - [ Early AMD OHCI], ALi OHCI, VIA UHCI, Nvidia OHCI & EHCI, === USB1.1 === OHCI USB 1.1 - USB-IF sanctioned standard but hardware physical form removed with USB2.0 and replaced with virtual emulation of USB1 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 M5237 Lucent USS-312 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | StarTech PCI425USB, CompUSA Iogear GIC220U-b, Nvidia 220 mobo, USBA2041P, ALi SU2A-PS, |- | AMD 756 Chipset (onboard motherboard) | 0x1022 | 0x740c | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=31308#forumpost31308 usb devices detected] Geode GX1, |- | CMD DU-A2 Silicon Image 0670 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0670 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Silicon Image 0673 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0673 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | 0x10de | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe|Bios options vary but does with Plop Boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Tested with 20th Aug 2012 improvement |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk}} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | untested - Amiga Spider card with possible bottleneck issues at higher speeds |- | NEC µPD720101AGM 720101GJ | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x43 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Mac mini, Belkin F5U219vea (2+1 ports), Belkin F5U220vea1 (4+1 ports), Adaptec 3100LP, BAFO BF-460, GWC UC-160, IOGear GIC250U, Keyspan U2PCI-5, O'toLink U2-C2B U2-C2A U2-P20N U2-P50, Ratoc PCIU5, USBWholesale UII-PCIP |- | NEC µPD720102 | 0x1033 | 0x00 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Opti 82C861 2-port | 0x1045 | 0xc861 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no USB devices detected - Belkin F5U005, |- | SIS 7001 OCHI | 0x1039 | 0x7001 | 0x0f | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 20th Aug 2012 - not booting stalls on GRUB word with Plop Boot |- |} UHCI USB 1.1 - Intel standard but since 2009 no hardware support as USB2 introduced virtual emulation of USB1 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | Intel | 0x8086 | 0x | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|not in bios use AROS floppy disc boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82371AB EB MB PIIX4 | 0x8086 | 0x7112 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|none in bios use other booting options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|Detects most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led not on and does not work}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBL/DBM (onboard i830 mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24c4 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes|but not from bios but floppy options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Works-->{{Yes|}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on and although device has software failure and recoverable error IT STILL WORKS. Fresh start sometimes needs Network Prefs Saved to work. |- | VIA MVP4 (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x30 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless options}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 detected but blue led not on and does not work |- | VIA VT82xx (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless usb}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on but does not work |- | VIA VT6202 (VIA VT83C572) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | A-Best USB-200, Cables N Mor USBPCI, CompUSA, D-Link DSB500, Digital/Research DRUSBCARD, Kouwell IOFlex 580, StarMount USB VIA, |- | VIA VT6112 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x61 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 2011 seems to have issues with other identical via based USB controller(s) present |- | VIA VT6214L | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} === USB 2.0 EHCI === The USB-IF insisted on only one implementation of EHCI but it creates 4 virtual hcd to cover USB1.1 support. The virtual HCD on Intel and VIA EHCI controllers are UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers. Hardware EHCI USB2.0 ended in most chipsets in 2014/5 and is now virtual through most newer USB3.0 chipsets {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 Lucent USS-344 | | | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested}} belkin F5U006, |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBM (onboard mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24cd | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x00E0 | 0x | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested - Amiga Spider card}} |- | NEC 72101 GJ | 0x1033 | 0x00e0 | 0x04 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Belkin F5U219 VEA1 (pci), |- | SIS ECHI | 0x1039 | 0x7002 | 0x00 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|issues about which port is used if it works at all}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6202 | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | 0x62 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|detects}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} === USB 3.x SuperSpeed SS (Speed 5Gbit/s 3.1 gen 1) aka xHCI eXtensible === USB Attached SCSI (UAS or UASP) is a protocol used for high-speed data transfer between computers and external storage devices like SSDs, HDDs, and some flash drives. It provides up to 70% faster read/write speeds than traditional Bulk-Only Transport (BOT) by allowing multiple commands to run in parallel, rather than waiting in a queue {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1000 FL 1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B73 | <!--Product ID-->0x1000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->link power management (LPM, USB 3.0 power saving) cannot be disabled so random connection issues |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1009-200 FL 1009 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1009 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->Orico PFU3-2P |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1100-100 FL 1100SX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1100 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->LPM cannot be disabled so issues with disconnecting WD drives etc - CalDigit, ORICO PFU3-2P, FASTA-6GU3 Pro, inatech KTU3FR-2P 2 port USB 3.0, and Inateck KT4004 (KTU3FR-4PA rev B2) for storage and hubs, etc |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1400 FL 1400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1400 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720200 uPD720200a chip | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1d6b | <!--Product ID-->0x0194 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|no USB3 but seems to works like USB2}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported for USB3 but works like USB2 - ORICO PRU3-4P 4 Port USB, early Dell Wyse zx0 thin client, |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720201 uPD720201 chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x114 0x0115 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720202 uPD720202 chip | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1912 | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ti.com/product/tusb7340 TI] tusb7340 TUSB732 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x8241 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported Koutech IO-PEU436 but only one with open docs |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported - integrated since Ivybridge |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL800 xHCI 0.96 support in VL800, VIA VL811 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x3432 0x3438 0x3515 and 0x9201 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} 2.0 backwards support | <!--Opinion-->Anker 68UPPCIE-2S20PU 2 port, Plugable 4-Port, GA-z77x-ud5h rev. 1.1 mobo, |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL811+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL812 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->xHCI 1.0 support in VL805 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} USB 3.1 (power up to 100W and data 10Gbit/s USB 3.2 gen 2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1142 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->Connector: USB Type C and USB Type A x 1 - Ugreen USB C PCI Card 2 Port USB 3.1 Type C |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[ Intel] Revision 1.8 1.9 Updated | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion-->AUKEY 4 Ports USB C , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion-->Startech - PEXUSB312C - 2-port Usb 3.1 10Gbit/s |- |} USB 3.2 (power up to 100W and data 20Gbit/s gen 2x2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[ Intel] Revision 2.6 Update | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} === USB 4 (40Gbps thunderbolt, pcie 3.0 tunnelling, ) === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->AMD Ryzen7 6800U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->Intel Goshen Ridge JHL8440 Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- |} == hid.class (Human Interface Device) == === Keyboard === Some multi-finger touchpad support works but not on all touchpads {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Retro N C64 edition Keyboard, the super button accessory and optional N30 mouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 87 keys Kailh white}} |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo 108 Retro Mechanical Keyboard (white kailh) and two superbuttons (green) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05ac | 0x0205 | 0x0122 | {{yes|works (its two hub ports) but mouse scroll wheel issues}} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05AC | 0x020B | | {{yes|works (two onboard ports also)}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Aigo K68 60% red switches, A68 A87 wireless 2G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=49&products_id=973 AmigaOne Keyboard] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko TAC87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 80% TKL }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko MonsGeek FUN60 PRO&MAX HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 60% hall effect }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}} |- | <!--Description-->Akko | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Azio Cascade | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Chilkey ND75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% expensive}} |- | <!--Description-->Chilkey ND104 (Wuque Studios) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 premium clicky (WS Blue) or silent (WS White) key options with Ansi and ISO formats also numpad and calculator, aluminum machined, tri mode, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2026 untested magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K65 Mech MX no numeric keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair CH-9000045 K70 Blue MX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cherry G80 G80-3000L[x]C[yy]-[z] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cooler Master CM Storm Quickfire Rapid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K100 Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 okay low profile but expensive |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dell SK-8135 Dell USB Keyboard for Internet and Multimedia rev H for Dimension 4500, Dimension 8250, OptiPlex GX260n, OptiPlex GX60n, Precision 350 (R42232) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x413C | <!--Product ID-->0x2010 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes| usb1.1 keyboard hub 0x413C 0x1003 works as well - multimedia keys not mapped }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Deepcool KG722 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 65% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Channel Zero DK2108 Mech Mechanical Cherry MX Red | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Shine 3 Brown or Blue (DK9087) MX keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Das Keyboard Model S Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Cidoo V75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker rt100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 plastic build and no screws, numpad with small 0, mostly quiet seasalt switches, gimmick usb-c 1in screen}} |- | <!--Description-->EPOMAKER TH99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} USB-C full numpad keyboard |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker P75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker p87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Leobog Hi75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Feker Galaxy80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Galaxy100 gmk/via | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 96% }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker Aula F75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 budget version good 75% choice of 4 leobog switches}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker Tide75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% and not too expensive}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK992 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 109 key }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK820 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK35I V3 MAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 104 keys - two models: wired and tri-mode connection - }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker Aula F108 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pricy but okay 100% but only leobog graywood switches but hotswap available afterwards}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker Ajazz AK980 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 97 keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker G87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker RT82 RT85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker RT100 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 96% }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Galaxy100 lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 good 96% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ATTACK SHARK X98 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 98% maybe silent linear feel with Two-color PBT keycap}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker ATTACK SHARK X68HE and X65HE 65% Wired Gaming Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID-->0x502D | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|2025 tested on Aros running on Raspberry Pi wired usb-c with magnetic hall effect keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Filco Ninja Majestouch-2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Focus FK-760 Wireless Keyboard & Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} but quality build issues raised |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->GMMK Tenkeyless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades}} |- | <!--Description-->GK61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->GMK67 GMK87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested budget good option}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Hengchangtong HCT Limeme gk103s Entry Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0xC0F4 | <!--Product ID-->0x0009 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|half Keyboard left side only}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Hexgears M2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested hotswap kaihl green switches}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hexgears | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Iqunix mq80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 good 75% low profile keys |- | <!--Description-->Iqunix Magi65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested good 65% low profile keys }} |- | <!--Description-->iqunix ez60 ez80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 untested specific hall effect switches - actuation point, rapid trigger, etc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Jomaa YiChip Wireless 50% key with touchpad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID-->0x3000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|dongle detected, keys and pad not working - 2 AAA NM}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 untested numpad only}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q1 v1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 untested okay}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Q6 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested 75% with numeric numpad, barebones so choose switches and keycaps to suit }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q1 MAX V1 MAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Lemokey P1 QMK | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested best option to customise switches and keycaps}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron LemoKey X1 X3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested keycap swap only not switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K2HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested okay}} wireless hall effect analogue on all keys |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K4HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 untested hall effect but software }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K5 K17 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 untested okay low profile but }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Q5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K10 HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kiiboom Breeze 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 good 75% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Meletrix Boog 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 magnetic hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Melgeek O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 low profile 75% but not repairable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->MOSART 2.4G Wireless 60% Keyboard Trackball | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062a | <!--Product ID-->0x4105 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|dongle recognised HID, keys worked, roller worked, scroll wheel works and shoulders works but buttons around left, top and right hand side (RHS) do not work and plastic and 2 AA MN1500}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Mucai SiGma Micro MKA610 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1c4f | <!--Product ID-->0x0084 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| unknown red keys - rgb backlighting - }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://hjldemo.clsc.cn/ Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Ltd] Perixx Periboard 505 Plus with Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay dome keyboard - poor trackball}} |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Co., Ltd Perixx Periboard 706 Plus with Trackball Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|generally okay dome with good sized keys but piano black surround fingerprint magnet, occasional brief trackball freezes after no use, takes some time to get used to the trackball size}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard-716 Wireless (Chicony) | <!--Vendor ID-->04f2:1013 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay dome keyboard and trackpad}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard- | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard- | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo SK-8825 41A5327 SIL12-W07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works manufactured for |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lite-On USB NetVista Full Width Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04b3 | <!--Product ID-->0x3025 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K320 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|The Logitech USB Unifying, Bolt, Lightspeed, or Nano receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K340 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description--> [http://www.logitech.com/en-us/product/wireless-touch-keyboard-k400r Logitech Wireless Touch Keyboard k400] | <!--Vendor ID--> 0x046D | <!--Product ID--> 0xC52B | <!--Revision--> 1201 | <!--Opinion--> {{yes|All (including multimedia) keys work. Some keys requires remapping with Trident. Touchpad works and acts as normal mouse. Presents itself in Trident as USB Receiver from Logitech with 3 HID bindings}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K400 Plus K400+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech TK820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech TK830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G915 TKL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard TKL means no number pad}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lofree Lite84 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Lofree Flow Lite100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 silent switches and low profile keys}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MACHENIKE K500 Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 94 keys untested Hot Swappable 94 Keys 90% Layout }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MechLands Vibe99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 100 keys untested Gasket-mounted Wired/Bluetooth/2.4GHz Wireless Mechanical Keyboard}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Comfortable Curve 2000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| recognized but not supported}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|recognized but not supported}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Wireless Media Desktop 1000 (1356) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x00f9 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|working but not mouse part}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Niz Micro84 Duo82 X87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 electro capacitive }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy gem80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy kick 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 low profile 75% }} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy Air75 V3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 75% }} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy node 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 96% layout, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-50 MK-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Chroma | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0203 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://openrazer.github.io/ Razer] Lycosa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow 2013 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razr Blackwidow Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Cynosa Lite V2 | <!--Vendor ID-->1532 | <!--Product ID-->0x023f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer DeathStalker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer HuntsMan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Ornata | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Orbweaver Chroma Keypad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0207 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Tartarus Keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested not hall effect and very expensive}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Redragon K668 RGB Gaming Keyboard Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys Upgraded Hot-swappable Socket，Red Switch}} |- | <!--Description-->Redragon K689 PRO Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested Gasket RGB Gaming Keyboard, 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys, Upgraded Hot-swappable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Risophy 60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 75% mechanical, hotswap so okay for price untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Risophy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Royal Kludge RK65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested cream switches }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SINO WEALTH Gaming KB SkyLion K68 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x258a | <!--Product ID-->0x003a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| blue stalks with rgb lighting}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SKYLOONG GK104 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested gateron }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet x300 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MosART | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x4101 | <!--Revision-->0312 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|1 AAA for each and works well - mouse slightly better built than keyboard rubberised membrane}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X331 HDE 2.4G Keyboard wireless RCMCU | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C45 | <!--Product ID-->0x7000 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|wireless can be glitchy but few extra keys are mapped }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X500 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MOSArt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x2901 | <!--Revision-->0112 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works well especially large touchpad - usual rubber domed membraned keyboard mechanism }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tecware Specter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested good 75%}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Unicomp Model M USB 104 key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} IBM's and later Lexmark buckling spring switches |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo Minilo Bluebell (prestige silent) and Eculapytus (violet tactile) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 75% plastic build no screws not great to mod}} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo Sword 68 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo 98 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 expensive but good and Kailh silent}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Weikav Velocifire Choice65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Weikav Velocifire Lucky65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Rainy 75 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID-->0x5055 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% but not as expensive CNC Aluminum HMX/JWK/Cocoa Switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Crush 80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID-->0x5588 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Crush80 Reboot Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 very good but expensive Aluminum Hotswap Wireless RGB}} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Rainy 75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wooting HE60 HE80 HE90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 hall effect but expensive with good software}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Womier WK61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2021 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk71 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk75 TMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 hall effect }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xenta White Wireless HK6718B+HM3302--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works with Raspberry Pi untested on AROS native}} |- | <!--Description-->Xinmeng X87 MAGIC_REFINER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 untested keycap swap but not hotswapable switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL66 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| milk switches, cherry PBT, }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzi B75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 budget good with cocoa cream switches }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|good budget option with swappable switches, }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 switches }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzi C75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 budget good with switches }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} <pre> linear - creamy tactile - thocky clicky - clacky </pre> <pre > Cherry MX Black are linear switches (no feedback); good for gaming. Cherry MX Red are linear (less noise no click) but more squishy; Cherry MX Brown are in between Blue and Red in style and tactile; Cherry MX Clear switches have soft tactile feedback (with no click). Cherry MX Blue have tactile feedback with a click (noisy); good for typing. Gateron Yellows KS-3, KS-3x47 or better Pros have a milky top and black bottom and linear TTC Silent Frozen v2. Linear and dead silent Mouse the huano brown with yellow dot for silent mouse clicks Kailh red dust proof encoder for smooth and close to silent scrolling Boba U4 Silent Tactile switches Husky linears HMX </pre > === Mouse === if the USB mouse is non-functional put a USB pendrive in before or add the following to user-startup in '''s''' drawer/folder/directory sys:prefs/trident NOGUI > NIL: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Brand ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" | Model ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->[http://www.3dconnexion.com/products/spacenavigator.html SpaceNavigator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->SpacePilot Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceExplorer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceMouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->3D Optical | <!--Description-->Wired | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0000:3825 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin | Combo mouse | | 0x05FE | 0x0011 | Low 0100 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Cytec | <!--Description-->Wired Mouse Gaming | <!--Model-->R.A.T 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dell | Mouse | MO56UC | 0x413C | 0x3200 | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->equatech / clone logitech | <!--Description-->wireless mouse | <!--Model-->49779 / M185 | <!--Vendor ID--> 3151:2020 later 3151:3020 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{Yes|detected and works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hama | RF Optical Mouse | AM-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->M3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keycron | <!--Description-->Optical Wireless | <!--Model-->M6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1k polling and 16k dpi }} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical Wireless | <!--Model-->M7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested barebones 1k polling and 16k dpi, great for small hands, loud clicks}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->LogiCAD 3D | <!--Description-->3D Mouse | <!--Model-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Logitech | Cordless Desktop Navigator | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | Logitech Inc. | First/Pilot Wheel Mouse | N48/M-BB48 M-BE58 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Logitech | Wireless mouse | [http://www.logitech.com/en-roeu/mice_pointers/mice/devices/5484 M305] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} |- | Logitech | Wireless RF Mouse | MK710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitach | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->G304 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 very clicky}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->MX Master Anywhere 2S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|untested}} micro USB charge port on front |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model-->M220 silent touch MR0085 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2018 needs usb dongle - quiet clicking }} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech Logi | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->MX Master 3S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|2021 untested usb-c bluetooth, inbuilt battery but muted clicks}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitach | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->G502 X Plus | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 very clicky}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model-->M240 silent touch MR0105 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2022 no dongle as bluetooth enabled but could work with Logi Bolt USB Receiver - 1 aa battery - quiet clicking}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->MX Master 4 MXM | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Bluetooth usb-c dongle, inbuilt lithium battery}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Description | Model | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion--> |- | <!--Brand-->Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8566 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8518 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->OrzerHome Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8514 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1 aa with no on/off switch }} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wheel Mouse optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Sidewinder Mouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | IntelliMouse Explorer USB optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wireless Optical Mouse 2000 | | 0x045E | 0x00F9 | | {{no|not working see keyboard Media Desktop 2000 above}} |- | <!--Brand-->Microsoft | <!--Description--> | <!--Model-->1461 1447 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|usb dongle matched to one mouse only no others}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Orochi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Mamba | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Naga | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} 17 buttons |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB Optical | <!--Model-->Naga Hex V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} MOBA Gaming Mouse, Professional Grade 16,000 DPI Sensor - RGB lighting |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->DeathAdder | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Viper | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Basilisk V3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1k polling, 35k dpi, }} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Trust | Slimline Lasermouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | SteelSeries | Tobii EyeX EyeMobile PCEye | Eye Tracking Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} gaze interaction track technology for augment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->The Eye Tribe Tracker | <!--Description-->Eye | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description-->USB Optical Mouse | <!--Model-->MV3000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x192f | <!--Product ID-->0x0916 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |} === Trackball === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->3Dconnexion SpaceBall 5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} Labtec designed and rolled into new company 3dconnexion 2001 by owners Logitech |- | <!--Description-->ACCO Kensington Orbit optical F1233A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kensington Turbo Mouse 64210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Clearly Superior Technologies. Model:CST 1000-RC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Trackman Marble Mouse Wired USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Trackman Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Optical Trackman T-RB22 - Cordless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech M570 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Trackball Mouse Optical 1.0 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft X05-87473 Trackball USB Optical | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === KVM === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->NanoKVM | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === Gamepad === Controllers have mostly decided that the left analog joystick is keyboard equivalent of WASD and right joystick is your mouse. You also have 2 bumpers above the triggers. Shoot could be right trigger (so it doesn't involve taking your thumb off the right joystick). Face buttons for reloading or jump or other non-critical functions. Crank up the sensitivity and practice. Testing can be done with the TRIDENT Prefs, [https://devicetests.com/controller-tester html5], [https://greggman.github.io/html5-gamepad-test/ html5], or [https://gamepad-tester.com/ Tester] ==== Dinput Poseidon Default Plugin - Playstation(TM) style ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Betop Betong Bat D2E BTP-BD2E XD4D2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gravis Eliminator Gamepad Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID-->047d | <!--Product ID-->4005 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2d only |- | Hama Black Force USB Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 psx clone look |- | <!--Description-->Jess Tech Game Elements Philips GGE909 PC Recoil Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCbAmIhj6P4 Logitech Wingman Precision USB] G-UC3B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A| }} | 2002 no 3D but good for 2D retro games like Turrican II |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman Action Pad G-UB3A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 1 blue lucid translucent - thin analog stick N64 type - |- | Logitech Wingman RumblePad UB05B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc20a | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untesed }} | 2000 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded blue piece - vibration feedback - single shoulder buttons with throttle control below right one |- | Logitech Wingman Cordless RumblePad G-RA4A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc211 | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | 2001 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded black piece - vibration feedback - dual shoulder buttons L1 L2 R1 R2 with blue throttle control below right one - 4 aa mn1500 batteries; life not great - C-UD10A usb dongle - overall big and bulky |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Precision Wired G-UG15 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Precision G-X2E14A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 ps2 styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G-X5C11A Cordless Precision Wireless Controllers | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling black outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/logitech-dual-actiontm-gamepad/ Logitech Dual Action] * G-UD8 has no mode (2D only?) button and no rumble * G-UF13A later | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc2 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 G-UF13A tested only]}} | 2003 New body shape psx style - dual analog 3D sticks - 4 small travel shoulder triggers no 5,6,7,8 |- | Logitech RumblePad 2 G-UF13 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc218 | 1.00 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | 2006 light blue top/black base - twin analogues 3D along with dual short travel shoulder buttons - rumble present - |- | <!--Description-->[Logitech RumblePad 2 Cordless] * G-RC?? OLD version that take FOUR batteries and RED Logitech logo * G-RC14 uses TWO batteries has an ORANGE logo - dongle C-UE10 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc219 | <!--Revision-->0x0200 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|mostly}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 may have to remove 1 battery - G-RC?? 5 + 7 buttons - G-RC14 use buttons 6 + 8 to reset sticks - replace battery and push large button on receiver - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F310 Wired Dual Action G-U0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|D mode switch}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 dual analog 3D with pc-xbox/psx switch on back (only D works) - both rear shoulder RT LT buttons have excess travel - no rumble vibration - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F510 Wired G-UG0002 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 dual analog with dual xbox pc/psx X/D switched compatibility modes - |- | Logitech F710 Wireless / Cordless RumblePad 2 G-R0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc219 | 3.05 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | When switch on top set to D and nano receiver for each controller to pair - 2 aa mn1500 batteries required - rumble support sometimes - rear back shoulder buttons excessive travel needed |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Megaworld 'TIME' USB pad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0735 | <!--Product ID-->0x9902 | <!--Revision-->Low 0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No |}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 Poor quality |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft * SideWinder Precision Pro USB (1997) * SideWinder Precision 2 (1998) * Game Pad Pro (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Game Pad USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{yes| }}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{yes| }} | <!--Opinion-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&rowstart=140&pid=5934#post_5931 must setup first] |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Gamepad X04 Freestyle | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A }} | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 1998 might need USB adapter |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder X05 63895 92626 Flight stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|2000 [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=929.msg11309#new tested]}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Flight Stick X08-58736 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Plug & Play Game Pad (2000) SideWinder Joystick (2000) Game Pad 2.0 (2001) SideWinder Force Feedback 2 (2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 long-standing static buildup problem and Force Feedback 2 was the removal of the power brick |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | Saitek [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps1000/ PS1000 Cyborg V.1], [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps2700-rumble-pad/ PS2700] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG0v-hf6ZPA P2600] [http://compactiongames.about.com/od/hardware/tp/gamepads.htm P3600], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek P2900 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested but runs on 1 AA battery}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sony Batoh PS3 mini USB Wired hookup [http://ps3.jim.sh/sixaxis/usb/ SIXAXIS] *PCB Ribbon Notes *Protos ALPS MSU Rev3 M3 and the later CBEH-1019 *? SA1Q135A for sixaxis *PP4 *V2 *V25 *VX SA1Q146A first dualshock 3 model *VX SA1Q147A CECHZC2U (USA) *VX35 SA1Q159A *VX3 SA1Q160A *VX? SA1Q188A *VX4 SA1Q189A shipped with a CECH-2504 datecode 0C *VX5 SA1Q194A changed design ALPS, PS button changes *VX6 SA1Q195A red case, *VX7 SA1Q222A superslims 2 ribbons *VX8 SA1Q224A superslims 2 ribbons | <!--Vendor ID-->0x054c | <!--Product ID-->0x0268 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No|}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|}} | <!--Opinion-->Sometimes detected but no support - no sixaxis features detected - mini usb lead will have varying results - |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS4 *JDM JDS 001 010 011 *JDM 030 040 055 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS5 Dual Sense | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speed Link Strike 2 FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Firestorm Dual Power 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 only 1 axis joystick only]}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-1500 GM-1520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 M series Aluminum Metal Joystick Hitbox Controller Arcade Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 T series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 G series Gamefinger G12 G13 G16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> plastic - |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 S series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> thinner and lighter than G series |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mad Catz sf2 fightstick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Datel Paewang Arcade Pro Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F300 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F500 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Pico Flatbox GP2040-CE Hot Swappable Mini Hitbox Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> default it is configured for PS4 but before plugging usbc cable in, X for Dinput, B Xinput, RT HID - plastic build case - Rev4 based on RP2040 chip and firmware is based on GP2040-CE (Community Edition) - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Shenzhen Onebitdo Tech 8bitdo Fighting stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Venom 8 button | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==== Xinput Xbox Style Plugin ==== 2018 extension added originally called AROSx but later redacted. Latest [https://github.com/medusalix/xone linux driver] might be useful. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate C Wired 82CB (Shenzhen ONEBITDO TECH - GWOWO) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2dc8 | <!--Product ID-->0x3106 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 - 4 t6 torx screws - non hall effect so drifting issues - triggers go faulty often - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 2C Wired Controller 82CD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2dc8 | <!--Product ID-->0x310A | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - HID keyboard assigned - 4 t6 torx screws - hall effect analogs and triggers - 1000Hz polling - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 2C wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - 400mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad poor for retro games - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo ULtimate Mini Wired Controller for Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 2 *Wired Controller *Wireless *Bluetooth | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect - playstation style layout for pc - slide button for S-A-D-X switch, android, dinput or xinput - |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 tmr hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2026 - mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad for retro games - |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2026 hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Ace Aurora | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect joysticks with no deadzone mode, gyro, linear rumble, trigger stops, back paddles, button swap, macro, turbo, RGB LED effects - tri-mode connection - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Betop Beitong Spartan BTP-2270U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hall effect |- | <!--Description-->Betop Betong Asura 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hall effect - noble linear trigger potentiometer and alps shoulder LB/RB micro switch |- | <!--Description-->BEITONG ASURA 2 Pro+ Game Controller Wireless Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beitong Zeus 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BebonCool Dinofire Model Number: Q218 / TP28 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 - triggers aren't progressive but ON/OFF - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X05 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect analog and triggers - tri mode connection - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX Wireless Controller PC PS3, 9013pro ESM-9013PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 linear hall effect but device sometimes will not connect tried multiple attempts with the dongle |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 ABXY MICRO SWITCH - Bumpers Tactile switch Hall Effect analog |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect analog and triggers - membrane buttons - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX S10 Wireless Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 TMR Hall effect and compatible with Switch 2/PC/Phone/TV/Steam, NFC, Gyro, HD Rumble - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->202 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fantech World EOS Pro WGP15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect trigger and sticks,2 back paddles, motion controlling |- | <!--Description-->Fantech EOS PRO II S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 controller with TMR hall effect analogues, mechanical face buttons and D-pad, 63 input macro, back paddles, turbo - analog triggers with trigger stops - tri mode bt wifi and wired - slide switch on back for switch, macos/android and xinput - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Apex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 luxury model |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader Pro 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 the Pro(Hall Effects) and Non-Pro (No Hall) |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Direwolf 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 hall effect sticks and triggers - poor wifi connection - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Apex 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 luxury model |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader 4 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - hall effect, DInput mode (o+A hold) - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Direwolf 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons with gold contacts - 800mhA battery - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Dunefox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 basic model hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons - 500mha battery - no gyros - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader 5 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 - hall effect stick with tension control, linear triggers, DInput mode (o+A hold) - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir T4K Keleid, T4C Cyclone wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 poor to ok switch |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir Nova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no|| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - switch type layout |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Chicken Run Network Tech Nova Lite GameSir-T4n LITE - Zikway HID gamepad *[https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 4200 seems to be xbox so B then Home for Xinput (green LED), A then Home for HID BT Android (green/yellow LED), Y then Home for Switch Pro (Red LED)] or X then Home for Wifi and start and select to alternatively swap modes * and if on [https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 5700 ds4 so Home + B (blue LED), ] * firmware 6900 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3537 | <!--Product ID-->0x1040 0x1041 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - hall effect 3d nubs - no usb-c cable - rubber membrane analog trigger travel and bumpers shoulder buttons - wifi 2.4G and bluetooth - xbox layout so ab and xy might need to be swapped via m and a buttons for switch type [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po-nNuC5fps fixes video] - 250Hz polling - 600mah battery - rigid carry case - poor d-pad esp diagonals - gamesir settings software only on android 6+ or ios based only - |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir Nova 2 Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G7 SE Wired Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir TEGENARIA T3 Lite Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 playstation aesthetic hall effect analog and membrane buttons - X+Home button connects as an Xbox controller |- | <!--Description-->GameSir Cyclone 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 TMR Joysticks with anti-friction rings and metal anti-friction rings around the stems, gyro, rumble, macro, turbo, 2 back paddles, hall analog triggers with micro-switch trigger - tri mode bluetooth, 2.4GHz wifi and wired, 1000hz polling rate - gamesir connect software - |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G7 Pro for Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 TMR hall effect - hall effect triggers, tri mode connection - gamesir nexus software - |- | <!--Description-->GameSir Super Nova Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2026 hall effect sticks and triggers, 1000Hz polling, tri mode connectivity, |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong 2 NS08 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->Electromagnetic Stick hall effect - hall linear triggers - Mechanical face buttons - wired and wireless - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong 2 PRO NS09 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->hall efect - wired and wireless - Mechanical face buttons - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong MAX 3 KK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->hall effect - wired and wireless - lithium battery - |- | <!--Description-->Gulikit KK3 Max USB-c Bluetooth Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 Hall Joysticks and Triggers, Maglev/Rotor/HD Vibration, 1000Hz Polling Rate, 4 Back Buttons, |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KK3 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 smaller version of KK3 MAX - hall effect analog and triggers, face buttons , maglev rumble, gyro, 4 back paddles - rigid case - 950mAh up to 8 hrs - |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hyperkin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hori EX2 Turbo UHX3-45 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Machenike G1 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 Wireless Gaming Controller with 1K Polling Rate Hall Effect Trigger Joystick For Nintendo Switch PC iOS Android |- | <!--Description-->Machenike G5 Pro Wireless Gaming Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 ABXY Switch Membrane, Bumpers Tactile switch and hall effect analog |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->microsoft sidewinder precision pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | 0x045e | 0x028e | 0x | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|needs specific driver and has poor 2D control pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Microsoft (R) [https://blog.tkjelectronics.dk/2012/12/xbox-360-receiver-added-to-the-usb-host-library/ Xbox 360] (TM) Wireless Receiver for Windows(R) Model 1086 and Controller | 0x045e | 0x0719, 0x or 0x0291 | 0x0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|separate standalone usb dongle detected and shows as 8 vendor interfaces but no class associated and so not working - may need new class from code from xpad or xboxdrv to work the controllor}} |- | <!--Description-->Xbox 360 Kinect [http://hackaday.com/2010/11/10/kinect-open-source-driver-demo-and-hacking/ Video] [http://git.marcansoft.com/?p=libfreenect.git;a=commit;h=7655fcf7239ba4907654089dba535a196685dbe5 GIT] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 proprietary 2.4GHz RF protocol, |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One Wired Controller | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One wireless controller newer model with the 3.5mm headphone jack 1537 1697 and microsoft adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02d1 or 0x02dd | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Elite Series 1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02e3 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 ok - |- | <!--Description-->Xbox later models 1708+ Xbox One and Series use 5GHz and use Bluetooth, | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02e0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02ea 0x02fd | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Elite Series 2 Core | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 ok - no hall - 125Hz polling - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Minisform MGP01 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MOBAPAD N1HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 has liquid silicone face buttons, hall effect analog, D-Pad swap, two back paddles, USB-A dongle, HD Rumble - |- | <!--Description-->Mobapad Huben 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 |- | <!--Description-->Mobapad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON Gale 墨将 mòjiāng | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON Blitz PRO 2 TMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON now MOJHON AETHER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect joysticks, hall effect triggers, mechanical bumpers, 1000hz polling rate, mechanical D-pad, membrane face buttons, mechanical back paddles, rumble, deadzone issues - tri mode |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MSI FORCE GC20 GC30 V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 not hall effect |- | <!--Description-->MSI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mytrix Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NACON GC-100XF Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 average |- | <!--Description-->PXN P5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect joysticks & triggers, limited trigger stops, 1000hz polling rate on wired, 4 back paddles, 32 macro record, anti-deadzone mode, RAW mode, gyro, turbo, tri-mode connection - |- | <!--Description-->PXN P50L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->PowerA | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD Stellar T5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD Junior E5 Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Razer Wolverine V3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RetroFlag | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speedlink XEOX Pro Analog Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->enclosed lithium battery? - xbox layout - switchable on back of controller to directinput (dinput) or xinput - USB dongle switchable to pc and ps3 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SCUF Instinct Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 good |- | <!--Description-->SCUF Envision Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Steel Series Stratus Duo XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->usb adapter needed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://inputlabs.io/Inputlabs InputLabs Alpakka Open Source and build yourself] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->DIY it with 3d printer, pcb and components - pi pico needed - 2 gyros for better accuracy - |- | <!--Description-->[https://inputlabs.io/kapybara Inputlabs kapybara] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->DIY one handed version wip |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Vilcorn Z03 BT Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - other Bluetooth modes (green, red, blue, purple, etc.) Select + M1 (or M2) - 400mAh - not great latency wired - 800mhz polling - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->zd ultimate legend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->zd 0+ elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description-->zd 0+excellent | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} <pre> #ifndef AROSX_LIBRARY_H #define AROSX_LIBRARY_H #include <exec/types.h> #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_UNKNOWN 0x00 #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_GAMEPAD 0x01 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_UP 0x0001 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_DOWN 0x0002 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_LEFT 0x0004 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_RIGHT 0x0008 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_START 0x0010 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_BACK 0x0020 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB 0x0040 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB 0x0080 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_SHOULDER 0x0100 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_SHOULDER 0x0200 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_A 0x1000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_B 0x2000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_X 0x4000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_Y 0x8000 struct AROSX_GAMEPAD { ULONG Timestamp; UWORD Buttons; UBYTE LeftTrigger; UBYTE RightTrigger; WORD ThumbLX; WORD ThumbLY; WORD ThumbRX; WORD ThumbRY; }; #define AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT 0x00 #define AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT 0x01 #define AROSX_EHMF_CONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT) #define AROSX_EHMF_DISCONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT) struct AROSX_EventHook { struct Node eh_Node; struct MsgPort *eh_MsgPort; ULONG eh_MsgMask; }; struct AROSX_EventNote { struct Message en_Msg; ULONG en_Event; APTR en_Param1; APTR en_Param2; }; #endif /* AROSX_LIBRARY_H */ </pre> === Joystick === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CH Products CombatStick 568 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Cyborg X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Extreme 3D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | [Logitech Attack 3 Joystick] | 0x0464 | 0xC214 | 0205 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek X-52 x52 pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek aviator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Speedlink Competition Pro USB | | | | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{maybe|works but games not working "out of the box"}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator QZ 501 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator TH 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust XK 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} ===[https://github.com/JacKeTUs/linux-steering-wheels Gaming Racing Steering Wheels]=== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="40%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/pid1_01.pdf USB PID standard not supported], |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cammus C5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec CSL Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 and Xbox - belt driven wheel - 30cm wheel swapping |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec Club Sport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt $600 £500 system |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->FFBeast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius TRIO RACER F1 Racing Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Cheap and cheerful but not great - may need calibrating |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hama PC Racing Wheel Thunder V18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Average |- | <!--Description-->Hori Racing Wheel 3 with pedals | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PC |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Logic3 PXU450 TopDrive GT450 Steering Wheel for PS3, PS4, XBox One and PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MOMO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Very good |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Driving Force GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Drive Force Pro DFP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> wheel 900 degree - weighs in at 15&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Formula Force EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->200 degrees turn for the EX model is arcade-like driving - adds PS3 compatibility via the PSx/2 adaptor - weighs in at 9&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G27 PC/PS3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> comes with gear shifter - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G29 PC PS3/PS4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G920 PC XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G923 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft(R) SideWinder Precision Racing Wheel (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R5 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R9 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R12 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/Ultrawipf/OpenFFBoard OpenFFBoard], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V12 Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simagic M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> base direct drive $900 £800 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simplicity Simwheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> direct |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simxperience Accuforce V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SPEEDLINK Drift O.Z. Racing Wheel with Pedals and Gear Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries Simraceway SRW-S1 Steering Wheel (PC) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Nascar Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari Challenge Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> Poor |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari FGT Rumble GT Experience 3-in-1 (PC/PS3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID-->b658 | <!--Revision-->0102 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Wheel and all buttons detected}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Opinion-->Not great - gear driven 240deg wheel rotation - no psu needed - 2 peddle - flappy gear change - rumble untested - red switch for PC PS3 selection |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster F430 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T500 RS Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> belt driven wheel/rumble for GT5 |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T60 Challenge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T150 Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> gear / belt combo wheel / rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TMX Pro PC/XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> direct drive rumble - no manual gear shift included |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Base level and OK - PS4 - 270deg rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T300 RS GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PS4 - belt driven - 900deg rotation and modular 28cm wheel out - 2 peddles but 3 available |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TX Leather | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->TX Xbox version - 900deg rotation |- | <!--Description-->Thrustermaster TS PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PC only belt wheel |- | <!--Description--> TS XW Racer PC Xbox1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt system |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T-GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 $700 £600 with T-DFB |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Tracer Zonda Racing Steering Wheel PC PS3 Vibration Feedback Pedals Gearbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ===Gamepad Joypad Adapters=== * Most adapters will work in most OS's without installing a driver. Special functions needing drivers will be noted. * Some adapters do not work with some [http://www.stepmania.com/wiki/Dance_Pads dance pads] because of voltage issues. Other adapters map the dancemat arrows as axes and not as buttons, causing problems. * If using an adapters should be compatible with '''original''' PlayStation PS/Xbox Xbox/GameCube GC /Dreamcast DC/Sega Saturn SS gamepads. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.maplin.co.uk/psx-usb-bridge-34887?tabid=3&worldid=&doy=21m9&faqitem=playstation%20controller%20to%20pc%20adaptor Maplin] [http://www.rockfire.com.tw/ Padix Co. Ltd. Rockfire] PX-205 PSX/USB Bridge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0583 | <!--Product ID-->0x2050 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes}} but buttons mapped different from others | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|poor}} | <!--Opinion-->Ok with dpads, but very poor support with analogue hack |- | Boom PS Joy Converter adaptor | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | discontinued (2004/5). Hold Up, Start, and Select for three seconds. Very good [http://www.stepmania.com stepmania] recommendation. |- | [http://www.hkems.com/m_main.htm EMS] [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/ps2-usb2.htm USB2] grey plastic box with 2 PSX ports, one on either side - UP and Select pressed for 3 seconds at the same time or the dance code (start+select+up) | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows the PS port works in digital mode on d-pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | Set in PC switch mode. Does not work when using 2 pads at the same time, likely higher power requirements. FPSE emu DualShock untested, Mat and Guitar untested but known lag involved |- | Joytech (play.com) (EMS USB2 bad clone) Black box twin PSX | 0x0b43 | 0x0003 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | but poor on dance ddr mat and guitar hero as the left and right keys do not like being pressed together, Dual shock untested |- | [ EMS Trio Linker ] 1 PSone connection at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued 2005 |- | [http://psxemulator.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=support&action=display&thread=421 EMS Trio Linker Plus] (blue box) 1 PSx at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued |- | Gamtec [http://www.gamestone.co.uk/gradius/guides_usb_smartjoy_guide.php SmartJoy Plus] Lik Sang PS->USB converter Red 2005 | 0x0925 | 0x0005 | Low 0110 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe|detected and digital dpad works with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4138&forum=2&post_id=35952#forumpost35952 joystick and testjoystick tests] but the second analog control is not mapping correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue Hack - hardware buggy not useable}} | Dual shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested. Nothing picked up upon plugging it in. Quite common, these items have grounding issues or feed voltage back into the USB host and freeze the host controller, preventing any plugins or removals being detected. |- | Gamtec SmartJoy Plus Dual PS->USB converter Red | 0x0925 | 0x00 | Low | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | |- | [http://uk.gear.ign.com/articles/700/700334p1.html Lik-Sang Super SmartJoy PSX] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX |- | Soyo Kiki Kiky | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | eXcel PSX adaptor shaped a little like a stealth bomber with USB pass through | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Venom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Dragon Plus (Radio Shack) Pantherlord GreenAsia USB to PS2/PS3 converter single black cable | 0x0e8f | 0x03 | 1.07 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | |- | Deal Extreme 2 PSX black cables from 1 USB port | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HDE 2014 Personal Communication Systems Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0810 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Same as single cable above but with black block midway along cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC001 Super Joy Box 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC016 Super Joy Box arrowhead triangle twin PSX] Original was lack with RED Leds. Clones Dilong pu203, Blue HDE Neewer ShineData SD-APS2USB, Red Octane and Black PC Power Box (NS3454) '''embossed circle''' on top | 0x0810 | 0x0001 | 1.06 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows one PS port does not work with analog control at all but the other port does and maps correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works }} | Still available 2013, poor construction though, falls to pieces easily. Dual Shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd [http://www.mayflash.com/pc/pc038/pc038-1.htm Mayflash PC038 Super Joy Box Pro triangle twin PSX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PC006 long V-shaped 4 port PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PRO PC039 PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | Boom PSX+N64 USB converter (purple or blue see through box) (2003/4) - red led for psx and green led for n64 | 0x6666 | 0x0667 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|not detected by Tests/joystick}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue hack }} | Rumble Pak untested |- | [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/TrioLinkerPlus2.htm EMS Trio Linker Plus II] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4753&forum=24&post_id=43102#forumpost43102 ] | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1DC 1GC 1PSX but not for ddr mat games |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC043 clone HuiJia Black twin N64 converter for PC USB | 0x0e8f | 0x3013 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|detected by Tests/joystick though two digital pads have their settings wrong}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works well with middle handle/grip little joystick}} | Rumble Pack untested |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC MagicBox SuperBox 3 | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | untested 1SS 1DC 1PSX } |- | <!--Description-->Lik Sang SmartJoy X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0285 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SmartJoy X2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0289 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC018 Super Joy Box 9 Xbox (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work. Hub(s) 0x0288 detected but 0x0289 xbox1 joypads are not detected as hid let alone as [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62940.html xpad] or [http://pingus.seul.org/~grumbel/xboxdrv/ linux xboxdrv driver] |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC019 Super Joy Box 10 Xbox Twin ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work with the big Fatty Duke or smaller S Akebono controller(s) |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC020 Super Joy Box 11 Xbox Quad ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x0604 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC035 3 in 1 Magic Joy box PS GC Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to NES [http://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/Standard_controller SPI like protocol] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo Classic USB Pad SNES like | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC044 USB to SNES | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to MEGADRIVE GENESIS Joypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.retrousb.com/product_info.php?cPath=21&products_id=70 USB to 9 pin ATARI RETROPORT style JOYSTICK PORT] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Atari RetroLink 9pin to SB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SLS Sega Saturn USB pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC050 Dual Saturn ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guitar Hero for PC/Mac | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1430 | <!--Product ID-->0x474C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cronus Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BrookX One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Gamecube to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Magic NS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> WiiU |- | <!--Description-->Brook Converter WiiU P3 P4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CooV Xbox One Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * [http://www.bemanistyle.com/forum/f6/best-metal-pad-19066/ Metal dance pads with LEDs] - My My Box Blue Shark (Nexen), Cobalt Flux (CF) (Let's Groove), Red Octane Afterburner, TX-2000, Logic3 (Dance Dance Dance), Gamerose (Stay Cool), * Hard foam mat - [http://www.mayflash.eu/3in1-deluxe-dansmat-ignition-foam-ps2xboxpc-p-5.html Mayflash] FutureMax Deluxe 3 in 1 Ignition, [http://www.gamerose.com/ Gamerose] (Stay Cool), TrinPad orange, * Soft foam mat - Logic3 (PS420N), [http://www.positivegaming.com/index.php?id=36 Positive Gaming Impact], Gamerose Miss Daisys Naki (Stay Cool), Pelican, MadCatz *PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 flex ribbon big source of button/trigger issues with all controllers *PS2 Phat KSA1Q40A (Board), SA1Q33A (Membrane) SCHP-10010 H *PS2 SA1Q42A SCHP-10010 A *PS2 SA1Q43-A SCHP-10010 H The primary axes are either the Control Pad or the left stick. Buttons come in a rough order: face buttons, then shoulder buttons, then Select and Start, then buttons under sticks, and finally Control Pad directions if not assigned to a hat. But the order and number of buttons within a category are unpredictable, as is which button the user expects to use for each action. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Joypad ! width="5%" | HATS ! width="5%" | Button 01 ! width="5%" | Button 02 ! width="5%" | Button 03 ! width="5%" | Button 04 ! width="5%" | Button 05 ! width="5%" | Button 06 ! width="5%" | Button 07 ! width="5%" | Button 08 ! width="5%" | Button 09 ! width="5%" | Button 10 ! width="5%" | Button 11 ! width="5%" | Button 12 ! width="5%" | Button 13 ! width="5%" | Button 14 ! width="5%" | Axes 1 ! width="5%" | Axes 2 ! width="5%" | Axes 3 ! width="5%" | Axes 4 ! width="5%" | Axes 5 ! width="5%" | Axes 6 ! width="10%" | Comment |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | | A (down-green) | B (right-red) | X (left-blue) | Y (up-yellow) | LB (white) | RB (black) | Back | Start | Guide | L3 | R3 | | | | Left X | Left Y | LT | Right X | Right Y | RT | Poor 2D, Good 3D |- | <!--Description-->Gravis GamePad / Original PlayStation Controller | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Red (Sqleft) | Yellow X (X down) | Green O (O right) | Blue (Tri up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | | | | | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Older Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Blue X (down) | Red O (right) | Pink Sq (left) | Green Tri (up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Newer Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Up | Right | Down | Left | L2 | R2 | L1 | R1 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 (analogue Hack) | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> Wish Technologies N64 Adaptoid | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> A | C Down | C Right | B | C Left | C Up | L | R | Start | <!--Button 10-->Z | Pad Up | Pad Down | Pad Left | Pad Right | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- |} Just plug in your digital/analogue joystick or gamepad into USB port. The device will be handled by Poseidon USB stack. Poseidon is the USB stack with Trident adding a GUI (graphical user interface) prefs. the context sensitive page would come up right on pressing the help key inside the relevant window. The manual is in this archive, just in case it isn't in SYS:Locale/Help *How to change joystick mode to analogue? By default a connected USB joystick emulates Amiga digital joystick. To change this behaviour so that the joystick is presented as analogue you need to use Trident preferences application (System:Prefs/Trident). Open Trident and go to Devices on the left hand side (mouse click once on it). Select your controller from the list to the right and then click on Settings button below. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section near the bottom. Find ports which are set to "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB" and change them to "Analogue Hack". Please note that analogue joystick support is an extension of original Amiga functionality, thus an Amiga application must be explicitly written to use it. AROS SDL library uses this functionality, thus all SDL applications that use joystick, can use the analogue joystick feature. The HID class has several options how to handle the input data: * Don't touch: The movement and button data for is not modified by the hid class. This is the default for the ports 0, 2, and 3. * Overwrite with USB: This will kill the original data that might had come from the internal ports and overwrites it with the joypad data for this USB interface. Note well: If you have multiple joypads connected, take care which setting you have selected for each port, because only the last interface with this option will actually send the joypad data to the game. * Merge with USB: This option merges the input data of the lowlevel.library with the USB stream. This only works, if the connected device on the original Amiga ports is NOT a mouse (because then the streams are incompatible). Merging should be the preferred method, because it leaves the original joysticks working. * Disable: Turns off the port for the application. * Analogue Hack: Tells Poseidon to force reporting of analogue data at the port. Please note that this only works with programs that understand the analogue data, because it's an extension to the original lowlevel.library standard made by Commodore. If you want to incorporate this feature in your software, just contact me and I will send you the necessary information. * Rumble Port: As addition to the analogue data, the HID class supports applications and games that want to utilize a rumble pack or force feedback motors in the gamepads. This field selects to which lowlevel port the hid device responds, when attempting to use the rumble pack. Normally, this corresponds to the port that has been set in the actions for the joypad. *How to change joystick port assignment? The low level library supports up to four ports. Port 0 is usually used by the mouse, port 1 is the standard port for joysticks/joypads. By default a connected USB joystick is present in Port 1. To change its location to Port 0 you need to use Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section. Port 1 should be set as either "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB". Change this setting to "Don't touch". Change Port 0 setting to "Merge with USB". Go to "Actions" tab. In the "Reports and collection" select first entry named "Joystick". in the "Usage items" select "X axis". Go to "Performed actions" area. On the left there will be a list of triggers. Each of them should have (port1) in their params. Click on the first trigger and using buttons to the right of the list change port1 into port 0. Repeat this for all triggers and for all items on "Usage items" list. *How to make joystick simulate keyboard keys? With Poseidon it is possible to make the joystick simulate the keyboard pressings. This might enable using joystick for playing games which only have keyboard support. This feature is configured in Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. Go to "Actions" tab. On the right top window select X axis. On the left bottom list select an entry "Digital Joystick, Push left(port 1)". On the panel to the right change "Digital joystick" into "Raw Key". A list of keys will be displayed. Select key you wish to send. Repeat the same procedure for "Digital Joystick, Release left (port 1)" option but this time check "Send key up even instead of key down". Open shell and move your joystick to the left - your selected letter should appear in the shell. *Analogue in Trident Prefs * Open the Trident USB Prefs -> Devices -> Select your joypad -> Settings button -> Action TAB * See some "axis" listed under "Usage items" in the top right of the window. They are your analog stick(s) * Check [x] Track Incoming Events which is half way down the window on the left And you should see some axis activity in "Usage items" when you move the analog stick *Actions HID class item -> Settings -> HID Class Window -> Action Tab -> Action handling area Reports and collections -> Usage Items -> Performed actions Qualifier keys are *special*. You don't only need to create the actual keypress but also modify the qualifiers. Go to the keyboard panel and find the windows menu key by enabling key tracking and pressing the windows menu key. Then assign the right amiga key to it. Go to the actions panel and find the right amiga key (it's called "Keyboard right GUI"). Remember the actions stored there, best write them down in exact order. Then delete them. Find the windows menu item and add the missing qualifier action. Be sure the parameters are exactly the same and the order is right. Set them to Raw, then assign an up and down button for each character, etc. when you change the settings to RAW so you can assign keyboard strokes. it will always say, KEYDOWN or what ever on the left, it never provides and option for key release. The problem still remains though that if I try to assign the Directional Pad (Hat) to Arrow Keys, that things will get screwed up and you either can not move with the directional PAD (HAT), or movements are assigned to the Left Analog, and do not work as they should, it's as if the right and down arrow keys are ALWAYS On, regardless of the fact that I did indeed assign a Key release command to each input. check that by pressing analog directions and see the current values, and the thresholds configured in poseidon to bind them to left/right/up/down. misconfigured too much stuff in the HID settings, you can always go in poseidon->config list entry and delete the config item related to your device (or the HID class setting itself), back to basics. *Rumble in Trident Prefs Open Trident Prefs and click on the Devices option in the left hand window. Click with the mouse once on your gamepad choice on the right hand side and again on the Settings button below. In the new window, select the '''General''' TAB and half way down on the right there is an "Open Now" button in the section "HID output control window". Clicking on that button opens another window (HID Control) with sliders for the two rumble engines inside the controllers and you can test if they work. '''Sometimes clicking that button does nothing, other times it will open the window and say nothing is detected.''' The leftmost two sliders do nothing, the third one has a large rumble effect, and the fourth one has a small rumble effect. ===Graphic Drawing Tablet=== There is a standard in HID for tablets possibly mouse type. If the tablet is HID conforming in that sense, it should work. Aiptek does a fairly good job at this. The other competitor, Wacom, didn't pay too much attention to this and simply adapted their legacy serial protocol into HID in a very awkward way. Older Wacom tablets have worked with the special support in the HID class, but not the more recent ones. to use graphic tablets fully, applications need to be written that make use of the AmigaOS NewTablet events (which AROS has) * Entry level - A6 (6x4) work area * Medium A5 (6x8) A4 (10x7) size (recommended but only a few ie years 2000 to 2003 models supported) * Semi Pro A3 (12x9) * Pro Cintiq * 2005/6 Some support added for Wacom tablets * 2008 Wacom's patent on battery free pens expires {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Micrograf Tabby (late 1980s and early 1990s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->podscat pt 3030 graphics tablet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Summagraphics | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom IV compatible (Graphire, ArtPad, A3, A4, A5 and PenPartner CT-0405-P - Wacom intuos GD-0405-R) Waycom Digitiser II UD-0608-R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Artpad II (KT-0405-R) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AceCad boards | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Calcomp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 8000 - Aldi/Medion MD 9310 and Aldi/Tevion LT 9310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Tablet PC penabled | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based like x61t X60t NC4200 NC4400 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PenPartner * PenPartner 2 * PenStation 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire - Wacom Tablet ET-0405-U UV1.1-1 (Slate Blue) ET-0405UL (lime) (orange) (red) (purple) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0X0010 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|late 90s with A6 size - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511 under Trident prefs. Air pen mouse type movements }} |- | <!--Description--> * Grapphire 2 4x5 ET-0405A-U UV2.0-3 (Steel Blue) * Graphire 2 5x7 ET-0507A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0011 and 0x0012 | <!--Revision-->0110 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 versions - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air pen mouse type movements - mouse EC-120-0K tested}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire 3 * cte-430/w 4x5 pearl sapphire * cte 630 6x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0013 and 0x0014 | <!--Revision-->0314 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 size - [Wacom Support] Xaxis 0-10207 yaxis 0-7423 tip pressure 0-511 and the erase end appears to respond but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | Wacom Graphire 4 * cte-440/B Blue cte 440/s Silver 4x5 * cte-640 6x8 cte 640 u 0403 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 and 0x0016 | <!--Revision-->403 | {{Yes|A6 and A5 work area detected [Wacom Support] x-axis 0000-10207 Y axis 0000-7423 Tip Pressure 000-511 and delete rub out end of the pencil seems detected but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom Intuos 4x5 GD-0405 * Intuos 6x8 GD-0608 * Intuos 9x12 GD-0912 * Intuos 12x12 GD-1212-U * Intuos 12x18 GD-1218 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0020 0x0021 0x0022 0x0023 0x0024 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected and responses delivered back - x axis up to 30479 and y axis 31679, tip pressure up to 1023 and x and y tilt up to 127 - Wacom intuos GD-0912-A for Apple Macs NOT SUPPORTED}} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 2 4x5 A6 - XD-0405-U * Intuos 2 6x8 A5 - xd 0608u uoc * Intuos 2 9x12 XD-0912-U * Intuos 2 12x12 XD-1212-U * Intuos 2 12x18 XD-1218-U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0041 0x0042 0x0043 0x0044 0x0045 | <!--Revision-->0126 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|various sizes and recognised as [Wacom Support] but not working. x-axis 00000-20319 y-axis 00000-16239 tip presure 0000-1023 x-tilt y-tilt 000-127. HID mouse xc-100-03 works but never could use it as a real tablet with pressure with TVPaint 3.6 }} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 3 4x5 (PTZ-430) * Intuos 3 4x6 (PTZ-431W ) * Intuos 3 6x8 (PTZ-630 PTZ630) * Intuos 3 6x11 (PTZ-631W A3 wide) * Intuos 3 9x12 (A4 PTZ-930 PTZ930) * Intuos 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->056a | <!--Product ID-->0x00b0 0x00b1 0x00b2 0x00b3 0x00b4 0x00b5 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No}} Actions in HID setup window definitively locks the Pointer (mouse) reports settings and even after a clear and save, nothing changes, the configuration returns to default values. "[Wacom]" reports don't see any events from the tablet, even with "Pointer" reports cleared and save, so is locked a in "mouse" state - but can send a special command to the tablet in order to put it into a special vendor mode. This mode enables Wacom specificities like pressure, tilt, absolute position, buttons, etc... you should send an HID report feature with ReportID=2 and data=2, the current HID class driver doesn't give a way to change that, even using the "initial startup actions" item in the extra collection. No listed features work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Volito - Promethean FT-0405-U06 UV1.4-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0060 | <!--Revision-->0141 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - appears to be the budget option with some but limited features}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Volito 2 * CTF-??? 2x3 * CTF-420G CTF-420 V2.0-0 4x5 * Serif Penabled 6742 rebadge of CTF 420/020-B CTF-420/02 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0062 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - no erase function on the end of the pen - nylon nibs value option}} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PL-400 LCD * PL-500 * PL-510 * PL-550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0030 0x0031 0x0032 0x0034 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> * PL-600 * PL-600 SX * PL-700 * PL-710 * PL-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0033 0x0035 0x0036 0x0037 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Cintiq 21 UX and Cintiq Partner DTF-720 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wacom PenTablet Bamboo (MTE), Bamboo Craft (CTH), Bamboo Fun (CTE), Bamboo Pen (CTL) and Bamboo Pen & Touch (CTH) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Bamboo Fun Medium CTE-650 | | 0x0018 | | {{Maybe|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum]}} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Fun Small CTE-450 white | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo One CTF-430 V2.0-0 CTF 430/S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0069 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A5 wired air pen and acts like a mouse only}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 4 * Small PTK-440 PTK-540 * Medium - PTK-640 - PTK 540WL Wireless - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Intuos4 surface sheet was revised in October 2010 to reduce nib wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 5 Touch * * Medium - PTH-650 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0027 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested work, however wireless may glitch or drag }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro Medium - PTH-651 - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Small Pen Tablet - MTE 450 MTE-450A (MTE-450/k) - | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0065 | <!--Revision-->0116 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 work area - mouse movement but no pen detection except x-axis 2 to -2 and y-axis 2 to -2 - mini usb lead - 4 blue led lit buttons not detected as well as circular touch button?? }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Pen CTL 460 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested all Bamboo versions were criticized for the drawing surface's roughness (which got smoother over time), which caused the small pressure-sensitive 'nib' to wear down, and become slanted or scratchy in the same way as pencil lead, albeit more slowly}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Fun CTH-461/S wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x00D2 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 size - Pen tracking not working but finger touch works }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Connect Pen Tablet CTL-470 CTL-470K 470-DE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 470K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom CTH 480/S wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} lithium battery for pad - |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pen Small CTL-480/S CTL 480 K wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x030E | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected as Intuos PS but not working although the RHS blue led responds to pen on tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 490 PK S Photo - CTH-490CK-S Comic - CTH-490AK-S Art | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested lower hovering height pen nibs wear fast and input lag/responsiveness}} |- | <!--Description-->Intuos Pen & Touch Medium - CTH-680 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit work | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro (PTH-660 and PTH-860) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 10.6" Genius G-Pen M609 Genius G-Pen M609X iVista Media Tablet 10.6 Aiptek MediaTablet 10000u | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0501 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Slim Tablet 12.1" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x172F | <!--Product ID-->0x0034 | <!--Revision-->0x1105 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 12 by 9" Aiptek HyperPen 12000u T-12000U Tablet Series Nisis T-12000u USB Tablet Series Version 1.05 (aiptek rebadged) Trust item #1535 ADESSO Cyber Tablet 12000 Graphic design tablet iVista Media Tablet 12 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2003 Genius G-Pen M712 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0500, 0x08ca | <!--Product ID-->0x0010 | <!--Revision-->0105 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet, untested with others - Puck (mouse) x axis 0000 to 6000 y axis 0000 to 6000 - stylus (pen) x axis 00000 to 12000 y axis 00000 to 12000 tip pressure 0000 to 1023 - 16 function keys - AAA battery needed for pen and another for the mouse}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 14.1" v5.1e Genius G-Pen M714X Aiptek MediaTablet 14000u WMK-H141 Trust item #15358 Adesso CyberTablet 14000 M14 iVista Media Tablet 14.1 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2004 | <!--Vendor ID-->0X172f | <!--Product ID-->0X0500 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet - Stylus (Pen) X 16838 Y 16838 Tip Pressure 1023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0038 Genius G-Pen F509 Manhattan 177405 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0038 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0052 Yiynova MSP19 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0052 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Q Pad Aiptek HyperPen Mini NGS Flexi Style VisTablet PenPad iVistaTablet Q Flex Pad Bravod Q-PD65-S Trust Flex Design Tablet (#16937) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0037 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Sirius Battery Free Tablet VisTablet Muse PENTAGRAM Designer P 2700 Princeton PTB-S1BK | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0502 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 12.1" Genius G-Pen F610 Trust Slimline Widescreen Tablet (#16529) VisTablet Original 12" Adesso CyberTablet Z12 Adesso CT-Z12A PenPower Tooya Pro Aiptek Slim 12.1 Inch Aiptek SlimTablet 600u Premium II NGS Slim Proguess iVistaTablet Slim 12.1 PENTAGRAM ThinType P 2006 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0034 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 5.8" Genius G-Pen F350 Trust item #16485 VisTablet Mini iVistaTablet Slim 5.8 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0032 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Venus S Tablet Trust eBrush Widescreen Tablet (#17939) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0503 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Aiptek GmBH MediaTablet Ultimate II - 16:10 Professional Graphic Tablet Model 1400U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon Beijing HanWang HW Micro Drawing Tablet ET0504U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b57 | <!--Product ID-->0x8030 | <!--Revision-->01111 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|does not work - recognised as an HID mouse - no tablet extensions detected}} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen 340, Genius EasyPen 340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5014 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Aiptek Hyper Pen 6000u PC Tablet APT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|detected but does not work - win98 era cordless 6in by 4.5in - }} |- | <!--Description-->nisis T-8000U APT-2 Aiptek rebadge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08CA | <!--Product ID-->0x0021 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected but no responses }} |- | <!--Description-->Acecad Flair II GT-504 Init Fkt Fkt 0x5ab450c0 AIPTEK HyperPen 10000 U Aiptek HyperPen 10000U, AIPTEK Slim Tablet U600 Premium II | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ace Cad Enterprise Co., Ltd Tablet - 5x3.75 drawing area | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bosto's | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} UCLogic Digitizer |- | <!--Description-->Adesso CyberTablet Z7, Adesso CyberTablet 12000, Adesso CT-12000A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic / Lapazz WP8060, UC-Logic / Lapazz PF1209, UC-Logic / Lapazz Artistic Tablet 5540, Manhattan 8"x6", Manhattan 3"x4", Manhattan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but suspect not working}} |- | <!--Description-->DigiPro 5.5×4” Graphics Tablet Digital Ink Pad (A4 format) DigiPro WP8060, DigiPro WP5540, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-pen G-Pen 4500 Genius Wizardpen Genius Mousepen Genius Easypen i405 M610 Genius PenSketch 9x12, Genius MousePen i608, Genius MousePen 8x6, Genius MousePen / WizardPen 5x4, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-Pen F610 Genius G-Pen M610 Genius G-Pen 340 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP4030U) Genius G-Pen 450 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius UC-LOGIC iBall Tablet PF8060 iBall Iball Pen Tablet 8060U, Iball Pen Tablet 5540U, Iball Pen Tablet 4030U, Iball Design Tablet PF1209, NGS CADBOY (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) Pentagram QWare | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust TB-3100 Trust TB-5300 Trust 15356 Trust TB-6300 Trust 15357 WP8060U Slimline but bulky with metal backing A5 size Trust 16486, Trust 16447, Sketch Design Tablet, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|clashes with usb and crashes AROS }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP1062 Aiptek HyperPen 10000U Monoprice 10X6.25 Inches Graphic Drawing Tablet Pickle 10x6.25 Inch Graphic Drawing tabletguess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0064 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | [ VTech KidiPhoto Art Studio] | | | | {{yes|works}} |- |} Tablet has a squared lines of wires which induce a current into the pen which is then detected by the metal grid in the tablet pad. Tablets report pressure (and tilt on expensive models) and are absolute pointing devices (put the pen at the top left and the mouse pointer will go to the top left of the screen). Graphic drawing area, what keys, report rate, resolution lpi lpmm, accuracy, pressure levels (may come from the app), origin position, Wacom tablets use electromagnetic resonance technology. Since the tablet provides power to the pen through resonant inductive coupling, no power is required for the pointing device. As a result, no batteries are inside the pen (or the accompanying puck), making them lighter and slimmer. Under the tablet's surface (or LCD in the case of the Cintiq) is a printed circuit board with a grid of multiple send/receive coils and a magnetic reflector attached behind the grid. In send mode, the tablet generates a close-coupled electromagnetic field (also known as a B-field) at a frequency of 531&nbsp;kHz. This close-coupled field stimulates oscillation in the pen's coil/capacitor (LC) circuit when brought into range of the B-field. Any excess resonant electromagnetic energy is reflected back to the tablet. In receive mode, the energy of the resonant circuit’s oscillations in the pen is detected by the tablet's grid. This information is analyzed by the computer to determine the pen's position, by interpolation and Fourier analysis of the signal intensity. In addition, the pen communicates information such as pen tip pressure, side-switch status, tip vs. eraser orientation and ID number (to differentiate between different pens, mice, etc.). For example, applying more or less pressure to the tip of the pen changes the value of the pen's timing circuit capacitor. This signal change can be communicated in an analog or digital method. An analog implementation modulates the phase angle of the resonant frequency, while a digital method is communicated to a modulator that distributes the information digitally. The tablet forwards this and other relevant tool information in packets, up to 200 times per second, to the computer. If you disable (delete all of them except for one that needs to be set to "no action", so that it will not be regenerated as default) the Extra Startup actions, the tablet should remain in relative mouse mode—you will not get pressure information in that mode though. [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/highway_usb/message/2394]}} === Handheld Barcode Scanner Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Farsun 9100 barcode scanner 0-12" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola Symbol LS2203 CMOS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Tysso | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Simple}} Code 11, Code 39, Code 93, Code 128, Coda Bar, UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8, EAN-13, MSI/Plessey, Telepen, Interleaved 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Matrix 2 of 5 |- | <!--Description-->Unitech MS320 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WCS3905 CCD 1" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Code 93, Matrix 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Code 39, UCC/EAN-128, ISBN, Code 32, EAN/JAN-8 , EAN/JAN-13 , UPC-A, UPC-E, Codabar, Code 128, Code 11, Interleaved 2 of 5, MSI-Plessey, China Post, IATA 2 of 5, ISSN, UK-Plessey |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic Touch 90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Intermec | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Metrologic MK9540-32A38 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola LS2208 Laser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WWS800 Laser 1D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic GD4130-BK-C066 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell 1202G-1USB-5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola / Symbol DS6707-DC20007ZZR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->DataMan 8000 2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Voyager 9520/40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Metrologic MS1690 USB 2D Barcode Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} QR Code GS1 Databar PDF417 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Syscan GM800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} [http://www.scandit.com/2011/11/04/types-of-barcodes-choosing-the-right-barcode-type-ean-upc-code128-itf-14-or-code39/ Types of Barcode] <pre> UPC-A Grocery most common Code 128 EAN-13 Library Books ISBN & ISSN, Code 39 Codabar blood bank, 2D barcodes such as Data Matrix PDF417e Maxicode Aztec QR Code old Nokia handsets, MicroPDF417 </pre> ===TouchScreens=== Projected capacitive (PCAP) touch screen product, amongst many options the widely used are I2C and USB *USB host–device structure which dominates consumer and industrial electronics devices where higher bandwidth needed and user-friendly (multiswipes) *I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit simple serial standard for LCD display in embedded systems because of cost and low power *SPI arduino and rpi single boards We cover the USB here {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | eGalax Touch 4a | 0eef | 0001 | 0001 | {{yes|2009 works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lilliput HDMI Monitors 669GL-70NP/C/T (7 inch) 869GL-80NP/C/T (8 inch) FA1011-NP/C/T (10 inch) FA1046-NP/C/T (10 inch) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Iilyama Prolite Monitors PROLITE T1513SR-1 (15 inch) PROLITE T1730 (17 inch) PROLITE T1713SR-1 (17 inch) PROLITE T1913SR-1 (19 inch) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Smart Display Company (SDC) Touchscreens TFT Monitors TOUCH-TFT-TS07 (7 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS08 (8 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS10 (10 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS12 (12 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS15 (15 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS17 (17 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS19W (19 inch wide) TOUCH-TFT-TS22W (22 inch wide) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->XENARC Monitors 7 inch models 700TSH 700TSU 700TSV 702TSV 705TSV 706TSA 700IDT MDT-X7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->XENARC 8 inch models: 800TSV 805TSV 10 inch models: 1020TSV 1026TSA 1040TS 12 inch models: 1200TS 1200TR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asus VT229H 21.5" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->CUQI 7" Monitor Touchscreen 1024x600 IPS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Espresso 15" Portable Touchscreen Display Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hannspree HT225HPB 21.5 inch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->WaveShare 13.3inch HDMI LCD (H) (with case) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ===GPS tracking, running, cycling, biking, walking, hiking, ORIENTEERING, boaters and mapping=== Support for OpenStreetMap but not for Ordnance Survey, Map Pilot or National Geographic's Topo maps data gdb, Data output supported nmea 0183 V1.5 APA, V1.5 XTE and V2.1 GSA formats, gpx, kml/kmz, tracks from tcx files, geo: URIs, NMEA0183(which is RS232, voltages range from -15 volts to 15 volts, 4800 baud), or need NMEA sentences connected to your computer other method that some units support is a special serial cable that actually emits raw RS232 NMEA. These usually take 10->30 volts input, can run the unit, and have full voltage I/O for RS232 (not like spanner mode, which effectively turns the unit into a USB->Serial adapter inside the case). Equivalent apps - merkator, mapsource, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin gpsmap 180 GPS/chart plotter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->1992 GARMIN GPS 55 AVD Portable System | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - waas pinpoint within 3 metres - nmea - 4AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 12 12XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Legend C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eMap | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|possibly through usbmodem rs232 connection nmea 0183 protocol}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} rs232 these older units supported it and would provide the stream in either the standard NMEA 0183 format or a proprietary Garmin format. |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 75 AVD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Map 7000 model 45006 (1994) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Tracker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Pioneer Satellite Navigator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS 300 315 320 Mentor Receiver (2003) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Not for dedicated sat nav units like the Nuvi, TomTom, etc | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->NaviLock NL-402U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested u-blox 5 SuperSense® chipset with receivers for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->GM1-86UB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| U-BLOX UB-6010 GGA,GSA,GSV, RMC and support VTG, GLL, TXT ublox binary and NMEA Command Dynamic Condition }} |- | <!--Description-->NAVILOCK GPS NL-602U USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works via usbmodem.device - ublox ag 6 chipset - 50 channel}} |- | <!--Description-->TOPGNSS ton Receiver & Antenna GM702 u-blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|UBLOX7020 chip design bloc u-blox}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-162 G-MOUSE u blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|UBX G70xx with RMC VTG GSV TXT GLL GGA GSA}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-172 u-blox 7 G7020-KT gps gnss white pen stick receiver - over 1 inch long | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| detected as cdc controlled plug in device - 18x18x2mm patch antenna but can be slow to update - nmea 0183 and ublox binary protocol}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GlobalSat BU-353 WaterProof USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested SiRF Star III}} |- | <!--Description-->Haicom HI-206 USB GPS receiver with RS-232 interfaces, RJ11 and PS/II connector EB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|usb-serial prolific pl2303 detected but GSP3F SiRF Star IV technology not detected or bound}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->BT760Y, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 5 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 6 GPS chipset - 65 channel}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 7 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 8 GPS chipset - 167 channels}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Colorado 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Geko 101 201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} limited waas enabled only - waypoints - aaa battery |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Edge 200 bike mount | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin ForeRunner 10 15 watch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Montana 600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Dakota 10 20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Map76s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 450T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB nmea 0183 |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex 10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - no nmea0183 sentences data stream output - configuration an option to set it to "Garmin" mode, or "Mass Storage" mode. Since the mass storage mode seems to be required for waypoint/track/etc data exchange, the 'Garmin' mode would be for this data stream. Yet putting it in that mode doesnt seem to produce anything.}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 650T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSMAP 64S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GPSMap 78S or GPSMap 76CSX which has a NMEA port for talking to Nav equipment | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex Vista Cx GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - 2AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSmap 276c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 2000 XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} SiRFstarIII™, Antenna Type Multidirectional Patch with WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS support |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==massstorage.class (MSC/UMS - most cameras and mp3 players)== === USB Card Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Installing ! width="15%" |Booting ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | A-Tec Model CR-362 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://www.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Merchant_Id=&Section_Id=200406&pcount=&Product_Id=179164 Belkin 15 in 1 Card Reader] | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Conrad CP440 60 in 1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works on a1k forum}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Genesys Gtech Logic 19 in 1 | 0x05E3 | 0x0710 | High 0200 | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Hama 19 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | Hama 35 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Integral Single Slot SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kingston USB 3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lexar microsd adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} but wider than Sandisk version - could block other slot if below |- | Pretec CardDriver | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sandisk MicroMate | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Micro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} has satisfying 'click' when microsd inserted |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Duo MicroSD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} no 'click' insertion uses pressure so future wear and tear issues |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Serena metal cased microsd only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | <!--Description-->Serena "Sandisk MobileMate" look-alike | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | SilverCrest 16in1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P5 8 in 1 TSRDP5K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P8 15 in 1 TSRDP8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Zyxel integralmemory 8 in 1 | 0x0aec | 0x3260 | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|not detected}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB Hard Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Datel MaxDrive | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Inateck 2.5 Inch USB 3.0 Hard Drive Disk Enclosure/ Case (FE2001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Full USB 3.0 port but plastic teeth keeping drive in place can snap |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} full USB 3.0 port - updated design |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE3001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} wider USB 3.0 port and no on/off switch Jmicron JMS578 chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Iomega Desktop Hard Drive 500GB, 3,5“, USB2.0 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung T3 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 1 space grey / black metal/ plastic |- | Samsung T5 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 2 256GB 512GB alluring blue 1Tb 2Tb black unibody metal |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Toshiba Canvio 1TB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|partition fat32 or sfs to 100GB max - ntfs partitions not detected out of the box - select usb drive in trident prefs and press disable to shutdown}} |- | Verbatim 160GB Smartdisk | | | | {{yes|works }} |- | Western Digital USB | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->WD Essential | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->WD Passport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB DVD CD ROM Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->12.5mm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->12.5mm enclosure mini-sata dvd-rw | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested needs sole usb3 port to power it}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->9.5mm enclosure ECD829 mini-sata dvd-rw with Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13fd | <!--Product ID-->0x0840 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but probably needs sole usb3 port to power it}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |} === USB to NGFF NVMe SDD HDD DVD CD ROM Drives === The older Jmicron JMS539B seems to result in massive filesystem corruption given the amount of corrupted content. Prehaps always avoided Jmicron and opted for Asmedia even if it costed a bit more. Realtek seems to be working okay for me generally speaking and newer Jmicron chipsets are less buggy – but evidently not perfect. From [https://goughlui.com/2025/08/17/psa-validate-your-storage-jmicron-jms583-kioxia-bg4-series-ssd-issue/ thread] Here is a [https://forums.anandtech.com/threads/stable-nvme-usb-adapter.2572973/ very long thread] that discusses data corruption and stability issues with these bridges. The majority of the posts are complaining of dropouts, hangs and the like, which usually down to either a poor USB 3.x implementation (SuperSpeed connections are very picky as to cables, ports and trace routing) or problematic compatibility. Regardless, the [https://www.legitreviews.com/jmicron-jms583-controller-version-matters-for-portable-usb-drives_219422 JMS583 is known to have several versions] noting that the last revision (C) in that article is a 2021 release which should fix earlier stability and cable quality compatibility issues. JMS583-STD-Release-v00.02.01.04-Bus Power.bin is the latest JMS583 firmware as of August 2025. Early firmware RTL9210 seems to have issues as well * RTL9210B * JMS583 rev1 with firmware A2 or A3 * RTL9210A * JMS583 firmware 2.0.9 * Asmedia ASM2362 * RTL9201A The reference Hardware ID for the JMS583 chipset from JMicron is: VID_152D&PID_0583&REV_0209 where "VID_152D" identifies a JMicron product; "PID_0583" is the generation chipset; "REV_0209" is the firmware version installed. In the same way, the reference Hardware ID for the RTL9210 from Realtek is: VID_0BDA&PID_9210&REV_3100 "VID_0BDA" is for a Realtek product, "PID_9210" is referred to the chipset and "REV_3100" to the firmware. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->ASM1153E / ASM1153 with firmware 140509_A1_82_40 or 141126_A1_EE_82. Both supports UASP and TRIM on USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}} |- | <!--Description-->ASM235CM Ugreen aluminum bridging the USB3.2 Gen2x1 to Serial ATA host interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->TI 9261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ASM225 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->JMicron JMS578 issues USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0578 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|needs fixing on pi4 storage quirks}} |- | <!--Description-->JMicron JMS576 issues USB 3 to usb-c adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0576 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|orico}} |- | <!--Description-->JMS562 JMicron Technology Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0562 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->JMS561U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x152d | <!--Product ID-->0x1561 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}} |- | <!--Description-->VL716Q4 Orico black meshed aluminum usb c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1053E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ASmedia ASM1051E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1053 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174C | <!--Product ID-->0x1536 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM104x | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x1042 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Unknown Chinese version | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0bc2 | <!--Product ID-->0x2312 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works}} |- | <!--Description-->JMicron N5321 gr | <!--Vendor ID-->0x152d | <!--Product ID-->0xa583 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Initio Corp INIC-1618L mini slimline sata 6 + 7 pins to usb2 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13FD | <!--Product ID-->0x0840 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb2 detects 201x laptop DVD as MassStorage(CD/DVD) but may need powered USB hub}} |- | <!--Description-->Unknown mini sata to usb3 adaptor | <!--Vendor ID-->0x01F75 | <!--Product ID-->0x0621 | <!--Revision-->0036 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb3 detects 201x notebook DVD drive as MassStorage(SCSI) but 5V 1.5Amp needs powered hub to burn }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |} === External Floppy === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://techtravels.org/amiga/amigablog/ Amiga Floppy Project] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=842 Catweasel Mk4] | 0xE159 | 0x0001 | 0x00 | {{yes|[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage works]}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://hxc2001.free.fr/floppy_drive_emulator/ HxC Floppy Emulator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.softpres.org/glossary:kryoflux KyroFlux] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung SFD-321U/EP USB Floppy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.cbmstuff.com/proddetail.php?prod=SCP SuperCard Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/tebl/Amiga-DrawBridge Amiga-DrawBridge][https://www.facebook.com/groups/greaseweazle Greaseweazle STM hardware], [https://cowlark.com/fluxengine/index.html Greaseweasel support], [https://github.com/keirf/Greaseweazle/wiki software], [https://amigakit.amiga.store/greaseweazle-p-91279.html buy], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FL-2501 USB Portable Diskette Drive | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2009 usb - [https://amiga.robsmithdev.co.uk/ Drawbridge] [https://github.com/RobSmithDev/ArduinoFloppyDiskReader software] ribbon cable compat with p/n 19308801-19 and s/n U356244 - model ASM P/N 27l4226 and FRU P/N 05k9283 - |- | <!--Description-->Dell Floppy Drive Module USB External 3.5" - Teac FD-05PUB 1.44mb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 usb 1.1 |- | <!--Description-->USB FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (USB External Floppy Disk) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/SukkoPera/OpenFlops OpenFlops] with [https://github.com/keirf/flashfloppy FlashFloppy] Gotech clone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/hmerrett/HenryFlops HenryFlops reworked OpenFlops] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} ==ptp.class (PTP and MTP - other cameras and mp3 players)== === Cameras === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 350D (also known as the Digital Rebel XT/Kiss Digital N) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 DIGIC II processor 8-megapixel }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot A430 A560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 400D (XTi) digital SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1000D also known as Rebel XS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10.2mp 720p }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 450D aka Rebel Xsi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 12.2mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot S90 S95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 2010 720p video - 10Mpixel }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot SD960 IS Digtal ELPH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 Still Image: Exif 2.2 (JPEG), Movie: MOV (Image: H.264; Audio: Linear PCM) Lithium-ion Battery Pack NB-4L }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 500D aka Rebel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 1080p 15.1MP Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 550D 600D aka Rebel T2i T3i DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010-2011 1080p 18MP Lithium LP-E8 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot S100 S110 S120 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011-2013 720p-1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1100D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T3 SLR, EOS Kiss X50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p 10Mpixels Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 650D 700D aka Rebel T4i T5i T6i SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2013 1080p 18Mpixels Lithium LP-E8 articulating flip out twistable screen }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon ELPH 300 HS (IXUS 220 HS) 230 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 blogging camera }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 12.1 MP CMOS, DIGIC 5 Wifi Lithium Battery Pack NB-9L }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7 X, G7X-II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014-2016 1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1300D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T6 SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 1080p 16Mpixels Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7x G5X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| G7X flip up and G5X flip out - same batteries - no external microphone input - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS M3 M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| flip out - same batteries - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 60D 70D 80D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 6D 7D 8D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 5D Mark II III IV DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji FinePix A850 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->FujiFilm Finepix F100fd | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji FinePix F810 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xf1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| pocketable exr cmos 12mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xt1 x-t1 x10 x-t10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Fujifilm x100 x100s x100t | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xPro1 xPro2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xt2 / x-t2 x-t20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4K video }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GoPro HERO 3 HERO4 HERO 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D100, D60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 Compact flash storage - non interchangeable lenses up to 12.3MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D50, D50x | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 storage - 6.1MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D70, D80, D90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 Compact flash storage - 10MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D40, D40x | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 storage - 10MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D300, D700 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 storage - 12.3MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D2Xs, D2Hs, D3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006-2008 storage - sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 720p video unlike D3000 }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 16mpixel}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 16.2mp 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L26 L27 L28 L29 L31 Coolpix compact cameras | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p video - 2 AA - pocket sized }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p video 14.2mp}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5100 DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 16.2mp 720p}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L810 L820 L830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2014 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 storage - sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7100 D7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2014 up to 24.2mp 1080p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 1080p 24MPixel}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5200 D5300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 24.1MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D800 D600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 1080p video sd card storage - dust/oil issue at start}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3300 DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24.2MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D500, a high-performance DX-format (APS-C) DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 24.2MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5500 D5600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016-2018 24.1MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D810 D610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 1080p video sd card storage }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4K UHD video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D900 D850 D820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4k 46MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus C-370 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 3.2mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Camedia C-725 Ultrazoom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 3mp aa batteries, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 8mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-410 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-510 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 10MP Live MOS sensor with TruePic III processor, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-420 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-620 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 12.3mp, compactflash, xD and microdrive cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-450 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 10mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax * ist DS DSLR camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 6.1mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K10D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 10.2mp APS-C CCD no video and older manual Pentax K-mount lenses}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2008 14.6MP APS-C but no video recording mode }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K30 K-5 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2012 16MP full HD (1080p) recording at 24/25/30 fps}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 24MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 25.7MP BSI CMOS sensor }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix LZ10 LZ20 DMC-LZ30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ1 TZ5 TZ9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix GH1 GH2 like the DMC-GH2HEB-K - GH3 DMC-GH3HEB-K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Four Thirds (GH2) MFT Micro Four Thirds (GH3) limited to 29mins recording }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic AF series AF100 AF101 AF102 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2 DMC-G3 G5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic DMC LX7 10 LX15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GF7 GX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic G80 G85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| micro 4/3 }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| micro 4/3 - shooting in MOV or MP4 formats recording limited to sd card size but split files because the FAT32 file system only supports files up 4GB in size, which amounts to around 5 minutes of 4K (100mbps) footage - GH4 appears to create 4GB files as a rule, regardless of whether the memory card’s file system supports larger files or not - }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH5 gx80 gx85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Effective: 20.3 Megapixel 5184 x 3888 - 2 sd card slots compatible with high-speed, high capacity UHS-II - sd card v rating like the v90 should record at 60MB/s to be compatible with the GH5 in the All-I format - possible file corruption with .mdt files - new firmware 2.0 update, the Panasonic GH5 becomes the first 5K - }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic FZ2000 FZ2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung WB100 WB1100 WB150 WB2200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 16MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung NX11 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung NX200, NX20, NX1000 and NX210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 20.3Mp APS-C sized CMOS image sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo Xacti CG65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 6.1MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cyber-shot DSC camera models W110 W220 H300 H400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A230 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 10.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A290 DSLR Camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 14.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX20V HX30V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 18mp 720p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX50V HX60V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 20.2MP 1080p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A77 A99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony WX100 WX150 wx220 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 2014 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony NEX-6 Sony NEX-7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 16 to 24MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony NEX-3N Sony NEX-5N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 16MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α58 Sony α68 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 20.1 MP 2014 24mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 20.1MP 1.0-type back-illuminated Exmor R CMOS sensor, often after boot-up, the motor starts running for no reason for first versions' - }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α5000 a5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 20.1 Megapixel APS-C Exmor APS HD CMOS 1080p Sony E-mount [https://github.com/ma1co/Sony-PMCA-RE hack] using [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M4hR9HiOzM this] }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6000 a6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24MP APS-C sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 A7S a7r a7c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 mirror less - more compact }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α77 II, α99 II, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 24.3 MP, 2016 42.4mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk IV V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 2016 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RX0 RX zero, RX0 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 2017 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6500 a6500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 24.2MP APS-C sensor 4K }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 Alpha 7 II E-mount interchangeable lens mirrorless camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 24.2mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 A7Sii a7r a7c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 mirror less - more compact }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony a7 III α77 ILCE7M3/B Full-Frame Mirrorless Interchangeable-Lens Camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 24.2mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ZV-1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 24mm optical zoom, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ZV-1F | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 entry-level vlogging, 1-inch 20.1MP, ultra-wide 20mm f/2 prime lens}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} <pre > Lens Mounts Canon EF EF-S Nikon F Panasonic Olympus OM Pentax DA, FA, F, A, M, and K series Fujifilm X mount </pre > <pre > Sensors APS-C S35 Full Frame 43 Four Thirds M43 MFT Micro four thirds </pre > === Digital Voice Recorder Dictaphone Dictation Machine Handheld === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2011 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested 2012 no usb }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2012 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2013 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus WS-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7700 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-8600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-711PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-712PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-731PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus WS-811 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested slide out usb-a - aaa battery - ok recordings }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-540PC Olympus VN-541PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Philips DVT1250 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX470 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX570 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} === USB eBooks Readers drm free EPUB version 2.0.1 (2007), 3.0 (2011), 3.1 (2015) or [https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/ 3.3 (2024)] [https://github.com/thansen0/sample-epub-minimal epub examples] formats access === EPUB file format is an open standard based on XHTML for content and XML for metadata, contained in a zip file archive PDF v2.0 in 2017, 2009 takeover by ISO Org, 1.7 in 2006 , 1.6 in 2005, 1.4 in 2001, 1.3 in 1999, 1.0 in 1993 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Access ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch NST BNRV300 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2080 | <!--Product ID-->0x0003 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->when finding the right micro usb cable that works, internal nook memory not accessible but sd card fat32 readable and writable outside | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2011 6in 600x800 e-ink 16 grayscale .jpg}} battery remove sd card and Torx T5 back top for Cameron Sino CS-BNR003SL - USA 1.2.2 md5sum 351e26527e80156183e74be2da2ce89f *nook_1_2_update.zip - 1.2.1 UK fdba3981f7f221cc5143db6329645bc2 *nook_1_2_update.zip - skip registration, Turn on the device, but do NOT start setting it up. Hold down the top right button on the front of the device and slide your finger from left to right across the top of the E Ink screen. A ‘Factory’ button should appear in the top left corner of the screen. Press it. Once in the Factory menu, hold down the top right button on the front of the device and tap the bottom right corner of the screen should now see a ‘Skip Oobe’ button. Tap that and the Nook should finally load the home screen. Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description-->Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch with Glowlight *2012 Nook Simple Touch with GlowLight BNRV350 *2013 Nook GlowLight BNRV500 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2080 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 0x0007 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2012 untested }} perform a hard reset: Turn off the nook completely, turn it on, as soon as you see the screen flash begin holding the bottom page turn buttons until the screen flashes with a message asking reset, press the 'n' key twice to start the reset - Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description-->Nook Glowlight 4 Plus 7.8-inch screen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> *NOOK 1st Edition (2009-2018) BNRZ100 *NOOK Color (2010-2024) BNRV200 *NOOK Tablet (8GB/16GB) (2011-2024) BNTV250A / BNTV250 *NOOK HD (2012-2024) BNTV400 *NOOK HD+ (2012-2024) BNTV600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Elonex 511EB | <!--Vendor ID-->045e:ffff | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2009 untested Preferences->advanced->debug device detection}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://jaforeck.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/ready-to-meet-viktor-navorski-gained-access-to-elonex-621ebs-terminal-52/ Elonex 621EB] eBook | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1f85 | <!--Product ID-->0x1688 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->unlocked ootb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 untested usb mini charging 6" diagonal eInk Screen - 800 x 600 pixels, 8 Level 166dpi Paperlike screen, Embedded 1GB Flash NAND, full SD Card Slot up to 16GB - WAV, MP3, JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF support and ePub and PDF(with reflow) (TXT, HTML) support}} |- | <!--Description-->Elonex 700eb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2011 untested adjust screen blanking by menu then settings then device standby, you can then turn it off}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story HD eBook | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} freescale imx.508 arm mcimx508cvkbb cpu with 2gb samsung nand, m13892aj charging chip, eb07_main_mp1_110321 mobo, mini usb, atheros ar61026 wifi - |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Rakuten Touch A/B kobo3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Touch C, Kobo Mini, Kobo Glo N613, Kobo Aura HD N514 N204 kobo4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura, Kobo Aura H2O, kobo5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2013 6in untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v1, Kobo Glo HD, Kobo Touch 2.0, Kobo Aura ONE N709, Kobo Aura ONE Limited Edition, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v1 N236, kobo6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v2, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v2, Kobo Nia, Kobo Clara HD, Kobo Forma, Kobo Libra H2O kobo7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Elipsa, Kobo Sage kobo8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> *Kobo Libra 2 kobo9, Kobo Clara 2E kobo10, Kobo Elipsa 2E kobo11 *Kobo Libra Colour kobo13, Kobo Clara BW, Kobo Clara Colour kobo12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pandigital Personal eReader aka? Papyre 6.2 very similar to BQ Avant Firmware | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS 350 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2009 epub bbeb cbz untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS-650 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle K1 D00111 - Main Menu=: Settings: Menu=: Device Info shows S/N | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0002 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->256mb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2007 untested Marvell Xscale PXA255}} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle K2, D00511 170-1012-00, D00701 D00801 S11S01B * k2 means K2 US * k2i means K2 GW * dx means KDX US * dxi means KDX GW * dxg means KDX Graphite | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0003 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb unless jb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 untested Freescale i.MX31 }} the Kindle is a small computer running Linux 2.6 on an ARM processor |- | <!--Description-->AMAZON Kindle D00901 3rd Gen with keyboard - Menu, Settings for S/N and then Menu again to choose Update * S/N starts B006 means k3g aka K3 3G US * S/N starts B008 means k3w aka K3 WiFi * S/N starts B00A means k3gb aka K3 3G UK EU - debug mode with ;debugON and ~help | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->{{yes|4Gb internal no access until jailbroken JB}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 with mobi and azw3 formats only - micro usb 5v 0.85a - freescale i.mx35 ARM soc with 12bit parallel interface with epson e-ink cpu, 256MB synchronous dynamic RAM, 4GB eMMC internal memory only but no sd slot, MC13892 PMIC - atheros wifi 54mbit pci-e a e keyed wifi - ?? later models wm96103 audio codec - display has 2Mbit serial memory ic on ribbon cable with 4bpp inverse grayscale display not touchscreen - 3g module - screen replacement really annoying - 4 test points near T07 = TX RX GND ? - as of 2025, JB v0.13.N, MKK2014, MKK2025, KUAL, KoReader Legacy2025, and maybe later SS v0.47.N, Python 0.14.N, Fonts v5.16.N, USBNet v0.57.N - USB-downloader mode when Vol+ is pressed during startup - Shift + Alt + M for Minesweeper - |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle 4th Generation k4 D01100 two buttons, square movement and two buttons at bottom *B00E plastic back clipped in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV1dyNkjjro many places] and strongly taped down to battery cover | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb unless jb with USB MS, USBMS aka also known as USB MSC or UMS | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 once back off use Torx T5 to remove battery cover screws - battery glued down S2011-001-A 515-1058-01 DR-A015 MC-265360 - Freescale i.MX508 SOC, 2Gb eMMC storage, 256MiB of LPDDR1, MC13892 PMIC - vendor modified u-boot imximage based on u-boot v2009.08 - USB-downloader mode press the fiveway down button during startup resetmykindle - as of 2025 upgrade firmware from 4.1.x and to 4.1.4, sign into account and copy jb.1.8 bits, mkk-2014, mkk-2025, kual and then uninstall kual, koreader2025 - }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5th Gen) D01200 K5, KT *Once signed into an Amazon Account get S/N under Settings -> Device Options *B00F Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (U.S. and Canada) [Mostly] *B011 Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5) *B010 Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (Europe) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0006 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->4gb unless jb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 touchscreen i.MX508 SOC, 256MiB of LPDDR1 and USB-downloader mode by the SOC microcode when a specific key is pressed during startup: the home button on model D01200 - update firmware 5.3.2 to 5.3.7.3, access account, }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] PW <pre> B024 Kindle PaperWhite WiFi B01B Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] B020 Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Brazil) B01C Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Canada) B01D Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Europe) B01F Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Japan) </pre> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0007 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 Freescale i.MX508 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0008 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 2 (2013) PW2 *B0D4, 90D4 WiFi (U.S., Intl.) *B05A, 905A WiFi (Japan) *B0D5, 90D5 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] *B0D6, 90D6 3G + WiFi (Canada] *B0D7, 90D7 3G + WiFi (Europe) *B0D8, 90D8 3G + WiFi (Russia) *B0F2, 90F2 3G + WiFi (Japan) *B017, 9017 WiFi (4GB) (U.S., Intl.) *B060, 9060 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Europe) *B062, 9062 3G + WiFi (4GB) (U.S.) [Mostly] *B05F, 905F 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Canada) *B061, 9061 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Brazil) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0009 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb or 4gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| PW2 uses Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 3 PW3 i.e. Kindle 7th gen *G090G1 (2015) WiFi *G090G2 (2015) 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] *G090G4 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Mexico) *G090G5 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Europe, Australia) *G090G6 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Canada) *G090G7 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) *G090KB (2015) WiFi *G090KC (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) *G090KE (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White *G090KF (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White *G090LK (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) *G090LL (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) White | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x000A | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->4gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ease up glued down front bezel rim panel gently, remove 11 screws underneath and lift screen up from bottom end - battery underneath - }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 4 (2018) PW4 *G000PP, G8S0PP WiFi, 8GB *G000T6, G8S0T6 WiFi, 32GB *G000T1 WiFi+4G, 32GB *G000T2 WiFi+4G, 32GB (Europe) *G00102 WiFi, 8GB (India) *G000T3 WiFi+4G, 32GB (Japan) *G0016T, G8S16T WiFi, 8GB Twilight Blue *G0016Q, G8S16Q WiFi, 32GB Twilight Blue *G0016U WiFi, 8GB Plum *G0016V, G8S16V WiFi, 8GB Sage *G00103 WiFi, 32GB (India) *G0016R WiFi, 32GB Plum *G0016S WiFi, 32GB Sage | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x000B | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->8gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Oasis 2 and 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| NXP i.MX7D }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 16gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| MediaTek MT8110 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle 11 Scribe | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 16gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| MediaTek MT8113 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->16gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite Gen 11 and 12 - Signature | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->16Gb or 32Gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 account not blocked, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/Modos-Labs Modos Labs] open source e-ink 60Hz 75Hz caster controller and glider monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xteink X3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.xteink.com Xteink X4] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 4.3in 220ppi no touchscreen so [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7RuokaVauo buttons navigation] - 650mAh battery - micro-sd slot up to 512Gb covering epub, txt, and jpg in directories with [https://github.com/crosspoint-reader crosspoint reader] esp32 cpu custom rom firmware using [https://xteink.dve.al/ Flash website] on usb-c but no ecosystem store |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Access ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amazon D01400 Kindle Fire (1st Generation) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2010 too old }} android 2.3 and touchscreen digitizer fails often, battery SWE P/N 1002000004742 Model KC1 (EU) QP01 (US) 16.28whr, ti 257epl9l omap 4430 with elpida 88164b3pf-10-f88164b3pf or hynix, mobo ??,, DAOKC1MB8F0 Rev F, ti aic3110 audio codec, |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Fire 7in X43260 X43Z60 2nd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 untested FireOS Android 4 omap 4460 and PowerVR SGX540}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle Fire HD (3rd Gen) P48WVB4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon *Amazon Fire HD10 (2015) *Amazon Fire HD8 (2015) *Amazon Fire HD7 (2015) (5th Generation) 7 inch 8GB SV98LN *Amazon Fire HD7 (2014) *Amazon Fire HD6 (2014) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested android 5.1 max}} |- | <!--Description--> *Amazon Fire 10 (2017) *Amazon Fire 8 (2017) 7th Gen 8 inch SX034OT *Amazon Fire 7 (2017) (7th Generation) 7 inch 16GB (SR043KL) *Amazon Kindle Fire 7 (7th Generation) 7 inch 8GB WIFI Tablet (SR043KL) *Amazon Fire HD8 (2016) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Android 5.1 max 7in screen resolution of 1024 x 600, }} |- | <!--Description--> *Amazon Fire 10/10+ (2021) *Amazon Fire 8/8+ (2020) *Amazon Fire 10 (2019) *Amazon Fire 7 (2019) *Amazon Kindle Fire 7 9th Gen 16GB M8S26G *Amazon Fire 8 (2018) 8th Gen 8 inch 32GB L5S83A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| android 9 max}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon *Amazon Fire HD 10 (2023) *Amazon Fire Max 11 (2023) *Amazon Fire 8 (2022) *Amazon Fire 7 (2022) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| android 11 max}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle Scribe | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Minimal Phone, Mudita Kompakt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| eink }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B751C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 android untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B7 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android based color eink small - 300dpi b/w 150ppi color -}} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| e-ink }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme Hibreak Pro, Hisense A9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| e-ink}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->iFlyTech AINote | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->iFlyTech AINote 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Meebook | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Page Palma | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 android untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Leaf3C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go Color 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 untested 7in e-ink e-reader android tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx BooxTab Ultra X C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Note Max Air4 C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Leaf5C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Poke6S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go 10.3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox MC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| color e-ink 13.3in }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go 10.3 (Gen 2) Lumi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 b/w eink with front light, no EMR annd capacitance pen, }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Moaan Pantone 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2021 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable Paper Pro Move | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 untested but subscriptions needed for some features}} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote A5 X2 Manta | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote A6 X2 Nomad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tolino Vision 2 3 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tolino Epos2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viwoods AI Paper and AI Paper Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==printer.class== As the only printer driver that AROS supports natively is Postscript, our focus is on applications that generally output postscript formatted data for printing purposes. There has been an attempt at recent AirPrint support *Inkjet *Laser Start simple and then test every higher level... * can if you ping your printer (the IP addy is good)? * set up LPR/IPP to talk to that known good IP address. * see if you can copy a few words of plain ASCII text to the IPP/LPR device (do you have a connection)? * see if you can find a simple postscript file and then copy it to the IPP/LPR device. * see if you can set up to print directly to the IPP/LPR device (set "Output file" to PRT: or LPR:). * see if you can set up a PS printer config to the IPP/LPR device. * go back and try the tests with the other driver (LPR or IPP). See [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_drive7.htm here] for compatibility with TP7 (TurboPrint 7) Last update 2004. Not tested under emulation. Janus-UAE, Emumiga, Amiberry etc usbparallel.device untested with USB->Centronics - The printer.class is rather 'clever'. It remembers to which unit the printers were connected (until you reboot). So if you first plug in Printer1, it gets unit 0, and Printer2 gets unit 1. If you now remove both printers and replug Printer2, it still will get unit 1 and not 0. This is used not to confuse the programs using the different units (moreover, if some program uses the usbparallel.device unit of an USB printer, and the printer is unplugged, the device unit cannot be freed immediately as the application still keeps it open). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Beige cream D shape centronics end (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002v1 centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002VEA v2 centronics end (Prolific PL2305L chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | DYNAMODE USB-C-PP-1284 USB to 36pin (Prolific 2305 chipset) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested but similar to BAFO below}} |- | IOGear GUC1284B | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | My-Link (raised ellipse on centronics plastic end) (unknown chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested but more expensive }} |- | NEWLink (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Targus PA096E centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | TRENDnet ware TU-P1284 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | True PnP (Prolific chipset 2305) cheap 36pin Centronics (series of ridges along both short sides) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 2.00 | {{N/A|untested on BAFO BF-1284 but reports of poor quality and lack of support on other OSs }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Transparent See Through Blue | | | | {{N/A|untested but possible poor quality build }} |- | Dynamode USB-PARALLEL 25pin female (prolific) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FDL USB to 25pin | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | PlusKom USB to 25pin female connector for printer (IEEE 1284) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | QinHeng Electronics (CH340S chipset) | 0x1a86 | 0x7584 | | {{N/A|untested curvy sides - flat top }} |- | StarTech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syba SD-USB-DB25 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} Postscript interpreters (eg ghostscript) have been developed as a cheaper option which sit in between postscript data streams and non postscript printers. Ghostscript has internal printer drivers gs -h and with something like gs -sDEVICE=stcolor -r300 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile gs813:examples/tiger.ps copytopar ram:tempfile It checks if in RAM: exists a outputfile (Cinnamon can export to PS postscript) then it sends this via copytopar to the printer. There was only support for parport (parallel) but Terminillis added support for USB and ethernet. A big issue with using ghostscript for drivers is that data has to originate as postscript (.PS) file. gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=ljet4 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile RAM:file.pdf the ljet4 output device generates PCL also the pxlmono driver, which generates more generic PXL (PCL 6) gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER testpage-a4.ps > test.pdf gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pxlmono -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER test.pdf > test.pxl Printers supported by ghostscript...Explanation [http://freebooks.by.ru/view/RedHatLinux6Unleashed/rhl6u151.htm here] or [http://www.gnu.org/software/ghostscript/devices.html here] and [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/printer.htm here] <pre> bit cljet5 ljet4d pjxl300 pxlcolor bitcmyk cljet5c ljetplus pkm pxlmono bitrgb deskjet nullpage pkmraw stp bj10e djet500 pbm pksm tiff12nc bj200 epswrite pbmraw pksmraw tiff24nc bjc600 faxg3 pcx16 png16 tiffcrle bjc800 faxg32d pcx24b png16m tiffg3 bmp16 faxg4 pcx256 png256 tiffg32d bmp16m ijs pcxcmyk pnggray tiffg4 bmp256 jpeg pcxgray pngmono tifflzw bmp32b jpeggray pcxmono pnm tiffpack bmpgray laserjet pdfwrite pnmraw uniprint bmpmono lj5gray pgm ppm x11 bmpsep1 lj5mono pgmraw ppmraw x11alpha bmpsep8 ljet2p pgnm psgray x11cmyk cdeskjet ljet3 pgnmraw psmono x11gray2 cdj550 ljet3d pj psrgb x11gray4 cdjcolor ljet4 pjxl pswrite x11mono cdjmono </pre> ==rawwrap.class - some old flatbed scanners supported== Scandal is the MUI frontend to [http://www.ppa.pl/bugtracker/ Betascan Bugtracker] and [http://aminet.net/search?query=betascan Search for Betascan scanner drivers] derived from [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html sane backends] [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-EPSON2 Epson2] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Expression 1600 1640XL 1680 10000XL | 0x04b8 | 0x0107 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Prefection 1200U, 1200 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0104 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 1240U | 0x04b8 | 0x010b | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{[https://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=45760&forum=25 works]|Needs 24V 0.8A psu but in Trident, click on "Classes", then on "rawwrap.class", then on "Configure". There, under "Global", activate the Option "Bind to Vendor/Unknown Interfaces". Now go to the second tab "Default Interface" and select/enter these values: Default usbraw.device Unit: 0 Exclusive access: Yes Out NAK Timeout: 20000ms In NAK Timeout: 20000ms In Buffer Mode: No buffering Buffer Size: 36 KB Short Reads Terminate: Yes Now click on "Use as Default" and select "Devices" on the left. There, click on your scanner and click on "Class Scan". Now close Trident by clicking on "Save". }} |- | Perfection 1640SU Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x010a | 0x0104 | {{yes|works, even the transparency unit}} |- | Perfection 1650 Photo, 1660 Photo, 3200 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 2400 Photo, 2450 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011b | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 4870 Photo, 4990 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0128 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection V700 V750 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x012c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Stylus CX2800 2900 3200 3500 3600 3650 3700 3800 3900 Stylus CX4100 4200 3500 4600 4700 4800 4900 500 5100 5200 5300 5400 5900 | 0x04b8 | 0x0802 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Stylus Office BX300F USB | 0x04b8 | 0x0848 | | {{yes| works with good scan quality}} |- |} [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx] scanners based on the Grandtech GT-6801 and GT-6816 "System-On-Chip" scanner chipsets {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Artec Ultima 2000 and e+, Trust Flat Scan USB 19200 (ePlus2k.usb / Gt680xfw.usb) | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Genius Colorpage Vivid3x 4x 1200x | 0x0458 | 0x2011 to 0x201f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}} |- | <!--Description-->Lexmark X70 also X73 [http://subfusion.net/drivers/oslo3071b2.usb OSLO3071b2.usb] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x043d | <!--Product ID-->0x002d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Medion/Lifetec/Tevion/Cytron MD/LT 9375 and Artec Ultima 2000, MD LT 9385 Gt680xfw.usb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05d8 | <!--Product ID-->0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | BearPaw 2448 CS and TA Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A2Nfw.usb A2Nfw.usb] | 0x055f | 0x021a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 CS | 0x055f | 0x021e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A1fw.usb A1fw.usb])}} |- | <!--Description-->Mustek 1200 CU Plus Scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend PS1Dfw.usb / SBSfw.usb] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2000 }} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1200 UB plus, Trust Compact Scan USB 19200, ScanMagic 1200 UB Plus | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/sbfw.usb sbfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1248 UB aka PC-World PC Line PCL-3000 | 0x055f | 0x021f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/SBSfw.usb SBSfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 2400CS TA aka Goodmans GSC 12/24 | 0x055f | 0x0218 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Transparency adapter untested) }} |- | BearPaw 2400 CS aka TA Plus | 0x055f | 0x0219 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Transparency adapter) }} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 1200 Plus | 0x055f | 0x021c or 0x021b | 0x0 | {{yes|works - [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ firmware required] but slow usb 1.1 speed with poor quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 2400 Plus aka BearPaw 2400 CU Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ PS2Dfw2.usb firmware rename to PS2Dfw.usb] | 0x055f | 0x021d | 1.00 | {{yes|works slow usb 1.1 speed with ok quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Plustek OpticPro 1248U | 0x07B3 | 0x0400 0x0401 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}} |- | Plustek OpticSlim 2400 | 0x07b3 | 0x0422 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (cis3R5B1.fw)}} |- | Visioneer OneTouch 7300 | 0x04a7 | 0x0444 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Cis3r5b1.fw)}} |- | <!--Description-->Mustek ScanEpress 1200 UB (Plus) clone [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/ use mustek_usb backend] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x055f | <!--Product ID-->0x0006 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Lexmark - needs testing {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Lexmark X1110 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1140 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1150 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1170 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1180 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1185 | 0x043d | 0x007c | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Lexmark X12xx | | | | {{N/A|untested in USB1.1, not fully tested in USB2.0}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Dell A920 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} HP - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | HP ScanJet 4100C | 0x03f0 | 0x0101 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 5200C | 0x03f0 | 0x0401 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 62X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0201 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 63X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0601 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0102, 0x0105, 0x0205, 0x0305, 0x0405 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0705, 0x0805, 0x0901, 0x0a01 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x1205, 0x1305, 0x2005, 0x2205 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Plustek [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-PLUSTEK LM983x] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Plustek OticPro U12 UT12 UT16 U24 UT24 | 0x07B3 | 0x0010 to 0x0017 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | KYE/Genius Colorpage HR6-V2 HR6A HR7 HR7LE HR6X | 0x0458 | 0x2008 to 0x2016 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 2100C and 2200C | 0x03F0 | 0x0505 and 0x0605 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 and 2400 | 0x0400 | 0x1000 and 0x1001 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | UMAX 3400/3450 and 5400 | 0x1606 | 0x0050, 0x0060 and 0x0160 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1250 and 1260 | 0x04B8 | 0x010f and 0x011d | | {{no|no driver}} |- | CANON CanoScan N650/656U N1220U D660U N670/676U N1240U LIDE20 LIDE25 LIDE30 | 0x04A9 | 0x2206 to 0x2220 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} [http://snapscan.sourceforge.net/ SnapScan] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Acer Benq 310U, 320U, 340U | 0x4a5 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 620U, 620UT, 640U, 640UT | 0x4a5 | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 1240 3300 4300 | 0x4a5 | 0x020 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Agfa SnapScan e10 e20 e25 e26 e40 e42 e50 e52 | 0x06bd | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 660 | 0x04b8 | 0x0114 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1270 1670 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 2480 2580 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 3490 3590 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mitsubishi | 0x0 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ==hub.class (self-powered and external ac powered hubs)== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dynamode USB-H41 4 ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Belkin 4 Port | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | Conrad | | | | {{yes|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum] }} |- | DLink DUB-H4 AC Adapter | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | High 0200 | {{maybe|WARNING Genesys Logic Hub Broken - Will cause failures with USB}} |- | [http://service.targa.co.uk/faq.php?lang_id=2&baseid=178&artdesc=SilverCrest+USB+Hub+2040&artid=760&artpic=silvercrestHUB2040.jpg SilverCrest 4-port slim USB 2.0 HUB - HUB2040 (40775) - Targa GmbH] | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | 0901 | {{yes|works Genesys Logic, Inc., [http://service.targa.co.uk/dokumente/USB_HUB_2040_0109_manual_EN.pdf Manual]}} |- | Skymaster | 0x05e3 | 0x0605 | 060B | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | No Name active 4-port | 0x1a40 | 0x0101 | 0111 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thinkpad USB 3.0 Dock DU9019D1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17e9 | <!--Product ID-->0x4302 | <!--Revision-->0014 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works a bit}} classed as dfu.class with two further USB 2.0 hubs - USB 3.0 ports detected and work (2.0 backwards compatibility) - DisplayLink DL-3900 with VIA VL811 chipset - usb ethernet not working - two dvi not working - 20V psu 2a (40w) with a 5.5 - 2.5mm tip (no bus power) - data through a-b printer/scanner usb lead - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==Internet== ===rndis.class USB Tethering === The rndis class provides support for Ethernet access over Remote NDIS. Most USB based devices should be supported including smartfones. Before opening Network Prefs, activate USB Tethering on the Smartfon, on Network prefs, type in usbrndis.device and tick "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed. When restart AROS my Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again, have to reactivate it before starting the browser. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alcatel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | Huawei U8800 | 0x12d1 | 0x1039 | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Huawei | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | HTC (Android phone) | 0x0bb4 | 0x0ffe | | {{Yes|any android phone with usb tethering option}} |- | <!--Description-->Nokia | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Oppo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Galaxy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- |- | <!--Description-->iPhone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft winPhone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ===USB &rarr; ethernet lan adaptor=== *2002 playstation 2 usb1.1 era - a little support but very old and slow *2006 wii asix era - a little support but very much miss than hit *2026 usb0: or eth0: of CDC Ethernet protocol (cdcether) with Ethernet Control Model (ECM) and [https://www.usb.org/document-library/class-definitions-communication-devices-12 others like Wireless Mobile Communication Devices WMC] and later CDC EEM (Ethernet Emulation Model) and NCM (Network Control Model) are USB Communication Device Class (CDC) protocols packing more Ethernet traffic over every USB bundle. For CDC Ethernet - NCM is better than EEM is better than ECM * USB1.1 Up to 010 meg broadband (1.25MBytes/s) - ADM8511, DM9601 poor speeds * USB2.0 Up to 400 meg broadband (60MBytes/s) - MCS7830, AX88772 a little especially the 2010 apple version but buy many as very very poor odds of working one * USB3.0 Over 400 meg broadband (60+MBytes/s) - not supported at the moment SANA (Standard Amiga Network Architecture) to usb ADMtek Infineon ADM8511 Pegasus II (USB 1.1 and 10Mbit/s - Sony PlayStation 2 network adapter) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Com 3c460b | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | Abocom UFE1000 / Abocom DSB650TX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Accton USB320-EC / Accton SpeedStream Ethernet | 0x083a | 0x0320 | <!--Revision--> | {{unk|2002 }} |- | AEI USB Fast Ethernet / Allied Telesyn AT-USB100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2002 }} |- | ATEN UC-110T | 0x0557 | 0x4000 | | {{unk|2001 }} |- | BAFO USB To Ethernet Adapter BF-310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v1 1101 | 0x050D | | <!--Revision--> | {{maybe|2002 sometimes works from old amiga.org post which is now removed}} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v2 2101 | 0x050D | 0x0121 | <!--Revision--> | {{no|2006 does not works}} |- | Belkin F5U122-PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Billionton USB-100 / Billionton USBLP-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Billionton USBEL-100 / Billionton USBE-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Compex LinkPort/UE202A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DSB-H3ETX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DSB-650 / D-Link DSB-650TX / D-Link DSB-650TX-PNA | 0x2001 | 0x4000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DU-E10 / D-Link DU-E100 | 0x2001 | | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Edimax USB Ethernet Adapter EU-4201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Elsa AG MicroLink USB2 Lan Ethernet adapter | 0x05cc | 0x3000 | <!--Revision-->1.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | GetNet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | GIGABYTE GN-BR402W Wireless Router | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Goodway Fellowes USB UE-120 REV:V1 UE120 ADMTek 1011594 HO2419741 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07a6 | <!--Product ID-->0x0986 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2001 USB Specification 1.1 compliant}} |- | GWC Tech USB Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Hawking UF100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | HP HN210E / I/O DATA USB ETTX / Kingston KNU101TX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Jinco USB Ethernet Adapter 10/100 Base-T UE-110 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Kouwell USB to Ethernet 588A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Linksys USB10T / TA / TX | 0x066b | 0x2202 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested - possible peg1/peg2}} |- | Linksys (Cisco) USB100TX / H1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitec LAN-TX/U1 H2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | [http://www.mayflash.com/psps2/ps2024/ps2024.htm Mayflash PS2024] Playstation2 compatible clone of Proxim/Farallon NetLine? | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | <!--Revision-->1.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with DHCP router option on old 32bit distros but not on newer 64bit, best to go asixeth apple 2010 but buy many of them as poor success rate i.e. a lottery}} |- | Netgear FA101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Philips CPWUE01/00 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Planet UE-9500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | PlayStation 2 SCPH-10000 50000 models | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Proxim (formerly Farallon) NetLine USB PN796-650 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Siemens SpeedStream USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | SOHOware NUB100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | SMC EZNET-USB 2202USB/ETH / SMC 2206USB/ETH | 0x0707 | 0x0100 0x0200 0x0201 | <!--Revision--> | {{unk|untested but should work very well }} |- | Surecom EP-1427X 100/10M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Target USB to 10/100M Fast Ethernet Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-ET100C | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | {{yes| sometimes works well, very stable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Digitus USB NIC DN-3016-A | 0x07a6 | 0x8513 | 1.01 | {{unk|untested new chipset }} |- | Digitus lanusb ADM8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{unk|untested because new chipset }} |- | VE285 usblan ADMtek 8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{no|not working as new chipset }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Davicom DM9601 eth (USB 1.1 and up to 10Mbit/s) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Davicom USB-100 see clone below | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | [http://wiki.maemo.org/USB_to_ethernet_networking chinese translucent transparent crystal blue] but variants are also found in clear, white and black. Just over 6&nbsp;cm long. | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | 0x0 | {{yes|2002 success can be sporadic so technically okay, but lacking in reliability. Out of 4 tested by me, only 2 worked. One case cracked open. }} |- | Corega FEther USB-TXC | 0x07aa | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Dynamode USB-NIC-1427-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Hirose USB-100 | 0x0a47 | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | KY-RS9600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585358&postcount=12 works] }} |- | ShanTou ST268 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x0268 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | ZT6688 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x6688 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ICS Advent DM9601 USB 2.0 10/100M Ethenet Adaptor JP1081B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FE6 | <!--Product ID-->0x9700 | <!--Revision-->0101 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|not working 32bit and 64bit - USB 1.1 10M ethernet}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} MosChip MCS7830 (USB 2) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Digitus DN-10050 | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 }} |- | Edimax [http://www.edimax.co.uk/images/Image/datasheet/USB/EU-4206/EU-4206.pdf EU-4206] | | | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 }} |- | Speed Dragon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | STLabs | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | StarTech Compact USB2105S [http://www.kustompcs.co.uk/acatalog/info_6790.html USB2106S] | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | Sunrich Technologies [http://www.st-lab.com/admin/upfile/UploadFile/manual/manual(u-250).zip U-250] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 }} |- | Syba | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MCS 7832 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2008 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * USB2 [https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet Asix Ethernet] AX88178A, AX88772C, AX88772B, AX88772A (wii), AX88172A * USB3 AX88179A, AX88179 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AirLink101 AGIGAUSB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 AX88172}} |- | ATEN UC210T | 0x0557 | 0x2009 | 0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88172}} |- | <!--Description-->Billionton Systems USB2AR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08dd | <!--Product ID-->0x90ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo LUA-U2-KTX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0411 | <!--Product ID-->0x003d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->corega FEther USB2-TX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07aa | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| }} |- | D-Link DUB-E100 up to rev A4 | 0x2001 | 0x1a00 | | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->D-Link DUB-E100 rev B1 onwards | 0x07d1 or 0x2001 | 0x3c05 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|AX88172 works on Deneb with [http://amigax.com/2010/02/21/usb-ethernet-speed-test-amigaos-4-0-classic/ Amiga OS4 Classic] and [http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 on a1k] }} |- | <!--Description-->goodway corp USB gwusb2e | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1631 | <!--Product ID-->0x6200 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hawking UF200 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[Linksys USB200M] | 0x077b | 0x2226 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585601&postcount=20 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->Netgear FA120 | 0x0846 | 0x1040 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2002 10/100 Rev.B1" is silkscreened on the board of the device populating this entry (S/N: FA12254CB100409, date code 0508). This device may be manuf. by [http://www.cameo.com.tw/ Cameo] "AX88172 L", "F05040157", and "ED3" Chip1 ASIX AX88172 Chip2 Realtek RTL8201BL}} |- | <!--Description-->Intellinet | 0x0b95 | 0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->JVC MP-PRX1 Port Replicator | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04f1 | <!--Product ID-->0x3008 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ST Lab USB Ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sitecom LN-029 "USB 2.0 10/100 Ethernet adapter" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x6189 | <!--Product ID-->0x182d | <!--Revision-->0 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Surecom EP-1427X-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1189 | <!--Product ID-->0x0893 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v2 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|version 2}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->A-LINK NA1GU | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 88772}} |- | <!--Description-->AirLink101 ASOHOUSB Wii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AirLive EtherWe-1000U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->APPLE AX88772 Model No. A1277 MC704LL/A P/N 825-7098-A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1402 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2008 usb2, }} |- | <!--Description-->APPLE Model No. A1277 (MB442Z/A 0885909217434) MC704ZM/A PN 825-7579-A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1402 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|2010 model, usb2 and controller AX88772 where prehaps 1in3 units working with owb - really poor odds i.e. a lottery, could be situation where various ethernet phy chipsets are used - press Use in network prefs after Save initial setup typing in usbasixeth.device, }} |- | <!--Description-->ASIX AX88772 bulbous casing | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2008 works on 32bit and 64bit though setup can take a few attempts but may have issues with phy ethernet chip changing, }} |- | <!--Description-->Datel Wii Lan Adapter DUS0204 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->EdiMax EU-4207 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->Goodway HE2230 Maplin ASIX 88772 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->Intec LAN G5626 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->LevelOne USB-0202 | 0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->LevelOne USB-0301 | 0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB200M Rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13b1 | <!--Product ID-->0x0018 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2008 sparsely randomly working AX88772 or with "Sana-II Meter Tool 37.11" network monitoring program, showing continuous "Bad Packet" errors which could means "CRC" errors}} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB300M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2009 AX88772 }} |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash W001 or clones Lupo/PEGA S-Wii-0680 light gray rectangular with third of one top 45 degree angled slope | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| may have randomly changed phy ethernet chips, }} |- | <!--Description-->Max Value MVF00446 ASIN B006EG568A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises as AX88772 sometimes works on 32bit and 64bit}} |- | <!--Description-->NEWLink N14050 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->NEWLink Wii-ETH USB2.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nintendo Wii LAN Adaptor 2110566 and clones | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Poseidon recognises as AX88772 with usbasixeth.device sometimes works seems different ethernet phy chips can be matched affecting compatibility}} |- | <!--Description-->Nyko Wii Net Connect 87024 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585624&postcount=22 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->0Q0 cable ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1557 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB2-E100 (2009/2010) Bulbous housing | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises it as ax88772A and typing in usbasixeth.device sometimes works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent KINAMAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SpeedLink SL-3401-SGY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->UGreen 20254 USB2 to 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88772}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Afunta Apple-style White USB2.0 I/O Crest SY-ADA24005 ASIX Electronics Corp. AX88772A Fast Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{no|usbasixeth.device accepted by network prefs but does not work}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Basics USB 2.0 AX88772A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Digitus DN-10050-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Edimax EU-4230 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent KINAMAX NT-USB20 AX88772A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88772B USB 2.0 to 10/100M | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EdiMax EU-4208 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772b | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Detected but not working}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB2100 ASIX AX88772C | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772D AX88772D] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772E AX88772E] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AX88178 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2004 }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB2-E1000 i.e. USB 2.0 to Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000 LAN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 ASIX AX88178 Controller and Realtek RTL8211CL PHY}} |- | <!--Description-->AX88178A USB 2.0 to 10/100/1000M Gigabit Ethernet controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2005 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AmazonBasics USB3.0 adapter [https://github.com/nothingstopsme/AX88179_178A_Linux_Driver AX88179] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cable Matters SuperSpeed USB 3.0 RJ45 adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hori Nintendo Switch 1 USB3 ethernet AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB3-E1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2020 ASIX AX88179 not binding to class, USB 3.2 Gen1 to Gigabit Ethernet controller with integrated 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet PHY}} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable AX88179 = [https://plugable.com/products/usb3-e1000-deal USB3-E1000] before mid-2023 or USB3-E1000; AX88179A = USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 controller is AX88179 phy is ??, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000SPTW ax88179 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000NDS AX88179 USB-A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech US1GC301AU AX88179 USB-c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech US1GC30B2 AX88179A USB-c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB32000SPT AX88179A USB-c Rev 1 (AX88179) Rev 2 (AX88179A) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->USB32000SPT the Lot code sticker will have a bar code accompanied by a 10 digit number. The 5th and 6th digits of this lot code number would signify the revision. (Ex. xxxx02xxxx which would indicate rev. 2) |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SYBA SY-ADA24029 Gigabit AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} may depend on the PHY chip connected to the controller chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TP-Link UE306 AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® Orico UL677G 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® UL688G USB 3.0 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet port | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->AX88179 178A |- | <!--Description-->Tecknet UL699G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v6 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07b8 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|no support }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->uGreen 50922 USB3-A to 100/1000 dark grey rounded barrels | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| ax88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }} |- | <!--Description-->UGreen USB3-C to 100/1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->uGreen CR111 20256 usb3 a black plastic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88179}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88179A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB3-E1000 USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 i.e. AX88179A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000SPTB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88179A USB-A, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88179B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==USB &rarr; SerialPort Converter== *2002 some support for early revisions of PL2303 *2005 Prolific PL2303H PL-2303X and Pl-2303HX (same usb ids as pl2303) no support *2025 FTDI 232R [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1135&highlight=232r&rowstart=20 work in progress] *2026 CDC-ACM i.e. Serial port over USB standard serialpl2303.class make sure you specify serialpl2303.device or Echo "Test" >SER1: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | ATEN UC-232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0300 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOGear GUC232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0110 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Alcatel | 0x11f7 | 0x02df | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BAFO BF-810 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U103 | 0x | 0x | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Davibe SP611 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dcu10 | 0x0731 | 0x0528 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Elcom | 0x056e | 0x5003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOData | 0x04bb | 0x0a03 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Itegno | 0x0eba | 0x1080 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia CA42 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Radioshack | 0x1453 | 0x4026 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ratoc | 0x0584 | 0xb000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | 0x04e8 | 0x8001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Siemens DCA-510 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN104 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN116 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Some Cut Ma620 | 0x0df7 | 0x0620 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Speed Dragon Multimedia MS3303H | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syntech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Tripp | 0x2478 | 0x2008 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Airlink101 AC-USBS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Belkin F5U103v | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dynamode U232-P9 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 300 | {{no| no driver [http://koti.mbnet.fi/lonnberg/pl2303x.html linux patch] and using lsusb -v -d 067b:2303 gave bMaxPacketSize as 64 - pl2303x }} |- | Konig CABLE-146/2 USB to RS232 | 0x067b | 0x2303 | 400 | {{no|no driver }} |- | MANHATTAN 205146 USB to Serial Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | Sabrent SBT-USC1M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-59 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded black case and lead USB 232 Converter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x067B | <!--Product ID-->0x2303 | <!--Revision-->0300 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- |} [http://www.ftdichip.com/index.html Future Technology Devices International Ltd FTDI]-FT232R.class [https://ftdichip.com/software-examples/code-examples/c-builder/ FTProg src], [http://rtr.ca/ft232r/ ft232r src], [https://ftdichip.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DS_FT232R.pdf FT232R datasheet], [], {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID-->0x6001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GE-gKgHxZI beware of cheap clones fake with s/n A50285BI SN] |- | <!--Description-->Lynx Astro FTDI | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232R |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent CB-FTDI | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver TTL-232R cables use FTDI's [http://n1mm.hamdocs.com/tiki-index.php?page=USB+Interface+Devices FT232RQ ic device] }} |- | <!--Description-->Startech.com 1 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 DB9M Adapter Cable with COM Retention ICUSB2321F | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232RL Chipset |- | <!--Description-->StarTech.com 2 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 Adapter Cable ICUSB2322F | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FTDI FT2232D Chipset |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232RL is the SSOP-28 and the FT232RQ is the QFN-32 package option |} [https://www.onetransistor.eu/2017/08/ch341a-mini-programmer-schematic.html ch341a.class] *I2C EEPROMS (3.3V and 5V) compatible and also SPI FLASH memories (3.3V devices) making sure 1.8V is covered *each having their own [https://winraid.level1techs.com/t/guide-how-to-use-a-ch341a-spi-programmer-flasher-with-pictures/33041 4x2 connection blocks] using [https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom flashrom] sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -r backup.bin sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -w <new bios name> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Jiangsu QinHeng Ltd CH341A emulate UART communication, standard parallel port, memory parallel port and synchronous serial (I2C, SPI) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x5512 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->QinHeng USB2.0-Serial HL-340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x7523 | <!--Revision-->0252 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |} ==simplemidi.class and CAMD== Currently support includes * simplemidi.class SimpleMidi maps some keyboard keys to corresponding computer keys as used by music trackers to emulate a musical keyboard * camdusbmidi.class follows the rules of the m68k implementation of Commodore's CAMD midi specification and usb class compliant for * usb host like a computer, pi, etc * usb device controllers - keyboards, drum machines, djay turntables, grooveboxes, etc * interfaces - cables or boxes which convert usb to 5pin DIN plug midi What is needed is a fully class-compliant '''brand name''' USB MIDI keyboard, especially manufactured in the last 15 years are best *Arturia *Novation *M-Audio *Akai Plugging this in one of your USB ports, the camd.library will make the keyboard's MIDI IN/OUT ports available in the system. Then select the keyboard's MIDI IN port (known as a "cluster" in CAMD) for input, and the software instrument's cluster as output ShowCluster (shows midi ports available in and out) MidiWatch (usually port usbmidi.in.0 less often usbmidi.out.0) (Ctrl-C to end output stream) usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOn 90 39 08 00 usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOff 80 39 00 00 MidiThru (forwards messages from one port to another) run >nil: c:midithru usbmidi.out.0 usbmidi.out.2 MidiSendC (sends a middle C to a specific port) Midi Controller + Sound Module (together aka as a synth) -> Audio Output The difference between midi and midi over USB is that in old school Midi the transmitter transmits whenever it wants and the receiver always has to be prepared to receive data. Easy to do at the rate of a 1990's modem speed these days. USB over midi.. turns midi into a polled protocol.. So the USB host (typically the computer) has to ask "do you have anything for me" before the remote will send. If the USB host gets busy doing other things or there is a lot of things on the USB bus to get polled, you can get delays. For its age midi is still a great protocol for music * [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/midi10.pdf USBIF's "USB Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices" document, version 1.0 from Nov 1, 1999] * [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB%20MIDI%20v2_0.pdf MIDI v2.0 from 2020 which AROS still needs, adds support for MIDI 2.0, MIDI-CI, and Universal MIDI Packet] Nearly all synthesizers now use the 16 MIDI channels available on a MIDI bus in one instrument alone, requiring multiple MIDI busses in a typical setup with more than one MIDI instrument. In addition, by handling multiple "virtual" cables, USB offers a solution to go beyond MIDI's 16-channel limit. MIDI data is transferred over USB using 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packets. These packets provide an efficient method to transfer multiple MIDI streams with fixed length messages. The 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packet allows multiple "virtual MIDI cables" routed over the same USB endpoint. This approach minimizes the number of required endpoints. It also makes parsing MIDI events easier by packetizing the separate bytes of a MIDI event into one parsed USB-MIDI event. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Computer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|which acts as USB midi host to get all usb devices talking together}} |- | <!--Description-->Hobbytronics usb host standalone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->bomebox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://neuma.studio/rpi-as-midi-host/ raspberry pi] with several midi interface(s) and linux scripting | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kenton MIDI USB Host mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acorn Instruments Masterkey 49 device | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 untested usb powered 5V regulated - similar keybed to keystation 49es but unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Akai SynthStation 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 - sticky rubber keys - usb |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09e8 | <!--Product ID-->0x007c | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected and camd usb to use, not tested with apps}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 25 mini key self powered by mini USB lead - sustain port - no top left corner joystick - tested icaros 2.3 - |- | <!--Description-->Akai LPK25 LPK37 LPK49 Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested velocity sensitive mini keys with synth action - weak mini USB port - latency issues - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional APC Key 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested 49 key 49-key full-sized, semi-weighted keyboard with aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Max25 MAX49 control keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPK249 MPK261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB2 USB-b - full keys semi-weighted aftertouch - midi in out - sustain and peddle port |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional Advance 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini MKII MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - 4 way thumb joystick top left - 25 tiny keys - velocity drum pads - plastic build quality - |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Professional APC Key 25 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Play | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - synth basic samples - class compliant? - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys - press and hold the "Prog Select" button then use the "Program" knob to assign a MIDI channel - |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini 3 MKIII MK3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09E8 | <!--Product ID-->0x1049 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - - midi in out untested - }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 USB2 USB-b midi controller connection no 5pin legacy - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys goofy uneven feel of the akai keyboards - press and hold the "Prog Select" button and press pad 1 to 8 to assign a MIDI channel - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->Akai Force / MPC One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai Pro MPK Mini Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested 37 mini keys - class compliant device - usb-b bus powered only with 5pin midi in and out - Shift and Global for Midi Ch - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Pro Ableton Push Mk 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPC Key 37 49 61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested USB2 usb-b |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Photon PH-25 X25 Midi & USB keyboard/synth | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Q88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 untested |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Coda Pro Portable 88-Key Digital Piano USB MIDI Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VI49 VI61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VX49 VX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 1 5-pin MIDI input, 1 5-pin MIDI output, 1 USB port, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Mk2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Recital 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Qmini portable 32-key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->audiothingies MicroMonsta | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested synth - |- | <!--Description-->audiothingies MicroMonsta 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 synth - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Analog Experience “The Player” USB MIDI Master Keyboard Model APE25 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb-b bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab MkII Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep 32 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested 32 mini keys usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed - reset Press and hold Oct + and Oct – buttons then insert the USB cable - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab mkII | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID-->0x2209 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - - midi in out untested - }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 USB2 usb-b bus power - metal base heavier than most - Shift and press a key to select the MIDI Channel - To reset to original factory, unplug the USB cable, hold down the Oct- and Oct + buttons, plug the USB cable back in and continue to hold the buttons until the pads turn white - need software to change parameters like velocity sensitive assistance - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab MK2 MKII 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MicroFreak | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 hybrid digital/analog synthesis, |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeYIAfn3UMs Arturia Minilab 3] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/chj1WgMupGw ] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/FMVdfhzg1Dw ] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 untested usb-c bus powered - 25 mini keys semi - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab 3 Mk3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFreak | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab Essential 49 61 88 mk3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested usb-c and 1 midi out - lack of aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia AstroLab | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab MK3 MKIII 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control UMX490 UMX610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Swing 32-Key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MOTOR 49 - 49-Key USB/MIDI Master Controller Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU Xboard 25 E-MU X-Board 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key Mkey 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 stops sending MIDI on a regular basis. The simplest "fix" is to flip it off and on via the power switch at the back |- | <!--Description-->CME Ukey U-Key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2009 |- | <!--Description-->CME Xkey | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 low-profile aluminium full size pressure sensitive with polyphonic aftertouch but keys make too much noise and that they can be too sensitive to velocity - low power draw 25ma |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key 49 V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 simplified version of the U-key Mobiltone |- | <!--Description-->CME XKEY AIR 37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->cme xkey 37 le | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Donner Spaceline DMK-25 Donnerdeal Rantion | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Donner DMK25 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> 25 mini velocity keys with limited aftertouch - usb-c powered - 8 drum pads - 3.5mm "midi out" socket - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Digitakt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 expensive later midi usb class compliant with since 1.5 Update |- | <!--Description-->Elecktron Digitone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Digitone Keys 37-key Digital FM Synthesizer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2018 expensive |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Analog Four MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Octatrak MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 49+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 25xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID-->0x2702 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected and usb driver working}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 bus powered or 12v 0.5a dc in - metal base so heavy - midi out 5pin - sustain pedal port - modulation slider - rubber coated knobs becomes sticky - |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 49xt 61xt 88xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 12v 0.5a center pin +ve external psu required - USB i/o and 1 legacy 5pin out - full sized keys - heavy aluminium case keyboard metal base - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-125 MK-149 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 9v |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-225C MK-249C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 9v |- | <!--Description-->Evolution USB/Midi Controller MK-425C MK-449C MK-461C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|25, 49, 61 keys - }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 9V or 12V - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 37 full keys |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro Mobile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 25 or 37 mini keys |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 mini velocity keys no aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 full velocity keys no aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Kawai VPC 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> weighted keys - heavy build - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen Instruments K-Board | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> omni class compliant to all channels? each keypad makes them velocity, pressure, and location sensitive but not really suited for piano playing |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen BopPad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> omni class compliant to all channels? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg NanoKontrol 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->mini usb |- | <!--Description-->Korg Prophecy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KORG microKONTROL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 velocity-sensitive Natural Touch keys but joystick is an alternative to the common pitch/modulation wheel design - power draw - |- | <!--Description-->Korg nanoKey nanoPad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 |- | <!--Description-->Korg Taktile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY2 25 37 49 61 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|2015 untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB powered - semi weighted - |- | <!--Description-->Korg MiniList | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg MinKey nanoPad nanoPad 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Nautilus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 7 series - Artis 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->fatar TP-8 semi-weighted action |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 A8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Mobile keys 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 POD Studio KB37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Tone Port KB37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Midiman (later M-Audio) Oxygen8 Ozone Ozonic 25 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|not class compliant - untested 5pin legacy }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2004 - 25 full keys - slider/fader to left of lcd display - |- | <!--Description-->m-audio oxygen keystation (61 key) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio eKeys 37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 bus powered and 12v psu - if sliders/faders are on right - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 8v2, 49, 61 (silver) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37e 49e, 61e MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 - ok key action - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37es 49se 61es, 88es MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25/49/61/88 (blue) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 [https://m-audio.com/products/view/oxygen-25-legacy advised Class-compliant and GM/GM2/XG SysEx messages] with full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 (2nd Gen) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 semi-weighted mini keys - bus powered and 9v psu for 25/49 and 12v for 61 - if sliders/faders are on left - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom Pro 25, 49, 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 poor construction |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Axiom AIR 25 M-Audio Axiom Air Mini 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25 III (3rd Gen) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested - usb only - rubber keys sticky - |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Keyrig 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 - mini usb - plays a few notes and then stops responding randomly - try plugging it into port 1 or 2 on your pc - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 49 MK2 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 USB port and class compliant |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 61 MK3 MKIII MIDI keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 usb compliant untested |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25 IV | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 choice |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio CTRL-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio ProKeys 88, 88sx | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 mini usb - some power or incompatibility issue with the native USB ports of the laptop, plugged in a passive USB 2.0 HUB (not USB 3.0, not powered) |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3328SvuJsLw M-Audio Oxygen25 MKV] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0763 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0023 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - midi in out untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 25 full size semi keys - USB2 usb-b but no 5pin classic plugs - channel select SHIFT button and CHANNEL on keybed - plastic build - holding down both the Octave + and - for factory reset - more limited in what you can do with it than IV 4th one - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen Pro 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 untested semi full keys |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen Pro Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested - 32 smaller keys - not endless encoders - usb only - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Hammer 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Moog | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Moog Minitaur | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-VAVE SMK-25mini 25key MIDI Control Keyboard Y6I0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments NI Primus A25 JamMate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol S88 S61 S49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 - weighted keys - |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe? |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkII MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 all MK2 MK3 power up the keyboard using USB, it will set the keyboards MIDI port to computer MIDI only without any option to set it to use the MIDI DIN, meaning you cannot connect the keyboard to hardware and power from USB, you MUST power with the power adapter and physically unplug from any USB connection - |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol A25 A49 A61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/sikorak666/maschine-mikro-mk3-driver Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro Plus MK3 MKIII] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol M32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 untested 32 smaller keys - no drum pads - USB only - |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkIII MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description-->NI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik iBoard 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact LX25+ LX49+ LX61+ LX88+ SE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 budget full-size velocity-sensitive synth-action keyboard - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact GX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> USB port - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P4 P6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> USB & USB Micro B, 5-pin MIDI out, 2 x TRS inputs with 49 semi-weighted, velocity sensitive with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Nektar SE25 SE49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> mini keys - micro usb bus powered - velocity and sustain button |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P6 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama T6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nord Stage 3 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> sysex |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMote 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 lhs XY touchpad and the joystick - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not USB class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Novation 49 61 SL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMote 25SL 49SL 61SL soft label | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 - two long top liquid-crystal display LCD strips - XY touchpad and the joystick - |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMOTE 25LE | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected, usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 USB-b powered, 9v center pin positive or 6 MN1500 AA batteries - X/Y touchpad and the combined pitch and modulation joystick - no aftertouch but can use both the legacy MIDI OUT and USB port simultaneously |- | <!--Description-->Novation Nocturn 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 untested sending random pitchbend info |- | <!--Description-->Novation 49 61 SL MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation MiniNova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 |- | <!--Description-->Novation Impulse 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 velocity aftertouch‑sensitive semi-weighted keyboards and eight backlit pads - USB, 5-pin MIDI out - |- | <!--Description-->Novation Circuit Tracks / Rhythm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 untested |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB class compliant - full keys - |- | <!--Description-->Novation Launchpad Mini MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested 8x8 buttons with 16 backlit |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 rotary wheels lhs - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 37 49 61 88 MK3 MKIII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 USB class compliant choice - full keys - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 sliders lhs - |- | <!--Description-->Novation 61SL Mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Nymphes Dreadbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> 6 voice analog synth |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Oberheim MC 2000 EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 88 keys fully weighted - very heavy - |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus ATOM SQ Hybrid MIDI Keyboard/Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://polyend.com/tracker/ Polyend Tracker] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland ED PC-300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 USB MIDI keyboard controller 49-key |- | <!--Description-->Roland EDIROL PCR-M30 PCR-M50 PCR-M80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol PCR-30 PCR-50 PCR-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 untested 32 key - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-50 PC-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- | <!--Description-->Roland PCR-500 PCR-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 61 velocity-sensitive keys with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 USB port - weighted keys velocity no aftertouch - class compliant with press FUNCTION so it is lit. Press the key labelled "ADV.", Press the "+" button so it is lit - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-200 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 some had fatar keys |- | <!--Description-->Roland MC-707 Groovebox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 |- | <!--Description-->Roland MC-101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 untested |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-500 A500Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-300 A300Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Roland JUNO DS, FA, Fantom, JUPITER X / Xm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 (be sure that USB driver is set to "Generic" - requires device rebooting) |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 MKii MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 expensive with USB-c port - hammer-action keyboard weighted keys - Class-compliant if USB-C enables bus power - MIDI 2.0 later - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ROLI Seaboard RISE 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Samson Graphite 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Samson Carbon 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sequential TAKE 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK-161 and VMK-161 Plus Organ version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed - usb midi in out - 9v psu - |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL990XP midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK176 Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->USB and midi connectivity |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL880 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL73 SL88 Studio midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> hammer-action Fatar TP semi-weighted keys |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numa Organ 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> 73 key TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed used in nearly all clonewheels |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numacompact 2/2x, Numa X Piano | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero CommandKey49 CommandKey25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero SZ-MiniCommand Mini-Command USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero SPC61 MIDI Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> bus powered - 5 octave |- | <!--Description-->SubZero ControlKey49S 49 Key Slim MIDI Controller Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Synido TempoKey K25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 25 mini keys - usb-c powered |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Winterbloom Sol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Worlde Panda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha KX8 KX49 KX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha CMC-PD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P45B P-45 Digital Piano | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P-115 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested weighted keys - USB midi port |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha MX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 should compliant untested |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Montage, CP73/88, YC, MODX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha PSR-E353, PSR-E443 PSR-S670, PSR-S770, PSR-S970, PSR-A3000, TYROS-5 NP-12, NP-32 DGX-650, DGX-660 P-105, P-115, P-255 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha MX49 II V2 Black Blue | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->DJM V10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> dj |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Kontrol DJ Pro midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> detected but untested |- | <!--Description-->Numark Mixtrack Pro II USB DJ Controller Djay | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->older generation pioneer DDJ-SX2 dj | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-22 AL22c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-88 Schneidersladen AL88c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum U3-88c Midi Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> no CopperLan support Midi network using a UTP Ethernet patch cable) |- | <!--Description-->Behringer BCF2000 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.behringer.com/EN/home.aspx Behringer] BCR2000 1in 2out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer B-CONTROL DEEJAY BCD3000 DJ Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMD404 UMD202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU 0404/USB midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->DigiDesign / Focusrite Command 8 Control Surface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 supports MIDI continuous controller (CC) and note data. SysEx dumping and loading is also supported |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Digi 002 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 firewire only |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Digi 003 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire only |- | <!--Description-->emagic m4 2x4 AMT8 Unitor 8 Mk2 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x00d0 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0x010 0x0103 | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) - 12v 2a psu centre pos - usb mini with rs232 and rs422 serial ports - 16 channels (8-in / 8-out), this rack-mountable unit - |- | <!--Description-->Evolution U-Control UC-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| detected}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guillemot Maxi Studio ISIS Vintage Sound Card MIDI Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ucapps.de/mbhp_usb.html MidiBox] Hardware Platform USB Module | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Control Universal Pro XT with One Two Extenders | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Audiophile USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO old version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio MidiMan 1x1 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 [http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-hotplug/ firmware update] |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 2x2 yellowy green blue, green or silver chassis plastic box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|MIDISPORT 2x2 or 4x4 interfaces from previous production series (blue, green or silver chassis) are not class-compliant}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Audiosport Quattro USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant as [http://usb-midi-fw.sourceforge.net/ firmware required and that is buggy], |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio UC-33 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 1x1 2x2 4x4 Anniversary Edition, black box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Mooer Steep II Multi-Platform USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=52920 Mark of the Unicorn Motu Fastlane] 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=560852&postcount=8 not working on OS4]}} | <!--Opinion--> not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Motu Micro Lite 1x1 and MOTU microlite 5x5 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion--> good unit but poor just plug in support and not class compliant - USB2 usb-b - |- | <!--Description-->Motu MIDI Express 128 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->poor support serial port only - offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) A serial port based MIDI interface or a USB interface without MTS will have a MIDI slop of up to 2ms on record and playback. MTS provides accuracy for record and playback to around .3ms - five times more accurate than serial or non-MTS." |- | <!--Description-->MOTU.com MIDI Express XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 for many USB should have octocoupled connection to reduce groundloop humm, usually the timing is off |- | <!--Description-->MOTU MIDI Timepiece AV | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion--> not class compliant is one of the best multi-port MIDI interfaces ever made as USB model connects to the computer as an 8x16 interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments GmbH Audio 8 DJ, 4 DJ, 2 DJ | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|needs dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not class compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Qcon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|did not match to camdusbmidi.class USB audio midi with onboard DSP}} | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Corp Edirol UM-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{no|is not bound via camdusbmidi.class }} | <!--Opinion-->1999 not bound to any midi class - 2x2 - tested Aros One USb 2.4 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->1999 USB audio midi with onboard DSP |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-880 8x8 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 under poseidon but could work with run >nil: c:midithru out.0 "EDIROL UM-880.out.2" |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1 blue plastic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Unk| bound??? via camdusbmidi.class - untested midi in out}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 UM-1 - 1-in/1-out (16 channels) |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 1-in/1-out (16 channels) |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1X midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1SX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0052 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2C - 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-1G 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2G 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/spotify/linux/blob/master/sound/usb/usbquirks.h Roland Edirol UA20 UA-20] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-1EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-2EX 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 adds a second MIDI OUT |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk UM-3G - 3x3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk ua-25excw 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not class compliant mode |- | <!--Description-->[https://alsa.opensrc.org/Edirol_UA-25EX Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Cakewalk UA25 EX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus B2M Bass MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus G2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg CMC Series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Subzero SZ-MB44 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Swisssonic MIDI1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 AmigaOS there is no output at midichannel one and two but if play a midi file there is only output on some channels and if pressed stop the prog freezes or the whole system crashes |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-428 US-422 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2000 not compatible |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tascam.com/Products/US-224.html US-224] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1604 | <!--Product ID-->0x8004 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2002 does not bind to any class |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-1x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-122 MKII midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x8021 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not detected / binding to camdusbmidi.class on AROS 2.4 usb }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 detected but not working 2-in/2-out USB two XLR microphone preamps with phantom power for condenser microphones |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-200 US-400 US-600 US-800 US-1200 US-1800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 may not be totally usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UX-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE and Pro version midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 dc 6v power - 3 USB hubs, midi in out , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alesis I/O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 powered USB hub required, not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO4 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XTouch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> psu needed |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Compact | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant?, usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Phoria UMD404HD UMD202HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe class compliant - volume low, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CME U2 MIDI Pro 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> current model |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 1X1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 early versions with sysex checksum errors |- | <!--Description-->Creative E-MU Xmidi 1x1 Tab (V3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 tab version class compliant but report that when transferring 'System Exclusive' messages (SysEx) the unit could not handle the highest data rate leading to data corruption |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 sysex errors |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini now Avid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 USB powered but not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox II Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 USB powered but not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Engl Z7 MIDI Interface (E660/E610/E360/E930) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> guitar? |- | <!--Description-->Elektron TurboMidi TM-1 1in 1out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U 4x4 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U XL 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U XL 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hardware routing e.g. x on input 5 to synth y on output 7 - ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate II 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI ROM I/O | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 romio version |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U XT | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2573 | <!--Product ID-->0x0002 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|is bound via camdusbmidi.class AROS One 2.4 - untested midi in out}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 - |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8U XT 8in 8out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 discontinued 2018 |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8UEX USB3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 current model |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U eX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 current model |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate eX midi interface 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 curent model, well liked and might class compliant?? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->icon midiport 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->iCON CubeMi 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity mio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 class compliant but reported issues with sending System Exclusive (SysEx) MIDI messages and MIDI signals getting cut off |- | <!--Description--> iConnectMidi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->iCM2 iCM4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectMIDI4+ L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 class compliant?? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity MioXL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig MIDI 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant |- | <!--Description-->iRig Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Electronics pro solo mk2 midi to cv converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Midi Thru-25 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Keytech MT18E 8 Way Midi Thru box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> 9 to 12v psu required |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 2x2 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech MIT-00151 Midiface 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech Midiface 4x4 8x8 16x16 thru merge | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Miditech Midilink mini 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO only if box is labeled Class Compliant and latest MIDISPORT 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not usb compliant, - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midiman Midisport 2x2 Anniversary Edition [https://gearspace.com/board/electronic-music-instruments-and-electronic-music-production/1133862-why-there-hardly-any-midi-interfaces.html not stable enough] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 USB2 usb-b - does not need firmware and supposedly plug and play - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 4x4 Anniversary Edition | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> rumored does not need firmware - supposedly plug and play - issues with its firmware for some and lacks configurable routing |- | <!--Description-->Maudio Fast Track Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant but bus powered, |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Midiflex 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 class compliant and usb-b powered - used as a 1 in / 3 out, 2 in / 2 out or 4 out 5pin sockets - |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik IM-One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Peavey Xport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> guitars only |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-ONE UM-1 mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 USB class compliant if switch to TAB for class compliant mode rather than the COMPUTER mode |- | <!--Description-->Squarp Hermid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg Midex 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant? supporting MIDI Time Stamping protocol |- | <!--Description-->Swissonic MidiConnect 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Tapco LiNK.midi USB 4x4 (Loud technologies) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2014 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom U-24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi to 5pin interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi to 5pin interface |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded cable | 0x552d | 0x4348 | F110 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->detected but not working the USB-MIDI conversion functionality of the cheapo USB MIDI "cable" interface is simply lacking, possibly being incapable of handling MIDI strings longer than 3 bytes long SysEx strings (e.g. SysEx dumps) - tested in Icaros 2.3 - |- | <!--Description-->USB2.0-MIDI Unbranded cable with clear braided underneath leads | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x752D | <!--Revision-->0254 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected binding to camdusbmidi.class but untested midi in / out}} | <!--Opinion-->untested but better to get a branded version - tested AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->LogiLink USB to Midi In-Out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->untested cheap cable version but issues with latency on other systems |- | <!--Description--> gm5 USB midi chip DIY option only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Doremidi LEKATO MIDI USB C Interface 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Thomann Midi USB 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> Prodipe made |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe MIDI 1i/1o | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |} Classic 5pin DIN controllers for above interfaces {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai s5000 s6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi digital samplers |- | <!--Description-->Akai AX80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Casio CZ-5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Casio CZ-3000 CZ-1000 CZ-101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cheetah MS6 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 multi-timbral, six-voice (twelve-oscillator), analogue synthesiser module is loaded with CEM 3396s |- | <!--Description-->Ensoniq ESQ1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Integra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Wavestation Ex A/D SR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1986 ex has piano and drum sounds |- | <!--Description-->Korg DW-8000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg DW-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Poly 800 MK1 Poly-800ii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> all plastic and can run on batteries - 49 keys non-velocity dco synt analogue filter |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland D-50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|1987 untested greater concern would be moisture and wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland A50 (76) A80 (88) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|1989 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->ROLAND JUNO-D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland Juno 106 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->80s kx73 or kx88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland ED PC-160A PC-180A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} legacy DIN5 MIDI port only - 6 AA batteries or 9v psu - One regular source of failure for me were emty batteries (even with red control light still active). Another source was a bad MIDI cable - unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect |- | <!--Description-->Roland M1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland S-550 S-760 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> digital samplers kontakt replaced these? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha DX7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1983 12bit |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha DX7S DX72IID DX7IIFD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1987 16bit versions |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} The MIDI standard was published in August 1983. The inventors, Kakehashi and Smith finally received a Technical Grammy Award in 2013 for their work. The MIDI files that contained just the note data, velocity and timing meant you could transfer an entire studio session from one place to another on one floppy disk and it could control all the synths and drum samplers. Pass-thru meant that one computer could run an entire bands worth of instruments. It's bulletproof too. MIDI never goes wrong, it's always a bug in software that causes any issue - you can absolutely rely on it to go gigging with, take your synths, controllers and computers and not crash an entire gig at your 100,000 person venue. The MIDI hardware specification is very simple (voltage, polarity, screening, protection and a fast enough opto-isolator), it assumes that the data it sends and receives between MIDI devices is to the MIDI data standard and just passes it on. The microprocessor in the hardware does all the work. The minimum for a computer/MIDI interface is that it meets the MIDI hardware specification. It is attached to the computer bus and handles the electrical conversions required. To meet the MIDI hardware specification, to be class compliant as a USB device all it has to do is report itself properly when plugged in. The other half of the equation is the MIDI data standard, and for a computer MIDI interface the main issue is the speed of data transmission. The bus speed of the computer is faster than the speed of the MIDI standard so it can generate and send MIDI data faster than a MIDI device can receive it. The MIDI standards have nothing to say on that bottleneck at all. MIDI was designed to be very simple and very open, it just defines a standard for the messages and leaves it up to manufacturers to implement them in the way they want. That's what makes it so powerful a tool, and also what makes it so confusing and frustrating at times. For midi, the hardware/software combination at various connection points handles the translation to/from midi (or other protocols). Drivers would be needed for midi, including clock and SysEx signal (actually claiming to handle ALL midi quirks transparently All the important MIDI data types can be sent (CC, NRPN, RPN, MMC, Note On/Off, program change) There is no official way to solve the data bottleneck. Early software sequencers and librarians tried to solve it by having an option to buffer SYSEX data in software and transmit it at the MIDI data rate. The downside is that hogs the bus and can hit computer performance. Interface manufacturers would add a hardware buffer which would take all the MIDI data from the PC bus and feed it into the MIDI at the slower data rate, but that added cost and created timing issues. Things have moved on since then, but the principles remain the same. You can buffer in the hardware or in software, whether that is in the application or the interface driver. SYSEX will work perfectly well with that budget cable if your software handles the buffering. And while the cables with hardware buffers make SYSEX easier, they still have potential problems because of the limitations of the MIDI data rate. Your MIDI clock doesn't like being interrupted with a big program dump The serial / parallel ports were a direct connection, so faster. Now, everything in the computer is virtual and the only thing connected to the hardware is the kernel, hence everything is by default bottlenecked and jittery, regardless of which connection. So by the time the interface gets the information it's already too late. Ethernet network cable to transport MIDI over large distances, connect 2 MIDI In and 2 MIDI Out ports to patch, remap, filter and merge MIDI flows on a fine channel basis for tight MIDI throughput, latency and jitter Possibilities for DAWs of the future including a kind of sync reference for timing reference which an interface could sync to, hence all the timings then would be locked between the grid on the DAW screen and the MIDI info. Preemptible, low latency and accuracy are essential for good communication. One of the first things you need to do, is make sure your MIDI software sets the interface to the same MIDI channel as your keyboard (usually 1) Do you want to send just your master keyboard to other synths or to be able to use any keyboard with any synth? 1st option is relatively simple. Just need to send midi from your master keyboard into a midi splitter that redistributes the signal onto your synths. Each synth will be set up to receive midi on a specific channel so the only challenge is to find a way to select to which channel you are sending midi. Some master keyboards can do that although not many that have a dedicated knob or switch on the panel and most require a bit of menu diving. Could use a midi box that offers channel selection but usually this is not very workflow friendly. The software route would require using the mouse. 2nd option is a bit more complex but superior workflow by sending midi messages into a merge box, from there into a hardware sequencer that allows to select midi channel, then on to a midi interface that distributes the signal to the synths. Master keyboard MIDI-in to computer. External hardware sampler MIDI-out from computer. Audio-out from sampler to audio-in on computer/device. Blue Ribbon Soundworks Bars & Pipes Professional (1993/4) GM (1984), GS (1987), XG level 1-3 (1994-1997), GM level 2 (1999) GM GM1 imposes several requirements beyond the MIDI 1.0 specification. While MIDI 1.0 by itself provides a communication protocol which ensures that different instruments can interoperate at a fundamental level e.g sound modules. GM goes further in two ways. First, GM requires that all compliant MIDI instruments meet a certain minimal set of features, such as being able to play at least 24 notes simultaneously (polyphony). Second, GM attaches specific interpretations to many parameters and control messages which were left unspecified in the MIDI 1.0 specification. A minimum of 128 MIDI Program Numbers (conforming to the GM 1 Instrument Patch Map) and 47 percussion sounds (conforming to the GM 1 Percussion Key Map). Support for controller number 1, 7, 10, 11, 64, 100, 101, 121 and 123; support for channel pressure and pitch bend controllers. General MIDI Level 2 or GM2 is a specification for synthesizers which defines several requirements beyond the MIDI standard and is based on General MIDI (GM) and Roland GS extensions. It was adopted in 1999 by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA). * Number of Notes: 32 simultaneous notes * MIDI Channels: 16 * Simultaneous Melodic Instruments – up to 16 (all Channels) * Simultaneous Percussion Kits – up to 2 (Channel 10/11) Program and bank change events General MIDI 2 compatible synthesizers access all of the 256 instruments by setting cc#0 (Bank Select MSB) to 121 and using cc#32 (Bank Select LSB) to select the variation bank before a Program Change. Variation bank 0 contains the full GM (General MIDI 1) sound set. Variations using other bank numbers are new to General MIDI 2, and correspond to variation sounds introduced in Roland GS. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CluuHrr7HG4 Major WWHWWWH, Minor WHWWHWW scale], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjm7Ti-iwz0 Chords], ==usb audio== USB audio has recently made available for Aros, there are many standards introduced over the years. Much is still untested. *Introduced 2000 and from 2014 USB Audio 1 UAC1 16bit 44.1kHz *Introduced 2006 and from 2014 USB Audio 2 [https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-device-class-definition-audio-devices-release-20-errata-and-ecn-through-april UAC2] 24bit 192kHz *Introduced 2016 and from 2024 USB Audio 3 [https://www.usb.org/documents UAC3] 32bit 384kHz USB group decided to rewrite the audio standard, so [https://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/usbaudio2.lha UAC2] and [https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/attachments/slides/3345/export/events/attachments/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/slides/3345/Linux_and_USB_Audio_Class_3___FOSDEM_2019.pdf UAC3]. They added clock selection and control, timing domains and others. Part of the changes included changing many of the descriptors that an audio device uses to describe itself to the machine. PsdErrorlog/PsdDevlister? The AHI driver generated only supports mono/stereo at any bit rates between 8 and 32 bit per sample, but not multichannel modes and only rates up to 65KHz (because AHI uses a 16-bit word for frequencies). If the soundcard does not offer such a PCM 8-32 bit mode at frequencies lower than 65 KHz, there's nothing much that can be done about it on the computer side other than revising and expanding the AHI standard. Most cheap USB soundcards do though. AHI does not support six channel playback. It only supports mono, stereo and multichannel (8 channels). Due to the multichannel mode not being used by any application so far, the usbaudio.class does not support multichannel playback, especially not "upchannelling" stereo to six or more channels. If this USB device does not support a two channel mode, you can't use it under AHI. Untested but most likely to work, at least 2 mic inputs (low impedance) & instruments (high impedance) and made in the last 10 years *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMuA-2FbJxE Entry level <100Euro] BOMGE U202, Behringer UMC, Presonus Studio, *[ Next tier <200Euro] Audient iD, Solid SSL2 and SSL2+, Lewitt, Focusrite Scarlett, Arturia MiniFuse, *[ Prosumer <300Euro] Focusrite Clarett+, *[ Professional <500Euro] RME Babyface, *[ Studio >500Euros] Bands should need 4 or more mic inputs [http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?p=38364030 XDA Forum thread], <pre> <- Computer <- Mobile Phone / Tablet (OTG) <- Digital Cameras <- Video <- Webcams Base Computer <-> OBS like <- Audio Mixer <- Microphone(s) -> Internet -> Youtube & Chat </pre> USB AUDIO CARDS - UAC Compliant {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" |Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Playback ! width="10%" |Records ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Antelope Galaxy 64 Synergy Core | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> not compliant so does not wotk with Aros and a high-end 64-channel AD/DA converter HDX, Dante connectivity and a Thunderbolt Audio interface |- | <!--Description-->Antelope Galaxy 32 Synergy Core | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> not be compliant so does not wotk with Aros as Antelope Audio does not provide official drivers, control software, or an Antelope Launcher |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Mini Fuse 1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp 1 combi input, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFuse 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant usb-c with usb2.0, okay pre amps with good dynamic range 110dB, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, two combi inputs for mic, line or guitar, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFuse 4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, okay 110dB dynamic range, -129dB EIN, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia AudioFuse 16Rig | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD44 mk1 mki | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Audient evo4 EVO8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD4 mk2 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Audient id14 mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant and usb-c bus powered, good, , 0-in/14-out audio interface with ADAT expandability, balanced inserts |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD44 Mk2 Mkii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC22 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC202HD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps ein -129 dBu, 24bit ADC, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC404HD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps, 24bit adc, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC204HD 192 Empower Tribe | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID-->0x0508 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMC1820 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2016, bus complaint?, okay midas pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UM2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, poor zenyx pre-amps with high noise floor, plastic build no rf shielding, latency issues, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, , , midi, strictly NEC USB 2.0, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 8i6 Gen 1 MOSC0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, but |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 1 MOSC0003 *TP1 - 3.3V, tested ok *TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present at all time. *TP4 - Ground *TP6 - 48V, tested ok *TP7 - Ground *TP8 - Ground | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 usually avoid early Gen 1, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/08/75-focusrite-scarlett-2i4-1st-gen.html Focusrite Scarlet 2i4 Gen 1 (slide toggles) MOSC0004] *TP1 - 3.3V, tested 3.22v *TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present *TP4 - Ground *TP6 - measure 47.72v * AKM 4384ET (VDD 5v) * Cirrus Logic CS4272-CZZ (VA 4.94v/ VD 3.2v/ VL 3.2v) * all four HC4066 (VCC 4.96v) * XMOS XS1-L01A-TQ128-C5 (all VDD 1.08v/ all VVDIO 3.23v/ PPLAVDD 0.99v/ PCU-VDDIO 3.23v) 2i4S *TP1 seems to be 0V *TP2 should be 5V *TP3 should be *TP6 should be 48V *TP8 should be 3.3V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps JRC NJM2122 and NJM4565, [https://statics.cirrus.com/pubs/proDatasheet/CS4272_F1.pdf CS4272 adc], [https://pdf.datasheet.live/e5e5fd1c/akm.com/AK4384.pdf AK4384 output pair], Xmos XS1-L8A-64-TQ128 processor and firmware in Winbond 25X40CL 4Mbit, an SMSC Microchip USB3343 interface and a Microchip PL611 clock generator - two Intersil / Renesas ISL97519A for the phantom power rail, two OnSemi NCP1521B for the 3.3V (digital) and 1V (Xmos core) rails - |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite iTrack Solo USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 1st Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, |- | <!--Description-->[http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/wiki/current_audio_gear Focusrite ] Scarlett 4i4 Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen1 MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, , , 12v psu, the headphone outs mirror the outs on the back panel, so that's six independent outs. 4 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2019/03/38-focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen1-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 1st Gen MOSC0008] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, JRC NJM4565 provide most of the opamps, pair of JRC NJM2122's for inputs 1 and 2, [http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/76/cs4272_f1-43250.pdf Cirrus CS4272], 12v 1a +central psu to a pair of National Semiconductor LM2672 for 3.3V rail and the +6.9V rail, Xmos XS1–L16A–128 dual-row QFN package, firmware a Winbond 25X40C 4Mbit SPI Flash and an SMSC USB3343 interface chip, the two headphone outs are completely independent so 6 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Clarett+ 8Pre | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 great, expensive, maybe usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0006 *TP6 should be 48V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8202 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz CS4272 as well as an additional AKM AK4384ET for the second stereo output pair, 4 screws under bottom rubber, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/07/focusrite-scarlett-2i4-2nd-gen-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 2i4 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0014] *TP6 should be 48V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps NJM2122's, NJM4565's and CMOS switches (HEF4053 and HEF4066), CS4272 and a AKM AK4384ET, Xmos XU208-256-TQ64-C10 with firmware stored in a Macronix MX25L8006E 8Mbit flash memory, clocking by a Cirrus Logic CS2100, an MP1542 boost converter creates +6V and -6V rails, powering the opamps and the rest of the analog circuitry, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen2 MOSC0016 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 2nd Gen MOSC0019 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2024/03/focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen2-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 2nd Gen MOSC00] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Red 16Line | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 may not be compliant as Focusrite provides no drivers - 64-in/64-out Pro Tools - dual Thunderbolt 3 audio interface with ultra-low latency A-D/D-A conversion - Red Evolution mic preamps |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 3rd Gen MOSC0024 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant usb-c but usb2, preamps, ad/dc 24bit 192kHz, most Focusrite gen3 interfaces have encrypted processors, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i6 Gen3 MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, USB2 class compliant device, but with custom mixer interface |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 3 (push in switches) MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8210 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, USB-c bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic xfr002c and cs4272 chips, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 3rd gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 3rd Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8214 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, , , no screws under the rubber pads on the bottom, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo Studio Mk3 USB Audio Interface MOSC0030 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 4i4 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Studio 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 4th Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 4th Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FractalAudio FM9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Fractal Audio AM4 platform | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 not working |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Lewitt Connect 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Lewitt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mooer Steep II Multi-Platform USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Motu UltraLite AVB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb not compliant? |- | <!--Description-->MOTU M2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant?, usb-c, good pre amps, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->MOTU M4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description-->MOTU U2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, good but latest had hardware revision |- | <!--Description-->MOTU UltraLite-mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description-->MOTU UltraLite-mk5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nuemann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb audio compliant, great pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Neumann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->neuralDSP Quad Cortex QC platform | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 cc compliant but plugins not working |- | <!--Description-->NeuralDSP QC Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 cc complaint |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Neve Genesys Black G16 G32 G64 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> not compliant - very good very expensive |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Presonus AudioBox USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe not usb compliant, usb1.1 usb-b bus powered, okay pre-amps, 24bit ADC 48Khz max, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Audiobox 1818VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus AudioBox 44VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 may not be usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox 22VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 2|4 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, usb-b, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 2|6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 6|8 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe compliant, needs ext psu, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus Studio 24c 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, good, adc, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus Studio 26c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus® Studio 68c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox USB 96 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, high preamp noise, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Quantum ES2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prism | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prism Lyra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Platane UP1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant usb- UAC2 asynchronous protocol, 64dB Low-noise Mic amplifier, 32Bit High End ADC and DAC, 16dBu High-power ti headphone amplifier |- | <!--Description-->Platane UP2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Platane | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RME Babyface/UC/UFX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->RME Fireface UCX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 might be able to put into class compliant cc although a firewire device, pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->RME Babyface Pro FS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe not usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->RME Fireface UCX II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 might be class compliant usb-b, pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ Mk1 1st Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, good, adc, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL12 SSL18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, bus powered, good pre-amps, up to 32-bit 192kHz AD/DA converters, 12-in 8-out, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, good pre amps ein -130 dBu, ad/dc, okay latency, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Topping E1x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->Topping Pro E2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->UAD UA Apollo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->UA apollo 2nd Gen twin X (Duo/Quad), X4, X6, X8, X8P, and X16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 bus compliant?, usb- |- | <!--Description-->UA apollo twin x quad 3rd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 bus compliant?, usb- |- | <!--Description-->Universal Audio Volt 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->|Universal Audio Volt 276 2|76 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Universal Audio Volt 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro AI01 Electromusic Interface Expander - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, 4-in/4-out USB 2.0 audio interface with a built-in USB hub and MIDI I/O, up to 24-bit/96kHz |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro AI02 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->|Alesis io2 io|2, io14 io|14, io26 io|26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 bus powered but not usb compliant, okay pre-amps, 2, 4 or 8 mics respectively, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis iO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Core 1 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe cc, mini usb, poor latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire only, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel two‑in, two‑out, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Ensemble | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 1st Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb for basic features, , , single‑channel up to 48kHz |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 2nd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant usb- and maybe aa batteries, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 3rd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Ensemble Thunderbolt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Boom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ART PRO Audio Usb Mix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant bus powered, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 1 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID-->01000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 mbox original was usb1 and not a usb class compliant device, and had the much hated "focusrite designed" mic preamps, light blue front plate and the sticky out feet |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 midi not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Pro USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Micro USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->AVID MBox 3rd gen Mini or Standard but Pro is Firewire | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->behringer u-control uca202 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x8bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2902 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, draws a lot of power - dac ti burr-brown - no microphone pre-amp - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-CONTROL UCA 222 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 maybe usb compliant, - no microphone pre-amp - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Black Lion Audio 2x2 evolution | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant but , okay with 109dB range - poor noise floor, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic CS4272, average latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Bomge 11s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 |- | <!--Description-->Bomge 22s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 |- | <!--Description-->Bomge BMG22 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb-c, 24bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge U202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge U204 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower , may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2702E PCM2704 PCM2704C Muse Audio Mini USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2704 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2900 PCM2902 PCM2906 USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2900 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng MD22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 2|6 em2|6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 not uac |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 6|2m | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 not uac |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 6|2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 not uac |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Ego Systems, Inc. in Korea (ESI) joining with RIDI GmbH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2006 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->esi Mixvibes U46 Mk II USB audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 not usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->ESI ESU22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->esi U24XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 24 bits, 2 analogue inputs and outputs with 6.3 mm jack connection, Output L can be used as a headphone output, S / PDIF digital input - |- | <!--Description-->esi U46XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MAYA22USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI MAYA44USB+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MARA22XTU | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI U22XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb class compliant |- | <!--Description-->ESI Gigaport Ex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 usb compliant?, usb-c usb3.1, , , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectAUDIO2+ icaudio-02 USB audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->LexiconPro - Omega 8x4x2 (USB-1.1) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not usb complaint |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Alpha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Lambda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 may not be compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Toneport UX1 and Tone Port UX2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 TonePort UX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 maybe not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 POD Studio UX1 UX2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Lokchonk UX22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljSiNmudMm0 Lokchonk UX44HD] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 usb-b , , , 2in 2out only, average latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Artist 1·2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Producer 2X2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b midi |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Blackjack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 USB powered but maybe not usb compliant, Two Onyx Preamps, 2-in, 2-out which are combo Neutrik-type connectors to handle XLR, instrument or line level |- | <!--Description-->Mackie | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, , , |- | <!--Description-->Media Assistance USB-One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not uac cc comliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 maybe not usb compliant, - guitar |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb cc providing 24-bit/96kHz audio capabilities but requires manual configuration of the mixer settings |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 usb compliant?, okay - guitar and vocal mainly |- | <!--Description-->[https://htyp.org/M-Audio/Fast_Track_Ultra/Linux M-Audio FastTrack Ultra] and Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe usb compliant, low round-trip latency, okay octane pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track 2x2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre-amps, , |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track (MkII) 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre amps, , |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track Solo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf shielding, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track DUO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf sheild, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, okay |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NI AK1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.pogo.org.uk/~mark/linuxdj/ Native Instruments Traktor Audio 8 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 4 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 2 DJ], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17cc | <!--Product ID-->0x1978, 0x0839, 0x041C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not usb compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, [https://mixxx.discourse.group/t/problems-with-native-instruments-audio-8-dj-on-linux/14719/2 Audio 8 device has 4 subunits which are not recognized correctly], Cirrus Logic DACs spec'd at 24-bit/96KHz over a USB2, |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 96kHz adc, ocassional dropouts, plastic build top with metal around 3/4, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments NI Komplete Audio 1 and 2 USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, good pre amp ein -129.5 dBu, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->[https://support.native-instruments.com/hc/en-us/articles/360014683497-Apple-Silicon-Compatibility-News Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk2] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 192kHz adc, black aluminum glass build, |- | <!--Description-->[ Native Instruments Traktor Pro] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17cc | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Novation AudioHub 2x4 NOVHUB01 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, no xlr, focusrite sounds inside, |- | <!--Description-->Novation AudioHub | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe Studio 22 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Schiit HEL 1 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Schiit HEL 2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 gaming headsets mostly |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-3 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1998 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-30 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->1999 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA1A UA-1D Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-5 Audio Capture (Roland) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-1000 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-1EX, Cakewalk UA-1G | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not usb compliant driver also supports ASIO (Steinberg Audio Stream I/O Interface), noisy |- | <!--Description-->Roland Duo Capture UA-11 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland QUAD-CAPTURE Analog 2x2 Digital 2x2 USB 2.0 4in/4out | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not usb compliant, usb-b powered |- | <!--Description-->[https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Manuals/Rosegarden/Setup Roland Edirol UA-101 and UA-1000 (Clemens Ladisch driver)] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/mmueller-kaffeeschluerfercom/UA-25-Firmware-Modification Roland Edirol ua-25] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 maybe usb compliant 16bit 44.1kHz sampling without MIDI but not USB class complient when in Advanced mode for 24bit or midi |- | <!--Description-->Edirol by Roland USB AudioCapture UA-25EX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x00e6, 0x00e7 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant if ADVANCED DRIVER switched to OFF might play and record at 44.1kHz and 16-bit samples |- | <!--Description-->Roland Audio Interface V-Studio 20 VS-20 Cakewalk | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Quad Cakewalk | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x012f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not USB class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland DUO-CAPTURE EX UA-22 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0159 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant but not be used with a USB 3.0 port that is not compatible with USB 2.0 specification, vs pre amps, adc, three AA batteries in base, or an AC adapter psb-1u 9V 2A - |- | <!--Description-->Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix22 USB 2.0 Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix24 USB 2.0 Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg (2004 Yamaha buys) MIDI interface hardware including the CC like CC121 CC-121 and CI1 CI2 series. | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR12 UR22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44 usb audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR242 audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 maybe usb compliant, usb powered or 5v psu, okay pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, okay pre-amps ein -123 dBu, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR-RT 2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, usb2.0 usb-b, pre-amps, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44C (USB3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg URX22C UR22C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, preamps okay but little noisy, ad/dc. |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22 MkIII UR series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant usb-c, okay pre-amps, adc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Tapco LiNK.USB 2x2 (Loud technologies WA, USA) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 maybe not compliant, usb-b, poor pre-amps hum, latency issues, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa-tools.git;a=blob;f=usx2yloader/README;hb=3843634ef0310a952b256bcb6a4ddd0ad4ebe396 Teac Tascam US-422 US-428 US2XYloader] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122 US-224 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not usb compliant, needing firmware usx2yloader/us122fw.ihx for audio sound card - Tascam US-122 and US-122L are not the same - |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122L | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x800e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, obsolete needs tascam_loader.ihx and us122fw.ihx firmware loaded each time unless automated |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US122 US-122 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US144 US-144 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 maybe usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-200 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac US-366 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-600 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-800 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 may not be totally usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam iU2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 usb compliant?, 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb compliant?, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->teyun q12 Q-12, q22 Q-22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Teyun q26 Q-26, q24 Q-24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UW500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram 3 USB Digital Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp, 16bit 44kHz adc no advanced features without dedicated asio driver, 1 xlr, 1 instrument, |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram 6 USB Digital Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, okay, 2 xlr, 2 instrument, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom UAC-232 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description-->Zoom UAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.arcam.co.uk/products,rseries,usb-dacs,rPAC.htm Arcam rPac] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioquest Dragonfly | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioengine D1 Premium 24-bit DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 (Burr Brown PCM 1716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 + Burson Buffer + MK3 JKSPDIF | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://epiphany-acoustics.co.uk/products-page/dacs/e-dac-24bit-miniature-usb-dac/ Epiphany E-DAC 24bit] ES9023 DAC chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio FUBAR II Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio iLoveTW 24Bit USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO D5 ta2020 chip amp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E07K Andes | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E17 Alpen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Magnum | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Martini-U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Vulcan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Halide Design DAC HD (Wolfson WM8716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->HRT Steamer II USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->John Kenny JKDAC uses a 24-bit/192&nbsp;kHz Sabre ES9022 DAC or better JKDAC32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> iBasso D12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Leckerton UHA-6S MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MyST 1866 PortaDAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Objective DAC ODAC+O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rega DAC (Wolfson WM8742) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.henryaudio.com/open-source.php Henry Audio USB DAC 128 also known as QNKTC AB-1.2 open source DAC] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Henry Audio mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->AKM4430 DAC chip comes from Asahi Kasai |- | <!--Description-->DevilSound USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom U series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KingRex UD-01 SE (Burr-Brown PCM 2702E) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SuperPro 24/192 USB DAC (24bit 192&nbsp;kHz, CS-4398 D/A chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM108 7.1ch emulation I2S in and out | 0x1926 | 0x0003 | 0x0100 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | [http://www.lindy.co.uk/usb-2-audio-adapter/42961.html Lindy USB 2.0] (Chipset CM108) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Speed-Link SL-8850-SBK Vigo ([http://mightyohm.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1036#p1030 CMedia CM108]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Dynamode USB SOUNDCARD 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0003 | <!--Product ID-->0x1130 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Dynamode Virtual 7.1 USB-SOUND7 (C-Media ) | 0x0d8c | 0x000c 0x000e | 1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Generic White box with very little red led and white USB lead (CMedia ) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID--> 0c000e | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | CM109 CiT SC-U119 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM1197.1ch I2C MCU port Penguin | 0x0D8C | 0x0000 | 0x010 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sweex 7.1 Startech External USB, WMA Blue metal box SYBA SD-AUD20040, Sabrent USB-SND8, Sewell Vantec NBA-200U (C-Media CM6206 CM106 like) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x0102 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->50/50 if the item is detected but does not work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative Labs SoundBlaster X-fi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative X-Fi Go | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative X-Fi 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative Sound Blaster Play! USB sound adapter (SB1140) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> working with [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=646431&postcount=15 Deneb on OS3] |- | <!--Description-->Asus Xonar U1 (ASUS UA100 USB Audio Chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Asus Xonar U3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Griffin iMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Transit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Icemat Siberia (steel series) (Cmedia chipset) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->JMTek HY554, ZyXEL NSA-220, Logilink (Tenx Technology TP6911 and SSS-1623 headphone set) | 0x0C76 0x1130 | 0x1605 0x1607 0xf211 | 0x | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> reports on other OS not good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Plantronics "DSP Adapter-01" (or "USB Adapter-02") | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rocksmith Real Tone Cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RSA Intruder Predator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->StarTech ICUSBAUDIO7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x000c | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Stoner Acoustics UD100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac UDH01-B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TerraTec Electronic GmbH Aureon Dual USB | 0x0ccd | 0x0077 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Phase26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust 510 EX 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech A-5572A USB 2.0 to 3.5mm jacks Virtual 7.1 Surround Sound Adapter or accessory of Logitech Clearchat pro USB or Logitech USB Headset H530 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0003 | <!--Product ID-->0x046D | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trumix TM-10 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe cc |- | <!--Description-->Trumix TM-12 USB-C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe cc usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Turtle Beach Audio Advantage Amigo Micro II USB Sound Card & Headset Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x10F5 | <!--Product ID-->0x0211 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Vantec NBA-100U 7.1 Channel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |} Companies including Access, Alesis, Allen&Heath, American Audio, CME, ESI, Infrasonic, Lexicon, Numark, Presonus, Reloop, SIMS, Sound Devices, Steinberg, Swissonic, Tascam, Terrasoniq, Terratec, Yamaha and Yellowtec decided to license and bundle this driver. So fully functional custom drivers are available for Access Virus TI, Access Virus TI snow, Alesis Multimix 8 USB2.0, Alesis Multimix 16 USB2.0, Allen&Heath XONE:2D, Allen&Heath XONE:3D, Allen&Heath XONE:4D, Allen&Heath XONE:DX, Allen&Heath XONE:DB4, American Audio Versa Port, CME XCORPIO, ESI ESU1808, ESI Gigaport AG / DG, ESI Maya 44 USB, Infrasonic Amon, Lexicon I-ONIX U22, Lexicon I-ONIX U42S, Lexicon I-ONIX U82S, Mindprint DI-MOD USB, Numark DJ IO, Numark NS6, Numark NS7, Numark Omni Control, Numark V7, Presonus Audiobox USB, Reloop Digital Jockey, SIMS Primus, Sound Devices USB pre, Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4, Swissonic Easy USB, Tascam M-164UF, Tascam US-122L, Tascam US-144, Tascam US-Tascam US-144mkII 122mkII, Tascam US-200, Tascam US-600, Tascam US-1641, Tascam US-1800, Tascam US-2000, Terratec Area 61, Terrasoniq Phase X64, Terratec Phase 26 USB, Yamaha UW10, Yamaha UW500, Yellowtec PUC2 and many others. Well, those companies are using the same driver framework because all of those interfaces use the same microprocessor/firmware architecture to communicate with the USB bus. Just like almost all FireWire audio interfaces use the same TC Dice or BridgeCo chipsets. Usually it does not make sense for companies to develop their own USB1.1/USB2/FW framework for a product they are going to sell for <$500. However, that isn't the end of the story. The companies who develop audio interfaces implement different features into their devices and must update the driver and firmware to accommodate those features. That is where things can go wrong. Sometimes there is miss-communication about how things are coded, sometimes the developer who started a project leaves without transferring his knowledge to his successor, etc. You have to keep in mind that there are no "big" computer audio companies. Even the companies that seem big in the scale of the market, probably have fewer employees than you'd think. A very well made interface that is designed from scratch from the ground up would be a very expensive device, regardless of whether it's USB, FW, PCIe or whatever. Round-trip latency is the sum of the following: <pre> ASIO input buffer ASIO output buffer A/D D/A converter latency The driver's hidden safety buffer </pre> At a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k, Tascam units yield ~18ms total round-trip latency. Typical USB audio interfaces use a large hidden safety buffer. This helps ensure glitch-free playback... even under less than ideal circumstances. But... this comes at the expense of much higher round-trip latency. Short of doubling the sample-rate, there's no means of mitigating the higher round-trip latency. If you have no plans of ever monitoring in realtime thru software based EFX/processing (ie: playing/monitoring DI bass thru an AmpSim plugin as you're playing), then this may not matter to you. If you want the ability this play/monitor in realtime thru software based EFX/processing, make sure to get an audio interface that yields low round-trip latency. As a point of reference the best PCI/e audio interfaces yield about 5ms total round-trip latency at a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k The best Firewire and USB units yield 5.5-5.6ms total round-trip latency at those same settings. Typical USB and Firewire units (that use a large hidden safety buffer) yield 12-18ms total round-trip latency at those same settings. Anything above ~6ms starts to feel sluggish. Anything above ~10ms feels like playing thru molasses. USB Microphones {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->C-Media Electronics, Inc. CM108 Audio Controller Mic | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x013c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato WaveMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Wave:1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Wave:3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 no driver lightweight }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->hyperx solocast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->hyperx quadcast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sennheiser CC510 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis USB-Mic microphone podcasting kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2020 (AT202) AT4040 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2035 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer B1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball iCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| cardioid only }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MXL 2001A/600 Studio Microphone Pack / MXL 2003A Studio Condenser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeChat LX-3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Namtai SingStar(TM) PS2 SCEH-0001 USBMIC | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1415 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| mono microphones }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Neumann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren Mini USB Condenser Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rockband USB Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A VideoMic Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rode Podcaster 2 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| RODECaster Pro usb audio compatible}} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A NT2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| NT2 better }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Roland R-07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic - Portable USB Microphone for Recording | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| mini usb r.h.s. and clip on the bottom left hand side}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic Clip On USB Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| switch to choose between Cardiod, Omni and -10&nbsp;dB modes, a 3.5mm headphone socket and a USB socket}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson C01U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| cardoid only}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson C03U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shure MV7 USB Podcast Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shure MV7+ XLR & USB-C dynamic microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->SONY PCM-D50 handy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb 5V, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PCM-M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out 5V, }} |- | <!--Description-->SONY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->SONY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->TASCAM DR-1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008, one mini usb out, lithium battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009, one mini usb out, aa battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR05 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011, one mini usb port for file transfer and charging the AA batteries }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 mini usb aa battery }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 , one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-05X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb 3 aa battery }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-05XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-100mkIII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| , usb , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| , usb , }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID-->0x0095 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID-->0x0120 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 no driver, mini usb 5V and display will alternate between USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2n | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f press the Record. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n PRO | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H6 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 untested, 2xlr, 5v mini usb, }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H5 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 no driver, 5v mini usb, 2 xlr, }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1n-vp handy | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H6studio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 untested usb a cord, no hdmi, 480p}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q3HD Handy Video Recorder | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 untested, built in usb-a cord, mini hdmi, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries, H.264 movies 480p }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q2HD Handy | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 untested, up 720p but no stablisation, mini usb cord, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 untested, li-ion battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q4N | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 untested, li-ion battery}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio Technica ATR4697-USB Boundary Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->CAD Audio CAD USB Condenser Boundary Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MXL AC-44 Boundary Conferencing Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Audio SAUB1 Boundary Microphone (USB) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} USB Speakers {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Focal XS 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} USB Headset Wired/Wireless {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Logitech Vantage Wired (came free with PS2 Socom3) | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech G330 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech Premium USB Stereo Headset 350 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Plantronics DSP-300 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Plantronics GameCom 777 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech G-930 Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/set-usb-wireless-earphones/ Plantronics Audio 995 Wireless RF] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Sennheiser Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be1e0QPIPK0 Mixers] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->ALESIS MULTIMIX 4 CHANNEL USB MIXER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB FX (USB 1.0) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, 18v 500mA - |- | <!--Description-->Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB 2.0 FX (USB 2.0) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Allen&Heath MixWiz16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Allen and Heath ZED Power 1000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 8 xlr, usb-b out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Allen & Heath ZEDi-10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XENYX 302USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 5-Input Mixer/Audio Interface - 1 xlr - }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx Q502USB Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 1 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx Q802USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->BEHRINGER XENYX 1204USB 8-Channel 2-Bus Mixer USB/Audio Interface Studio/Live | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} iec kettle psu lead - can develop constant background hiss over time |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XENYX X1222USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver - 12-Channel Analog Mixer with USB Interface and Effects}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng HT-7 HT7USB 7 Channel Audio Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2023 cheap no driver, USB MP3 player to work, format your USB stick Fat32 as a Logical drive - not primary}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng XT7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2025 cheap no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng DT8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2025 cheap no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Spirit soundcraft Folio FX8 with Lexicon Effects Processor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} unusual power connector - [https://github.com/lack/soundcraft-utils usb routing] - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic Professional F7 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2022 no driver, cheap mixer with 3pin ac input (introduces noise) and 1 usb-a port}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic Professional F7-Pro 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2022 no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic A80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2024 no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} Mixer no hardware usb {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->ALTO Lynx MIX82FX Audio Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Alto L16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MXUL5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MX602A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB502 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 17.5V 3pin psu needed}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB802 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1002 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 4 xlr, }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1602 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer RX1602 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer 802 XENYX 8-Input 2-Bus Mixer Small Format Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} Behringer 18.5V ???ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx 502 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->IMG stage Line MMX-122 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, iec cable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie 802VLZ4 Mackie 802-VLZ4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb , psu}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie 1202-VLZ Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, mains iec}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Mix5 Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} 18v 300mA psu - 5 Channel - |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Mix8 Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} 9v x2 600mA psu - |- | <!--Description-->Mackie MIX12FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, 9v 500mA x2 psu, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.soundcraft.com/en/product_documents/en/owners_manual Soundcraft] Spirit Folio F1 Fader 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} 16 Channel Mixer - |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Harman Soundcraft EPM 12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} iec kettle power lead - |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM 16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad 8FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad UI12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> connect via wifi |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad UI16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> connect via wifi |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad 124FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection, 14.8V x2 3 pin psu}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->t.mix xmix 1402fx mp usb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection, mains iec, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- |} ==Webcameras== A USB camera has two dedicated chips: a controller or bridge and an image sensor. There was no Commodore support for video interfaces. The only commercial, now discontinued application that defined some sort of standard was VHI Studio by iospirit. ===OLD standards=== See [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_supported_e.html support pages] and [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_faq_e.html here] and some [http://webcam-osx.sourceforge.net/cameras/index.php?orderBy=status further compatibility] Pencam STV680 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AIPTEK stv680 | 0x0553 | 0x0202 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Konica e-mini | 0x04c8 | 0x0722 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | DigitalDream l'espion XS | 0x1183 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://reviews.cnet.com/webcams/creative-webcam-go/1707-6502_7-1446174.html Creative WebCam Go mini] | 0x041e | 0x4007 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} SonixcamTool (Sonix webcams and derivates) '''Note [http://amigadev.free.fr/sonix/ some] Sonix Webcams with a Sonix SN9C1xx controller ''and'' a pas106b or tas5110c1b sensor support bulk mode which works even with pciusb.device!''' {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Macally IceCam II | 0x0c45 | 0x05d8 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sweex MiniCam 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6005 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110c1b}} |- | Macally IceCam Portable | 0x0c45 | 0x6007 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110d}} |- | Sweex 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6009 | 0x0101 | {{yes|bulk works - sensor pas106b}} |- | [http://www.epinions.com/pr-Chicony_TwinkleCam_Webcam/display_~full_specs Chicony Twinkle DC-2110A] | 0x0c45 | 0x600d | | {{no|no}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x601e | | {{no|no}} |- | USB PC Camera (SN9C102) | 0x0c45 | 0x6028 | | {{no|no - sn9c10x + pas202b}} |- | Trust SpaceC@m 120 and 150 | 0x0c45 | 0x6029 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor pas106a}} |- | HiRes Webcam Live | 0x0c45 | 0x602c | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | [http://www.sweex.com/en/assortiment/sound-vision/webcams/JA000020 Sweex USB Webcam 300K] | 0x0c45 | 0x608f | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Speedlink Sphere Webcam SL-6820, 350K | 0x0c45 | 0x613c | 0x0101 | {{N/A|untested - sensor HV7131R}} |- | WB-3250P | 0x0c45 | 0x613e | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x6207 | | {{no|no}} |} <pre> micromaxx USB Camera STM 1363 514 works --- USB Tower Lego 1684 1 works need NCQ Trust Spycam 100plus STM 1363 514 works </pre> ov51x.class - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link VGA Webcam (640x480) | 0x05a9 | 0x8519 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Logitech/Logicool Black (ov519) SCEH-0004 | 0x054c | 0x0154 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Namtai Silver (ov519) SLEH-00031 SLEH-00030 | 0x054c | 0x0155 | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} ===UVC.class - [https://www.usb.org/document-library/video-class-v15-document-set USB Device Class Definition for Video Devices or USB Video Class]=== AROS still needs an uvc.class which might create a virtual UVC.VHI type device driver for use by AROS apps since 2019 the market is filled with UVC Compliant USB HDMI Capture {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K60 HD VS009 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|4k 60hz ok for chat streams}} |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K60 HDMI HDR Game Live Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| for chat streams }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AJA U-tap HDMI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->ASUS TUF CU4K30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ATEN CAMLIVE HDMI to USB-C UVC Video Capture adapter UC3020 HDMI (F) TO USB-C M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 possibly UVC and UAC standard support allows up to 1080P @ 60}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia Live Streamer Cap 4K - BU113 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 uvc usb3}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia GC515 video capturing device | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra GC553 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra S GC553PROW 302AGC553DL2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1553 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 powered by good quality type C USB3 cable and 4K HDMI 2.0 cable}} |- | <!--Description-->AVermedia Live Gamer Mini GC311 302AGC311DG9 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1311 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 uvc compliant up to 1080p 60fps capture and supports internal hardware H.264 encoding - if flashing blue light try another '''quality''' micro usb cable - }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Ez Recorder 330 (ER330) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 designed to work independently and is generally not compatible as a plug-and-play UVC capture card }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer extreme3 GC551G2 (LGX3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x3551 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc compliant for intensive gaming streams, some vrr but no hdr with maximum recording resolution of 4K30/1080p60 from fully wired usb3 compatible cable - passing through 4K60/1080p120 Game Capture video capturing device HDMI}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra Pro GC553Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 usb3 }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra 2.1 GC553G2 61GC553G20BV video capturing device | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia GC575 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AVMatrix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ClonerAlliance Flint 4KP Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->DIGITNOW U600 video capture card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc uac }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Epiphan AV.io HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Epiphan AV.io 4K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Cam Link 4K | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/elgatosf/capture-device-support Elgato HD60 S+] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID-->0x006C, 0x006E | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 4K 30FPS capture, 1080p 60FPS uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato HD60 X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Cam Link 4K HDMI video capture card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 uvc compliant but can have usb disconnects}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 lite USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 USB 3.0 device }} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EZcap Game Link Raw - ezcap321 usb3.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 2160p30, 1080p120 and 1440p60 HDMI input and pass-through. - 1080p120, 2160p30 and 1440p60 recording. - Latency less than 50ms uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->EZCap GameDock Ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 record at 4K30, 1440p60, and 1080p120}} |- | <!--Description-->EZcap 360 Game Capture Extreme | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 USB 3.0, 4K 60FPS passthru and 1080p 240FPS}} |- | <!--Description-->EZCAP 364 GameDock Extreme 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Genki ShadowCast 1 & 2, the Pro version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HAUPPAUGE HD PVR Pro 60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 4K in/Out 1080P 60fps Capture and Streaming PC Connected and Stand Alone }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->INOGENI 4K2USB3 2830 3826 HDMI 4K to USB 3.0 UHD 1080p Video Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2997 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 uvc compliant made in Canada - usb3-b socket and 1 hdmi 1080p from 23.98 up to 60p, 4K@30 fps maybe - }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kondor Blue | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nanjing Magewell Electronics Co ltd USB 3.0 XI100DUSB-HDMI Pro Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB3.0 Silver HDMI Full HD Video Capture Device 1080p 32011 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 usb audio extract HDMI embedded audio output via headphones}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB capture HDMI PLUS 2K 32040 320400000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 captures video up to 1920×1200, 1920×1080 or 2048×1080 at 60 fps over an HDMI capture from devices such as game consoles in up to DCI 4Kp60 4:2:0 input resolution, and it automatically upscales/downscales the signal to 2K for recording or streaming}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB capture HDMI Gen2 32060 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 1080p gets hot, 165M HDMI receiver, max input 2048x1080 60fps 4:4:4, RGB/YUV 4:4:4 8/10/12-bit, YUY 4:2:2 12-bit, up to 8-channel 24-bit HDMI-embedded audio at 192kHz, HDMI 1.4a, output from 480p to 1080p, YUY2/UYVY/RGB24/RGB32 support video cropping, up/down scaling, de-interlacing, aspect ratio conversion, color format conversion, frame rate conversion, flip and mirror, up to 2-channel IEC60958 audio streams, 5V 0.5A 2.5W, }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Capture 4K Plus 32090 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 limited by the bandwidth of USB 3.0, the maximum frame rate can only reach 30 fps when capturing}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Capture 4K PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell Pro Convert IP to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Captures one network eth NDI® High Bandwidth, NDI® HX2, NDI® HX3 sources or H.264/H.265 video source into software at resolutions up to 1080p60}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Fusion | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|versatile USB video capture device that allows users to switch between two HDMI inputs and one USB webcam input for live presentations}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ROLAND UVC-01 USB Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc. MiraBox HSV321 ARX321 Video Capture device | <!--Vendor ID-->ox1bcf | <!--Product ID-->0x2c99 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc uac }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->UGREEN CM716 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| uvc uac but disable HDCP on your source device (PS4/PS5, Xbox) }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->VisionTek UVC HD60 Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Aspire Crystal Eye AOA110 AOA150 0.3M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2008 webcam }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Streamer CAM 313 (PW313) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2019 uvc 1080p/30 webcam}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Streamer DUO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2021 uvc 1080p/60 webcam}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/webcams/creative-live-cam-optia-af-review-49294183/ Creative Live Cam Optia AF] 2.0M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->DSLR macro extensions + a cheap 50mm E-Series lens + some PVC tubing and a negative holder | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes| if uvc camera chosen}} |- | <!--Description-->DSLR scanning using a macro lens, for the adapter, for a 3d printed negative holder) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes| if uvc camera used }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C270 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x0825 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|720p }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C910 C920 HD Pro 5Megapixels 720p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C920s c922 HD Pro 5Megapixels 1080p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Brio 100 300 500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MX Brio 4k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|4k}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft's LifeCam HD-3000 HD-5000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID--> 0x0779 | <!--Revision-->1.06 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Cinema | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Studio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} sony imx179 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Pi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 1/2.8” Sony IMX291 image sensor, it's a 2MP, UVC-compliant, ultra-wide-angle, low light, high-speed USB 2.0 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} OV5648 |- | <!--Description-->razer kiyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 4 megapixel sensor 1080p 30fps 720p 60fps - 12 led ring light adjustable |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet C068 1.3mpixel HTD USB2.0 Camera Vimicro Z-Star Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0AC8 | <!--Product ID--> 0x3420 | <!--Revision-->0x01FA | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->YEALINK(XIAMEN) NETWORK UVC50 is compatible with the UVC 1.1 protocol CP960-UVC50 and CP960-UVC80 kits PTZ, CP960-UVC30 Kit is UVC 1.5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amcrest ProHD 1080P WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera - 1080P (1920TVL), [https://www.ispyconnect.com/man.aspx%3Fn%3DAmcrest IP2M-841] nvr | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} h264/rtsp, motion detection, features Sony image sensor and Ambarella processor - rtsp://[username]:[password]@[IPaddress]:[port]/cam/realmonitor?channel=[channel]&subtype=[stream] - [username] - username to login to the DVR or NVR, [password] - password, [IPaddress] - IP address of the device. If you are not on the same local network, this should be the external IP address of the device's network, [port] - port number, [channel] - channel number of the stream, [stream] - view the Main or Sub stream. (main stream is 0, sub stream is 1) , eg. rtsp://admin:admin@192.108.1.108:80/cam/realmonitor?channel=1&subtype=1 - utilizing RTSP ( rtsp://user:pass@ipcam1 ) |- | <!--Description-->Axis all modern ones | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg or MJPEG over HTTP |- | <!--Description-->PTZ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->DLink DCS-5222 5222L network camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} camera streams H.264 over RTP controlled by RTSP |- | <!--Description-->Dlink DCS900 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Wansview 1080p [http://marc.merlins.org/perso/linuxha/post_2013-11-10_Reviewing-IP-Webcams-for-Linux-and-Zoneminder_Dlink-DCS900_-Ubnt-Aircam_-Foscam-FI8904W-FI8910W_-FFI9820W_-FI9821W_-Wansview-NCB541W_-and-Zavio-F3210.html#NCM625GA NCM625GA] IP Camera WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera , Full HD Plug n Play Home Surveillance / Baby Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg - play its HD stream without problem with vlc rtsp://ip/live/ch0 and getting jpegs http://ipaddr/mjpeg/snap.cgi?chn=0 - methods involve transcoding h.264 video from the camera into jpeg's, which is cpu intensive - able to pull images manually, using http://username:password@ip/mjpeg/snap.cgi - |- | <!--Description-->Wansview NCB541W | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia Game Capture HD C281 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2011 standalone h.264 recording of up to component cable not hdmi but not uvc}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia GL310 Live Gamer Portable (LGP Lite) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 not working usb2 and USB Lite no uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable ([https://github.com/Trouffman/octv_gears_lgp Model C875]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 usb2 no uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia LGX Live Gamer extreme GC550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2015 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia LGX2 Live Gamer extreme2 gc550 plus gc551 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia ExtremeCap UVC - BU110 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 maybe not uvc and uac}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable 2 Plus GC513 Micro-USB Capture Box LGP2 Plus | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1513 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 powered by a standard Micro-USB cable, video capture output up to 1080p60 capture to hdmi in, standalone sd card recording on exFAT or FAT32 of .MOV, 2160p pass-through hdmi out to tv - no vrr - [https://www.avermedia.com/uk/support/download#ans_part firmware latest 2.1.7.13, 2.1.7.14], SN74AVC8T245 8bit, DRV604 stereo, iTE IT6663FN hdmi 2.0 splitter, TLV320DAC3101 DAC, CS42L73 audio codec, CDCE913 PLL clock, W29N01HVSINA nand bios, I-Catch V35MA SOC CPU 32bit MIPS24K, ADV7480 hdmi mhl, }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer 4K LG4K GC573 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2018 not uvc but [https://github.com/derrod/lg4k-linux drivers here], }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Blackmagic intensity Extreme Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2011 not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->BlackMagic Intensity Pro 4k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2015 }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Video Capture (1VC108601000) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc, mini usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture HD60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc, }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture HD GCHD 2GC309901000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc https://github.com/tolga9009/elgato-gchd needs firmware mb86h57_h58_idle.bin and mb86h57_h58_enc_h.bin - mini usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato HD60S Elgato Game Capture 4K60 S+ Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|non uvc, }} |- | <!--Description-->August EZCap.tv model 116 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} poor audio recording |- | <!--Description-->E-SDS Diamond Maplin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1212 HD PVR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} analog and component only - PlayStation (.m2ts), AVCHD (ts), or XBox(.mp4) recording formats - switched the component output from the default YPbPr to RGB. |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1431 1445 HD PVR Gaming Edition HDMI Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 not working, can get warm}} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge HD Rocket | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge HD-PVR2 (model 145210 Rev E4) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xE502 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1480 1482 HD PVR 2 GE Gaming Edition HDMI Capture green LED - 1498 1503 1504 Plus version with Mac support | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe514 0xe524 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| can get warm - [https://ez.analog.com/video/w/documents/581/adv7482-design-support-files ADV7482] [https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9201075/ video chip] with Magnum DXT H.264 encoder blob, IDR keyframe generation poor - best for model 157210 and not 157221 and Game Edition Plus (model 157320) 2040:E505 E505-00-00AF1234 [http://www.hauppauge.com/site/support/linux.html#tabs-3 ]}} * HDMI: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480i, 720x576i, 640x480p60. * Component: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60*, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480p60, 720x480i, 720x576i. * Composite: 720x480i and 720x576i * Audio Inputs : HDMI PCM and RCA support with Adjustable Bitrate Quality 2 Channel AAC/AC3 audio codec |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1512 HD PVR 2 PC blue LED with optical in input on the back | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe525 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} can get quite warm - IR Blaster added - |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge Colossus2 E585-00-00AF4321 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe585 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Ion SLIDES2PC 35mm Portable Slide & Film Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Ion Pics 2 PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->ION PowerScan USB film and slide scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2011 not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Koolertron Sunny | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->FilmScan35 35mm Film Negative Scanner 1304 marks spencer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->U3 HD Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/openrazer/openrazer Razer Ripsaw HD] Game Capture (RZ20-01780100) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2017 not uvc put in usb2 slot and use video BGR3 (Emulated) and OpenRazer drivers }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Ripsaw HD USB HDMI Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0x0d01 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2018 not uvc compliant}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Silvercrest 35mm Photo Slide Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc but not great quality}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Traveler TV 6500 SF Dia-scanner | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0ac8 | <!--Product ID-->0x3370 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2010 not uvc and poor scans}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- |} === WebAR + WebVR = WebXR Headset === AROS needs realtime isochronous transfers in EHCI and XHCI, then an usb based uvc.class to vhi type driver for virtual display and webXr for controllers The primary engineering challenge of VR is motion sickness caused by a mismatch of visual and inner ear information, which is extremely well established as causing people to throw up in a wide range of contexts outside of VR. The experiences that make some people sick are low framerate. Foveated rendering doesn't solve vergence accommodation. Your eye will still be focused at infinity regardless of where you are looking, you'll just have the illusion that the foreground or background are out of focus. Eye tracking plus dynamic lenses (perhaps liquid lenses) or real light fields are necessary. First start with apps that have simple static features at first, then advance to dioramasa and teleportation options for 10, 20 minutes and then gradually upgrade over a timespan of four weeks to train your brain. Avoid smooth motion stuff like rollercoaster or mountain heights until much later. Even with this preparation, VR makes 40% of people seasick nausea. If so, you may be able to use VR glasses just to watch videos and some slow moving apps [https://www.emuvr.net/ emuVR] instead. *2014-2019 1st Gen, low resolution, *2020-2025 2nd Gen, higher resolution, *2026- Most hardware typically has a 1-3 year retail lifespan with 1-3 years of updates after. Really need "right" tethered PCVR rather than wireless. The advantage to being tethered to a PC is processing power. Any standalone headset is going to be running purely off of batteries. VR and AR are known as XR Technology will get immersed enough so not making people sick. Higher resolution, faster frame rates, and [https://github.com/opentrack/opentrack better tracking]. Eventually, hyper reality brings VR, AR and MR digital layers together as a less chaotic, optic tracking with no delay, agents understanding, experiences with objects 3Dgs 4Dgs gassian splats bullet time slice photo snaps .ply for WebXR [https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/hardware/ ], {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Big Screen Beyond 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 pcvr 2560 x 2560, fixed IPD, }} |- | <!--Description-->bigscreen Beyond 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 @75Hz 2688x2688 @90Hz over pancake lenses, 116 FOV, virtual screens, custom facial plate from iphone app, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, no passthrough, 107g-196g, }} |- | <!--Description-->bigscreen Beyond 2e | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 total up to 90Hz pancake lens 116 FOV adjustable IPD app needed for adjustment, eye tracking, custom face mask cushion, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, seperate head strap and speaker modules extra costs, 110g-300g }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Dpvr P1 Pro 4k Ultra Vr Headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 wireless snapdragon, }} |- | <!--Description-->DPVR P2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Play for Dream MR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android modular 3840x3552 uoled per eye 90Hz or qled mura issues, Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, eye tracking and 11 cameras 7 sensors 22 ir leds 14ms latency and foveated rendering, 1.5hrs battery, }} |- | <!--Description-->Play for Dream GravityXR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 ultralight head gear gx100 3w }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/community/ Valve Index HMD] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 tethered PC VR headset 1440 x 1600 120Hz, 108° and 104° FOV, fresnel lenses, SteamVR2 compatible tracking ir basestations, controllers aka Knuckles, dp 1.2 and usb3 cable proprietary cable end, no battery, }} |- | <!--Description-->Valve Steam Frame (Valve Deckard / Valve’s Index 2) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 - 2160 x 2160 up to 144Hz pancake lens, 108° and 96° FOV, wifi 6 fovelated streaming, Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 with [https://github.com/FEX-Emu/FEX fex] arm-to-x86 x64 translation layer, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PSVR2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 PCVR with adapter, two, one for each eye, 2000 x 2040 resolution OLED panels from 90Hz 120Hz refresh rates, fresnel lenses, 116° and 102° FOV, sony proprietary headset cable end, needs additional comfort options, }} |- | <!--Description-->VisionPro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Goertek glasses | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive ? | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| 2016 2x 1080x1200 needs external power supply, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Original | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 108° and 96° FOV}} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 , uvc, at least 2 powered steamvr basestations so 3 to 5 wall warts in total, proprietary cable end, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 dual 1440x1600 oled displays, 116° and 100° FOV - steamvr 2.0 basestation 2 for 5m2 area 4 for 10m2 - steamvr 2.0 joypads - low latency wireless later - type USB-c headphone adapter required, [https://github.com/CertainLach/VivePro2-Linux-Driver Rust on Linux] with [https://github.com/santeri3700/vive-pro-2-on-linux Shell], proprietary cable end, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lynx R1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->Lynx R2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2026 company liquidated, 2 x 2312x2160 110 FOV pancake lenses, LynxOS android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen, openxr 1.1, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://www.virtual-boy.com/forums/t/the-oculus-rift-dk1-thread/ DK1] with [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_T4DJyy2Bo wired razer hydra controllers] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2013 pcvr LCD 1280 × 800 resolution 640 × 800 per eye up to 110° FOV, and 3DoF rotational tracking via a 1000Hz 9-axis IMU (Accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer), no positional optical tracking either inside-out or outside-in, 380g, nausea issues, , }} |- | <!--Description-->Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://github.com/facebookarchive/RiftDK2/tree/master DK2], [https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Oculus+Rift+Development+Kit+2+Teardown/27613 ifixit teardown] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 pcvr, 5.7" Super AMOLED display with a resolution of 960 x 1080 per eye 100° field of view, 1 usb Positional Tracker DK2 camera, lots of wires}} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook [https://github.com/thaytan/OpenHMD/tree/rift-kalman-filter Oculus Rift CV1] [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] [] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/issues/330 AMD usb issues] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/wiki/Xorg ] [https://github.com/Doc-Ok/OculusRiftCV1Camera Live Video] [https://www.youtube.com/@thaytan Youtube] [https://github.com/Fredrum/riftOnLinux Pi] [https://github.com/OhioIon/riftDriverPi ], but not quite there with the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSsCN6HFkWc consumer CV1], [https://forum.dcs.world/topic/142259-cv1-not-working-in-dcs/#comment-2878168 orange led could be HDMI Signal is not within HDMI Spec and might be Overclocked or usb3 not getting enough power frustrating], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x3031, 0x2031, 0x0031 and 0x0211 for 3p-a basestations lighthouses, 0x045e 0x02e6 for xbox wireless adapter | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2016 powered run from your PC maybe uvc via wired dual PenTile OLED 2160x1200 (1080x1200 per eye) @ exactly 90Hz but screen door effect (space between pixels), 87 FOV, IPD from 58mm to 72mm, good 3D audio and okay mic, constellation headset 6DOF (3-axis rotational tracking + 3-axis positional tracking) with up to 3 usb infrared basestation (1 in front and 2 behind pointing upwards) on usb3 and usb2 to your PC but the tracking can be fragile so set it up on a weekly basis, wired only HDMI 1.3, USB 3.0 bus powered with proprietary plug in headset, 470g 1lb front heavy, 2 robust 1st Gen touch controllers with external sensors i.e. outside-in - 1 aa alkaline over rechargable battery each , press occulus and B buttons for 2 secs to connect, headset traps air so gets very warm inside and random disconnects due to twisting action on the top of the headset and/or cables, t4 torx screws }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Go 32Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2018 discontinued 2020 android based, 1280x1440 per eye 60Hz LCD, not gaming, no inside-out and limited self tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Oculus Rift S [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x0051 headset (cdc, audio, tracking data), 0x2052 usb hub, | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 PCVR wired dual LCD 1080 by 1200, 88 horizontal FOV, display port (fibre optic strands) and annoying USB3 copper cables (power, audio and other data) but proprietary port in the headset, cameras on the headset ("inside-out") tracking so no base stations, non removeable head band and cushions and ipd hard to set, requires specific fragile Rift S/Quest1 2nd Gen Touch controllers which has a ring of translucent plastic with leds inside - t5 torx to disassemble for sticks drifting}} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Quest 1 *032Gb *064Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x0183 (single adb boot), 0x0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 android standalone wireless, 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, front heavy though, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, low clocked Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 (MSM8998) (4x Kryo 280 Gold cores ARM Cortex-A73) + (4x Kryo 280 Silver A53), 2 to 3 hrs play time, 575g, 2nd Gen touch controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Oculus Quest 2 KW49CM aka Codename Del Mar [https://www.meta.com/en-gb/help/quest/967070027432609/ fragile 3rd Gen Touch controllers] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cgejky8ZeoM internal battery] and selling over 20 million, more than all other quest headsets combined *064Gb *128Gb (110Gb free) *256Gb Setup continuous wifi, create Meta Oculus account, [https://developers.meta.com/horizon/ verify dev account, click on My apps], [ create Organization -> My Organization Groupings], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPInS5xxF-0 finally, meta quest mobile app to switch on adb], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x5010 (), 0x0083 (massstorage), 0x0086 (), 0x0186 (adb and xrsp [https://github.com/shinyquagsire23/xrsp_tests tests]), 0x0090 (composite adb), 0x0081 (), | <!--Revision-->0419 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 android stand alone, lcd 1832x1920 per-eye 90Hz refresh rate, 97 FOV, fresnel lenses, 6DOF (degrees of freedom), 58-63-68 IPD settings, low clocked Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 1 apps with Meta Link cable USB-C usb3.2 pcvr maybe, b/w but no color passthrough, 6 t2 torx and 5 ph00 screws in headset (long bit), discontinued December 31, 2024, feature updates until December 2026, critical bug fixes and security updates until December 2027, 470g, Oculus + B button on right controller (move) and Menu + Y button on left controller (click) for about 3 seconds, 10W 5v 2a, RTL8153 chipset usb support, *V60 unable to *V77 pcvr issues *V79 unable to }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Quest Pro aka Codename Seacliffe | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 android standalone wireless 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, 106° and 96° FOV mini lcd local dimming, pancake lenses, limited eye tracking, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, higher clocked snapdragon xr2 gen 1 arm cpu Arm apps, 1 to 2 hrs play time, new pro controllers with 3 cameras each, battery at rear, wireless charging, color passthrough, 9V 3A or 5V 3A, *v77 capped wifi }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Oculus Quest 3 aka Codename Eureka [ Air Light ALVR] or [ WiVRn] with fragile touch plus q3 controllers *128Gb *512Gb streaming from PC with [https://github.com/alvr-org/Monado-ALVR ALVR], runtime of [https://monado.freedesktop.org/ Monado steamvr alternative openxr openVR], with Envision GUI, | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 standalone, pancake lenses on lcd 2064 x 2208 res panel per eye 1200ppi - 104° and 96° FOV - up to 120Hz, Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 apps, foveated rendering, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, headstrap clamshell or halo style, speaker arms fragile, color passthrough, 510g, 18W 9v 2A or 15W 5V 3A, *v74 ok }} *v76 pcvr issues }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Quest 3S aka Codename Ventura *128Gb *256Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 cpu, lcd 1832 x 1920 fresnel lenses, 97 FOV, headphone arms fragile, better air flow, no promixity sensor inside, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, passthrough, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Boba 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 ultra-wide 180° x 120° FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Tiramisu | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 µOLED displays with 90 pixels per degree, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 5K Super Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 8K-X 8KX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Crystal Light | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 2160 x 2160 4k 120Hz, 115° and 96° FOV, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, variable qc and customer service, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Crystal Super | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 3640 x 3640 4k 90hz, 116°+ and 100° FOV, eye tracking, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Dream Air with Lighthouse(s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 tethered 3840 by 3552 @90Hz micro oled with pancake lens, 100 HFOV 96 VFOV but FOV IPD changes in app, link box for headset 2 split y cables, removable face gasket, 290g, steamVR2 bases and controllers, eye tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Dream Air SLAM | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) tracking inside-out so no base stations, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://somniumspace.com/ Somnium VR One VR1] [https://portal.vrgineers.com/user-guide/software/ open source] VR headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pcvr 2880 x 2880 per eye @90 @120Hz, 125° horizontal 100° vertical FOV, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 bases, passthrough, 900g }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero VR-1 Headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 psu needed, 2 x Mini LED binocular of 150 nits, 2880x2720 per, 90Hz, FOV 102° horizontal, 73° vertical, 720g with headstrap, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 basestations, no speakers/mic, hdmi and usb3.0}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero XR-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero XR-4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Camelo La Melaza Music Shield | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2026 no usb only bluetooth , }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->InAir 2 elite suite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar nits 46FOV , , 4h battery life, 80g, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Oakley Vanguard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 3s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 100in 46FOV 650nits, usb-c 79g }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 3S Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 135in virtual display 46FOV 1200nits, usb-c 80g }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 4 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 AR oled vision 4000 processing, HDR10, 47 FOV }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid Max 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 147in 50 FOV 650nits, usb-c back left, 76g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid AI Spatial with Station 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 600nits 147in 50FOV 75g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ar ai smart glass}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 135in 46 FOV 1000nits, magnetic connector, 77g, }} |- | <!--Description-->VITURE XR Luma | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 147in 1200p 50 FOV, }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Luma Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 152in 52 FOV 1000nits 1200p, 3dof, , 79g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Luma Ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 in FOV, 2 cameras, 3dof 6dof, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/wheaney/XRLinuxDriver Viture Luma Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Beast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 1250nits 58FOV 174in, magnetic, 88g, }} |- | <!--Description-->VITURE Beast X Glasses models (Immersive 3D Moonlight) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 based 2D to 3D conversion with support DP Alt Mode (DisplayPort over USB-C), 1200p, 3df tracking, practic lenses 58deg POV, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xreal One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 600nits, 50FOV, 3dof, usb-c 84g, }} |- | <!--Description-->XReal One Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 700nits 57FOV 171in, usb-c, x1 3dof, }} |- | <!--Description-->Nreal now Xreal Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , micro-oled 1080p, audio, virtual uvc ar displays, }} |- | <!--Description-->Nreal now Xreal Real3D 1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 AI based 2D to 3D conversion 57 FOV, , virtual uvc ar displays not vr, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xiami XR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xtal 8k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Apple Vision Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 tethered AR mixed reality glasses, 3300ppi, 800g, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Google XR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 standalone }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 android with 2 1440 x 1600 75Hz amoled, inside-out, durable motion controllers, Vive port, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 dual-OLED displays 2880 x 1600 combined resolution), SteamVR 2.0 tracking, foveated rendering, Tobii, it enables gaze-based menu navigation with avatar eye contact, proprietary cables, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2018 poor tracking and lifespan on controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2020 1440x1700 per eye resolution, 90 Hz refresh rate, 6 DoF tracking, 2880 x 1700 combined pixel resolution, 97° FoV, two controllers and two base stations. Lighthouse tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Vision Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 per-eye resolution of 2448×2448 at 90 Hz, a 120-degree field of view, Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive XR Elite VR Headset Deluxe Pack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 snapdragon xr2 gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pico Goblin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 android based, 2.5K 1280x1440 per eye @70Hz, 92° FoV, and 3DoF (three degrees of freedom) tracking (Orientation tracking only—yaw, pitch, roll), single controller, snapdragon 820, ipd adjustment 54-71 mm, 600g, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico G2 4K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 android standalone VR headset, 3840 x 2160 (4K) LCD screen, Snapdragon 835 processor, 3DoF so rotational movement (looking around, pointing) rather than positional movement (walking, leaning), does not support hand or eye tracking, 800g }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico NEO 2 EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 6DoF 360g snapdragon 845 display 4k 75Hz tracking inside-out - magnetic field for controllers - pico software on android 8 - eye tracking }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 Snapdragon XR2 Gen, 4K 3664 x 1920 90Hz lcd, battery at rear, displayport, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Link | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 2160x2160 panel per eye 75Hz 90Hz 105 FOV, Arm snapdragon xr gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 4 ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 2160 x 2160 @90 105 FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, streaming from PC with alvr, wireless streaming from PC with WiVRn, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, not plug and play, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 5 aka Project Swan aka Vision Pro Competitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 micro-oled BOE 3840 x 3840 4000ppi per eye, MLA pancake lenses, custom pico arm cpu, pico os 6 android, eye and hand tracking, 300g, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Galaxy XR VR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 3552 x 3840 @60-90 109 FOV , Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall MeganeX 8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 android }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8k MeganeX Superlight 8K] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android (3552 x 3840 pixels) into pixel count yields 27.27MP 10-bit HDR-compatible 4K resolution micro OLED panels @90Hz, pancake lenses 94 FOV, SteamVR™ tracking, 180g, 5V 2A, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8kmk2 MeganeX 8K Mk2 MkII] [https://github.com/sboys3/CustomHeadsetOpenVR community] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 pcvr linux, 4K per eye (1.35inch micro OLED 3552x3840 10 bit HDR) 27MP @90Hz 75Hz 72Hz pancake, upto 108 hor 100 vert FOV, usb-c and dp cables to breakout box, 5V 2.1A, 200g}} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 }} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Windows(TM) MR AH101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 Dual 2.89” LCD panels 2880 x 1440 combined (1440 x 1440 per eye) Up to 90Hz (HDMI 2.0), or 60Hz (HDMI 1.4), Field of View FOV 95, Tracking Inside-out, lots of light leak, }} |- | <!--Description-->Acer H7001 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 wmr 1440 x 1440 per-eye resolution @90Hz refresh rate, and 100-degree field of view FOV, inside-out tracking with front-mounted cameras so no external sensors, flip-up visor design but has a "screen door effect," subpar foam padding, win10 to win11 24H2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Dell Visor Mixed Reality VRP100 VR118 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 2x 1440x1440 a bit of nose light leak }} |- | <!--Description-->Fujitsu | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 cheap and lots of light leak }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/HadesVR HadesVR] with [https://github.com/ManoloMancelli/Persephone-Classic-Controller Persephone Controller] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFaVjB1uNOM Persephone 3 Pro DiY 6Dof SteamVR Headset], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HP Reverb G1 VR1000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 WMR 2160 x 2160 @90Hz, 115 FOV, , hp proprietary headset cable end, 2 camera tracking but poor and controllers can be unresponsive, 500g front heavy, flight sims rather than gaming, }} |- | <!--Description-->HP 1440p Spatial Computing | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 dim display }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://forums.x-plane.org/forums/topic/294764-vr-in-linux-without-steam/ HP Reverb G2] WMR VR3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 2 2160 x 2160 90Hz, needs Windows10 or Win 11 24H2, 4 camera tracking, controllers can be unresponsive, hp proprietary headset cable end, , }} |- | <!--Description-->HP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Mirage Solo is a Standalone VR headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 Qualcomm Snapdragon 835, 1280x1440 per eye resolution, 75 Hz refresh rate, }} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo Explorer VR2511N (G0A2) VR windows mixed reality (WMR) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 LCD 2.89" 1440 x 1440 per eye @90Hz, 6 DOF position tracking, 400g, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/relativty/relativty open source relativty] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey XE800ZAA WMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 9V 500mA oled screens 2x 1440x1600 with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey+ Plus WMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 dual 3.5-inch AMOLED displays 2880 x 1600 total @90Hz, 6DOF inside-out tracking with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required, use only win10 or win11 24H2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PSVR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2016 2x 1080x960 up to 120Hz, lots of cables and computation brick, sony camera needed for tracking, ps4 or move controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->Virtuality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|1992 , , Amiga 3000 with TI chips, }} |- | <!--Description-->Virtuix Omni | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 VR treadmill changed course to commercial VR and pivotted back again 2020, }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} === HDMI CEC transmitter and receiver === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} === TV Remote Control MCE IR transmitter and receiver === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Compro K100 K300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Elitegroup Computer Systems | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1019 | <!--Product ID-->0x0f38 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GMYLE MCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|acts as usb-hid with limited keyboard like controls }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge WinTV-PVR kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Harmony 300 i300 600 650 800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft MCE Commander | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2005 need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1039 rev 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2005 home top of square shape direction keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1039 rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2006 home under circle spaced direction keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1069 SMK Manufacturing, Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0609 | <!--Product ID-->0x0334 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2007 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Philips RC1974506/00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0471 | <!--Product ID-->0x0815 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE10E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AR21M VGX-XL100 VGN-AR21B/AR21S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE20E PC REMOTE CONTROL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE30E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AW21XY VGX-TP3E VGX-TP3G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE50E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGC-LA2R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->TSDX-IR14 USB MCE Media Center External Infrared IR Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->chipsets support CIR (consumer IR) Winbond W83977F/AF, SMC IrCC 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|technical reasons it's not possible to use USB IrDA dongles}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Zotac RC2604323/01G Zbox Media Remote Control with IR USB Receiver OVU710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Anycubic Cobra 2 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs A1 Mini 3D printer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 EMS proprietary slicer app and cloud use, eSUN}} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs X1 Carbon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs X2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality K1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality K2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elegoo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lulzbot | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Prusa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Qidi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Snapmaker U1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tool changer }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sovol SV08 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| open source voron model, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->desktop pick and place machines AFARCO PNP running OpenPnP for Desktop SMT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==ethwrap.class - Host Data Link "Cable Bridge" for data transfer== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Advance USBNET (eTEK design) | 0x0525 | 0x9901 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ALi Uli M5632 (chip) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Aten (Ali Corporation) UN201 | 0x0402 | 0x5632 | | {{maybe|force binding from rawwarp to ethwrap}} |- | Belkin (eTek design see below) | 0x050d | 0x0004 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Digitus DN-3004 - USB Host Link | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | EPSON USB client | 0x0525 | 0x2888 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | eTEK | 0x056c | 0x8100 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | KC-190 | 0x050f | 0x0190 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB | | | | {{no|no driver the half-duplex GL620USB is NOT supported, products using it include the Inland Pro USB Quick Link}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB-A | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Laplink Gold (uses NetChip 1080) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Prolific 2301/2302 (Jaton USB ConNET) (BAFO DirectLinq) | 0x067b | 0x0000 and 0x0001 | 0x0004 | {{maybe|detected but untested}} |- | Xircom PGUNET (uses AnchorChips 2720) | 0x0547 | 0x2727 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==cdcacm.class - USB modem== The CDC ACM driver exposes the USB modem as a virtual serial modem or a virtual COM port to the operating system. The driver enables sending both data and AT commands, either through ACM (separating data and AT commands over different channels) or through Serial Emulation (passing the AT commands as is and as part of the data stream). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Alcatel OT-I650 | 0x1bbb | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Acatel Dymamode/Dynamite | 0x06b9 | 0xa5a5 | | {{N/A|untested Zyxel Prestige 630-13 - untested PROLiNK Hurricane 8000 external link }} |- | AnyData ADU-100A ADU-E100A ADU-E100D ADU-E100H D10 | 0x16d5 | 0x6501 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-310 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-500A ADU-510A ADU-510L ADU-520A | 0x16d5 | 0x6502 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-610 ADU-620 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BT On-Air USB MODEM | 0x079b | 0x000f | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM CX93010 | 0x0572 | 0x1321 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM RD02-D400 | 0x0572 | 0x1324 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant Chipset | 0x06ea | 0x0002 | | {{N/A|untested AUS N367 Roadster II 56 USB (Model AM5050R3) - untested }} |- | [http://accessrunner.sourceforge.net/ Conexant AccessRunner] | 0x0586 | 0x330a | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Creative Modem Blaster USB DE5670 | 0x1690 | 0x0101 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FIREFLY, MediaTek Inc | 0x0e8d | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Huawei E122 | 0x12d1 | 0x1446 | | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=49126#forumpost49126] |- | Huawei E160, E160E, E160G | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=51888#forumpost51888] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6246) |- | Huawei E169 also known as Vodafone K3715 and Huawei K3715 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4941&forum=4&post_id=44683#forumpost44683] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200) |- | Huawei E220 "Vodafone EasyBox II" "T-Mobile wnw Box Micro" also known as Huawei K3565 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{yes|works, see E169 above (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6280)}} |- | Huawei E1750 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6290)}} |- | Huawei E170, E172, E176 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | Huawei E180 | 0x12d1 | 0x1406 | | {{yes|Works (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | KYOCERA AH-K3001V | 0x0482 | 0x0203 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | LG CU515 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | MediaTek Inc GPS | 0x0e8d | 0x3329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Metricom GS Modem | 0x0870 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola MOTOMAGX phones | 0x22b8 | 0x6425 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola Q Phone | 0x22b8 | 0x7000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hummingbird huc56s (Conexant) | 0x0572 | 0x1329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Netcomm Roadster II 128 ISDN | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia n70 N95 HSDPA | | | | {{yes|works - see [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=4415&viewmode=flat&order=ASC here]}} |- | OGO | 0x045E | 0x0079 | 0090 | {{no|no driver}} |- | Olitec ADSL Modem V2 | 0x08e3 | 0x0100 / 0x0102 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Onda PT502HS | <!--Vendor ID-->0x19D2 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Radicom V92HU-E2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung i8510 Innov8 Symbian smartphone | 0x04e8 | 0x6651 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Samsung Tocco Lite (aka GT-S5230) | 0x04e8 | 0x6795 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Shiro / Aztech USB MODEM UM-3100 | 0x0572 | 0x1328 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1602 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1608 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM - new version | 0x0ace | 0x1611 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Zoom Telephonics Model 3095F USB MODEM | 0x0803 | 0x3095 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ugobe Pleo | 0x6962 | 0x0100 | 0x0100 | {{Yes|Works}} |} ==Misc== palmpda.class - no [http://aminet.net/package/util/libs/PdaLinkPoseidon pdalink.library and tools] in AROS Palm PDA (discontinued) synchronisation requires a port of pdalink.library and its tools through virtual usbpalm.device. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Palm IIIx (OS3.1) serial rs-232 only | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm IIIc (OS3.5) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm V | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m100 | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m125 first USB - last with aaa batteries | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m500 (OS4) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Tungsten T (OS5) first arm cpu | 0x | 0x | 0x | {{no|no }} |- | Zire 31 (OS 5.28) color arm-based | | | | {{no|no }} |- | [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring Visor]] – USB support out of box | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Handspring Treo 600 – last one for [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring]] | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Treo 700w | | | | {{no|no }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} bluetooth.class - needs Bluetooth (Viking King Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson (Old Norse: Haraldr Blátǫnn Gormsson; Danish: Harald Blåtand Gormsen) stack to work (not written due to licensing fees to use the symbol merging the Younger Futhark runes for H (ᚼ) and B (ᛒ), representing Harald's initials) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} ccid.class - Chip/Smart Card Interface Devices (not implemented) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->cyberJack RFID basis | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C4B | <!--Product ID-->0x9102 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} dfu.class - DFU firmware upgrade {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->iPhone 3, 4, 5, 5c | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1290 0x1292 0x1294 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 32bit use with caution could cause damage}} |- | <!--Description-->iPhone 5s, 6, 7, 8, X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 64bit use with caution could cause damage}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio/Midiman USB audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->iPad 1, iPad 2 A1395 A1430, iPad 3, ipad mini A1432, iPad A1458 4th Gen (MD512LL/A), | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2008-2013 32bit A4, A5 up to Apple A6X, iOS 1 to 10, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->iPad Air (1st generation) A1474, A1475, A1476, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2014-2015 [https://github.com/AsahiLinux 64bit], A7, iOS 11 up to |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2015 64bit A8, A8X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2016 64bit A9, A9X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2017 64bit A10, A10X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 64bit A11 |- | <!--Description-->iPad Air 3rd Gen A2153, A2123, A2154, iPad Mini 5th Gen, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2019 64bit A12 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} RocketTool (USB Rocket Launchers - Toy missile launchers) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Original Launcher and StrikerII (includes laser) | 0x1130 | 0x0202 | | {{yes|works }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Missile Launcher or USB Cirus Cannon | 0x1941 | 0x8021 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Webcam Missile Launcher | 0x1941 | | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Rocket Baby | 0x0a81 | 0x0701 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} DRadioTool (FM Radios - USB radio devices D-Link/Gemtek) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link DSB-R100 USB | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | 0x0410 | {{yes|works }} |- | [http://www.neoseeker.com/forums/383/t257009-link-usb-dru-r100-radio/ GemTek USB FM Radio 21] | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} UproarTool (Valencia MPX mp3 player and others) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Korean D Square Valencia MPX-Player | 0x04e8 | various | | {{N/A|untested }} |- |} {{BookCat}} 8fvnlg37vv0ae11e5e66g3933vzlmrs 0 219223 4672875 3582909 2026-09-29T05:33:41Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4672875 wikitext text/x-wiki In the knowledge economy, we see more knowledge firms emerging. And some existing knowledge firms redefining themselves to exploit and explore their knowledge resources. In public sector, law enforcement unit in many different countries has been already aware the significance of knowledge management in the past. Governments have become increasingly focused upon the setting of targets in efforts to improve the efficacy of law enforcement units&#8217; performance. The primary mission of any law enforcement units in the world is to protect life and property, preserve law and order and prevent and detect crime (Luen &amp; Al-Hawamdeh, 2001). Investigation units of a law enforcement unit represent a knowledge-intensive and time-critical environment (Chen et al., 2002). The activities and work carried out by law enforcement units are primarily in the areas of crime prevention, incident management, investigation and community policing. Crime prevention implies the detection, and hence prevention of crime. These activities can be carried out through both reactive and proactive means. Reactive measures such as roadblocks, spot-checks and showing police presence are routinely carried out by law enforcement officers as part of their investigation duties. Proactive measures include public education to help prevent crime. In Singapore, one of the law enforcement units&#8217; officers also reach out to the community via grassroots and community agencies to educate the public on the latest crime trends and threats. Law enforcement officers performing both reactive and proactive measures effectively will need to know the latest legal and organisational directions regarding these functions as well as the latest information on crime trends and the corresponding knowledge about the detection and prevention of crime. Luen and Al-Hawamdeh (2001) find that the amount of information that law enforcement officers come into contact with in the course of their work is astounding. The needs of vast knowledge showed the growing importance for law enforcement officers to be a proficient knowledge worker, and they should able to access, assimilate and use knowledge effectively to discharge their duties. Presently, information and knowledge are captured within law enforcement units in various forms, ranging from computer records, to documented institutional orders, to the personal experiences of its officers. The crux of the issue is how to surface such knowledge and bring it to bear on the problems faced by law enforcement officers in a timely and effectively manner. This is where knowledge management principles and practices can help. It is thus imperative that law enforcement units such as the one in Singapore develops a coherent knowledge management strategy to ensure that such knowledge and information are made available to officers in a timely and effective manner, so as to enable them to perform their duties at an optimal level. In short, in such a complex and dynamic working environment information must be enhanced by an effective knowledge sharing system. (Luen and Al-Hawamdeh, 2001) With the increased adoption of information technology within law enforcement units and the increasing of overall quality and information technology competence of law enforcement officers, law enforcement units are well positioned to leverage knowledge management principles and practices. This complemented by the enhanced skills, equipment and empowerment given to the officers that will enable them to perform their duties at an optimal level. In discussing the scope of knowledge management in law enforcement units, Luen and Al-Hawamdeh (2001) mentioned two definitions of knowledge within the context of knowledge management. There are two types of knowledge that need to be managed within law enforcement units, explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge is used as guidance for law enforcement and decision-making. This type of knowledge is captured in the form of document (e.g. doctrines, law enforcement general orders and standard operating procedures) that have been verified and ascertained to be of value to law enforcement officers. The second type of knowledge is implicit or tacit knowledge. This includes the competence, experience and skills of law enforcement officers. Tacit knowledge is usually dynamic and fast changing as compared with documented knowledge. Regarding tacit knowledge, the scope of knowledge management in law enforcement units is primarily in the areas of creating and sharing knowledge and information. It has long been recognized that the most valued law enforcement knowledge has been acquired and organized around situational or street experience (Rubinstein, 1973). According to Luen and Al-Hawamdeh (2001), the more difficult issue to tackle is that of the willingness of law enforcement offices to create and share knowledge. There is a need for a culture characterized by openness, collaboration and sharing among law enforcement officers. This will require that law enforcement officers recognize the importance of collaboration and sharing knowledge with others. The responsibility to surface knowledge lies with everyone in the law enforcement units, as knowledge is generated in all phases of work. For example, in Norway, the Police Security Service replaced the Police Surveillance Service. In the U.S., a clearinghouse for foreign and domestic terrorism analysis &#8211; the Terrorist Threat Integration Center &#8211; was located at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) compound at Langley, Virginia, reporting directly to the Director of Central Intelligence. The center will fuse all appropriate information and send a summary report to the Department of Homeland Security. The reason behind these arrangements is that a special branch of police work, which seems extremely knowledge-intensive, is police intelligence. Lahneman (2004) suggests that intelligence agencies were the world&#8217;s first knowledge companies. Managing knowledge has always been the primary mission of the intelligence community&#8217;s leadership. Accordingly, the intelligence community can benefit substantially from knowledge management approaches. Several agencies have embarked on innovative, large-scale projects on upgrade their IT capabilities. The intelligence community has also experienced several high-level organizational changes and proposals for organizational changes. Knowledge collection activities require coordination to make sure that collected information gets to the right person at the right time. They also need oversight to ensure that each agency&#8217;s collection assets are so employed that the collection of potentially useful information is optimized. Optimized knowledge sharing where intelligence analysis is concerned can be more difficult. It is because unlike collection efforts, coordination is increasingly interagency in nature. Analysis related to terrorism and, in particular, terrorism against the U.S. homeland, is particularly dependent on fusing information from disparate sources. (Lahneman, 2004). According to Grover and Davenport (2001), most knowledge management projects in organizations involve the use of information technology. Identifying, nurturing and harvesting knowledge is a principal concern in the information society and the knowledge age. Effective use of knowledge-facilitating tools and techniques is critical, and a number of computational tools have been developed (Housel &amp; Bell, 2001). While technology can be used with knowledge management initiatives, Ward and Peppard (2002) argue that it should never be the first step. Knowledge management is primarily a human and process issue. It has been argued that IT-based systems used to support knowledge management can only be of benefit if used to support the development and communication of human beings. Grover and Davenport (2001) found that by far the most common objective of knowledge management projects in Western organizations including law enforcement units involves some sort of knowledge repository. The objective of this type of project is to capture knowledge for later and broader access by others within the same organization. Common repository technologies include Lotus Notes, web-based intranets and Microsoft&#8217;s Exchange, supplemented by search engines, document management tools and other tools that allow editing and access. The repositories typically contain specific types of information to represent knowledge for a particular business function or process, such as: * &#8220;Best practices&#8221; information within a quality or business process management function; * Lessons learned in projects or product development efforts; * Information around the implementation of information systems; * Competitive intelligence for strategy and planning function; and * &#8220;Learning histories&#8221; or records of experience with a new corporate direction or approach. According to Davenport and Prusak (1998), more and more companies have instituted knowledge repositories, supporting such diverse types of knowledge as best practices, lessons learned etc. Moffett and McAdam (2003) illustrate the variety of knowledge management technology tools by distinguishing between collaborative tools, content management and business intelligence. Collaborative tool include groupware technology, meeting support systems, knowledge directories and intranets/extranets. Content management includes the internet, agents and filters, electronic publishing systems, document management systems and office automation systems. Business intelligence includes data warehousing, decision support systems, knowledge-based systems and workflow systems. With the aids of modern information technology (e.g. the internet, intranets, extranets, browsers, data warehouses, data filters, software agents and expert systems) knowledge creation, sharing and exchange in an organization and between organizations can be supported. Modern information technology can collect, systematize, structure, store, combine, distribute and present information of value to knowledge workers. (Nahapiet &amp; Ghoshal, 1998). Two examples of knowledge management technology in law enforcement units will be presented in the following. The first example is COPLINK described by Chen et al. (2002, 2003). COPLINK Connect is an application for information and knowledge sharing in law enforcement. The system uses a three-tiered architecture. The user access the system through a Web browser. The middle tier connects the user interface and the backend databases and implements the work logic. COPLINK Detect is targeted for detectives and crime analysts. The system shares the same incident record information as the Connect module and utilizes the database indexes it generates. However, the Detect system has a completely redesigned user interface, and employs a new set of intelligence analysis tools to meet its user needs. Much of crime analysis is concerned with creating associations or linkage among various aspects of a crime. COPLINK Detect uses a technique called concept space to identify such associations from existing crime data automatically. In general, a concept space is a network of terms and weighted associations within an underlying information space. COPLINK Detect uses statistical techniques such as co-occurrence analysis and clustering functions to weight relationships between all possible pairs of concepts. In COPLINK Detect, detailed criminal case reports are the underlying information space, and concepts are meaningful terms occurring in each case. These case reports contain both structured (for example, database fields for incidents containing the case number, names of people involved, address and date) and unstructured data (narratives written by officers commenting on an incident, for example, witness A said he saw suspect A run away in a whit truck). Several field user studies have been conducted to evaluate the COPLINK system. One of the studies is that a group of 52 law enforcement personnel from the Tucson Police Department representing number of different job classification and backgrounds were recruited to participate in a study to evaluate COPLINK Connect. Both interview-data and survey-data analyses support a conclusion that us of the application provided performance superior to using the legacy police records management system. In addition to the statistical data, these findings were supported by qualitative data collected from participant interviews (Chen et al., 2003). The other application to be presented here is concerned with geocomputation for geodemographics (Ashby and Longley, 2005). Geodemographic profiles of the characteristics of individuals and small areas potentially offer significant breakthroughs in clarifying local policing needs in the same way they have become an integral part of many commercial and marketing ventures. Ashby and Longley (2005) conducted a case study of the Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. They found that geodemographic analyses of local policing environments, crime profiles and police performance provide a significantly increased level of community intelligence for police use. This was further enhanced by the use of penetration ranking reports where neighborhood types were ranked by standardized crime rates, and cumulative percentage of the crime was compared with the corresponding population at risk. Investigations of law enforcement units are complex undertaking that have both reactive and proactive dimensions to them. The knowledge required to effectively carry out an investigation is built upon &#8220;three pillars&#8221;, a team employed by the Singapore Police Force. These pillars are forensics, intelligence and interviews. A well-grounded forensic understanding of a crime scene is the foundation of any investigation. Intelligence gathering is a crucial activity for an investigation, particularly for proactive investigations into organized crime and/or terrorist related-operations. As regards interviews, the ability to derive relevant information from people through effective interviewing is seen by law enforcement units as an essential activity in any investigation. One of the research conducted by Adhami and Browne (1996) concluded that knowledge management systems are more important in problem solving than in&nbsp; other primary activities of law enforcement units. Dean (2000) noted that knowledge management systems are more important in the thinking styles of method and skill than in the thinking styles of challenge and risk. And so Dean specified that law enforcement research efforts should be focused on developing knowledge management systems that concentrate on enhancing the activity of how &#8220;problem solving&#8221; takes place within investigations. A set of five basic procedural steps are proposed: collecting, checking, considering, connecting and constructing. According to Johnson and Scholes (2002), successful strategies are dependent on the organization having the strategic capability to perform at the level that is required for success. With different knowledge focus in the organization, different knowledge management strategies have to be adapted. Hansen (1999) mentioned knowledge strategies can be classified as: stock strategy, flow strategy and growth strategy. Stock strategy (efficiency- driven business) is used to solve known problems. The quality of the solution is found in fast and inexpensive application to meet customer needs. There is an accumulation of knowledge to improve efficiency. Competitive advantage is achieved in the ability to make small adjustments in existing goods and services at a low price it characterized by known problems and known methods for solution. Flow strategy (experience- driven business) solves large and complicated problems for customers, the problems are new, but they can be solved with existing methods in a specific context every time by effective adaptation. It is characterized by both new problems and existing methods for solutions. Growth strategy (expert-driven business) solves large, complex, risky, new and unusual problems for customers. There are continuous improvisation and innovation. Knowledge workers apply general high-level knowledge to understand, solve and learn. Learning from problem solving is important to be able to solve the next new and unknown problem for customers. So, knowledge of previous problems becomes obsolete. An expert-driven business is characterized by both new problems and new methods for solution. Knowledge is the most important strategic resource that law enforcement unit as a &#8220;firm&#8221; use to solve their particular crime problems. And the success of law enforcement work is positively related to stage of knowledge management technology and the extent of access to strategic knowledge resources. In response to the September 11th terrorist attacks, major government efforts to modernize federal law enforcement authorities&#8217; intelligence collection and processing capabilities have been initiated worldwide. At the state and local levels in many countries, crime and law enforcement report data have rapidly migrated from paper to automated records management systems in recent years, making them increasingly accessible (Chen et al., 2003). Investigations of law enforcement units are often dependent upon information from abroad. For example, the intelligence communities of different countries cooperate and share their information and knowledge, such as the Mossad with the CIA (Kahana, 2001). According to Lahneman (2004), knowledge sharing in the intelligence communities after 9/11 has increased rapidly. Knowledge management as a field of study is concerned with simplifying and improving the process of sharing, distributing, creating, capturing and understanding knowledge, it has direct relevance to the work of law enforcement. {{BookCat}} m49aosf5wfffh5uqjg7bhecm7e59b00 0 219725 4672853 4669983 2026-09-28T22:50:44Z ~2026-52282-34 3627117 /* Introduction to Syntax */ 4672853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} OpenSCAD is a [[w:2D_computer_graphics|2D]]/[[w:3D computer graphics software|3D]] and [[w:Solid modeling|solid modeling]] program that is based on a [[w:Functional programming|Functional programming]] [[w:Procedural modeling|language]] used to create [[w:Polygonal modeling|models]] that are previewed on the screen, and rendered into 3D [[w:Polygon mesh|mesh]] that can be exported in a variety of 2D/3D file formats. == Introduction to Syntax == A script in the OpenSCAD language is used to create 2D or 3D models. This script is a free format list of statements, e.g.: // Ice Maker Ice Basket (HZB-16A) // Dimensions: 181mm x 125mm x 95mm length = 181; width = 125; height = 95; wall = 2.5; // سمك الجدار slot_width = 8; slot_height = 15; module ice_basket() { difference() { // الجسم الخارجي للسلة (مع تقوس بسيط للحواف) hull() { translate([0, 0, 0]) cube([length, width, 1], center=true); translate([0, 0, height/2]) cube([length-4, width-4, height], center=true); } // التجويف الداخلي translate([0, 0, wall]) hull() { translate([0, 0, 0]) cube([length - wall*2, width - wall*2, 1], center=true); translate([0, 0, height/2]) cube([length - wall*2 - 4, width - wall*2 - 4, height], center=true); } // فتحات التصريف والتهوية (تحت والجانبين) // فتحات القاعدة for (i = [-70: 15: 70]) { translate([i, 0, -height/2]) cube([8, width - 30, wall * 3], center=true); } } } ice_basket(); ;Assignments :Assignment statements associate a value with a name. ;Objects :Objects are the building blocks for models, created by 2D and 3D primitives and user-defined modules. Objects end in a semicolon ';'. :Examples are: cube(), sphere(), polygon(), circle(), etc. ;Operators :Operators, or transformations, modify the location, color and other properties of objects. Operators use braces '{}' when their scope covers more than one action. More than one operator may be used for the same object or group of objects. Multiple operators are processed Right to Left, that is, the operator closest to the object is processed first. :Examples: cube(5); x = 4+y; rotate(40) square(5,10); translate([10,5]) { circle(5); square(4); } rotate(60) color("red") { circle(5); square(4); } color("blue") { translate([5,3,0]) sphere(5); rotate([45,0,45]) { cylinder(10); cube([5,6,7]); } } == Comments == Comments are a way of leaving notes within the script, or code, (either to yourself or to future programmers) describing how the code works, or what it does. Comments are not evaluated by the compiler, and should not be used to describe self-evident code. OpenSCAD uses C++-style comments: // This is a comment myvar = 10; // The rest of the line is a comment /* Multi-line comments can span multiple lines. */ == Values and Data Types == A value in OpenSCAD is either a Number (like 42), a Boolean (like true), a String (like "foo"), a Range (like [0: 1: 10]), a Vector (like [1,2,3]), or the Undefined value (undef). Values can be stored in variables, passed as function arguments, and returned as function results. [OpenSCAD is a dynamically typed language with a fixed set of data types. There are no type names, and no user defined types.] === Numbers === Numbers are the most important type of value in OpenSCAD, and they are written in the familiar decimal notation used in other languages, e.g., -1, 42, 0.5, 2.99792458e+8. {{requires|Development snapshot}} Hexadecimal constants are allowed in the C style, <code>0x</code> followed by hexadecimal digits. [OpenSCAD does not support octal notation for numbers.] In addition to decimal numerals, the following name for a special number is defined: * <code>PI</code> OpenSCAD has only a single kind of number, which is a 64 bit IEEE floating point number. OpenSCAD does not distinguish integers and floating point numbers as two different types, nor does it support complex numbers. Because OpenSCAD uses the IEEE floating point standard, there are a few deviations from the behavior of numbers in mathematics: * We use binary floating point. A fractional number is not represented exactly unless the denominator is a power of 2. For example, 0.2 (2/10) does not have an exact internal representation, but 0.25 (1/4) and 0.375 (3/8) are represented exactly. * The largest representable number is about 1e308. If a numeric result is too large, then the result can be infinity (printed as inf by echo). * The smallest representable number is about -1e308. If a numeric result is too small, then the result can be -infinity (printed as -inf by echo). * Values are precise to about 16 decimal digits. * If a numeric result is invalid, then the result can be Not A Number (printed as nan by echo). * If a non-zero numeric result is too close to zero to be representable, then the result is -0 if the result is negative, otherwise it is 0. Zero (0) and negative zero (-0) are treated as two distinct numbers by some of the math operations, and are printed differently by 'echo', although they compare as equal. The constants <code>inf</code> and <code>nan</code> are not supported as numeric constants by OpenSCAD, even though you can compute numbers that are printed this way by 'echo'. You can define variables with these values by using: inf = 1e200 * 1e200; nan = 0 / 0; echo(inf,nan); The value <code>nan</code> is the only OpenSCAD value that is not equal to any other value, including itself. Although you can test if a variable 'x' has the undefined value using 'x == undef', you can't use 'x == 0/0' to test if x is Not A Number. Instead, you must use 'x != x' to test if x is nan. === Boolean values === Booleans are variables with two states, typically denoted in OpenSCAD as true and false. Boolean variables are typically generated by conditional tests and are employed by conditional statement 'if()'. conditional operator '? :', and generated by logical operators <code>!</code> (not), <code>&&</code> (and), and <code>||</code> (or). Statements such as <code>if()</code> actually accept non-boolean variables, but most values are converted to <code>true</code> in a boolean context. The values that count as <code>false</code> are: * <code>false</code> * <code>0</code> and <code>-0</code> * <code>""</code> * <code>[]</code> * <code>undef</code> Note that <code>"false"</code> (the string), <code>[0]</code> (a numeric vector), <code>[ [] ]</code> (a vector containing an empty vector), <code>[false]</code> (a vector containing the Boolean value false) and <code>0/0</code> (not a number) all count as true. === Strings === A string is a sequence of zero or more unicode characters. String values are used to specify file names when importing a file, and to display text for debugging purposes when using echo(). Strings can also be used with the [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Text |'''text()''' primitive]], added in version '''2015.03'''. A string literal is written as a sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks <code>"</code>, like this: <code>""</code> (an empty string), or <code>"this is a string"</code>. To include a <code>"</code> character in a string literal, use <code>\"</code>. To include a <code>\</code> character in a string literal, use <code>\\</code>. The following escape sequences beginning with <code>\</code> can be used within string literals: * \" → " * \\ → \ * \t → tab * \n → newline * \r → carriage return * \x21 → ! - valid only in the range from \x01 to \x7f, \x00 produces a space * \u03a9 → Ω - 4 digit unicode code point, see <b>text()</b> for further information on unicode characters * \U01f600 → 😀 - 6 digit unicode code point This behavior is new since OpenSCAD-2011.04. You can upgrade old files using the following sed command: <code>sed 's/\\/\\\\/g' non-escaped.scad > escaped.scad</code> '''Example:''' echo("The quick brown fox \tjumps \"over\" the lazy dog.\rThe quick brown fox.\nThe \\lazy\\ dog."); '''result'''<br/> ECHO: "The quick brown fox jumps "over" the lazy dog. The quick brown fox. The \lazy\ dog." '''old result''' ECHO: "The quick brown fox \tjumps \"over\" the lazy dog. The quick brown fox.\nThe \\lazy\\ dog." === Ranges === Ranges are used by [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Conditional_and_Iterator_Functions#For_Loop| for() loops]] and [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/User-Defined_Functions_and_Modules#Children|children()]]. They have 2 varieties: : [<''start''>:<''end''>] : [<''start''>:<''increment''>:<''end''>] A missing <''increment''> defaults to 1. Although enclosed in square brackets [] , they are not vectors. They use colons : for separators rather than commas. r1 = [0:10]; r2 = [0.5:2.5:20]; echo(r1); // ECHO: [0: 1: 10] echo(r2); // ECHO: [0.5: 2.5: 20] '''In version 2021.01 and earlier''', a range in the form [<''start''>:<''end''>] with <''start''> greater than <''end''> generates a warning and is equivalent to [<''end''>: 1: <''start''>]. A range in the form [<''start''>:1:<''end''>] with <''start''> greater than <''end''> does not generate a warning and is equivalent to []. {{requires|Development snapshot}} This also applies when the increment is omitted. The <''increment''> in a range may be negative (for versions after 2014). A start value less than the end value, with a negative increment, does not generate a warning and is equivalent to []. You should take care with step values that cannot be represented exactly as binary floating point numbers. Integers are okay, as are fractional values whose denominator is a power of two. For example, 0.25 (1/4) and 0.375 (3/8) are safe, but 0.2 (2/10) may cause problems. The problem with these step values is that your range may have more or fewer elements than you expect, due to inexact arithmetic. === The Undefined Value === The undefined value is a special value written as <code>undef</code>. It is the initial value of a variable that hasn't been assigned a value, and it is often returned as a result by functions or operations that are passed illegal arguments. Finally, <code>undef</code> can be used as a null value, equivalent to <code>null</code> or <code>NULL</code> in other programming languages. All arithmetic expressions containing <code>undef</code> values evaluate as <code>undef</code>. In logical expressions, <code>undef</code> is equivalent to <code>false</code>. Relational operator expressions with <code>undef</code> evaluate as <code>false</code> except for <code>undef==undef</code>, which is <code>true</code>. Note that numeric operations may also return 'nan' (not-a-number) to indicate an illegal argument. For example, <code>0/false</code> is <code>undef</code>, but <code>0/0</code> is 'nan'. Relational operators like < and > return <code>false</code> if passed illegal arguments. Although <code>undef</code> is a language value, 'nan' is not. ==Variables== OpenSCAD variables are created by a statement with a name or [[w:Identifier (computer programming)|identifier]], assignment via an expression and a semicolon. The role of arrays, found in many imperative languages, is handled in OpenSCAD via vectors. Valid identifiers are composed of simple characters and underscores [a-zA-Z0-9_]. High_ASCII and Unicode characters are not allowed. '''Before Development snapshot''', variable names can begin with digits. In '''Development snapshot''', names starting with <code>0x</code> and followed by hexadecimal digits represent a hexadecimal constant, and other variable names beginning with digits will trigger a warning. var = 25; xx = 1.25 * cos(50); y = 2*xx+var; logic = true; MyString = "This is a string"; a_vector = [1,2,3]; rr = a_vector[2]; // member of vector range1 = [-1.5:0.5:3]; // for() loop range xx = [0:5]; // alternate for() loop range OpenSCAD is a [[w:Functional programming| Functional]] programming language, so such [[w:Variable_(computer_science%29)|variables]] are bound to expressions and keep a single value during their entire lifetime due to the requirements of [[w:Referential transparency (computer science)|referential transparency]]. In [[w:Imperative programming|imperative languages]], such as C, the same behavior is seen as constants, which are typically contrasted with normal variables. In other words, OpenSCAD variables are more like constants, but with an important difference. If variables are assigned a value multiple times, only the last assigned value is used in all places in the code. See further discussion at [[#Variables cannot be changed]]. This behavior is due to the need to supply variable input on the [[OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|command line]], via the use of ''-D variable=value'' option. OpenSCAD currently places that assignment at the end of the source code, and thus must allow a variable's value to be changed for this purpose. Values cannot be modified during run time; all variables are effectively constants that do not change once created. Each variable retains its last assigned value, in line with [[w:Functional programming|Functional]] programming languages. Unlike [[w:Imperative programming|Imperative]] languages, such as C, OpenSCAD is not an iterative language, and therefore the concept of ''x''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''x''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1 is not valid. The only way an expression like this works in OpenSCAD is if the ''x'' on the right comes from a parent scope, such as an argument list, and the assignment operation creates a new ''x'' in the current scope. Understanding this concept leads to understanding the beauty of OpenSCAD. '''Before version 2015.03''', it was not possible to do assignments at any place except the file top-level and module top-level. Inside an ''if/else''&nbsp; or ''for''&nbsp; loop, assign() was needed. '''Since version 2015.03''', variables can now be assigned in any scope. Note that assignments are valid only within the scope in which they are defined - it is still not possible to leak values to an outer scope. See [[#Scope of variables|Scope of variables]] for more details. a=0; if (a==0) { a=1; // before 2015.03 this line would generate a Compile Error // since 2015.03 no longer an error, but the value a=1 is confined to within the braces {} } === Undefined variable === Referring to a variable that has not had a value assigned triggers a warning, and yields the special value '''undef'''. It is possible to detect an undefined variable using `is_undef(var)`. (Note that the simpler `var == undef` will yield a warning.) '''Example''' echo("Variable a is ", a); // Variable a is undef, triggers a warning if (is_undef(a)) { // does not trigger a warning echo("Variable a is tested undefined"); // Variable a is tested undefined } === Scope of variables === When operators such as translate() and color() need to encompass more than one action ( actions end in ;), braces {} are needed to group the actions, creating a new, inner scope. When there is only one semicolon, braces are usually optional. Each pair of braces grouping "children" of an operator creates a new scope inside the scope where they were used. '''Since 2015.03''', new variables can be created within this new scope. New values can be given to variables that were created in an outer scope. These variables and their values are also available to further inner scopes created within this scope, but are '''not available''' to anything outside this scope. Variables still have only the last value assigned within a scope. // scope 1 a = 6; // create a echo(a,b); // 6, undef translate([5,0,0]){ // scope 1.1 a= 10; b= 16; // create b echo(a,b); // 100, 16 a=10; was overridden by later a=100; color("blue") { // scope 1.1.1 echo(a,b); // 100, 20 cube(); b=20; } // back to 1.1 echo(a,b); // 100, 16 a=100; // override a in 1.1 } // back to 1 echo(a,b); // 6, undef color("red"){ // scope 1.2 cube(); echo(a,b); // 6, undef } // back to 1 echo(a,b); // 6, undef //In this example, scopes 1 and 1.1 are outer scopes to 1.1.1 but 1.2 is not. : '''Anonymous scopes''' are not considered scopes: { angle = 45; } rotate(angle) square(10); For() loops are not an exception to the rule about variables having only one value within a scope. A copy of loop contents is created for each pass. Each pass is given its own scope, allowing any variables to have unique values for that pass. No, you still can't do a = a + 1. === Variables cannot be changed === The simplest description of OpenSCAD variables is that an assignment creates a new variable in the current scope, and that it's not legal to set a variable that has already been set in the current scope. In a lot of ways, it's best to think of them as named constants, calculated on entry to the scope, but there's a catch. If you set a variable twice in the same scope, the second assignment triggers a warning (which may abort the program, depending on preferences settings). It does *not* then replace the value of the variable - rather, it replaces the original assignment, at its position in the list of assignments. The original assignment is never executed. a = 1; // never executed echo(a); // 2 a = 2; // executed at the position of the original assignment echo(a); // 2 That's still not the complete story. There are two special cases that do not trigger warnings: * if the first assignment is in the top level of an `include` file, and the second assignment is in the including file. * If the first assignment is in the top level of the program source, and the second assignment comes from a `-D` option or from the Customizer. While this appears to be counter-intuitive, it allows you to do some interesting things: for instance, if you set up your shared library files to have default values defined as variables at their root level, when you include that file in your own code you can 're-define' or override those constants by simply assigning a new value to them - and other variables based on that variable are based on the value from the main program. // main.scad include <lib.scad> a = 2; echo(b); // lib.scad a = 1; b = a + 1; will produce 3. === Special variables === Special variables provide an alternate means of passing arguments to modules and functions. All variables starting with a '$' are special variables, similar to special variables in lisp. As such they are more dynamic than regular variables. (for more details see [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Other_Language_Features#Special_variables|Other Language Features]]) == Vectors == A vector or list is a sequence of zero or more OpenSCAD values. Vectors are collections of numeric or boolean values, variables, vectors, strings or any combination thereof. They can also be expressions that evaluate to one of these. Vectors handle the role of arrays found in many imperative languages. The information here also applies to lists and tables that use vectors for their data. A vector has square brackets, [] enclosing zero or more items (elements or members), separated by commas. A vector can contain vectors, which can contain vectors, etc. '''Examples''' [1,2,3] [a,5,b] [] [5.643] ["a","b","string"] [[1,r],[x,y,z,4,5]] [3, 5, [6,7], [[8,9],[10,[11,12],13], c, "string"] [4/3, 6*1.5, cos(60)] use in OpenSCAD: cube( [width,depth,height] ); // optional spaces shown for clarity translate( [x,y,z] ) polygon( [ [x<sub>0</sub>,y<sub>0</sub>], [x<sub>1</sub>,y<sub>1</sub>], [x<sub>2</sub>,y<sub>2</sub>] ] ); === Creation === Vectors are created by writing the list of elements, separated by commas, and enclosed in square brackets. Variables are replaced by their values. cube([10,15,20]); a1 = [1,2,3]; a2 = [4,5]; a3 = [6,7,8,9]; b = [a1,a2,a3]; // [ [1,2,3], [4,5], [6,7,8,9] ] note increased nesting depth Vectors can be initialized using a for loop enclosed in square brackets. The following example initializes the vector ''result'' with a length ''n'' of 10 values to the value of ''a''.<syntaxhighlight lang="openscad">n = 10; a = 0; result = [ for (i=[0:n-1]) a ]; echo(result); //ECHO: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]</syntaxhighlight>The following example shows a vector ''result'' with a ''n'' length of 10 initialized with values that are alternatively ''a'' or ''b'' respectively if the index position ''i'' is an even or an odd number.<syntaxhighlight> n = 10; a = 0; b = 1; result = [ for (i=[0:n-1]) (i % 2 == 0) ? a : b ]; echo(result); //ECHO: [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1] </syntaxhighlight> === Indexing elements within vectors === Elements within vectors are numbered from 0 to n - 1 where n is the length returned by [[#len|len()]]. Address elements within vectors with the following notation: e[5] // element no 5 (sixth) at 1st nesting level e[5][2] // element 2 of element 5 2nd nesting level e[5][2][0] // element 0 of 2 of 5 3rd nesting level e[5][2][0][1] // element 1 of 0 of 2 of 5 4th nesting level <div id= "example1"> example elements with lengths from len()</div> e = [ [1], [], [3,4,5], "string", "x", [[10,11],[12,13,14],[[15,16],[17]]] ]; // length 6 address length element e[0] 1 [1] e[1] 0 [] e[5] 3 [ [10,11], [12,13,14], [[15,16],[17]] ] e[5][1] 3 [ 12, 13, 14 ] e[5][2] 2 [ [15,16], [17] ] e[5][2][0] 2 [ 15, 16 ] e[5][2][0][1] undef 16 e[3] 6 "string" e[3 ][2] 1 "r" s = [2,0,5]; a = 2; s[a] undef 5 e[s[a]] 3 [ [10,11], [12,13,14], [[15,16],[17]] ] ==== String indexing ==== The elements (characters) of a string can be accessed: "string"[2] //resolves to "r" ==== Dot notation indexing ==== The first three elements of a vector can be accessed with an alternate dot notation: e.x //equivalent to e[0] e.y //equivalent to e[1] e.z //equivalent to e[2] === Vector operators === ==== concat ==== {{requires|2015.03}} <code>concat()</code> combines the elements of 2 or more vectors into a single vector. No change in nesting level is made. vector1 = [1,2,3]; vector2 = [4]; vector3 = [5,6]; new_vector = concat(vector1, vector2, vector3); // [1,2,3,4,5,6] string_vector = concat("abc","def"); // ["abc", "def"] one_string = str(string_vector[0],string_vector[1]); // "abcdef" ==== len ==== <code>len()</code> is a function that returns the length of vectors or strings. Indices of elements are from [0] to [length-1]. : '''vector''' :: Returns the number of elements at this level. :: Single values, which are '''not''' vectors, raise an error. : '''string''' :: Returns the number of characters in a string. a = [1,2,3]; echo(len(a)); // 3 [[#example1|See example elements with lengths]] === Matrix === A matrix is a vector of vectors. Example that defines a 2D rotation matrix mr = [ [cos(angle), -sin(angle)], [sin(angle), cos(angle)] ]; == Objects == {{requires|Development snapshot}} Objects store collections of data, like vectors, but the individual members are accessed by string names rather than by numeric indexes. They are analogous to JavaScript objects or Python dictionaries. === Creating an object === The <code>object()</code> function can be used to create objects. <code>object()</code> processes its arguments left to right, adding them to the object under construction. It accepts three different styles of argument, which can be mixed as desired: The first form is this: <name>=<value> This form is convenient for cases where the name is constant and suitable for use as an identifier. The second form is this: [ [ <name-string>, <value> ], ... ] This form allows calculated names and names that are not suitable as identifiers. It also allows lists of members that are derived from other processing - from a list comprehension, perhaps. The third form is this: <object> If an argument is itself an object, its members are added to the object under construction. If a member is mentioned more than once, the last mention wins. Thus you can copy an object, replacing one member, using <code>object(obj, name=newvalue)</code>. You can remove a member from the object under construction using the list form, supplying only a name and no value - e.g., <code>object(obj, [ [ "unwanted" ] ])</code> === Retrieving a value from an object === obj.name Retrieves the named value from the object, for a name that is constant and syntactically suitable for use as an identifier. obj["name"] Retrieves the named value from the object, for a name that is an arbitrary string expression. Note that members with identifier-like names can be accessed using either mechanism. The choice depends on the particular use case. If the specified member is not present in the object, yields <code>undef</code>. === Iterating over object members === for (name = obj) { ... } iterates over the members of the object, in an unspecified order, setting <code>name</code> to the name of each member. It is then typically desirable to access the value using <code>obj[name]</code>. This construct works for [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Conditional_and_Iterator_Functions#For_Loop|flow-control <code>for</code>]], [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Conditional_and_Iterator_Functions#Intersection_For_Loop|intersection_for()]], and [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/List_Comprehensions#for|list-comprehension <code>for</code>]]. === Examples === // Create an object with a few members. o1 = object(a = 1, b = "hello", c = true); // Retrieve a member using a constant name. echo(o1.b); // "hello" // Retrieve members using a name that varies. for (k = [ "a", "b" ]) echo(o1[k]); // 1; "hello" // Copy the object, changing "c", adding "d", and removing "a". o2 = object(o1, c = false, d = "dog", [["a"]]); echo(o2); // { b = "hello"; c = false; d = "dog"; } // Create an object, calculating the names to use. o3 = object([ for (i = [1:3]) [ str("x", i), i*i ] ]); echo(o3); // { x1 = 1; x2 = 4; x3 = 9; } // Merge the three objects together. o4 = object(o1, o2, o3); // Separately print each member of the result for (name = o4) echo(name = name, value = o4[name]); // name = "a", value = 1 // name = "b", value = "hello" // name = "c", value = false // name = "d", value = "dog" // name = "x1", value = 1 // name = "x2", value = 4 // name = "x3", value = 9 == Getting input == There is no mechanism for variable input from keyboard or reading from arbitrary files. There is no prompting mechanism, no input window, or input fields or any way to manually enter data while the script is running. Variables can be set via: * assignments in the script * [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Customizer|the Customizer]] * <code>-D</code> at the [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_OpenSCAD_in_a_command_line_environment|command line interface]] * accessing data in a few file formats (dxf, json). With the exception of [[OpenSCAD User Manual/Importing Geometry#import() function: Importing data|JSON]] and DXF files, data from files is not accessible to the script, although to a limited extent the script may be able to manipulate the data as a whole. For example, STL files can be rendered in OpenSCAD, translated, clipped, etc. But the internal data that constitutes the STL file is inaccessible. === Getting a point from a drawing === Getting a point is useful for reading an origin point in a 2D view in a technical drawing. The function dxf_cross reads the intersection of two lines on a layer you specify and returns the intersection point. This means that the point must be given with two lines in the DXF file, and not a point entity. <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> OriginPoint = dxf_cross(file="drawing.dxf", layer="SCAD.Origin", origin=[0, 0], scale=1); </syntaxhighlight> === Getting a dimension value === You can read dimensions from a technical drawing. This can be useful to read a rotation angle, an extrusion height, or spacing between parts. In the drawing, create a dimension that does not show the dimension value, but an identifier. To read the value, you specify this identifier from your program: <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> TotalWidth = dxf_dim(file="drawing.dxf", name="TotalWidth", layer="SCAD.Origin", origin=[0, 0], scale=1); </syntaxhighlight> For a nice example of both functions, see Example009 and the image on the [http://www.openscad.org/ homepage of OpenSCAD]. {{BookCat}} lcvkmj6y6u0nfy4i7nfjo0t34khs8cv 0 229801 4672739 4672649 2026-09-28T12:20:12Z ILYA125467 3627024 Fixed colors 4672739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Brahmi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1100x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x11003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&#x11004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER A|&#x11005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER AA|&#x11006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER I|&#x11007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER II|&#x11008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER U|&#x11009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER UU|&#x1100a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x1100b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x1100c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x1100d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x1100e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER E|&#x1100f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1101x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER AI|&#x11010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER O|&#x11011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER AU|&#x11012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER KA|&#x11013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER KHA|&#x11014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER GA|&#x11015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER GHA|&#x11016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER NGA|&#x11017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER CA|&#x11018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER CHA|&#x11019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER JA|&#x1101a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER JHA|&#x1101b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER NYA|&#x1101c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER TTA|&#x1101d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER TTHA|&#x1101e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER DDA|&#x1101f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1102x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER DDHA|&#x11020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER NNA|&#x11021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER TA|&#x11022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER THA|&#x11023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER DA|&#x11024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER DHA|&#x11025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER NA|&#x11026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER PA|&#x11027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER PHA|&#x11028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER BA|&#x11029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER BHA|&#x1102a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER MA|&#x1102b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER YA|&#x1102c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER RA|&#x1102d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER LA|&#x1102e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VA|&#x1102f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1103x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER SHA|&#x11030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER SSA|&#x11031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER SA|&#x11032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER HA|&#x11033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER LLA|&#x11034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL LLLA|&#x11035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL RRA|&#x11036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL NNNA|&#x11037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN BHATTIPROLU AA|&#x11039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1103a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x1103b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1103c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x1103d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x1103e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x1103f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1104x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x11041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VIRAMA|&nbsp;&#x11046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DANDA|&#x11047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION DOT|&#x11049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DOT|&#x1104a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LINE|&#x1104b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION CRESCENT BAR|&#x1104c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LOTUS|&#x1104d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1105x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER ONE|&#x11052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER TWO|&#x11053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER THREE|&#x11054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER FOUR|&#x11055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER FIVE|&#x11056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER SIX|&#x11057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER SEVEN|&#x11058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER EIGHT|&#x11059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER NINE|&#x1105a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER TEN|&#x1105b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1105c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER THIRTY|&#x1105d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER FORTY|&#x1105e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER FIFTY|&#x1105f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1106x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER SIXTY|&#x11060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x11061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x11062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER NINETY|&#x11063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&#x11064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&#x11065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT ONE|&#x11067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT TWO|&#x11068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT THREE|&#x11069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT FOUR|&#x1106a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT FIVE|&#x1106b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT SIX|&#x1106c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1106d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1106e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT NINE|&#x1106f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1107x |style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN OLD TAMIL VIRAMA|&#x11070;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL SHORT E|&#x11071;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL SHORT O|&#x11072;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN OLD TAMIL SHORT E|&#x11073;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN OLD TAMIL SHORT O|&#x11074;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL LLA|&#x11075;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER JOINER|[BNJ]}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kaithi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1108x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER A|&#x11083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER AA|&#x11084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER I|&#x11085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER II|&#x11086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER U|&#x11087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER UU|&#x11088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER E|&#x11089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER AI|&#x1108a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER O|&#x1108b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER AU|&#x1108c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER KA|&#x1108d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER KHA|&#x1108e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER GA|&#x1108f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1109x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER GHA|&#x11090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER NGA|&#x11091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER CA|&#x11092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER CHA|&#x11093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER JA|&#x11094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER JHA|&#x11095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER NYA|&#x11096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER TTA|&#x11097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER TTHA|&#x11098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DDA|&#x11099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DDDHA|&#x1109a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DDHA|&#x1109b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER RHA|&#x1109c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER NNA|&#x1109d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER TA|&#x1109e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER THA|&#x1109f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DA|&#x110a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DHA|&#x110a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER NA|&#x110a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER PA|&#x110a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER PHA|&#x110a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER BA|&#x110a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER BHA|&#x110a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER MA|&#x110a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER YA|&#x110a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER RA|&#x110a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER LA|&#x110aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER VA|&#x110ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER SHA|&#x110ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER SSA|&#x110ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER SA|&#x110ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER HA|&#x110af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x110b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x110b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x110b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x110b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x110b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x110b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x110b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x110b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x110b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x110b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN NUKTA|&#x110ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x110bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI ENUMERATION SIGN|&#x110bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI NUMBER SIGN|&#x110bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SECTION MARK|&#x110be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI DOUBLE SECTION MARK|&#x110bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Cx |style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI DANDA|&#x110c0;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x110c1;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x110c2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI NUMBER SIGN ABOVE|&#x110cd;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sora Sompeng''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER SAH|&#x110d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER TAH|&#x110d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER BAH|&#x110d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER CAH|&#x110d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER DAH|&#x110d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER GAH|&#x110d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER MAH|&#x110d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER NGAH|&#x110d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER LAH|&#x110d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER NAH|&#x110d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER VAH|&#x110da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER PAH|&#x110db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER YAH|&#x110dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER RAH|&#x110dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER HAH|&#x110de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER KAH|&#x110df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER JAH|&#x110e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER NYAH|&#x110e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER AH|&#x110e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER EEH|&#x110e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER IH|&#x110e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER UH|&#x110e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER OH|&#x110e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER EH|&#x110e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER MAE|&#x110e8;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT ZERO|&#x110f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT ONE|&#x110f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT TWO|&#x110f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT THREE|&#x110f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT FOUR|&#x110f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT FIVE|&#x110f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT SIX|&#x110f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT SEVEN|&#x110f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT EIGHT|&#x110f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT NINE|&#x110f9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Chakma''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1110x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER AA|&#x11103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER I|&#x11104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER U|&#x11105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER E|&#x11106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER KAA|&#x11107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER KHAA|&#x11108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER GAA|&#x11109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER GHAA|&#x1110a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER NGAA|&#x1110b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER CAA|&#x1110c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER CHAA|&#x1110d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER JAA|&#x1110e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER JHAA|&#x1110f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1111x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER NYAA|&#x11110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER TTAA|&#x11111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER TTHAA|&#x11112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER DDAA|&#x11113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER DDHAA|&#x11114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER NNAA|&#x11115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER TAA|&#x11116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER THAA|&#x11117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER DAA|&#x11118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER DHAA|&#x11119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER NAA|&#x1111a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER PAA|&#x1111b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER PHAA|&#x1111c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER BAA|&#x1111d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER BHAA|&#x1111e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER MAA|&#x1111f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1112x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER YYAA|&#x11120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER YAA|&#x11121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER RAA|&#x11122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER LAA|&#x11123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER WAA|&#x11124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER SAA|&#x11125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER HAA|&#x11126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN A|&#x11127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1112a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x1112b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1112c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1112d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1112e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x1112f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1113x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN OI|&#x11130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA O MARK|&#x11131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA AU MARK|&#x11132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VIRAMA|&#x11133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA MAAYYAA|&#x11134;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT ZERO|&#x11136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT ONE|&#x11137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT TWO|&#x11138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT THREE|&#x11139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT FOUR|&#x1113a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT FIVE|&#x1113b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT SIX|&#x1113c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1113d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1113e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT NINE|&#x1113f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1114x |style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA SECTION MARK|&#x11140;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DANDA|&#x11141;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11142;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA QUESTION MARK|&#x11143;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER LHAA|&#x11144;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11145;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN EI|&#x11146;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER VAA|&#x11147;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Mahajani''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1115x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER A|&#x11150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER I|&#x11151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER U|&#x11152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER E|&#x11153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER O|&#x11154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER KA|&#x11155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER KHA|&#x11156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER GA|&#x11157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER GHA|&#x11158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER CA|&#x11159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER CHA|&#x1115a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER JA|&#x1115b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER JHA|&#x1115c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER NYA|&#x1115d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER TTA|&#x1115e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER TTHA|&#x1115f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1116x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER DDA|&#x11160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER DDHA|&#x11161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER NNA|&#x11162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER TA|&#x11163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER THA|&#x11164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER DA|&#x11165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER DHA|&#x11166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER NA|&#x11167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER PA|&#x11168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER PHA|&#x11169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER BA|&#x1116a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER BHA|&#x1116b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER MA|&#x1116c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER RA|&#x1116d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER LA|&#x1116e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER VA|&#x1116f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1117x |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER SA|&#x11170;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER HA|&#x11171;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER RRA|&#x11172;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI SIGN NUKTA|&#x11173;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x11174;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI SECTION MARK|&#x11175;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LIGATURE SHRI|&#x11176;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sharada''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1118x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER A|&#x11183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER AA|&#x11184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER I|&#x11185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER II|&#x11186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER U|&#x11187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER UU|&#x11188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x1118a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x1118b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x1118c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER E|&#x1118d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER AI|&#x1118e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER O|&#x1118f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1119x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER AU|&#x11190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER KA|&#x11191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER KHA|&#x11192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER GA|&#x11193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER GHA|&#x11194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER NGA|&#x11195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER CA|&#x11196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER CHA|&#x11197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER JA|&#x11198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER JHA|&#x11199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER NYA|&#x1119a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER TTA|&#x1119b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER TTHA|&#x1119c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER DDA|&#x1119d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER DDHA|&#x1119e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER NNA|&#x1119f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER TA|&#x111a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER THA|&#x111a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER DA|&#x111a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER DHA|&#x111a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER NA|&#x111a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER PA|&#x111a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER PHA|&#x111a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER BA|&#x111a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER BHA|&#x111a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER MA|&#x111a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER YA|&#x111aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER RA|&#x111ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER LA|&#x111ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER LLA|&#x111ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VA|&#x111ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER SHA|&#x111af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER SSA|&#x111b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER SA|&#x111b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER HA|&#x111b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x111b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x111b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x111b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x111b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x111b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x111b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x111b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x111ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x111bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x111bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x111bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x111be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x111bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x111c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x111c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x111c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&#x111c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA OM|&#x111c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DANDA|&#x111c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DOUBLE DANDA|&#x111c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x111c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SEPARATOR|&#x111c8;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SANDHI MARK|&#x111c9;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN NUKTA|&#x111ca;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL MODIFIER MARK|&#x111cb;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA EXTRA SHORT VOWEL MARK|&#x111cc;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SUTRA MARK|&#x111cd;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN PRISHTHAMATRA E|&#x111ce;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN INVERTED CANDRABINDU|&#x111cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT ZERO|&#x111d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT ONE|&#x111d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT TWO|&#x111d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT THREE|&#x111d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT FOUR|&#x111d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT FIVE|&#x111d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT SIX|&#x111d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x111d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x111d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT NINE|&#x111d9;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA EKAM|&#x111da;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN SIDDHAM|&#x111db;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA HEADSTROKE|&#x111dc;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA CONTINUATION SIGN|&#x111dd;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SECTION MARK-1|&#x111de;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SECTION MARK-2|&#x111df;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Ex |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT ONE|&#x111e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT TWO|&#x111e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT THREE|&#x111e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT FOUR|&#x111e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT FIVE|&#x111e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT SIX|&#x111e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT SEVEN|&#x111e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT EIGHT|&#x111e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT NINE|&#x111e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER TEN|&#x111ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER TWENTY|&#x111eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER THIRTY|&#x111ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER FORTY|&#x111ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER FIFTY|&#x111ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER SIXTY|&#x111ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Fx |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x111f0;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x111f1;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER NINETY|&#x111f2;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&#x111f3;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&#x111f4;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khojki''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1120x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER A|&#x11200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER AA|&#x11201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER I|&#x11202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER U|&#x11203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER E|&#x11204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER AI|&#x11205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER O|&#x11206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER AU|&#x11207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER KA|&#x11208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER KHA|&#x11209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER GA|&#x1120a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER GGA|&#x1120b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER GHA|&#x1120c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER NGA|&#x1120d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER CA|&#x1120e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER CHA|&#x1120f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1121x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER JA|&#x11210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER JJA|&#x11211;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER NYA|&#x11213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER TTA|&#x11214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER TTHA|&#x11215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DDA|&#x11216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DDHA|&#x11217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER NNA|&#x11218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER TA|&#x11219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER THA|&#x1121a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DA|&#x1121b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DDDA|&#x1121c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DHA|&#x1121d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER NA|&#x1121e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER PA|&#x1121f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1122x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER PHA|&#x11220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER BA|&#x11221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER BBA|&#x11222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER BHA|&#x11223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER MA|&#x11224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER YA|&#x11225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER RA|&#x11226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER LA|&#x11227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER VA|&#x11228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER SA|&#x11229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER HA|&#x1122a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER LLA|&#x1122b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1122c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1122d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x1122e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1122f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1123x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN NUKTA|&#x11236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN SHADDA|&#x11237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI DANDA|&#x11238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI WORD SEPARATOR|&#x1123a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SECTION MARK|&#x1123b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI DOUBLE SECTION MARK|&#x1123c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x1123d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN SUKUN|&#x1123e;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER QA|&#x1123f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1124x |style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER SHORT I|&#x11240;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11241;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Landa''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1125x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1126x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1127x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Multani''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1128x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER A|&#x11280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER I|&#x11281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER U|&#x11282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER E|&#x11283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER KA|&#x11284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER KHA|&#x11285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER GA|&#x11286;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER GHA|&#x11288;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER CA|&#x1128a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER CHA|&#x1128b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER JA|&#x1128c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER JJA|&#x1128d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER NYA|&#x1128f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1129x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER TTA|&#x11290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER TTHA|&#x11291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DDA|&#x11292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DDDA|&#x11293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DDHA|&#x11294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER NNA|&#x11295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER TA|&#x11296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER THA|&#x11297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DA|&#x11298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DHA|&#x11299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER NA|&#x1129a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER PA|&#x1129b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER PHA|&#x1129c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER BA|&#x1129d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER BHA|&#x1129f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER MA|&#x112a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER YA|&#x112a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER RA|&#x112a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER LA|&#x112a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER VA|&#x112a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER SA|&#x112a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER HA|&#x112a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER RRA|&#x112a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER RHA|&#x112a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI SECTION MARK|&#x112a9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khudawadi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER A|&#x112b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER AA|&#x112b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER I|&#x112b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER II|&#x112b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER U|&#x112b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER UU|&#x112b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER E|&#x112b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER AI|&#x112b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER O|&#x112b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER AU|&#x112b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER KA|&#x112ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER KHA|&#x112bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER GA|&#x112bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER GGA|&#x112bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER GHA|&#x112be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER NGA|&#x112bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER CA|&#x112c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER CHA|&#x112c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER JA|&#x112c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER JJA|&#x112c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER JHA|&#x112c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER NYA|&#x112c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER TTA|&#x112c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER TTHA|&#x112c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DDA|&#x112c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DDDA|&#x112c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER RRA|&#x112ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DDHA|&#x112cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER NNA|&#x112cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER TA|&#x112cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER THA|&#x112ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DA|&#x112cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DHA|&#x112d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER NA|&#x112d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER PA|&#x112d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER PHA|&#x112d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER BA|&#x112d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER BBA|&#x112d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER BHA|&#x112d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER MA|&#x112d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER YA|&#x112d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER RA|&#x112d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER LA|&#x112da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER VA|&#x112db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER SHA|&#x112dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER SA|&#x112dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER HA|&#x112de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x112df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x112e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x112e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x112e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x112e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x112e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x112e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x112e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x112e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x112e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI SIGN NUKTA|&#x112e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x112ea;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT ZERO|&#x112f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT ONE|&#x112f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT TWO|&#x112f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT THREE|&#x112f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT FOUR|&#x112f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT FIVE|&#x112f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT SIX|&#x112f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x112f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x112f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT NINE|&#x112f9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Grantha''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1130x |style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE|&#x11300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11303;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER A|&#x11305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER AA|&#x11306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER I|&#x11307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER II|&#x11308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER U|&#x11309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER UU|&#x1130a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x1130b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x1130c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER EE|&#x1130f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1131x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER AI|&#x11310;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER OO|&#x11313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER AU|&#x11314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER KA|&#x11315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER KHA|&#x11316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER GA|&#x11317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER GHA|&#x11318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER NGA|&#x11319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER CA|&#x1131a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER CHA|&#x1131b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER JA|&#x1131c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER JHA|&#x1131d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER NYA|&#x1131e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER TTA|&#x1131f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1132x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER TTHA|&#x11320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER DDA|&#x11321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER DDHA|&#x11322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER NNA|&#x11323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER TA|&#x11324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER THA|&#x11325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER DA|&#x11326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER DHA|&#x11327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER NA|&#x11328;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER PA|&#x1132a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER PHA|&#x1132b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER BA|&#x1132c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER BHA|&#x1132d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER MA|&#x1132e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER YA|&#x1132f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1133x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER RA|&#x11330;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER LA|&#x11332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER LLA|&#x11333;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VA|&#x11335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER SHA|&#x11336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER SSA|&#x11337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER SA|&#x11338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER HA|&#x11339;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING BINDU BELOW|&#x1133b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN NUKTA|&#x1133c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x1133d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1133e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1133f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1134x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x11344;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN EE|&#x11347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11348;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x1134b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x1134c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x1134d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1135x |style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA OM|&#x11350;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA AU LENGTH MARK|&#x11357;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN PLUTA|&#x1135d;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VEDIC ANUSVARA|&#x1135e;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VEDIC DOUBLE ANUSVARA|&#x1135f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1136x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x11363;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT ZERO|&#x11366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT ONE|&#x11367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT TWO|&#x11368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT THREE|&#x11369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT FOUR|&#x1136a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT FIVE|&#x1136b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT SIX|&#x1136c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1137x |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER A|&#x11370;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER KA|&#x11371;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER NA|&#x11372;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER VI|&#x11373;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER PA|&#x11374;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tulu-Tigalari''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1138x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER A|&#x11380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER AA|&#x11381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER I|&#x11382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER II|&#x11383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER U|&#x11384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER UU|&#x11385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11389;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER EE|&#x1138b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER AI|&#x1138e;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1139x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER OO|&#x11390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER AU|&#x11391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER KA|&#x11392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER KHA|&#x11393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER GA|&#x11394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER GHA|&#x11395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER NGA|&#x11396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER CA|&#x11397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER CHA|&#x11398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER JA|&#x11399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER JHA|&#x1139a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER NYA|&#x1139b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER TTA|&#x1139c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER TTHA|&#x1139d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER DDA|&#x1139e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER DDHA|&#x1139f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER NNA|&#x113a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER TA|&#x113a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER THA|&#x113a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER DA|&#x113a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER DHA|&#x113a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER NA|&#x113a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER PA|&#x113a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER PHA|&#x113a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER BA|&#x113a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER BHA|&#x113a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER MA|&#x113aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER YA|&#x113ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER RA|&#x113ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER LA|&#x113ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VA|&#x113ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER SHA|&#x113af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER SSA|&#x113b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER SA|&#x113b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER HA|&#x113b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER LLA|&#x113b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER RRA|&#x113b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER LLLA|&#x113b5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x113b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x113b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x113b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x113ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x113bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x113bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x113bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x113be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x113bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x113c0;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN EE|&#x113c2;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x113c5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x113c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x113c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI AU LENGTH MARK|&#x113c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN CANDRA ANUNASIKA|&#x113ca;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x113cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN VISARGA|&#x113cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x113ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN LOOPED VIRAMA|&#x113cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI CONJOINER|&#x113d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI REPHA|&#x113d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI GEMINATION MARK|&#x113d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN PLUTA|&#x113d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI DANDA|&#x113d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x113d5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN OM PUSHPIKA|&#x113d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN SHRII PUSHPIKA|&#x113d8;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Ex |&nbsp;||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VEDIC TONE SVARITA|&#x113e1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VEDIC TONE ANUDATTA|&#x113e2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Newa''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1140x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER A|&#x11400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER AA|&#x11401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER I|&#x11402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER II|&#x11403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER U|&#x11404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER UU|&#x11405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER E|&#x1140a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER AI|&#x1140b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER O|&#x1140c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER AU|&#x1140d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER KA|&#x1140e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER KHA|&#x1140f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1141x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER GA|&#x11410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER GHA|&#x11411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NGA|&#x11412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NGHA|&#x11413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER CA|&#x11414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER CHA|&#x11415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER JA|&#x11416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER JHA|&#x11417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NYA|&#x11418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NYHA|&#x11419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER TTA|&#x1141a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER TTHA|&#x1141b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER DDA|&#x1141c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER DDHA|&#x1141d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NNA|&#x1141e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER TA|&#x1141f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1142x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER THA|&#x11420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER DA|&#x11421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER DHA|&#x11422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NA|&#x11423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NHA|&#x11424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER PA|&#x11425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER PHA|&#x11426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER BA|&#x11427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER BHA|&#x11428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER MA|&#x11429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER MHA|&#x1142a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER YA|&#x1142b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER RA|&#x1142c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER RHA|&#x1142d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER LA|&#x1142e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER LHA|&#x1142f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1143x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER WA|&#x11430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER SHA|&#x11431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER SSA|&#x11432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER SA|&#x11433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER HA|&#x11434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x1143a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x1143b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x1143c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x1143d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1143e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1143f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1144x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN NUKTA|&#x11446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x11447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN FINAL ANUSVARA|&#x11448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA OM|&#x11449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIDDHI|&#x1144a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DANDA|&#x1144b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DOUBLE DANDA|&#x1144c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA COMMA|&#x1144d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA GAP FILLER|&#x1144e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x1144f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1145x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT ZERO|&#x11450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT ONE|&#x11451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT TWO|&#x11452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT THREE|&#x11453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT FOUR|&#x11454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT FIVE|&#x11455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT SIX|&#x11456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT NINE|&#x11459;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DOUBLE COMMA|&#x1145a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA PLACEHOLDER MARK|&#x1145b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA INSERTION SIGN|&#x1145d;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SANDHI MARK|&#x1145e;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VEDIC ANUSVARA|&#x1145f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1146x |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x11460;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN UPHADHMANIYA|&#x11461;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1147x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tirhuta''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1148x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA ANJI|&#x11480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER A|&#x11481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER AA|&#x11482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER I|&#x11483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER II|&#x11484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER U|&#x11485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER UU|&#x11486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x1148a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER E|&#x1148b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER AI|&#x1148c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER O|&#x1148d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER AU|&#x1148e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER KA|&#x1148f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1149x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER KHA|&#x11490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER GA|&#x11491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER GHA|&#x11492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER NGA|&#x11493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER CA|&#x11494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER CHA|&#x11495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER JA|&#x11496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER JHA|&#x11497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER NYA|&#x11498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER TTA|&#x11499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER TTHA|&#x1149a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER DDA|&#x1149b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER DDHA|&#x1149c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER NNA|&#x1149d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER TA|&#x1149e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER THA|&#x1149f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER DA|&#x114a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER DHA|&#x114a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER NA|&#x114a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER PA|&#x114a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER PHA|&#x114a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER BA|&#x114a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER BHA|&#x114a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER MA|&#x114a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER YA|&#x114a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER RA|&#x114a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER LA|&#x114aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VA|&#x114ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER SHA|&#x114ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER SSA|&#x114ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER SA|&#x114ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER HA|&#x114af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x114b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x114b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x114b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x114b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x114b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x114b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x114b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x114b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x114b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x114b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN SHORT E|&#x114ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x114bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x114bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN SHORT O|&#x114bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x114be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x114bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x114c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN VISARGA|&#x114c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x114c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN NUKTA|&#x114c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x114c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA GVANG|&#x114c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x114c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA OM|&#x114c7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT ZERO|&#x114d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT ONE|&#x114d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT TWO|&#x114d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT THREE|&#x114d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT FOUR|&#x114d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT FIVE|&#x114d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT SIX|&#x114d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x114d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x114d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT NINE|&#x114d9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tani''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ranjana''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1150x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1151x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1152x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1153x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1154x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1155x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1156x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1157x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Siddham''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1158x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER A|&#x11580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER AA|&#x11581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER I|&#x11582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER II|&#x11583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER U|&#x11584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER UU|&#x11585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER E|&#x1158a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER AI|&#x1158b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER O|&#x1158c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER AU|&#x1158d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER KA|&#x1158e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER KHA|&#x1158f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1159x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER GA|&#x11590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER GHA|&#x11591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER NGA|&#x11592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER CA|&#x11593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER CHA|&#x11594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER JA|&#x11595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER JHA|&#x11596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER NYA|&#x11597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TTA|&#x11598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TTHA|&#x11599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER DDA|&#x1159a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER DDHA|&#x1159b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER NNA|&#x1159c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TA|&#x1159d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER THA|&#x1159e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER DA|&#x1159f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER DHA|&#x115a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER NA|&#x115a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER PA|&#x115a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER PHA|&#x115a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER BA|&#x115a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER BHA|&#x115a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER MA|&#x115a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER YA|&#x115a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER RA|&#x115a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER LA|&#x115a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VA|&#x115aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER SHA|&#x115ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER SSA|&#x115ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER SA|&#x115ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER HA|&#x115ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x115af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN I|&#x115b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN II|&#x115b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN U|&#x115b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x115b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x115b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x115b5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN E|&#x115b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x115b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN O|&#x115ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x115bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x115bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x115bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN VISARGA|&#x115be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN VIRAMA|&#x115bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN NUKTA|&#x115c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN SIDDHAM|&#x115c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM DANDA|&#x115c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM DOUBLE DANDA|&#x115c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SEPARATOR DOT|&#x115c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SEPARATOR BAR|&#x115c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-1|&#x115c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-2|&#x115c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-3|&#x115c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM END OF TEXT MARK|&#x115c9;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIDENT AND U-SHAPED ORNAMENTS|&#x115ca;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIDENT AND DOTTED CRESCENTS|&#x115cb;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED CRESCENTS|&#x115cc;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED DOUBLE CRESCENTS|&#x115cd;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED TRIPLE CRESCENTS|&#x115ce;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK DOUBLE RING|&#x115cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK DOUBLE RING WITH RAYS|&#x115d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH DOUBLE CRESCENTS|&#x115d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIPLE CRESCENTS|&#x115d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH QUADRUPLE CRESCENTS|&#x115d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH SEPTUPLE CRESCENTS|&#x115d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND RAYS|&#x115d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND TWO ENCLOSURES|&#x115d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND FOUR ENCLOSURES|&#x115d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER THREE-CIRCLE ALTERNATE I|&#x115d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TWO-CIRCLE ALTERNATE I|&#x115d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TWO-CIRCLE ALTERNATE II|&#x115da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER ALTERNATE U|&#x115db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN ALTERNATE U|&#x115dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN ALTERNATE UU|&#x115dd;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Modi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1160x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER A|&#x11600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER AA|&#x11601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER I|&#x11602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER II|&#x11603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER U|&#x11604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER UU|&#x11605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER E|&#x1160a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER AI|&#x1160b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER O|&#x1160c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER AU|&#x1160d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER KA|&#x1160e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER KHA|&#x1160f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1161x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER GA|&#x11610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER GHA|&#x11611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER NGA|&#x11612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER CA|&#x11613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER CHA|&#x11614;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER JA|&#x11615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER JHA|&#x11616;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER NYA|&#x11617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER TTA|&#x11618;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER TTHA|&#x11619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER DDA|&#x1161a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER DDHA|&#x1161b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER NNA|&#x1161c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER TA|&#x1161d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER THA|&#x1161e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER DA|&#x1161f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1162x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER DHA|&#x11620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER NA|&#x11621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER PA|&#x11622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER PHA|&#x11623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER BA|&#x11624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER BHA|&#x11625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER MA|&#x11626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER YA|&#x11627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER RA|&#x11628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER LA|&#x11629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VA|&#x1162a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER SHA|&#x1162b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER SSA|&#x1162c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER SA|&#x1162d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER HA|&#x1162e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER LLA|&#x1162f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1163x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x11636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x11638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1163a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1163b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x1163c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x1163d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN VISARGA|&#x1163e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x1163f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1164x |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN ARDHACANDRA|&#x11640;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DANDA|&#x11641;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11642;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x11643;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN HUVA|&#x11644;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1165x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT ONE|&#x11651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT TWO|&#x11652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT THREE|&#x11653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT SIX|&#x11656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT NINE|&#x11659;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Mongolian Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1166x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA|&#x11661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DOUBLE BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN TRIPLE BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x11664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x11666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN INVERTED BIRGA|&#x11667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN INVERTED BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x11668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA|&#x11669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x1166a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x1166b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN TURNED SWIRL BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x1166c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1167x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Takri''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1168x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER A|&#x11680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER AA|&#x11681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER I|&#x11682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER II|&#x11683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER U|&#x11684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER UU|&#x11685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER E|&#x11686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER AI|&#x11687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER O|&#x11688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER AU|&#x11689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER KA|&#x1168a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER KHA|&#x1168b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER GA|&#x1168c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER GHA|&#x1168d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER NGA|&#x1168e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER CA|&#x1168f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1169x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER CHA|&#x11690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER JA|&#x11691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER JHA|&#x11692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER NYA|&#x11693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER TTA|&#x11694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER TTHA|&#x11695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER DDA|&#x11696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER DDHA|&#x11697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER NNA|&#x11698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER TA|&#x11699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER THA|&#x1169a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER DA|&#x1169b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER DHA|&#x1169c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER NA|&#x1169d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER PA|&#x1169e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER PHA|&#x1169f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER BA|&#x116a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER BHA|&#x116a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER MA|&#x116a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER YA|&#x116a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER RA|&#x116a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER LA|&#x116a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER VA|&#x116a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER SHA|&#x116a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER SA|&#x116a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER HA|&#x116a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER RRA|&#x116aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x116ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI SIGN VISARGA|&#x116ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x116ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x116ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x116af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x116b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x116b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x116b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x116b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x116b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x116b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x116b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI SIGN NUKTA|&#x116b7;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER ARCHAIC KHA|&#x116b8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x116b9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT ZERO|&#x116c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT ONE|&#x116c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT TWO|&#x116c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT THREE|&#x116c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT FOUR|&#x116c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT FIVE|&#x116c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT SIX|&#x116c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x116c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x116c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT NINE|&#x116c9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Myanmar Extended-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT ZERO|&#x116d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT ONE|&#x116d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT TWO|&#x116d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT THREE|&#x116d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT FOUR|&#x116d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT FIVE|&#x116d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT SIX|&#x116d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT SEVEN|&#x116d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT EIGHT|&#x116d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT NINE|&#x116d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT ZERO|&#x116da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT ONE|&#x116db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT TWO|&#x116dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT THREE|&#x116dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT FOUR|&#x116de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT FIVE|&#x116df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Ex |style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT SIX|&#x116e0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT SEVEN|&#x116e1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT EIGHT|&#x116e2;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT NINE|&#x116e3;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ahom''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1170x |{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER KA|&#x11700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER KHA|&#x11701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER NGA|&#x11702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER NA|&#x11703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER TA|&#x11704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER ALTERNATE TA|&#x11705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER PA|&#x11706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER PHA|&#x11707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER BA|&#x11708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER MA|&#x11709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER JA|&#x1170a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER CHA|&#x1170b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER THA|&#x1170c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER RA|&#x1170d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER LA|&#x1170e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER SA|&#x1170f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1171x |{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER NYA|&#x11710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER HA|&#x11711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER A|&#x11712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER DA|&#x11713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER DHA|&#x11714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER GA|&#x11715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER ALTERNATE GA|&#x11716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER GHA|&#x11717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER BHA|&#x11718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER JHA|&#x11719;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER ALTERNATE BA|&#x1171a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA|&#x1171d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA|&#x1171e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LIGATING RA|&#x1171f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1172x |{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN A|&#x11720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN AW|&#x11727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN AM|&#x1172a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SIGN KILLER|&#x1172b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1173x |{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT ZERO|&#x11730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT ONE|&#x11731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT TWO|&#x11732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT THREE|&#x11733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT FOUR|&#x11734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT FIVE|&#x11735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT SIX|&#x11736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT NINE|&#x11739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM NUMBER TEN|&#x1173a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1173b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SIGN SMALL SECTION|&#x1173c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SIGN SECTION|&#x1173d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SIGN RULAI|&#x1173e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SYMBOL VI|&#x1173f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1174x |style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER CA|&#x11740;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER TTA|&#x11741;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER TTHA|&#x11742;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER DDA|&#x11743;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER DDHA|&#x11744;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER NNA|&#x11745;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER LLA|&#x11746;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Zou''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1175x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1176x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1177x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1178x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1179x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pyu''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Dogra''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1180x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER A|&#x11800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER AA|&#x11801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER I|&#x11802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER II|&#x11803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER U|&#x11804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER UU|&#x11805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER E|&#x11806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER AI|&#x11807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER O|&#x11808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER AU|&#x11809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER KA|&#x1180a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER KHA|&#x1180b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER GA|&#x1180c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER GHA|&#x1180d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER NGA|&#x1180e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER CA|&#x1180f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1181x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER CHA|&#x11810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER JA|&#x11811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER JHA|&#x11812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER NYA|&#x11813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER TTA|&#x11814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER TTHA|&#x11815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER DDA|&#x11816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER DDHA|&#x11817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER NNA|&#x11818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER TA|&#x11819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER THA|&#x1181a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER DA|&#x1181b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER DHA|&#x1181c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER NA|&#x1181d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER PA|&#x1181e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER PHA|&#x1181f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1182x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER BA|&#x11820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER BHA|&#x11821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER MA|&#x11822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER YA|&#x11823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER RA|&#x11824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER LA|&#x11825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER VA|&#x11826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER SHA|&#x11827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER SSA|&#x11828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER SA|&#x11829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER HA|&#x1182a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER RRA|&#x1182b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1182c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1182d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x1182e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1182f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1183x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x11832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN NUKTA|&#x1183a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x1183b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1184x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sirmauri''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1185x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1186x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1187x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1188x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1189x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Warang Citi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER NGAA|&#x118a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x118a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER WI|&#x118a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER YU|&#x118a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER YA|&#x118a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER YO|&#x118a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER II|&#x118a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER UU|&#x118a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x118a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x118a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER ANG|&#x118aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER GA|&#x118ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER KO|&#x118ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER ENY|&#x118ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER YUJ|&#x118ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER UC|&#x118af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER ENN|&#x118b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER ODD|&#x118b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER TTE|&#x118b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER NUNG|&#x118b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER DA|&#x118b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER AT|&#x118b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER AM|&#x118b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER BU|&#x118b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER PU|&#x118b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER HIYO|&#x118b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER HOLO|&#x118ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER HORR|&#x118bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER HAR|&#x118bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER SSUU|&#x118bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER SII|&#x118be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER VIYO|&#x118bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER NGAA|&#x118c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER A|&#x118c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER WI|&#x118c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER YU|&#x118c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER YA|&#x118c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER YO|&#x118c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER II|&#x118c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER UU|&#x118c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER E|&#x118c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER O|&#x118c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER ANG|&#x118ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER GA|&#x118cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER KO|&#x118cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER ENY|&#x118cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER YUJ|&#x118ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER UC|&#x118cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER ENN|&#x118d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER ODD|&#x118d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER TTE|&#x118d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER NUNG|&#x118d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER DA|&#x118d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER AT|&#x118d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER AM|&#x118d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER BU|&#x118d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER PU|&#x118d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER HIYO|&#x118d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER HOLO|&#x118da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER HORR|&#x118db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER HAR|&#x118dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER SSUU|&#x118dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER SII|&#x118de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER VIYO|&#x118df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT ZERO|&#x118e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT ONE|&#x118e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT TWO|&#x118e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT THREE|&#x118e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT FOUR|&#x118e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT FIVE|&#x118e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT SIX|&#x118e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x118e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x118e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT NINE|&#x118e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER TEN|&#x118ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER TWENTY|&#x118eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER THIRTY|&#x118ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER FORTY|&#x118ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER FIFTY|&#x118ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER SIXTY|&#x118ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Fx |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x118f0;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x118f1;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER NINETY|&#x118f2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI OM|&#x118ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Dives Akuru''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1190x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER A|&#x11900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER AA|&#x11901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER I|&#x11902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER II|&#x11903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER U|&#x11904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER UU|&#x11905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER E|&#x11906;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER O|&#x11909;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER KA|&#x1190c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER KHA|&#x1190d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER GA|&#x1190e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER GHA|&#x1190f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1191x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER NGA|&#x11910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER CA|&#x11911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER CHA|&#x11912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER JA|&#x11913;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER NYA|&#x11915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER TTA|&#x11916;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER DDA|&#x11918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER DDHA|&#x11919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER NNA|&#x1191a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER TA|&#x1191b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER THA|&#x1191c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER DA|&#x1191d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER DHA|&#x1191e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER NA|&#x1191f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1192x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER PA|&#x11920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER PHA|&#x11921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER BA|&#x11922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER BHA|&#x11923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER MA|&#x11924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER YA|&#x11925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER YYA|&#x11926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER RA|&#x11927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER LA|&#x11928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER VA|&#x11929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER SHA|&#x1192a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER SSA|&#x1192b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER SA|&#x1192c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER HA|&#x1192d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER LLA|&#x1192e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER ZA|&#x1192f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1193x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11935;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11938;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x1193b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x1193c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU SIGN HALANTA|&#x1193d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VIRAMA|&#x1193e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU PREFIXED NASAL SIGN|&#x1193f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1194x |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU MEDIAL YA|&#x11940;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU INITIAL RA|&#x11941;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU MEDIAL RA|&#x11942;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU SIGN NUKTA|&#x11943;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11944;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU GAP FILLER|&#x11945;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU END OF TEXT MARK|&#x11940;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1195x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT ZERO|&#x11950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT ONE|&#x11951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT TWO|&#x11952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT THREE|&#x11953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT FOUR|&#x11954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT FIVE|&#x11955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT SIX|&#x11956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT NINE|&#x11959;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Vatteluttu''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1196x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1197x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1198x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1199x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Nandinagari''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER A|&#x119a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER AA|&#x119a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER I|&#x119a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER II|&#x119a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER U|&#x119a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER UU|&#x119a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x119a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x119a7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER E|&#x119aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER AI|&#x119ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER O|&#x119ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER AU|&#x119ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER KA|&#x119ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER KHA|&#x119af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER GA|&#x119b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER GHA|&#x119b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER NGA|&#x119b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER CA|&#x119b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER CHA|&#x119b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER JA|&#x119b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER JHA|&#x119b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER NYA|&#x119b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER TTA|&#x119b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER TTHA|&#x119b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER DDA|&#x119ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER DDHA|&#x119bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER NNA|&#x119bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER TA|&#x119bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER THA|&#x119be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER DA|&#x119bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER DHA|&#x119c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER NA|&#x119c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER PA|&#x119c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER PHA|&#x119c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER BA|&#x119c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER BHA|&#x119c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER MA|&#x119c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER YA|&#x119c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER RA|&#x119c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER LA|&#x119c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER VA|&#x119ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER SHA|&#x119cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER SSA|&#x119cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER SA|&#x119cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER HA|&#x119ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER LLA|&#x119cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER RRA|&#x119d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x119d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x119d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x119d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x119d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x119d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x119d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x119d7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x119da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x119db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x119dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x119dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x119de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN VISARGA|&#x119df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Ex |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x119e0;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x119e1;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN SIDDHAM|&#x119e2;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI HEADSTROKE|&#x119e3;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN PRISHTHAMATRA E|&#x119e4;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Zanabazar Square''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER A|&#x11a00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11a01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN UE|&#x11a02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11a03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11a04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN OE|&#x11a05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11a06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11a07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11a08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN REVERSED I|&#x11a09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL LENGTH MARK|&#x11a0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KA|&#x11a0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KHA|&#x11a0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GA|&#x11a0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GHA|&#x11a0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NGA|&#x11a0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CA|&#x11a10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CHA|&#x11a11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER JA|&#x11a12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NYA|&#x11a13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTA|&#x11a14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTHA|&#x11a15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDA|&#x11a16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDHA|&#x11a17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NNA|&#x11a18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TA|&#x11a19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER THA|&#x11a1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DA|&#x11a1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DHA|&#x11a1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NA|&#x11a1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PA|&#x11a1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PHA|&#x11a1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BA|&#x11a20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BHA|&#x11a21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER MA|&#x11a22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TSA|&#x11a23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TSHA|&#x11a24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZA|&#x11a25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZHA|&#x11a26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZHA|&#x11a27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZA|&#x11a28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER -A|&#x11a29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER YA|&#x11a2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RA|&#x11a2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER LA|&#x11a2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER VA|&#x11a2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SHA|&#x11a2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SSA|&#x11a2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SA|&#x11a30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER HA|&#x11a31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KSSA|&#x11a32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE FINAL CONSONANT MARK|&#x11a33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11a34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11a35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11a36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11a37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11a38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VISARGA|&#x11a39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER RA|&#x11a3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-FINAL LETTER YA|&#x11a3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-FINAL LETTER RA|&#x11a3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-FINAL LETTER LA|&#x11a3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-FINAL LETTER VA|&#x11a3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL HEAD MARK|&#x11a3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLOSING HEAD MARK|&#x11a40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK TSHEG|&#x11a41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK SHAD|&#x11a42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK DOUBLE SHAD|&#x11a43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK LONG TSHEG|&#x11a44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL DOUBLE-LINED HEAD MARK|&#x11a45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLOSING DOUBLE-LINED HEAD MARK|&#x11a46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SUBJOINER|&#x11a47;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Soyombo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER A|&#x11a50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11a51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN UE|&#x11a52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11a53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11a54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11a55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN OE|&#x11a56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11a57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11a58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11a59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11a5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL LENGTH MARK|&#x11a5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER KA|&#x11a5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER KHA|&#x11a5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER GA|&#x11a5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER GHA|&#x11a5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER NGA|&#x11a60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER CA|&#x11a61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER CHA|&#x11a62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER JA|&#x11a63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER JHA|&#x11a64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER NYA|&#x11a65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TTA|&#x11a66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TTHA|&#x11a67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DDA|&#x11a68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DDHA|&#x11a69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER NNA|&#x11a6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TA|&#x11a6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER THA|&#x11a6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DA|&#x11a6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DHA|&#x11a6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER NA|&#x11a6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER PA|&#x11a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER PHA|&#x11a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER BA|&#x11a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER BHA|&#x11a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER MA|&#x11a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TSA|&#x11a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TSHA|&#x11a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DZA|&#x11a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER ZHA|&#x11a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER ZA|&#x11a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER -A|&#x11a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER YA|&#x11a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER RA|&#x11a7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER LA|&#x11a7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER VA|&#x11a7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER SHA|&#x11a7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER SSA|&#x11a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER SA|&#x11a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER HA|&#x11a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER KSSA|&#x11a83;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x11a84;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&#x11a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER RA|&#x11a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER LA|&#x11a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER SHA|&#x11a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER SA|&#x11a89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN G|&#x11a8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN K|&#x11a8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN NG|&#x11a8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN D|&#x11a8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN N|&#x11a8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN B|&#x11a8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN M|&#x11a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN R|&#x11a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN L|&#x11a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN SH|&#x11a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN S|&#x11a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN -A|&#x11a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SIGN VISARGA|&#x11a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO GEMINATION MARK|&#x11a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SUBJOINER|&#x11a99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO MARK TSHEG|&#x11a9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO MARK SHAD|&#x11a9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO MARK DOUBLE SHAD|&#x11a9c;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO MARK PLUTA|&#x11a9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN AND TRIPLE FLAME|&#x11a9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN AND FLAME|&#x11a9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11AAx |style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN|&#x11aa0;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO TERMINAL MARK-1|&#x11aa1;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO TERMINAL MARK-2|&#x11aa2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11ABx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HI|&#x11ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HII|&#x11ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HO|&#x11ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HOO|&#x11ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HA|&#x11ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HAA|&#x11ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRI|&#x11ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRII|&#x11ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRO|&#x11ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHROO|&#x11ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRA|&#x11aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRAA|&#x11abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SPE|&#x11abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SPI|&#x11abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SPO|&#x11abe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SPA|&#x11abf;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pau Cin Hau''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11ACx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER PA|&#x11ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER KA|&#x11ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER LA|&#x11ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER MA|&#x11ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER DA|&#x11ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER ZA|&#x11ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER VA|&#x11ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER NGA|&#x11ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER HA|&#x11ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER GA|&#x11ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER KHA|&#x11aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER SA|&#x11acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER BA|&#x11acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER CA|&#x11acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER TA|&#x11ace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER THA|&#x11acf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11ADx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER NA|&#x11ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER PHA|&#x11ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER RA|&#x11ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FA|&#x11ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER CHA|&#x11ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER A|&#x11ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER E|&#x11ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER I|&#x11ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER O|&#x11ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER U|&#x11ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER UA|&#x11ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER IA|&#x11adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL P|&#x11adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL K|&#x11add;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL T|&#x11ade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL M|&#x11adf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11AEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL N|&#x11ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL L|&#x11ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL W|&#x11ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL NG|&#x11ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL Y|&#x11ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU RISING TONE LONG|&#x11ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU RISING TONE|&#x11ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI GLOTTAL STOP|&#x11ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU RISING TONE LONG FINAL|&#x11ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU RISING TONE FINAL|&#x11ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI GLOTTAL STOP FINAL|&#x11aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI TONE LONG|&#x11aeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI TONE|&#x11aec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI TONE LONG FINAL|&#x11aed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI TONE FINAL|&#x11aee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU MID-LEVEL TONE|&#x11aef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11AFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU GLOTTAL STOP VARIANT|&#x11af0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU MID-LEVEL TONE LONG FINAL|&#x11af1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU MID-LEVEL TONE FINAL|&#x11af2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LOW-FALLING TONE LONG|&#x11af3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LOW-FALLING TONE|&#x11af4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU GLOTTAL STOP|&#x11af5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LOW-FALLING TONE LONG FINAL|&#x11af6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LOW-FALLING TONE FINAL|&#x11af7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU GLOTTAL STOP FINAL|&#x11af8;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Devanagari Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI HEAD MARK|&#x11b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI HEAD MARK WITH HEADSTROKE|&#x11b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN BHALE|&#x11b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN BHALE WITH HOOK|&#x11b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN EXTENDED BHALE|&#x11b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN EXTENDED BHALE WITH HOOK|&#x11b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN WESTERN FIVE-LIKE BHALE|&#x11b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN WESTERN NINE-LIKE BHALE|&#x11b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN REVERSED NINE-LIKE BHALE|&#x11b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN MINDU|&#x11b09;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI LETTER ALTERNATE DDDA|&#x11b0a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sharada Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B6x |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN OE|&#x11b60;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN OOE|&#x11b61;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN UE|&#x11b62;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN UUE|&#x11b63;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN SHORT E|&#x11b64;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN SHORT O|&#x11b65;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E|&#x11b66;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O|&#x11b67;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Leke''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sunuwar''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER DEVI|&#x11bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER TASLA|&#x11bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER EKO|&#x11bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER IMAR|&#x11bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER REU|&#x11bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER UTTHI|&#x11bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER KIK|&#x11bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER MA|&#x11bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER APPHO|&#x11bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER PIP|&#x11bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER GIL|&#x11bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER HAMSO|&#x11bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER CARMI|&#x11bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER NAH|&#x11bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER BUR|&#x11bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER JYAH|&#x11bcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER LOACHA|&#x11bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER OTTHI|&#x11bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER SHYELE|&#x11bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER VARCA|&#x11bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER YAT|&#x11bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER AVA|&#x11bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER AAL|&#x11bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER DONGA|&#x11bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER THARI|&#x11bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER PHAR|&#x11bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER NGAR|&#x11bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER KHA|&#x11bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER SHYER|&#x11bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER CHELAP|&#x11bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER TENTU|&#x11bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER THELE|&#x11bdf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BEx |style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER KLOKO|&#x11be0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR SIGN PVO|&#x11be1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT ZERO|&#x11bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT ONE|&#x11bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT TWO|&#x11bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT THREE|&#x11bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT FOUR|&#x11bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT FIVE|&#x11bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT SIX|&#x11bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT NINE|&#x11bf9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Bhaiksuki''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER A|&#x11c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER AA|&#x11c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER I|&#x11c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER II|&#x11c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER U|&#x11c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER UU|&#x11c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11c08;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER E|&#x11c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER AI|&#x11c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER O|&#x11c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER AU|&#x11c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER KA|&#x11c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER KHA|&#x11c0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER GA|&#x11c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER GHA|&#x11c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER NGA|&#x11c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER CA|&#x11c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER CHA|&#x11c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER JA|&#x11c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER JHA|&#x11c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER NYA|&#x11c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER TTA|&#x11c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER TTHA|&#x11c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER DDA|&#x11c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER DDHA|&#x11c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER NNA|&#x11c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER TA|&#x11c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER THA|&#x11c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER DA|&#x11c1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER DHA|&#x11c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER NA|&#x11c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER PA|&#x11c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER PHA|&#x11c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER BA|&#x11c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER BHA|&#x11c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER MA|&#x11c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER YA|&#x11c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER RA|&#x11c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER LA|&#x11c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER VA|&#x11c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER SHA|&#x11c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER SSA|&#x11c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER SA|&#x11c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER HA|&#x11c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11c2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x11c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11c36;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11c3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C4x |style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x11c40;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DANDA|&#x11c41;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11c42;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI WORD SEPARATOR|&#x11c43;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI GAP FILLER-1|&#x11c44;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI GAP FILLER-2|&#x11c45;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT ONE|&#x11c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT TWO|&#x11c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT THREE|&#x11c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT SIX|&#x11c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT NINE|&#x11c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER ONE|&#x11c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER TWO|&#x11c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER THREE|&#x11c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER FOUR|&#x11c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER FIVE|&#x11c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER SIX|&#x11c5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER SEVEN|&#x11c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER EIGHT|&#x11c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER NINE|&#x11c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER TEN|&#x11c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER TWENTY|&#x11c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER THIRTY|&#x11c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER FORTY|&#x11c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER FIFTY|&#x11c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER SIXTY|&#x11c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x11c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x11c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER NINETY|&#x11c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI HUNDREDS UNIT MARK|&#x11c6c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Marchen''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN HEAD MARK|&#x11c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN MARK SHAD|&#x11c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER KA|&#x11c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER KHA|&#x11c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER GA|&#x11c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER NGA|&#x11c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER CA|&#x11c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER CHA|&#x11c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER JA|&#x11c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER NYA|&#x11c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER TA|&#x11c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER THA|&#x11c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER DA|&#x11c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER NA|&#x11c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER PA|&#x11c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER PHA|&#x11c7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER BA|&#x11c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER MA|&#x11c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER TSA|&#x11c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER TSHA|&#x11c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER DZA|&#x11c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER WA|&#x11c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER ZHA|&#x11c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER ZA|&#x11c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER -A|&#x11c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER YA|&#x11c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER RA|&#x11c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER LA|&#x11c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER SHA|&#x11c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER SA|&#x11c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER HA|&#x11c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER A|&#x11c8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C9x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER KA|&#x11c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER KHA|&#x11c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER GA|&#x11c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER NGA|&#x11c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER CA|&#x11c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER CHA|&#x11c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER JA|&#x11c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER NYA|&#x11c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER TA|&#x11c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER THA|&#x11c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER DA|&#x11c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER NA|&#x11c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER PA|&#x11c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER PHA|&#x11c9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER BA|&#x11ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER MA|&#x11ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER TSA|&#x11ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER TSHA|&#x11ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER DZA|&#x11ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER WA|&#x11ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER ZHA|&#x11ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER ZA|&#x11ca7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER YA|&#x11ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER RA|&#x11caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER LA|&#x11cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER SHA|&#x11cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER SA|&#x11cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER HA|&#x11cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER A|&#x11caf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CBx |style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11cb0;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11cb1;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11cb2;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11cb3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11cb4;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11cb5;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11cb6;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Balti-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Masaram Gondi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER A|&#x11d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER AA|&#x11d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER I|&#x11d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER II|&#x11d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER U|&#x11d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER UU|&#x11d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER E|&#x11d06;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER AI|&#x11d08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER O|&#x11d09;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER AU|&#x11d0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER KA|&#x11d0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER KHA|&#x11d0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER GA|&#x11d0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER GHA|&#x11d0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER NGA|&#x11d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER CA|&#x11d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER CHA|&#x11d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER JA|&#x11d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER JHA|&#x11d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER NYA|&#x11d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER TTA|&#x11d16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER TTHA|&#x11d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER DDA|&#x11d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER DDHA|&#x11d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER NNA|&#x11d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER TA|&#x11d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER THA|&#x11d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER DA|&#x11d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER DHA|&#x11d1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER NA|&#x11d1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER PA|&#x11d20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER PHA|&#x11d21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER BA|&#x11d22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER BHA|&#x11d23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER MA|&#x11d24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER YA|&#x11d25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER RA|&#x11d26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER LA|&#x11d27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER VA|&#x11d28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER SHA|&#x11d29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER SSA|&#x11d2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER SA|&#x11d2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER HA|&#x11d2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER LLA|&#x11d2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER KSSA|&#x11d2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER JNYA|&#x11d2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER TRA|&#x11d30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11d31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11d32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11d33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11d34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11d35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11d36;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11d3a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11d3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11d3d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11d3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11d40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11d41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN NUKTA|&#x11d42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN CANDRA|&#x11d43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN HALANTA|&#x11d44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VIRAMA|&#x11d45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI REPHA|&#x11d46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI RA-KARA|&#x11d47;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11d50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT ONE|&#x11d51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT TWO|&#x11d52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT THREE|&#x11d53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11d54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11d55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT SIX|&#x11d56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11d57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11d58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT NINE|&#x11d59;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Gunjala Gondi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER A|&#x11d60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER AA|&#x11d61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER I|&#x11d62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER II|&#x11d63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER U|&#x11d64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER UU|&#x11d65;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER EE|&#x11d67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER AI|&#x11d68;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER OO|&#x11d6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER AU|&#x11d6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER YA|&#x11d6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER VA|&#x11d6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER BA|&#x11d6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER BHA|&#x11d6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER MA|&#x11d70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER KA|&#x11d71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER KHA|&#x11d72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TA|&#x11d73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER THA|&#x11d74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER LA|&#x11d75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER GA|&#x11d76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER GHA|&#x11d77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DA|&#x11d78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DHA|&#x11d79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER NA|&#x11d7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER CA|&#x11d7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER CHA|&#x11d7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TTA|&#x11d7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TTHA|&#x11d7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER LLA|&#x11d7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER JA|&#x11d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER JHA|&#x11d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DDA|&#x11d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DDHA|&#x11d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER NGA|&#x11d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PA|&#x11d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PHA|&#x11d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER HA|&#x11d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER RA|&#x11d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER SA|&#x11d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11d8e;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN EE|&#x11d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11d91;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x11d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VIRAMA|&#x11d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI OM|&#x11d98;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT ONE|&#x11da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT TWO|&#x11da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT THREE|&#x11da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT SIX|&#x11da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT NINE|&#x11da9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tolong Siki''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DBx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER I|&#x11db0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER E|&#x11db1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER U|&#x11db2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER O|&#x11db3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER A|&#x11db4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER AA|&#x11db5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER P|&#x11db6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER PH|&#x11db7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER B|&#x11db8;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER BH|&#x11db9;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER M|&#x11dba;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER T|&#x11dbb;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER TH|&#x11dbc;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER D|&#x11dbd;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER DH|&#x11dbe;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER N|&#x11dbf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DCx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER TT|&#x11dc0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER TTH|&#x11dc1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER DD|&#x11dc2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER DDH|&#x11dc3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER NN|&#x11dc4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER C|&#x11dc5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER CH|&#x11dc6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER J|&#x11dc7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER JH|&#x11dc8;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER NY|&#x11dc9;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER K|&#x11dca;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER KH|&#x11dcb;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER G|&#x11dcc;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER GH|&#x11dcd;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER NG|&#x11dce;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER Y|&#x11dcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DDx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER R|&#x11dd0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER L|&#x11dd1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER V|&#x11dd2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER NNY|&#x11dd3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER S|&#x11dd4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER H|&#x11dd5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER X|&#x11dd6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER RR|&#x11dd7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER RRH|&#x11dd8;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI SIGN SELA|&#x11dd9;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI SIGN HECAKA|&#x11dda;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI UNGGA|&#x11ddb;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DEx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11de0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT ONE|&#x11de1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT TWO|&#x11de2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT THREE|&#x11de3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11de4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11de5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT SIX|&#x11de6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11de7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11de8;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT NINE|&#x11de9;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Bengali Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DFx |style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BENGALI SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE|&#x11df0;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BENGALI LETTER ALTERNATE BARGIYA BA|&#x11df1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tocharian''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khotanese''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Makasar''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER KA|&#x11ee0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER GA|&#x11ee1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER NGA|&#x11ee2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER PA|&#x11ee3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER BA|&#x11ee4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER MA|&#x11ee5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER TA|&#x11ee6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER DA|&#x11ee7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER NA|&#x11ee8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER CA|&#x11ee9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER JA|&#x11eea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER NYA|&#x11eeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER YA|&#x11eec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER RA|&#x11eed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER LA|&#x11eee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER VA|&#x11eef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER SA|&#x11ef0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER A|&#x11ef1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR ANGKA|&#x11ef2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11ef3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11ef4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11ef5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11ef6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR PASSIMBANG|&#x11ef7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR END OF SECTION|&#x11ef8;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kawi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11f00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11f01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN REPHA|&#x11f02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11f03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER A|&#x11f04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER AA|&#x11f05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER I|&#x11f06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER II|&#x11f07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER U|&#x11f08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER UU|&#x11f09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11f0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11f0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER E|&#x11f0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER AI|&#x11f0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER O|&#x11f10;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER KA|&#x11f12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER KHA|&#x11f13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER GA|&#x11f14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER GHA|&#x11f15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER NGA|&#x11f16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER CA|&#x11f17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER CA|&#x11f18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER JA|&#x11f19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER JHA|&#x11f1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER NYA|&#x11f1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER TTA|&#x11f1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER TTHA|&#x11f1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER DDA|&#x11f1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER DDHA|&#x11f1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER NNA|&#x11f20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER TA|&#x11f21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER THA|&#x11f22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER DA|&#x11f23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER DHA|&#x11f24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER NA|&#x11f25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER PA|&#x11f26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER PHA|&#x11f27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER BA|&#x11f28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER BHA|&#x11f29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER MA|&#x11f2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER YA|&#x11f2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER RA|&#x11f2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER LA|&#x11f2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER WA|&#x11f2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER SHA|&#x11f2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER SSA|&#x11f30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER SA|&#x11f31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER HA|&#x11f32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER JNYA|&#x11f33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11f34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN ALTERNATE AA|&#x11f35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11f36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11f37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11f38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11f39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11f34;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11f3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11f3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN EU|&#x11f40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN KILLER|&#x11f41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI CONJOINER|&#x11f42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DANDA|&#x11f43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11f44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION SECTION MARKER|&#x11f45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION ALTERNATE SECTION MARKER|&#x11f46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION FLOWER|&#x11f47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION SPACE FILLER|&#x11f48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION DOT|&#x11f49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DOT|&#x11f4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION TRIPLE DOT|&#x11f4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION CIRCLE|&#x11f4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION FILLED CIRCLE|&#x11f4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION SPIRAL|&#x11f4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION CLOSING SPIRAL|&#x11f4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11f50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT ONE|&#x11f51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT TWO|&#x11f52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT THREE|&#x11f53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11f54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11f55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT SIX|&#x11f56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11f57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11f58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT NINE|&#x11f59;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN NUKTA|&#x11f5a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pallava''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Lisu Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FBx |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER YHA|&#x11fb0;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tamil Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE THREE-HUNDRED-AND-TWENTIETH|&#x11fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE ONE-HUNDRED-AND-SIXTIETH|&#x11fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE EIGHTIETH|&#x11fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE 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FRACTION ONE HALF-1|&#x11fd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE HALF-2|&#x11fd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION THREE QUARTERS|&#x11fd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION DOWNSCALING FACTOR KIIZH|&#x11fd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN NEL|&#x11fd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN CEVITU|&#x11fd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN AAZHAAKKU|&#x11fd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN UZHAKKU|&#x11fd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN MUUVUZHAKKU|&#x11fd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN KURUNI|&#x11fda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN PATHAKKU|&#x11fdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN MUKKURUNI|&#x11fdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN KAACU|&#x11fdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN PANAM|&#x11fde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN PON|&#x11fdf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN VARAAKAN|&#x11fe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN PAARAM|&#x11fe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN KUZHI|&#x11fe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN VELI|&#x11fe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL WET CULTIVATION SIGN|&#x11fe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL DRY CULTIVATION SIGN|&#x11fe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL LAND SIGN|&#x11fe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SALT PAN SIGN|&#x11fe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL TRADITIONAL CREDIT SIGN|&#x11fe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL TRADITIONAL NUMBER SIGN|&#x11fe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL CURRENT SIGN|&#x11fea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL AND ODD SIGN|&#x11feb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SPENT SIGN|&#x11fec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL TOTAL SIGN|&#x11fed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL IN POSSESSION SIGN|&#x11fee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL STARTING FROM SIGN|&#x11fef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FFx |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN MUTHALIYA|&#x11ff0;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN VAKAIYARAA|&#x11ff1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL PUNCTUATION END OF TEXT|&#x11fff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} be8vka93kxeq2tnnpohrpoifzsgn6eg 0 237399 4672905 4672424 2026-09-29T11:10:50Z Jeff1138 301139 4672905 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[#Graphical Image Editing Art]] [[#Office Application]] [[#Audio]] [[#Misc Application]] [[#Games & Emulation]] [[#Application Guides]] [[#top|...to the top]] [[#top|...to the top]] Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Internet Applications !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Web Online Browser [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&highlight=odyssey&rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://juen.in/ Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |<!--MorphOS-->Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->YouTube, Dailymotion website downloading videos audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab], |<!--AROS-->[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Old style E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based |<!--AROS-->Emailinium, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--Amiga OS-->Emailinium, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--AmigaOS4-->SimpleMail, YAM, |<!--MorphOS--> SimpleMail, YAM |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IRC, ICB, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC |<!--AmigaOS4-->Wookiechat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->CTorrent, Transmission |<!--MorphOS-->MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->FTP |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->WYSIWYG Web Site Editor |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet by network time protocol (NTP) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ old standard NIST Internet Time Servers], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/amitimekeeper.i386-aros.lha amitimekeeper with c src], [PiNTP], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync, [http://aminet.net/package/util/cdity/AmiTimeKeeper amitimekeeper], [http://aminet.net/comm/misc/netclock netclock], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/net/sntp sntp], [http://aminet.net/package/util/time/ScreenTime ScreenTime], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->AI |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BBS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |<!--MorphOS-->Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--Amiga OS-->PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Thumbnail Generator [], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Pixel Art Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |<!--Amiga OS-->PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Xcad, MaxonCAD |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Format Converter [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage metadata of images [https://github.com/exiv2/exiv2 exiv2], [ EXIF/IPTC/XMP metadata manipulation], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Suite |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office], [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&rowstart=20&pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], |<!--MorphOS-->[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Spreadsheets |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/spreadsheet ], |<!--AmigaOS-->[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, |<!--Amiga OS4-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |<!--Amiga OS-->Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->BeeBase, SQLite, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-foliopdf aros-foliopdf version of mupdf], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf], |<!--Amiga OS-->APDF |<!--AmigaOS4-->AmiPDF |<!--MorphOS-->APDF, vPDF, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App Filofax like |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AOrganiser, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Project Management Research |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Desktop |<!--AROS-->Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, DOpus5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Search |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DTP Desktop Publishing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |<!--MorphOS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->(some native drivers), |<!--MorphOS-->early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], |<!--AmigaOS4-->SCANdal (Sane) |<!--MorphOS-->SCANdal |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |<!--MorphOS-->MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit] |<!--Amiga OS-->Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |<!--MorphOS-->SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio] |<!--AmigaOS4-->TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |<!--Amiga OS-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript [https://github.com/ratchov/midish midish] midi sequencer |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David "Talin" Joiner & Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=8143&order=ASC&status=&mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD burn |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |<!--Amiga OS-->FryingPan, [ MakeCD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FryingPan, AmiDVD, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD audio rip |<!--AROS-->Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |<!--Amiga OS-->Lame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Lame, |<!--MorphOS-->Lame, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc Sox], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->DvPlayer, MPlayer |<!--MorphOS-->MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |<!--Amiga OS-->AMP2, Frogger |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Screenrecorder, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, |<!--Amiga OS-->[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FFMpeg/GUI |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Subtitle editor |<!--AROS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Blogging like Lemmy or kbin |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR face recognition for Vtubers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) <pre> Model data (cmo3) Basic motions (can3) Background image (png) Set of files for embedding (runtime folder) • Model data (moc3) • Motion data (motion3.json) • Model settings file (model3.json) • Physics settings file (physics3.json) • Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json) </pre> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ FileMaster], |<!--Amiga OS-->DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, DirWork 2*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk |<!--MorphOS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Par2, |- |Application Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |<!--Amiga OS-->InstallerNG, Grunch, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Jack |<!--MorphOS-->Jack |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], |<!--AROS-->XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Binary Hexadecimal Editor |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Zaphod], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&highlight=partition&pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Repair and backups |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ IDE Integrated Development |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ Text Editors |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Protext], [ CED], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Git |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BASIC Computer Language |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->sdlBasic |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ MuiBuilder], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Cross Development |<!--AROS-->[], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System |<!--AROS-->[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Terminals Shells CLIs |<!--AROS-->[https://tomaszstaniak.com/aros-term/ aros-term], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Reader |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Echo " " >SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fractals mandelbrot, etc |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc], |<!--Amiga OS-->ZoneXplorer, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |<!--MorphOS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |<!--Amiga OS-->Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4-->Yacas |<!--MorphOS-->Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PCB design |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio, [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->modern smart home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. [https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Amstrad CPC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Arcade |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->Mame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 7800 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Lynx |<!--AROS-->[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Jaguar |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C64 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frodo, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |<!--MorphOS-->Vice, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo NES |<!--AROS-->[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo N64 *HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], *LLE [], |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |<!--AROS-->[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Saturn *HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast *HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair QL |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action BOH], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Cards |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], |<!--AmigaOS-->[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray], |<!--AROS-->Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Doom, Quake, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games MMORG like |<!--AROS-->[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Platform like |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Giana Sisters], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/index.php?downloads=yes maniadrive like trackmania], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 3rd third person action CRPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], [https://github.com/jakobharder/burntime/tree/main Burntime], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [https://github.com/ZeroK-RTS/Zero-K Zero-K multi player rts lua], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=140&pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/game/strat/OpenDUNE_RTG OpenDUNE_RTG src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], ||<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [https://github.com/endless-sky/endless-sky endless-sky], [https://github.com/pioneerspacesim/pioneer pioneer space command], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games unpack unarc [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== [[#top|...to the top]] ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0. This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -> Content Blocking and Windows -> Messages and enter https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads* https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview* https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads* into your custom filters Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ], OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: So add this : <pre> copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE >NIL: copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: >NIL: </pre> Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …) If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it. copy Extras:Internet/Amelinium/#? Ram:Amelinium/ ALL CLONE >NIL: Error messages SSL error "cant verify with ca-certificates", check bios clock time date is correct Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros [https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&udm=14 Google search without AI overview] [ DuckDuckGo] [ Ecosia] [ Qwant] [ Swisscows] [ Mojeek] [ Brave Search] [ PreSearch] [ Startpage] ===E-mail=== Emailinium is now available for IMAP and POP3 based accounts YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], <pre> #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) </pre> <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp [[#top|...to the top]] ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help File PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Ctrl+n New Open Ctrl+o Open Close Ctrl+w Close Save Ctrl+s Save Save as Shift+Ctrl+s Save as Revert F12 Revert Print Ctrl+p Print Exit Ctrl+q Quit Edit PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Undo/Redo (1 level) Ctrl+z Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z) Cut Ctrl+x Cut Copy Ctrl+c Copy Paste Ctrl+v Paste Paste Into Shift+Ctrl+v Paste Into Fill with FG color Alt+Backspace Fill with FG color Fill with BG color Control+Backspace Fill with BG color Image/Colors PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Levels Ctrl+l Levels Auto Contrast Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l Stretch Contrast (same?) Curves Ctrl+m Curves Color Balance Ctrl+b Color Balance Hue/Saturation Ctrl+u Hue-Saturation Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+u Desaturate Invert Ctrl+i Invert Default Colors d Default Colors Switch Colors x Switch Colors Layer PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Layer Shift+Ctrl+n New Layer Layer via Copy Ctrl+j Duplicate Layer Bring (layer) to Front Shift+Ctrl+] Layer to Top Send (layer) to Back Shift+Ctrl+[ Layer to Bottom Bring (layer) Forward Ctrl+] Raise Layer Send (layer) Backward Ctrl+[ Lower Layer Select Top Layer Shift+Alt+] Select Top Layer Select Bottom Layer Shift+Alt+[ Select Bottom Layer Select One Layer Forward Alt+] Select Previous Layer Select One Layer Backward Alt+[ Select Next Layer Merge Down Ctrl+e Merge Down Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+e Merge Visible Preserve Transparency / Keep Transparency Cycle Modes Forwards Shift+= Next Layer Mode Cycle Modes Backwards Shift+- Previous Layer Mode Select PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Select All Ctrl+a Select All Deselect Ctrl+d Select None Inverse Shift+Ctrl+i Invert Feather Ctrl+Alt+d Feather View PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Zoom In Ctrl+= Zoom In Zoom Out Ctrl+- Zoom Out Fit on Screen Ctrl+0 Zoom to Fit Window Actual Pixels Ctrl+Alt+0 Zoom 1:1 Show/Hide Extras Ctrl+h Toggle Show Selection (close enough?) Show/Hide Guides Ctrl+' Toggle Show Guides Show/Hide Grid Ctrl+Alt+' Toggle Show Grid Show/Hide Rulers Ctrl+r Toggle Show Rulers Snap Ctrl+; Snap to Guides Scroll View Up Page Up Scroll Page Up Scroll View Down Page Down Scroll Page Down Scroll View Left Ctrl+Page Up Scroll Page Left Scroll View Right Ctrl+Page Down Scroll Page Right Window/Dialogs PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP ? F5 Tools Dialog Color Tab F6 Colors Dialog Layers Tab F7 Layers Dialog Info Tab F8 Image Information Tools PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Rectangular Marquee Tool m Rect Select Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Shift+m Ellipse Select Tool *This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop Move Tool v Move Tool Lasso Tool l Free Select Tool Magic Wand Tool w Fuzzy Select Tool Crop Tool c Crop & Resize Tool Airbrush Tool j Airbrush Tool Paintbrush Tool b Paintbrush Tool Clone Stamp Tool s Clone Stamp Tool Eraser Tool e Eraser Tool Gradient Tool g Blend Tool Paint Bucket Tool Shift+g Bucket Fill Tool *This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop Blur Tool r Convolve Tool Dodge Tool o DodgeBurn Tool Type Tool t Text Tool Pen Tool p Bezier Select Tool Eye Dropper Tool i Color Picker Tool Zoom Tool z Magnify Tool Previous Brush , Previous Brush Next Brush . Next Brush First Brush Shift+< First Brush Last Brush Shift+> Last Brush Decrease Brush Size [ Decrease Brush Size Increase Brush Size ] Increase Brush Size Decrease Brush Hardness { Decrease Brush Hardness Increase Brush Hardness } Increase Brush Hardness Help PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Help F1 Help Context Help Shift+F1 Context Help Misc. PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Last Filter Ctrl+f Repeat Last Filter ? Shift+Ctrl+f Reshow Last Filter Preferences Ctrl+k Preferences Liquify Shift+Ctrl+x IWarp (close enough?) Toggle Quick Mask q Toggle Quick Mask Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation [[#top|...to the top]] ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers? On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. <pre> MIDI can control 16 channels There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically </pre> <pre> Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc. </pre> Composers <pre> [https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] </pre> <pre> 1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc 1992 Bars&Pipes Pro published November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&Pipes Pro 2.5c beta end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) </pre> Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extension). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format sox recital.wav recital.aiff sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm sox input.wav output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16. rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00 records half an hour of stereo audio play existing-file.wav 24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work *No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI. *No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps. *Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output. *No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables. *No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.) The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo. Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz. Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub [[#top|...to the top]] ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== Support for some xlsx, and ods functions ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. [[#top|...to the top]] ===Emulators=== ==== Amiberry ==== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time. ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> [[#top|...to the top]] ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar <pre> Assign "WCSProjects:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects" Assign "WCSFrames:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames" </pre> <pre> Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -> Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening Render by pull down menu Modules -> Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render </pre> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As ("NewName".proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu *Database - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Simple minimal workflow *Load database (1st icon - 1st) *Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon) *Render scene (5th icon) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], <pre> .proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files .binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff conversion .Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats USGS 7.5MinDEM, .par </pre> Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso ====odf==== Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> {{BookCat}} g8kbb6wr2akihqubxh28hz5o9vvxr1o 0 265490 4672754 4668524 2026-09-28T13:21:06Z Thomas.haslwanter 89715 Added image of "Vibrant Soundbridge" 4672754 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Cochlear Implants== [[Image:Cochlear implant.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Cochlear implant]] A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that replaces the mechanical parts of the auditory system by directly stimulating the auditory nerve fibers through electrodes inside the cochlea. Candidates for cochlear implants are people with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss in both ears and a functioning auditory nervous system. They are used by post-lingually deaf people to regain some comprehension of speech and other sounds as well as by pre-lingually deaf children to enable them to gain spoken language skills. (Diagnosis of hearing loss in newborns and infants is done using otoacoustic emissions, and/or the recording of auditory evoked potentials.) A quite recent evolution is the use of bilateral implants allowing recipients basic sound localization. ===Parts of the cochlear implant=== The implant is surgically placed under the skin behind the ear. The basic parts of the device include: ''External:'' * a microphone which picks up sound from the environment * a speech processor which selectively filters sound to prioritize audible speech and sends the electrical sound signals through a thin cable to the transmitter, * a transmitter, which is a coil held in position by a magnet placed behind the external ear, and transmits the processed sound signals to the internal device by electromagnetic induction, ''Internal:'' [[Image:Cochlear Implant, by MedEl.jpg|thumb|RIGHT|The cochlear implant (left), microphone & signal processor (middle), and the remote control accessory (right)]] * a receiver and stimulator secured in bone beneath the skin, which converts the signals into electric impulses and sends them through an internal cable to electrodes, * an array of up to 24 electrodes wound through the cochlea, which send the impulses to the nerves in the scala tympani and then directly to the brain through the auditory nerve system === Signal processing for cochlear implants === In normal hearing subjects, the primary information carrier for speech signals is the envelope, whereas for music, it is the fine structure. This is also relevant for tonal languages, like Mandarin, where the meaning of words depends on their intonation. It was also found that interaural time delays coded in the fine structure determine where a sound is heard from rather than interaural time delays coded in the envelope, although it is still the speech signal coded in the envelope that is perceived. The speech processor in a cochlear implant transforms the microphone input signal into a parallel array of electrode signals destined for the cochlea. Algorithms for the optimal transfer function between these signals are still an active area of research. The first cochlear implants were single-channel devices. The raw sound was band-passed filtered to include only the frequency range of speech, then modulated onto a 16&nbsp;kHz wave to allow the electrical signal to electrically couple to the nerves. This approach was able to provide very basic hearing, but was extremely limited in that it was completely unable to take advantage of the frequency-location map of the cochlea. The advent of multi-channel implants opened the door to try a number of different speech-processing strategies to facilitate hearing. These can be roughly divided into Waveform and Feature-Extraction strategies. ==== Waveform Strategies ==== These generally involve applying a non-linear gain on the sound (as an input audio signal with a ~30dB dynamic range must be compressed into an electrical signal with just a ~5dB dynamic range), and passing it through parallel filter banks. The first waveform strategy to be tried was Compressed Analog approach. In this system, the raw audio is initially filtered with a gain-controlled amplifier (the gain-control reduces the dynamic range of the signal). The signal is then passed through parallel band-pass filters, and the output of these filters goes on to stimulate electrodes at their appropriate locations. A problem with the Compressed Analog approach was that the there was a strong interaction-effect between adjacent electrodes. If electrodes driven by two filters happened to be stimulating at the same time, the superimposed stimulation could cause unwanted distortion in the signals coming from hair cells that were within range of both of these electrodes. The solution to this was the Continuous Interleaved Sampling Approach - in which the electrodes driven by adjacent filters stimulate at slightly different times. This eliminates the interference effect between nearby electrodes, but introduces the problem that, due to the interleaving, temporal resolution suffers. [[File:Continuous Interleaved Sampling.jpg|thumb|400px|Schematic representation of Continuous Interleaved Sampling (CIS). The processing ("Proc") comprises the envelope detection, amplitude compression, digitization, and pulse modulation.]] ==== Feature-Extraction Strategies ==== These strategies focus less on transmitting filtered versions of the audio signal and more on extracting more abstract features of the signal and transmitting them to the electrodes. The first feature-extraction strategies looked for the formants (frequencies with maximum energy) in speech. In order to do this, they would apply wide band filters (e.g. 270&nbsp;Hz low-pass for F0 - the base formant, 300&nbsp;Hz-1&nbsp;kHz for F1, and 1&nbsp;kHz-4&nbsp;kHz for F2), then calculate the formant frequency, using the zero-crossings of each of these filter outputs, and formant-amplitude by looking at the envelope of the signals from each filter. Only electrodes corresponding to these formant frequencies would be activated. The main limitation of this approach was that formants primarily identify vowels, and consonant information, which primarily resides in higher frequencies, was poorly transmitted. The MPEAK system later improved on this design my incorporating high-frequency filters which could better simulate unvoiced sounds (consonants) by stimulating high-frequency electrodes, and formant frequency electrodes at random intervals.<ref>http://www.utdallas.edu/~loizou/cimplants/tutorial/tutorial.htm</ref><ref>www.ohsu.edu/nod/documents/week3/Rubenstein.pdf</ref><ref>www.acoustics.bseeber.de/implant/ieee_talk.pdf</ref> === Current Developments === [[File:SPEAK.PNG|thumb | 500 px |Block diagram of the SPEAK processing scheme]] Currently, the leading strategy is the SPEAK system, which combines characteristics of Waveform and Feature-Detection strategies. In this system, the signal passes through a parallel array of 20 band-pass filters. The envelope is extracted from each of these and several of the most powerful frequencies are selected (how many depends on the shape of the spectrum), and the rest are discarded. This is known as a 'n-of-m" strategy. The amplitudes of these are then logarithmically compressed to adapt the mechanical signal range of sound to the much narrower electrical signal range of hair cells. ====Multiple microphones==== On its newest implants, the company Cochlear uses 3 microphones instead of one. The additional information is used for beam-forming, i.e. extracting more information from sound coming from straight ahead. This can improve the signal-to-noise ratio when talking to other people by up to 15dB, thereby significantly enhancing speech perception in noisy environments. ====Integration CI – Hearing Aid==== Preservation of low-frequency hearing after cochlear implantation is possible with careful surgical technique and with careful attention to electrode design. For patients with remaining low-frequency hearing, the company MedEl offers a combination of a cochlea implant for the higher frequencies, and classical hearing aid for the lower frequencies. This system, called EAS for electric-acoustic stimulation, uses with a lead of 18mm, compared to 31.5&nbsp;mm for the full CI. (The length of the cochlea is about 36&nbsp;mm.) This results in a significant improvement of music perception, and improved speech recognition for tonal languages. ====Fine Structure==== [[File:HilbertTransform EnvelopePhase.png|thumb|Graph showing how envelope (in red) and phase (black dots, for zero crossings) of a signal can be simply derived with the Hilbert Transform.]] For high frequencies, the human auditory system uses only tonotopic coding for information. For low frequencies, however, also temporal information is used: the auditory nerve fires synchronously with the phase of the signal. In contrast, the original CIs only used the power spectrum of the incoming signal. In its new models, MedEl incorporates the timing information for low frequencies, which it calls fine structure, in determining the timing of the stimulation pulses. This improves music perception, and speech perception for tonal languages like Mandarin. Mathematically, envelope and fine-structure of a signal can be elegantly obtained with the ''Hilbert Transform'' (see Figure). The corresponding Python code is available under.<ref> {{cite web | title = Hilbert Transformation [Python] | url = http://work.thaslwanter.at/CSS/Code/CI_hilbert.py | work = private communications | author = T. Haslwanter | publisher = | year = 2012 }}</ref> ====Virtual Electrodes==== The numbers of electrodes available is limited by the size of the electrode (and the resulting charge and current densities), and by the current spread along the endolymph. To increase the frequency specificity, one can stimulate two adjacent electrodes. Subjects report to perceive this as a single tone at a frequency intermediate to the two electrodes. [[File:Simulation_CI.jpg|500 px|thumbnail|Simulation of the stimulation strength of a cochlear implant]] === Simulation of a cochlear implant === Sound processing in cochlear implant is still subject to a lot of research and one of the major product differentiations between the manufacturers. However, the basic sound processing is rather simple and can be implemented to gain an impression of the quality of sound perceived by patients using a cochlear implant. The first step in the process is to sample some sound and analyze its frequency. Then a time-window is selected, during which we want to find the stimulation strengths of the CI electrodes. There are two ways to achieve that: i) through the use of linear filters ( [[Sensory Systems/Auditory_System#Gammatone_Filters|see ''Gammatone filters'']]); or ii) through the calculation of the powerspectrum (see [[Sensory_Systems/Auditory_System#Spectral_Analysis_of_Biological_Signals|''Spectral Analysis'']]). ===Cochlear implants and Magnetic Resonance Imaging=== With more than 150 000 implantations worldwide, Cochlear Implants (CIs) have now become a standard method for treating severe to profound hearing loss. Since the benefits of CIs become more evident, payers become more willing to support CIs and due to the screening programs of newborns in most industrialized nations, many patients get CIs in infancy and will likely continue to have them throughout their lives. Some of them may require diagnostic scanning during their lives which may be assisted by imaging studies with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For large segments of the population, including patients suffering from stroke, back pain or headache, MRI has become a standard method for diagnosis. MRI uses pulses of magnetic fields to generate images and current MRI machines are working with 1.5 Tesla magnet fields. 0.2 to 4.0 Tesla devices are common and the radiofrequency power can peak as high as 6&nbsp;kW in a 1.5 Tesla machine. Cochlear implants have been historically thought to incompatible with MRI with magnetic fields higher than 0.2 T. The external parts of the device always have to be removed. There are different regulations for the internal parts of the device. Current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines allow limited use of MRI after CI implantation. The pulsar and Sonata (MED-EL Corp, Innsbruck, Austria) devices are approved for 0.2 T MRI with the magnet in place. The Hi-res 90K (Advanced Bionics Corp, Sylmar, CA, USA) and the Nucleus Freedom (Cochlear Americas, Englewood, CO, USA) are approved for up to 1.5 T MRI after surgical removal of the internal magnet. Each removal and replacement of the magnet can be done using a small incision under local anesthesia, but the procedure is likely to weaken the pocket of the magnet and to risk infection of the patient. Cadaver studies have shown that there is a risk that the implant may be displaced from the internal device in a 1.5 T MRI scanner. However, the risk could be eliminated when a compression dressing was applied. Nevertheless, the CI produces an artifact that could potentially reduce the diagnostic value of the scan. The size of the artifact will be larger relative to the size of the patient’s head and this might be particularly challenging for MRI scans with children. A recent study by Crane et al., 2010 found out that the artifact around the area of the CI had a mean anterior-posterior dimension of 6.6 +/- 1.5&nbsp;cm (mean +/- standard deviation) and a left-right dimension averaging 4.8 +/- 1.0&nbsp;cm (mean +/- standard deviation) (Crane et al., 2010). (<ref>Crane BT, Gottschalk B, Kraut M, Aygun N, Niparko JK (2010) Magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T after cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol 31:1215-1220</ref>) [[File:Vibrant Soundbridge (by MedEl).jpg|alt=Vibrant Soundbridge|thumb|The "Vibrant SoundBridge" implant (left) uses a tiny vibrator (shown at the end of the implant) to oscillate the middle ear ossicles. The external part (right) receives the sound through a microphone, and passes it via induction to the implant.]] === Middle Ear Implants === Not all hearing deficits require cochlea implants. The first choice for treating patients with hearing loss are always hearing aids (HAs). Patients with mild-to-severe conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss who cannot wear HAs or who are unsatisfied with conventional HAs can receive ''bone conduction devices'' (see below) or ''middle ear implants (MEIs)''. MEI are no ''neurosensory implants'', since they do not directly stimulate the hair cells or the auditory nerve. However, their working is remarkably similar to cochlea implants (CIs). Like CIs, they have an external auditory processor that receives and analyzes auditory signals. And also like CIs those signals are transmitted via induction to a receiver/decoder that is implanted under the skin. But in contrast to CIs, MEIs do not rely on electrical stimulation, but instead use microvibrations. The most commonly used device is the ''Vibrant Soundbridge (VBI)'' (MedEl, Innsbruck, Austria). The VBI uses a ''floating mass transducer'' to generate extremely small vibrations, around 0.1-0.001 μm. (Labassi et al., 2017). <ref>Labassi S, Beliaeff M, Pean V, Van de Heyning P (2017) The Vibrant Soundbridge middle ear implant: A historical overview. Cochlear Implants International, Vol. 18 No. 6:314-323</ref> Depending on the anatomical situation and the hearing deficits, these vibrations can be coupled to the incus, the stapes, or the round window of the inner ear. The VSB has been available to patients since 1996 in Europe; FDA approval was received in 2000. Approximately three out of four patients are satisfied or very satisfied with the results, and the hearing quality is typically better than the one achieved with classical HAs. And since 2014, the latest version of the VSB is also MRI compatible up to 1.5 T. (Labassi et al., 2017) === Bone Vibration === As mentioned above, conventional HAs are the first choice for most forms of hearing loss. And reconstructive otosurgery is the first choice if the possibility of hearing aid independence exists. For patients who have an inadequate effect from conventional HAs or are unable to use them, ''bone conduction'' can be sufficient to improve the hearing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_conduction) Bone conduction devices (BCDs) can be transcutaneous (i.e. from outside the skin) or percutaneous (implanted under the skin). Devices are available from a number of well established companies. (Koro et al, 2025)<ref>Koro E, Wales J, Werner M (2025) Bone conduction implants and active middle ear implants for adults. Science Progress Vol 108(1) 1-14</ref> Bone conduction hearing occurs when vibrations applied to the skull are propagated to the innner ear, eliciting waves on the basilar membrane that lead to stimulation of the auditory nerve. The concept of bone conduction has been known since the sixteenth century. And the first medical BCD-implants in humans were performed in 1977. (Koro et al, 2025) {{BookCat}} lkv1hip765mu329lxviq3j4ixakj023 0 266061 4672869 4437849 2026-09-29T04:01:53Z JackBot 396820 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Koine Greek/3. Exercise in Pronunciation: John 1:1-5]] to [[Koine Greek/Exercise in Pronunciation: John 1:1-5]] 4672869 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Koine Greek/Exercise in Pronunciation: John 1:1-5]] 9qwj262vrvop78od9mixtj0c999lrf5 0 266214 4672895 4672533 2026-09-29T10:52:06Z ILYA125467 3627024 Fixed colors 4672895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Glagolitic Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E00x |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER AZU|&#x1e000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER BUKY|&#x1e001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER VEDE|&#x1e002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER GLAGOLI|&#x1e003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER DOBRO|&#x1e004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YESTU|&#x1e005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER ZHIVETE|&#x1e006;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER ZEMLJA|&#x1e008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IZHE|&#x1e009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER INITIAL IZHE|&#x1e00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER I|&#x1e00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER 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color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SHTA|&#x1e01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER TSI|&#x1e01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER CHRIVI|&#x1e01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SHA|&#x1e01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YERU|&#x1e01f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YERI|&#x1e020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YATI|&#x1e021;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YU|&#x1e023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER SMALL YUS|&#x1e024;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER YO|&#x1e026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IOTATED SMALL YUS|&#x1e027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER BIG YUS|&#x1e028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER IOTATED BIG YUS|&#x1e029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER FITA|&#x1e02a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL A|&#x1e030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BE|&#x1e031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL VE|&#x1e032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL GHE|&#x1e033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL DE|&#x1e034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL IE|&#x1e035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ZHE|&#x1e036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ZE|&#x1e037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL I|&#x1e038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL KA|&#x1e039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EL|&#x1e03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EM|&#x1e03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL O|&#x1e03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL PE|&#x1e03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ER|&#x1e03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ES|&#x1e03f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL TE|&#x1e040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL U|&#x1e041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL EF|&#x1e042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL HA|&#x1e043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL TSE|&#x1e044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL CHE|&#x1e045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL SHA|&#x1e046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YERU|&#x1e047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL E|&#x1e048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YU|&#x1e049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL DZZE|&#x1e04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL SCHWA|&#x1e04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&#x1e04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL JE|&#x1e04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL BARRED O|&#x1e04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL STRAIGHT U|&#x1e04f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL PALOCHKA|&#x1e050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER A|&#x1e051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BE|&#x1e052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER VE|&#x1e053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GHE|&#x1e054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DE|&#x1e055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER IE|&#x1e056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ZHE|&#x1e057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ZE|&#x1e058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER I|&#x1e059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER KA|&#x1e05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER EL|&#x1e05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER O|&#x1e05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER PE|&#x1e05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER ES|&#x1e05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER U|&#x1e05f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER EF|&#x1e060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER HA|&#x1e061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER TSE|&#x1e062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER CHE|&#x1e063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SHA|&#x1e064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN|&#x1e065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER YERU|&#x1e066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN|&#x1e067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&#x1e068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DZE|&#x1e069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER DZHE|&#x1e06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL ES WITH DESCENDER|&#x1e06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL YERU WITH BACK YER|&#x1e06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC SMALL STRAIGHT U WITH STROKE|&#x1e06d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E07x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E08x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I|&#x1e08f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E09x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E0Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E0Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E0Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E0Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E0Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E0Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER MA|&#x1e100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TSA|&#x1e101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTA|&#x1e102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TA|&#x1e103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER HA|&#x1e104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NA|&#x1e105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER XA|&#x1e106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NKA|&#x1e107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER CA|&#x1e108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER LA|&#x1e109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER SA|&#x1e10a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER ZA|&#x1e10b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NCA|&#x1e10c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTSA|&#x1e10d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER KA|&#x1e10e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER DA|&#x1e10f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NYA|&#x1e110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NRA|&#x1e111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER VA|&#x1e112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NTXA|&#x1e113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER TXA|&#x1e114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER FA|&#x1e115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER RA|&#x1e116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER QA|&#x1e117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER YA|&#x1e118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NQA|&#x1e119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER PA|&#x1e11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER XYA|&#x1e11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NPA|&#x1e11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER DLA|&#x1e11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER NPLA|&#x1e11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER HAH|&#x1e11f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E12x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER MLA|&#x1e120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER PLA|&#x1e121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER GA|&#x1e122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER RRA|&#x1e123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER A|&#x1e124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER AA|&#x1e125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER I|&#x1e126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER U|&#x1e127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER O|&#x1e128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER OO|&#x1e129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER E|&#x1e12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER EE|&#x1e12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER W|&#x1e12c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E13x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-B|&#x1e130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-M|&#x1e131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-J|&#x1e132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-V|&#x1e133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-S|&#x1e134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-G|&#x1e135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG TONE-D|&#x1e136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR PERSON|&#x1e137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR THING|&#x1e138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR LOCATION|&#x1e139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR ANIMAL|&#x1e13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN FOR INVERTEBRATE|&#x1e13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN XW XW|&#x1e13c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SYLLABLE LENGTHENER|&#x1e13d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E14x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT ONE|&#x1e141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT TWO|&#x1e142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT THREE|&#x1e143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT SIX|&#x1e146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG DIGIT NINE|&#x1e149;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LOGOGRAM NYAJ|&#x1e14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG CIRCLED CA|&#x1e14f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Eebee Hmong''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E15x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E16x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E17x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E18x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E19x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E1Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E1Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E1Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Western Cham''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E20x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E21x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E22x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E23x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E24x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E25x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E26x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Toto''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E29x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER PA|&#x1e290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BA|&#x1e291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER TA|&#x1e292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER DA|&#x1e293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER KA|&#x1e294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER GA|&#x1e295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER MA|&#x1e296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER NA|&#x1e297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER NGA|&#x1e298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER SA|&#x1e299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER CHA|&#x1e29a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER YA|&#x1e29b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER WA|&#x1e29c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER JA|&#x1e29d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER HA|&#x1e29e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER RA|&#x1e29f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E2Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER LA|&#x1e2a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER I|&#x1e2a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY I|&#x1e2a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER IU|&#x1e2a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY IU|&#x1e2a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER U|&#x1e2a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER E|&#x1e2a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY E|&#x1e2a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER EO|&#x1e2a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY EO|&#x1e2a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER O|&#x1e2aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER AE|&#x1e2ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER BREATHY AE|&#x1e2ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO LETTER A|&#x1e2ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOTO SIGN RISING TONE|&#x1e2ae;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Wancho''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E2Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AA|&#x1e2c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER A|&#x1e2c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER BA|&#x1e2c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER CA|&#x1e2c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER DA|&#x1e2c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER GA|&#x1e2c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER YA|&#x1e2c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER PHA|&#x1e2c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER LA|&#x1e2c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NA|&#x1e2c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER PA|&#x1e2ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TA|&#x1e2cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER THA|&#x1e2cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER FA|&#x1e2cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER SA|&#x1e2ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER SHA|&#x1e2cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E2Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER JA|&#x1e2d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ZA|&#x1e2d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER WA|&#x1e2d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER VA|&#x1e2d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER KA|&#x1e2d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER O|&#x1e2d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AU|&#x1e2d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER RA|&#x1e2d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER MA|&#x1e2d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER KHA|&#x1e2d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER HA|&#x1e2da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER E|&#x1e2db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER I|&#x1e2dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NGA|&#x1e2dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER U|&#x1e2de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER LLHA|&#x1e2df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E2Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TSA|&#x1e2e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER TRA|&#x1e2e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ONG|&#x1e2e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AANG|&#x1e2e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ANG|&#x1e2e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ING|&#x1e2e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER ON|&#x1e2e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER EN|&#x1e2e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER AAN|&#x1e2e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER NYA|&#x1e2e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER UEN|&#x1e2ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO LETTER YIH|&#x1e2eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE TUP|&#x1e2ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE TUPNI|&#x1e2ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE KOI|&#x1e2ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO TONE KOINI|&#x1e2ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E2Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e2f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT ONE|&#x1e2f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT TWO|&#x1e2f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT THREE|&#x1e2f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e2f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e2f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT SIX|&#x1e2f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e2f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e2f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO DIGIT NINE|&#x1e2f9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANCHO NGUN SIGN|&#x1e2ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Loma''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E30x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E31x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E32x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E33x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E34x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E35x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E36x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E37x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E38x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E39x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E3Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E3Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E3Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E3Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E3Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E3Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E40x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E41x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Bagam''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E42x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E43x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E44x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E45x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E46x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E47x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E48x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E49x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E4Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E4Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E4Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Nag Mundari''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E4Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER O|&#x1e4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OP|&#x1e4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OL|&#x1e4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER OY|&#x1e4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ONG|&#x1e4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER A|&#x1e4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AJ|&#x1e4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AB|&#x1e4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ANY|&#x1e4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER AH|&#x1e4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER I|&#x1e4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IS|&#x1e4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IDD|&#x1e4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IT|&#x1e4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER IH|&#x1e4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER U|&#x1e4df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E4Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UC|&#x1e4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UD|&#x1e4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UK|&#x1e4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER UR|&#x1e4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER E|&#x1e4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ENN|&#x1e4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EG|&#x1e4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EM|&#x1e4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER EN|&#x1e4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ETT|&#x1e4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI LETTER ELL|&#x1e4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN OJOD|&#x1e4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN MUHOR|&#x1e4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN TOYOR|&#x1e4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN IKIR|&#x1e4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI SIGN SUTUH|&#x1e4ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E4Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT ONE|&#x1e4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT TWO|&#x1e4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT THREE|&#x1e4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT SIX|&#x1e4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e4f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAG MUNDARI DIGIT NINE|&#x1e4f9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pungchen''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E50x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E51x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E52x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pungchung''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E53x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E54x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E55x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Marchung''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E56x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E57x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E58x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E59x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Brusha''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E5Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E5Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E5Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ol Onal''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E5Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER O|&#x1e5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OM|&#x1e5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ONG|&#x1e5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ORR|&#x1e5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OO|&#x1e5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER OY|&#x1e5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER A|&#x1e5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AD|&#x1e5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AB|&#x1e5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AH|&#x1e5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AL|&#x1e5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER AW|&#x1e5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER I|&#x1e5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IT|&#x1e5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IP|&#x1e5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ITT|&#x1e5df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E5Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ID|&#x1e5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER IN|&#x1e5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER U|&#x1e5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UK|&#x1e5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UDD|&#x1e5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UJ|&#x1e5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UNY|&#x1e5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER UR|&#x1e5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER E|&#x1e5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ES|&#x1e5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EH|&#x1e5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EC|&#x1e5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER ENN|&#x1e5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL LETTER EG|&#x1e5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN MU|&#x1e5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN IKIR|&#x1e5ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E5Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL SIGN HODDOND|&#x1e5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT ONE|&#x1e5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT TWO|&#x1e5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT THREE|&#x1e5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT SIX|&#x1e5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL DIGIT NINE|&#x1e5fa;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL ONAL ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x1e5ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Chola''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E60x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E61x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E62x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E63x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E64x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E65x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Box-Headed''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E66x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E67x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E68x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E69x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E6Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E6Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tai Yo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E6Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KO|&#x1e6c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KO|&#x1e6c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KHO|&#x1e6c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KHO|&#x1e6c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER GO|&#x1e6c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER NGO|&#x1e6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER CO|&#x1e6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW XO|&#x1e6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH XO|&#x1e6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW NYO|&#x1e6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH NYO|&#x1e6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER DO|&#x1e6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW TO|&#x1e6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH TO|&#x1e6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER THO|&#x1e6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER NO|&#x1e6cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E6Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER BO|&#x1e6d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW PO|&#x1e6d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH PO|&#x1e6d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER PHO|&#x1e6d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW FO|&#x1e6d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH FO|&#x1e6d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER MO|&#x1e6d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER YO|&#x1e6d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LO|&#x1e6d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER VO|&#x1e6d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW HO|&#x1e6da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH HO|&#x1e6db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER QO|&#x1e6dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER LOW KVO|&#x1e6dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER HIGH KVO|&#x1e6de;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E6Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AA|&#x1e6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER I|&#x1e6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UE|&#x1e6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN UE|&#x1e6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER U|&#x1e6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AE|&#x1e6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN AU|&#x1e6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER O|&#x1e6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER E|&#x1e6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER IA|&#x1e6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UEA|&#x1e6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER UA|&#x1e6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER OO|&#x1e6ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AUE|&#x1e6ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN AY|&#x1e6ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN ANG|&#x1e6ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E6Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AN|&#x1e6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AM|&#x1e6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AK|&#x1e6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AT|&#x1e6f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO LETTER AP|&#x1e6f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SIGN OM|&#x1e6f5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO SYMBOL MUEANG|&#x1e6fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI YO XAM LAI|&#x1e6ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Lampung''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E70x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E71x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E72x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E73x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kerinci''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E74x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E75x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E76x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Buginese Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E77x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E78x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E79x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E7Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E7Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Lontara bilang-bilang''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E7Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E7Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E7Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYA|&#x1e7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYU|&#x1e7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYI|&#x1e7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYAA|&#x1e7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYEE|&#x1e7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYE|&#x1e7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHYO|&#x1e7e6;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE HHWA|&#x1e7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWI|&#x1e7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWEE|&#x1e7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWE|&#x1e7eb;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE MWI|&#x1e7ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE MWEE|&#x1e7ee;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E7Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWI|&#x1e7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWEE|&#x1e7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE QWE|&#x1e7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE BWI|&#x1e7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE BWEE|&#x1e7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWI|&#x1e7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWEE|&#x1e7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE KWE|&#x1e7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWI|&#x1e7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWEE|&#x1e7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE GWE|&#x1e7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE FWI|&#x1e7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE FWEE|&#x1e7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE PWI|&#x1e7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GURAGE PWEE|&#x1e7fe;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Mende Kikakui''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E80x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M001 KI|&#x1e800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M002 KA|&#x1e801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M003 KU|&#x1e802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M065 KEE|&#x1e803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M095 KE|&#x1e804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M076 KOO|&#x1e805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M048 KO|&#x1e806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M179 KUA|&#x1e807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M004 WI|&#x1e808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M005 WA|&#x1e809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M006 WU|&#x1e80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M126 WEE|&#x1e80b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M118 WE|&#x1e80c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M114 WOO|&#x1e80d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M045 WO|&#x1e80e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M194 WUI|&#x1e80f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E81x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M143 WEI|&#x1e810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M061 WVI|&#x1e811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M049 WVA|&#x1e812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M139 WVE|&#x1e813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M007 MIN|&#x1e814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M008 MAN|&#x1e815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M009 MUN|&#x1e816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M059 MEN|&#x1e817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M094 MON|&#x1e818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M154 MUAN|&#x1e819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M189 MUEN|&#x1e81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M010 BI|&#x1e81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M011 BA|&#x1e81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M012 BU|&#x1e81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M150 BEE|&#x1e81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M097 BE|&#x1e81f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E82x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M103 BOO|&#x1e820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M138 BO|&#x1e821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M013 I|&#x1e822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M014 A|&#x1e823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M015 U|&#x1e824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M163 EE|&#x1e825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M100 E|&#x1e826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M165 OO|&#x1e827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M147 O|&#x1e828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M137 EI|&#x1e829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M131 IN|&#x1e82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M135 IN|&#x1e82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M195 AN|&#x1e82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M178 EN|&#x1e82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M019 SI|&#x1e82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M020 SA|&#x1e82f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E83x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M021 SU|&#x1e830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M162 SEE|&#x1e831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M116 SE|&#x1e832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M136 SOO|&#x1e833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M079 SO|&#x1e834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M196 SIA|&#x1e835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M025 LI|&#x1e836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M026 LA|&#x1e837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M027 LU|&#x1e838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M084 LEE|&#x1e839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M073 LE|&#x1e83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M054 LOO|&#x1e83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M153 LO|&#x1e83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M110 LONG LE|&#x1e83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M016 DI|&#x1e83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M017 DA|&#x1e83f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E84x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M018 DU|&#x1e840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M089 DEE|&#x1e841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M180 DOO|&#x1e842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M181 DO|&#x1e843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M022 TI|&#x1e844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M023 TA|&#x1e845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M024 TU|&#x1e846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M091 TEE|&#x1e847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M055 TE|&#x1e848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M104 TOO|&#x1e849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M069 TO|&#x1e84a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M028 JI|&#x1e84b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M029 JA|&#x1e84c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M030 JU|&#x1e84d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M157 JEE|&#x1e84e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M113 JE|&#x1e84f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E85x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M160 JOO|&#x1e850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M063 JO|&#x1e851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M175 LONG JO|&#x1e852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M031 YI|&#x1e853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M032 YA|&#x1e854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M033 YU|&#x1e855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M109 YEE|&#x1e856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M080 YE|&#x1e857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M141 YOO|&#x1e858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M121 YO|&#x1e859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M034 FI|&#x1e85a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M035 FA|&#x1e85b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M036 FU|&#x1e85c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M078 FEE|&#x1e85d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M075 FE|&#x1e85e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M133 FOO|&#x1e85f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E86x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M088 FO|&#x1e860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M197 FUA|&#x1e861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M101 FAN|&#x1e862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M037 NIN|&#x1e863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M038 NAN|&#x1e864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M039 NUN|&#x1e865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M117 NEN|&#x1e866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M169 NON|&#x1e867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M176 HI|&#x1e868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M041 HA|&#x1e869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M186 HU|&#x1e86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M040 HEE|&#x1e86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M096 HE|&#x1e86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M042 HOO|&#x1e86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M140 HO|&#x1e86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M083 HEEI|&#x1e86f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E87x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M128 HOOU|&#x1e870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M053 HIN|&#x1e871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M130 HAN|&#x1e872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M087 HUN|&#x1e873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M052 HEN|&#x1e874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M193 HON|&#x1e875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M046 HUAN|&#x1e876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M090 NGGI|&#x1e877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M043 NGGA|&#x1e878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M082 NGGU|&#x1e879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M115 NGGEE|&#x1e87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M146 NGGE|&#x1e87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M156 NGGOO|&#x1e87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M120 NGGO|&#x1e87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M159 NGGAA|&#x1e87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M127 NGGUA|&#x1e87f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E88x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M086 LONG NGGE|&#x1e880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M106 LONG NGGOO|&#x1e881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M183 LONG NGGO|&#x1e882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M155 GI|&#x1e883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M111 GA|&#x1e884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M168 GU|&#x1e885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M190 GEE|&#x1e886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M166 GUEI|&#x1e887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M167 GUAN|&#x1e888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M184 NGEN|&#x1e889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M057 NGON|&#x1e88a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M177 NGUAN|&#x1e88b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M068 PI|&#x1e88c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M099 PA|&#x1e88d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M050 PU|&#x1e88e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M081 PEE|&#x1e88f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E89x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M051 PE|&#x1e890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M102 POO|&#x1e891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M066 PO|&#x1e892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M145 MBI|&#x1e893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M062 MBA|&#x1e894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M122 MBU|&#x1e895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M047 MBEE|&#x1e896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M188 MBEE|&#x1e897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M072 MBE|&#x1e898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M172 MBOO|&#x1e899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M174 MBO|&#x1e89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M187 MBUU|&#x1e89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M161 LONG MBE|&#x1e89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M105 LONG MBOO|&#x1e89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M142 LONG MBO|&#x1e89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M132 KPI|&#x1e89f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E8Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M092 KPA|&#x1e8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M074 KPU|&#x1e8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M044 KPEE|&#x1e8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M108 KPE|&#x1e8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M112 KPOO|&#x1e8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M158 KPO|&#x1e8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M124 GBI|&#x1e8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M056 GBA|&#x1e8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M148 GBU|&#x1e8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M093 GBEE|&#x1e8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M107 GBE|&#x1e8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M071 GBOO|&#x1e8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M070 GBO|&#x1e8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M171 RA|&#x1e8ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M123 NDI|&#x1e8ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M129 NDA|&#x1e8af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E8Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M125 NDU|&#x1e8b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M191 NDEE|&#x1e8b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M119 NDE|&#x1e8b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M067 NDOO|&#x1e8b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M064 NDO|&#x1e8b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M152 NJA|&#x1e8b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M192 NJU|&#x1e8b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M149 NJEE|&#x1e8b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M134 NJOO|&#x1e8b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M182 VI|&#x1e8b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M185 VA|&#x1e8ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M151 VU|&#x1e8bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M173 VEE|&#x1e8bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M085 VE|&#x1e8bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M144 VOO|&#x1e8be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M077 VO|&#x1e8bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E8Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M164 NYIN|&#x1e8c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M058 NYAN|&#x1e8c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M170 NYUN|&#x1e8c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M098 NYEN|&#x1e8c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M060 NYON|&#x1e8c4;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT ONE|&#x1e8c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT TWO|&#x1e8c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT THREE|&#x1e8c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e8ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e8cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT SIX|&#x1e8cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e8cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e8ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT NINE|&#x1e8cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E8Dx |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TEENS|&#x1e8d0;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TENS|&#x1e8d1;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER HUNDREDS|&#x1e8d2;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER THOUSANDS|&#x1e8d3;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TEN THOUSANDS|&#x1e8d4;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER HUNDRED THOUSANDS|&#x1e8d5;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER MILLIONS|&#x1e8d6;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Adlam''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E90x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER ALIF|&#x1e900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER DAALI|&#x1e901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER LAAM|&#x1e902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER MIIM|&#x1e903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER BA|&#x1e904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER SINNYIIYHE|&#x1e905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER PE|&#x1e906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER BHE|&#x1e907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER RA|&#x1e908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1e909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER FA|&#x1e90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1e90b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1e90c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER DHA|&#x1e90d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER YHE|&#x1e90e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER WAW|&#x1e90f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E91x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NUN|&#x1e910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KAF|&#x1e911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER YA|&#x1e912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1e913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER JIIM|&#x1e914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER CHI|&#x1e915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER HA|&#x1e916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER QAAF|&#x1e917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER GA|&#x1e918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NYA|&#x1e919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER TU|&#x1e91a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER NHA|&#x1e91b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER VA|&#x1e91c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KHA|&#x1e91d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER GBE|&#x1e91e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER ZAL|&#x1e91f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E92x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER KPO|&#x1e920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER SHA|&#x1e921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER ALIF|&#x1e922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER DAALI|&#x1e923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER LAAM|&#x1e924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER MIIM|&#x1e925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER BA|&#x1e926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER SINNYIIYHE|&#x1e927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER PE|&#x1e928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER BHE|&#x1e929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER RA|&#x1e92a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER E|&#x1e92b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER FA|&#x1e92c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER I|&#x1e92d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER O|&#x1e92e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER DHA|&#x1e92f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E93x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER YHE|&#x1e930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER WAW|&#x1e931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NUN|&#x1e932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KAF|&#x1e933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER YA|&#x1e934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER U|&#x1e935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER JIIM|&#x1e936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER CHI|&#x1e937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER HA|&#x1e938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER QAAF|&#x1e939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER GA|&#x1e93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NYA|&#x1e93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER TU|&#x1e93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER NHA|&#x1e93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER VA|&#x1e93e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KHA|&#x1e93f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E94x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER GBE|&#x1e940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER ZAL|&#x1e941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER KPO|&#x1e942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM SMALL LETTER SHA|&#x1e943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM ALIF LENGTHENER|&#x1e944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM VOWEL LENGTHENER|&#x1e945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM GEMINATION MARK|&#x1e946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM HAMZA|&#x1e947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM CONSONANT MODIFIER|&#x1e948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM GEMINATE CONSONANT MODIFIER|&#x1e949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM NUKTA|&#x1e94a;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM NASALIZATION MARK|&#x1e94b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E95x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT ZERO|&#x1e950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT ONE|&#x1e951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT TWO|&#x1e952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT THREE|&#x1e953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT FOUR|&#x1e954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT FIVE|&#x1e955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT SIX|&#x1e956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1e957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1e958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM DIGIT NINE|&#x1e959;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM INITIAL EXCLAMATION MARK|&#x1e95e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADLAM INITIAL QUESTION MARK|&#x1e95f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''N'Ko Supplement''' |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E96x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E97x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E98x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E99x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E9Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E9Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E9Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E9Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E9Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E9Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Oduduwa''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EA9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EAAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EAEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EAFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Byblos''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EB9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EBAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EBBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EBCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EBDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EBEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EBFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC7x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE|&#x1ec71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO|&#x1ec72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE|&#x1ec73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR|&#x1ec74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE|&#x1ec75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX|&#x1ec76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN|&#x1ec77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT|&#x1ec78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE|&#x1ec79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TEN|&#x1ec7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1ec7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY|&#x1ec7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY|&#x1ec7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY|&#x1ec7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY|&#x1ec7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x1ec80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x1ec81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY|&#x1ec82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&#x1ec83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO HUNDRED|&#x1ec84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE HUNDRED|&#x1ec85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&#x1ec86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE HUNDRED|&#x1ec87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&#x1ec88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN HUNDRED|&#x1ec89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT HUNDRED|&#x1ec8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE HUNDRED|&#x1ec8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&#x1ec8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&#x1ec8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THREE THOUSAND|&#x1ec8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR THOUSAND|&#x1ec8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EC9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE THOUSAND|&#x1ec90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIX THOUSAND|&#x1ec91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN THOUSAND|&#x1ec92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT THOUSAND|&#x1ec93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINE THOUSAND|&#x1ec94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&#x1ec95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY THOUSAND|&#x1ec9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY THOUSAND|&#x1ec9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER LAKH|&#x1ec9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER LAKHAN|&#x1ec9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ECAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ LAKH MARK|&#x1eca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER KAROR|&#x1eca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER KARORAN|&#x1eca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED ONE|&#x1eca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED TWO|&#x1eca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED THREE|&#x1eca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED FOUR|&#x1eca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED FIVE|&#x1eca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED SIX|&#x1eca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED SEVEN|&#x1eca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED EIGHT|&#x1ecaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER PREFIXED NINE|&#x1ecab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ PLACEHOLDER|&#x1ecac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION ONE QUARTER|&#x1ecad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION ONE HALF|&#x1ecae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ FRACTION THREE QUARTERS|&#x1ecaf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ECBx |style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ RUPEE MARK|&#x1ecb0;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE ONE|&#x1ecb1;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE TWO|&#x1ecb2;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ NUMBER ALTERNATE TEN THOUSAND|&#x1ecb3;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDIC SIYAQ ALTERNATE LAKH MARK|&#x1ecb4;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ECCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ECDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ECEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ECFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED0x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE|&#x1ed01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO|&#x1ed02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE|&#x1ed03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR|&#x1ed04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE|&#x1ed05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX|&#x1ed06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN|&#x1ed07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT|&#x1ed08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE|&#x1ed09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TEN|&#x1ed0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1ed0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY|&#x1ed0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY|&#x1ed0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY|&#x1ed0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY|&#x1ed0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x1ed10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x1ed11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY|&#x1ed12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&#x1ed13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO HUNDRED|&#x1ed14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE HUNDRED|&#x1ed15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&#x1ed16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE HUNDRED|&#x1ed17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&#x1ed18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN HUNDRED|&#x1ed19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT HUNDRED|&#x1ed1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE HUNDRED|&#x1ed1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&#x1ed1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&#x1ed1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THREE THOUSAND|&#x1ed1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FOUR THOUSAND|&#x1ed1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIVE THOUSAND|&#x1ed20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIX THOUSAND|&#x1ed21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVEN THOUSAND|&#x1ed22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHT THOUSAND|&#x1ed23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINE THOUSAND|&#x1ed24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&#x1ed25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER TWENTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER THIRTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FORTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER FIFTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SIXTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER SEVENTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER EIGHTY THOUSAND|&#x1ed2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ NUMBER NINETY THOUSAND|&#x1ed2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ MARRATAN|&#x1ed2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TWO|&#x1ed2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER THREE|&#x1ed30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FOUR|&#x1ed31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FIVE|&#x1ed32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SIX|&#x1ed33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SEVEN|&#x1ed34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER EIGHT|&#x1ed35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER NINE|&#x1ed36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TEN|&#x1ed37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER FOUR HUNDRED|&#x1ed38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER SIX HUNDRED|&#x1ed39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TWO THOUSAND|&#x1ed3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ ALTERNATE NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&#x1ed3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ FRACTION ONE HALF|&#x1ed3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTOMAN SIYAQ FRACTION ONE SIXTH|&#x1ed3d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ED9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EDAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EDBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EDCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EDDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EDEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EDFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ALEF|&#x1ee00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL BEH|&#x1ee01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL JEEM|&#x1ee02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DAL|&#x1ee03;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL WAW|&#x1ee05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ZAIN|&#x1ee06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL HAH|&#x1ee07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAH|&#x1ee08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL YEH|&#x1ee09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL KAF|&#x1ee0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LAM|&#x1ee0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL MEEM|&#x1ee0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL NOON|&#x1ee0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SEEN|&#x1ee0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL AIN|&#x1ee0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL FEH|&#x1ee10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SAD|&#x1ee11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL QAF|&#x1ee12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL REH|&#x1ee13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL SHEEN|&#x1ee14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TEH|&#x1ee15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL THEH|&#x1ee16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL KHAH|&#x1ee17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL THAL|&#x1ee18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DAD|&#x1ee19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL ZAH|&#x1ee1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL GHAIN|&#x1ee1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS BEH|&#x1ee1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS NOON|&#x1ee1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS FEH|&#x1ee1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOTLESS QAF|&#x1ee1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE2x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL BEH|&#x1ee21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL JEEM|&#x1ee22;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL HEH|&#x1ee24;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL HAH|&#x1ee27;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL YEH|&#x1ee29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL KAF|&#x1ee2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL LAM|&#x1ee2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL MEEM|&#x1ee2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL NOON|&#x1ee2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SEEN|&#x1ee2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL AIN|&#x1ee2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL FEH|&#x1ee30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SAD|&#x1ee31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL QAF|&#x1ee32;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL SHEEN|&#x1ee34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL TEH|&#x1ee35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL THEH|&#x1ee36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL KHAH|&#x1ee37;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL DAD|&#x1ee39;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL INITIAL GHAIN|&#x1ee3b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED JEEM|&#x1ee42;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED HAH|&#x1ee47;}}||&nbsp;||style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED YEH|&#x1ee49;}}||&nbsp;||style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED LAM|&#x1ee4b;}}||&nbsp;||style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED NOON|&#x1ee4d;}}||style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SEEN|&#x1ee4e;}}||style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED AIN|&#x1ee4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE5x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SAD|&#x1ee51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED QAF|&#x1ee52;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED SHEEN|&#x1ee54;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED KHAH|&#x1ee57;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DAD|&#x1ee59;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED GHAIN|&#x1ee5b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DOTLESS NOON|&#x1ee5d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL TAILED DOTLESS QAF|&#x1ee5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE6x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED BEH|&#x1ee61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED JEEM|&#x1ee62;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED HEH|&#x1ee64;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED HAH|&#x1ee67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED TAH|&#x1ee68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED YEH|&#x1ee69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED KAF|&#x1ee6a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED MEEM|&#x1ee6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED NOON|&#x1ee6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SEEN|&#x1ee6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED AIN|&#x1ee6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED FEH|&#x1ee70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SAD|&#x1ee71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED QAF|&#x1ee72;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED SHEEN|&#x1ee74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED TEH|&#x1ee75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED THEH|&#x1ee76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED KHAH|&#x1ee77;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DAD|&#x1ee79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED ZAH|&#x1ee7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED GHAIN|&#x1ee7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DOTLESS BEH|&#x1ee7c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL STRETCHED DOTLESS FEH|&#x1ee7e;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ALEF|&#x1ee80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED BEH|&#x1ee81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED JEEM|&#x1ee82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED DAL|&#x1ee83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED HEH|&#x1ee84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED WAW|&#x1ee85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ZAIN|&#x1ee86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED HAH|&#x1ee87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED TAH|&#x1ee88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED YEH|&#x1ee89;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED LAM|&#x1ee8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED MEEM|&#x1ee8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED NOON|&#x1ee8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SEEN|&#x1ee8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED AIN|&#x1ee8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EE9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED FEH|&#x1ee90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SAD|&#x1ee91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED QAF|&#x1ee92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED REH|&#x1ee93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED SHEEN|&#x1ee94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED TEH|&#x1ee95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED THEH|&#x1ee96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED KHAH|&#x1ee97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED THAL|&#x1ee98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED DAD|&#x1ee99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED ZAH|&#x1ee9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL LOOPED GHAIN|&#x1ee9b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EEAx |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK BEH|&#x1eea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK JEEM|&#x1eea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DAL|&#x1eea3;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK WAW|&#x1eea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK ZAIN|&#x1eea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK HAH|&#x1eea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK TAH|&#x1eea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK YEH|&#x1eea9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK LAM|&#x1eeab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK MEEM|&#x1eeac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK NOON|&#x1eead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SEEN|&#x1eeae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK AIN|&#x1eeaf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EEBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK FEH|&#x1eeb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SAD|&#x1eeb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK QAF|&#x1eeb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK REH|&#x1eeb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK SHEEN|&#x1eeb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK TEH|&#x1eeb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK THEH|&#x1eeb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK KHAH|&#x1eeb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK THAL|&#x1eeb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DAD|&#x1eeb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK ZAH|&#x1eeba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK GHAIN|&#x1eebb;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EEFx |style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATOR MEEM WITH HAH WITH TATWEEL|&#x1eef0;}}||style="{{6.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARABIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATOR HAH WITH DAL|&#x1eef1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} fqd6xfly9k18xjlp9oov1ha3fheyhrt 0 286123 4672742 4672730 2026-09-28T12:31:51Z Jeff1138 301139 4672742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Firefox (linux) 136, Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded (identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC) *if Playing the soundtrack, nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen but cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button, Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button and Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *video has no separate audio stream on Youtube links then try switch to 360p... ? *audio streams aac/mp3 Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time shown but nothing else *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192 has Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} ibq80yy9uvkzgx57aqh87lbvj1omm9i 4672743 4672742 2026-09-28T12:33:30Z Jeff1138 301139 4672743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded (identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC) *if Playing the soundtrack, nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen but cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button, Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button and Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *video has no separate audio stream on Youtube links then try switch to 360p... ? *audio streams aac/mp3 Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time shown but nothing else *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192 has Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} 47p0m9c03m48dtx0b7iarg33n7oq4my 4672771 4672743 2026-09-28T14:39:59Z Jeff1138 301139 4672771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *video has no separate audio stream on Youtube links then try switch to 360p... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} q2wmlu5wfmgawd38xh7m2avlwf43vu2 4672776 4672771 2026-09-28T14:41:38Z Jeff1138 301139 4672776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *video has no separate audio stream on Youtube links then try switch to 360p... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} s2ytkhr615xs7csm0r7klpdgee1uout 4672787 4672776 2026-09-28T14:58:11Z Jeff1138 301139 4672787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} atclaytl301q4sektvj0mi6gvspgsbz 4672833 4672787 2026-09-28T18:44:32Z Jeff1138 301139 4672833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} 09l79uq6ikaoh6o7yt4sz3d95vk5xii 4672834 4672833 2026-09-28T18:48:31Z Jeff1138 301139 4672834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not fully implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} 7lhkkjy7b7bivs8fn7esfwyxjf6i77b 4672835 4672834 2026-09-28T18:49:14Z Jeff1138 301139 4672835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} pgrzl55zwixbbadyc1ln00zfq3jgt17 4672841 4672835 2026-09-28T18:59:02Z Jeff1138 301139 4672841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distro has started] 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} almnycopw55acsq092hqhua1o70ksid 4672880 4672841 2026-09-29T07:09:30Z Jeff1138 301139 4672880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} 842zm39n18uocu0m3gl80161ivz59gx 4672881 4672880 2026-09-29T07:14:08Z Jeff1138 301139 4672881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD/SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} 48rgnff9caourd8o9vu26m829o2au5f 4672890 4672881 2026-09-29T08:22:36Z Jeff1138 301139 4672890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD/SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} oaevlx25wwjlvo2tby2fq9cgbk0z9iw 2 305310 4672744 3619694 2026-09-28T12:43:07Z MathXplore 3097823 Requesting deletion ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1c) 4672744 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|1=Broken redirect <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> #REDIRECT [[Suicide]] jf0jp0zarv6k6bk2gm8ec7ap4ya19fd 0 382860 4672764 4661685 2026-09-28T14:15:53Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672764 wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = The Oberon System, V1 and V2 | next = Linz Oberon, V4 }} ==Links== [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/sitemap|ETH Oberon Sitemap]]<br /> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial|ETH Oberon Tutorial]], Fischer and Marais<br /> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Ramos|Oberon Channel in Youtube]], Andres Ramos<br /> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/white|ETH Oberon White Paper]]<br /> [http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/oberon/ftp.inf.ethz.ch/ETHOberon/Contrib/ Contributions, formerly served from ETHZ] ==Installing== [[File:Oberon0UnderQEMU.png|thumb|320px|The Oberon0 installer for ETH Oberon running on [[w:QEMU|QEMU]] in [[w:Debian|Debian]] [[w:Linux|Linux]].]] Originally, Oberon was [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|installed]] on a bare [[w:32-bit_computing|32 bit]] [[w:I386|i386]] or [[w:I486|i486]] machine using an Oberon0 [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/diskette|diskette]]. The procedure may still interest an enthusiast. In a contemporary system the Oberon0 installer can run on a [[w:Virtual_machine|virtual machine]]. The virtual machine is installed once and can be used for any number of installations. With this method, no time is spent recording and booting from a diskette and the unreliability of diskettes and drives is avoided. The installer runs faster on the virtual machine than it does from a diskette. The method has proven successful in installing ETH Oberon to a variety of laptop and desktop machines including a Micron Trek 2, AGP laptop. Detailed instructions for [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/QEMUinstall|installing with the QEMU hypervisor]] are provided and the instructions can be adapted to other virtual machines. Andres Ramos describes a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos installation method] where a FAT filesystem on a diskette is used to transfer installation files to the target machine. System configuration notes in [[/QEMUinstall#System_Configuration|QEMU page]] are independent of method of installation. In the original installation notes, configuration is discussed under the heading [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/install#K|Customization of the installed Native Oberon system]]. In the running ETH Oberon, <code>Script.Open System.Text</code> allows access to section "4. Configuring the system". After installation and configuration on a storage medium, the system can run directly on a native [[w:X86|X86 PC]]. Alternatively, use can continue on the virtual machine. In the native case, a network connection will be over Ethernet or a serial crossover cable. In the virtual case, a network connection uses a [[w:TUN/TAP|TAP]] or [[w:Network_bridge|bridge]] interface connected to the host system. ==A Calendar and a Clock== [[File:OberonDocWithCaret.png|thumb|An Oberon document named Time with the hook caret allowing insertion.]] [[File:OberonTime.png|thumb|Time with the calendar and clock.]] Open an empty Time document with MM on Desktops.OpenDoc Time ~.<br> Set the hook caret by ML in the document.<br> Insert a calendar with MM on Gadgets.Insert Clocks.NewCalendar ~.<br> Insert a clock with MM on Gadgets.Insert Clocks.NewClock ~.<br> MM on [Store].<br> MM on [Close].<br> MM on Edit.Open Oberon.Text ~. Alternatively ET.Open Oberon.Text ~.<br> Above the line { System.OpenLog } insert these three lines. : { Configuration.Marker set 80% 94% } : { Desktops.OpenDoc Time ~ } : { Configuration.Marker set 80% 92% } MM on Edit.Store or ET.Store.<br> MM on System.Reboot. ==Telnet Console== [[w:Telnet|Telnet]] is an insecure protocol but provides a host console in Oberon and in an Oberon sub-system of A2. A host of an Oberon subsystem and a network facing router in a [[w:Local_area_network|LAN]] should have a [[w:Firewall_(computing)|firewall]] such as [[w:Shorewall|Shorewall]]. A telnet server daemon is required on at least one host. This in Debian Linux. sudo apt install openbsd-inetd inetutils-telnetd Configure with this line in /etc/inetd.conf. telnet stream tcp nowait <user> /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/telnetd -E /bin/bash Refer to the telnetd manual. <user> must be replaced with the id of the Oberon user. Note the default to no authentication; equivalent to parameter "-a none". Restart the inet daemon. service openbsd-inetd restart Try telnet from within a console in the host. telnet localhost Then in Oberon. Desktops.OpenDoc telnet&#58;//localhost To be automatically located in the home directory, append this line to ~/.bashrc. cd ~ ==Email== [[File:Oberon.Mail.Panel.png|thumb|Mail.Panel in Oberon.]] [[w:Transport_Layer_Security|TLS]] is essential for secure transmission of email and is now routine practice. Oberon supports [[w:Pop3|POP and POP3]] for retrieving e-mail and [[w:Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol|SMTP]] for sending it. E-mail can be received from a [[w:smarthost|smarthost]] ''via'' a TLS tunnel and sent ''via'' [[w:Exim|Exim]] or a TLS tunnel.<ref>For ETH Oberon, a host on the LAN can provide Exim and Stunnel. For the Oberon subsystem in A2, Exim and Stunnel can run on localhost.</ref> In ETH Oberon, [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]] make these settings. NetSystem = { SMTP = "<host on the LAN>" {* Outgoing local exim4 or TLS tunnel to smarthost. *} POP = "<host on the LAN>" {* TLS tunnel to smarthost for incoming mail. *} ... POPMode &#61; "POP3" &#123;* POP3 or APOP *&#125; EMail &#61; "me@my.domain.name" &#123;* your return address *&#125; ... &#125; [[w:List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers#Well-known_ports|Ports]] 25 for SMTP and 110 for POP are visible in [[../A2/Oberon.Mail.Mod|Oberon.Mail.Mod]]. In A2, [[Oberon/A2#Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]], or Oberon.<host>.Text if using myaos, make these settings. NetSystem = { SMTP = "localhost" {* Outgoing local exim4 or TLS tunnel to smarthost. *} POP = "localhost" {* TLS tunnel to smarthost for incoming mail. *} ... POPMode &#61; "POP3" &#123;* POP3 or APOP *&#125; EMail &#61; "me@my.domain.name" &#123;* your return address *&#125; ... &#125; Ports are visible in [[../A2/Oberon.Mail.Mod|Oberon.Mail.Mod]]. Install stunnel and configure as in this example. The server name and port, exemplified by my.email.server<nowiki>:</nowiki>995, should be adjusted according to smarthost documentation. &#35;&#160;localhost<nowiki>:</nowiki>[https://www.stunnel.org/static/stunnel.html /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf] &#35;&#160;Example SSL client mode services &#91;pop3&#93; client &#61; yes accept &#61; localhost<nowiki>:</nowiki>110 connect &#61; my.email.server<nowiki>:</nowiki>995 Hypothetically, systemd should start stunnel. In Debian 11 [https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=826883 a bug] interferes with automatic startup. This line in /etc/crontab may work. @reboot root /bin/stunnel If all else fails, start stunnel interactively with root authority and submit a bug report against the stunnel package. Set POP authentication using NetSystem.SetUser as in this example. NetSystem.SetUser pop<nowiki>:</nowiki>myEmailID<nowiki>:</nowiki>myEmailPassword@my.email.server &#126; The original SetUser command assumed the @ character did not occur in myEmailID or in myEmailPassword. This command, for example, would fail. NetSystem.SetUser pop<nowiki>:</nowiki>me@my.domain.name<nowiki>:</nowiki>r2d2$8Ch@my.email.server &#126; The difficulty is resolved by more thorough parsing in the SetUser command. Retrieve the revised [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/NetSystem.Mod|NetSystem.Mod]] in ETH Oberon; [[Oberon/A2/Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod|Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod]] in A2. Compile the module. In ETH Oberon. Compiler.Compile NetSystem.Mod ~ In A2 apply the compile button in the editor (menu Files > Files > Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod) or MM on this command. Compiler.Compile Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod ~ Install Exim in the host according to system specific documentation for [https://wiki.debian.org/Exim Debian], [https://forums.fedoraforum.org/showthread.php?282299-Setting-up-an-exim-mail-server Fedora/CentOS] and etc.<ref>The primary [https://www.exim.org/docs.html Exim documentation] is also available.</ref> Exim authenticates to a smarthost according to a password file.<ref>In Debian, /etc/exim4/passwd.client associates a password with each (host, user) pair. Multiple host:user:password specifications are acceptable. The file does not determine the destination chosen by exim for sending a message. Refer to the [https://manpages.debian.org/jessie/exim4-config/exim4-config_files.5.en.html exim4-config_files manual].</ref> Details of configuration for a specific mail server can be obscure. For example, the server can fail to specify [[w:Opportunistic_TLS|STARTTLS]] or [https://www.exim.org/exim-html-current/doc/html/spec_html/ch-encrypted_smtp_connections_using_tlsssl.html TLS on connect]. Before attempting to configure Exim, ambiguities are best resolved using [https://www.jetmore.org/john/code/swaks/ Swaks]. Replace arguments of Swaks options -au, -ap, -f and -t with appropriate values for user, password and email address. Refer to the excellent [https://www.jetmore.org/john/code/swaks/latest/doc/ref.txt manual] for details. A userid pattern commonly used by [[w:Internet_service_provider|ISPs]] is me@my.authentication.domain. swaks -tls &#92; -ao -apt -au me@my.authentication.domain -ap r2d2\$8Ch &#92; -s my.smarthost.com --port 587 &#92; -f me@my.email.address -t me@my.email.address The example password has eight characters; \ is not included in the password but prevents misinterpretation of $8 by the host [[w:Shell (computing)|shell]].<ref name="escape"/> Swaks creates a trivial test message automatically. Arguments of options can be adjusted until transmission succeeds. Confirm transmission by receipt in Oberon as discussed above. ==News Reader== Notes pending. ==Text== These tables show the structure of records in memory representing a Text. When Texts.Store() records a Text in a [[w:Computer file|file]] for a [[w:Computer data storage|storage medium]], the information in the record structure is [[w:serialization|serialized]]. In the inverse process, Texts.Load() deserializes the information to the record structure of the Text in memory. {{:Oberon/ETH Oberon/TextType}} === Texts.FindPiece and the cache === For a given Text, T, and offset pos in [0, T.len), procedure Texts.FindPiece has the task of locating the piece containing pos. At each execution, FindPiece could begin at offset 0 and add lengths of pieces until the piece containing pos is located. A cache based upon T.pce and T.org allows better efficiency. When FindPiece completes a search, the pointer to the found piece is recorded in T.pce; the offset of the first character of that piece is recorded in T.org. The next execution of FindPiece begins at that cached location. With a result from FindPiece often being near the preceeding result, this strategy avoids repeated summation of lengths from the beginning of the first piece. === Text Dataflow in ETH Oberon === This [[w:Data-flow_diagram|dataflow]] example illustrates relationships between Oberon Text, [[w:HTML|HTML]] and [[w:ASCII|ASCII]] text. <div id="DataFlow"></div> <table cellpadding="2" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">Oberon Text with<br>non-text features</td> <td>Oberon<br>Edit.StoreAscii<br>command<br><div style="font-size: x-large">&#x27F6;</div></td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">Oberon Text with non<br>-text features omitted</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">Oberon Text with non<br>-text features omitted</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <table cellpadding="2"> <tr><td align="center">Oberon<br>MediaWiki.Markup<br>command</td><td style="font-size: x-large; ">&#x2193;</td></tr> </table> </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td > <table cellpadding="2"> <tr><td style="font-size: x-large">&#x2191;</td><td>Oberon<br>Desktops.OpenDoc<br>command</td></tr> </table> </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td align="center> <table cellpadding="2"> <tr align="center"><td style="font-size: x-large">&#x2191;</td><td>Oberon<br>mouse<br>copy</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};; cellpadding: 2">MediaWiki markup with color<br>and syle but hyperlinks<br>and images omitted</td> <td>MediaWiki<br>processor<br><div style="font-size: x-large">&#x27F6;</div></td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">HTML5 text with<br>text color and style</td> <td>Web<br>&#160;&#160;browser&#160;&#160;<br><div style="font-size: x-large">&#x27F6;</div></td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">&#160;&#160;&#160;browser&#160;&#160;&#160;<br>&#160;&#160;text</td> <td>Clipboard or<br>Save operation<br><div style="font-size: x-large">&#x27F6;</div></td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">ASCII<br>text file</td> </tr> </table> Text color and style, images and hyperlinks are lost by conversion of browser text to ASCII. Consequently the rightmost Oberon Text has the same appearance as plain ASCII text. Text color and style can assist with reading and understanding a source but compilation is not influenced by color and style. ==Potential Developments== * A fresh release with bug fixes and improvements, posted on a [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/Oberon0%20boot%20disk/ public server]. * Improved support of [[w:Unicode|Unicode]]. * [[w:Huffman_encoding|Huffman coding]] in [[w:Jpg|JPEG]]. * Improved HTML support. Support for styling and tables, for example. * [[w:Portable_Network_Graphics|PNG]]. * [[w:Transport_Layer_Security|SSL]] based upon existing cryptography modules. * [[w:Touchscreen|Touchscreen]] support. ==Module Sources== The last release of ETH_Oberon at the ETHZ was 2.3.7. At bootup, release date 2003-01-05<ref name="iso8601">[[w:ISO_8601|ISO 8601 date format.]]</ref> is announced in the System.Log. [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ Sourceforge] has the file "{{color|green|Native Oberon 2.3.7 Alpha/NativeOberon_2.3.7.tar.gz}}" and bootable installer images in "{{color|green|Oberon0 boot disk/}}". Package structure is in [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool|Native.Tool]]. Sources are also available at [https://github.com/schierlm/NativeOberon-2.3.6-Extracted https://github.com/schierlm/NativeOberon-2.3.6-Extracted] in the directory {{color|green|FullInstall_ASCII}}. Sources and Tools remain under the [[Oberon#ETH_Oberon_License|ETH Oberon License]]. === Module Sources in System Package === The System Package contains approximately 170 modules. Refer to [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool|Native.Tool]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/ATADisks.Mod|ATADisks.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/ATADisks.Mod|ATADisks.Mod]] | Support for Compact Flash added. |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Compiler.Mod|Compiler.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Dialer.Mod|Dialer.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/Dialer.Mod|Dialer.Mod]] | Dialer.Dial modified to support the ringback protocol as provided by [http://mgetty.greenie.net mgetty]. Refer to the [[../ETH_Oberon/Dialer|Dialer]] page. |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayLinear.Mod|DisplayLinear.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Displays.Display.Mod|Displays.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Displays.Mod|Displays.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Empty.Display.Mod|Empty.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/FTP.Mod|FTP.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/FTP.Mod|FTP.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/GD54xx.Display.Mod|GD54xx.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Input.Mod|Input.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/Input.Mod|Input.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/NetSystem.Mod|NetSystem.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/OGLDisplay.Mod|OGLDisplay.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Objects.Mod|Objects.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPDebug.Mod|PPPDebug.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPFSM.Mod|PPPFSM.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPFSM.Mod|PPPFSM.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPHDLC.Mod|PPPHDLC.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPHDLC.Mod|PPPHDLC.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPIPCP.Mod|PPPIPCP.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPIPCP.Mod|PPPIPCP.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPLCP.Mod|PPPLCP.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPLCP.Mod|PPPLCP.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPMain.Mod|PPPMain.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPMain.Mod|PPPMain.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPPAP.Mod|PPPPAP.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPTest.Mod|PPPTest.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPTools.Mod|PPPTools.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPTools.Mod|PPPTools.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PSPrinter.Mod|PSPrinter.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/S3C805.Display.Mod|S3C805.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/S3C924.Display.Mod|S3C924.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/S3Trio.Display.Mod|S3Trio.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/SVGA.Display.Mod|SVGA.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Texts.Mod|Texts.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/VGA.Display.Mod|VGA.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/W32.Display.Mod|W32.Display.Mod]] | | |} === Module Sources in Gadgets Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Display3.Mod|Display3.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Displays.Colors.Mod|Displays.Colors.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Mail.Mod|Mail.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/Mail.Mod|Mail.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/FTPDocs.Mod|FTPDocs.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/HTMLDocs.Mod|HTMLDocs.Mod]] | | |} === Module Source in Apps1 Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/GfxDisplay.Mod|GfxDisplay.Mod]] | | |} === Module Sources in Apps2 Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/HTML.Mod|HTML.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/HTML.Mod|HTML.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Sort.Mod|Sort.Mod]] | | |} === Module Sources in Documentation Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Examples.Mod|Examples.Mod]] | | |} === Module Sources in Build Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayMach64.Mod|DisplayMach64.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayTool.Mod|DisplayTool.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayVGA4.Mod|DisplayVGA4.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/S3TrioC.Display.Mod|S3TrioC.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/SVGAH.Display.Mod|SVGAH.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/SVGAL.Display.Mod|SVGAL.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Trace.Display.Mod|Trace.Display.Mod]] | | |} === Module Source in Lab Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayBackdrop.Mod|DisplayBackdrop.Mod]] | | |} <!-- === Sources of SSH Modules === The SSH modules for ETH Oberon were written by [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/ Guenter Feldmann]. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/SSHTransport.Mod|SSHTransport.Mod]] | |} --> === Source for Additional Module === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | | [[../ETH_Oberon/MediaWiki.Mod|MediaWiki.Mod]] | Translation of Oberon Text to MediaWiki markup. |} {{BookCat}} ==Texts== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare"/> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]] | Edit according to local requirements and preferences. |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/References.Text|References.Text]] | | |} ==Tools== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare"/> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Compiler.Tool|Compiler.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/FTP.Tool|FTP.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool|Native.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPP.Tool|PPP.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Sort.Tool|Sort.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Tutorials.Tool|Tutorials.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |} ==Footnotes== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="escape">No [[w:Escape character|escape character]] is involved in Oberon.</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = The Oberon System, V1 and V2 | next = Linz Oberon, V4 }} {{BookCat}} di1ouz7kwbwl0j5462qmhabgqqxj3se 4672789 4672764 2026-09-28T15:00:48Z PeterEasthope 660399 Separated Navigation template from content. 4672789 wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = The Oberon System, V1 and V2 | next = Linz Oberon, V4 }} <br> ==Links== [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/sitemap|ETH Oberon Sitemap]]<br /> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial|ETH Oberon Tutorial]], Fischer and Marais<br /> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Ramos|Oberon Channel in Youtube]], Andres Ramos<br /> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/white|ETH Oberon White Paper]]<br /> [http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/oberon/ftp.inf.ethz.ch/ETHOberon/Contrib/ Contributions, formerly served from ETHZ] ==Installing== [[File:Oberon0UnderQEMU.png|thumb|320px|The Oberon0 installer for ETH Oberon running on [[w:QEMU|QEMU]] in [[w:Debian|Debian]] [[w:Linux|Linux]].]] Originally, Oberon was [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|installed]] on a bare [[w:32-bit_computing|32 bit]] [[w:I386|i386]] or [[w:I486|i486]] machine using an Oberon0 [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/diskette|diskette]]. The procedure may still interest an enthusiast. In a contemporary system the Oberon0 installer can run on a [[w:Virtual_machine|virtual machine]]. The virtual machine is installed once and can be used for any number of installations. With this method, no time is spent recording and booting from a diskette and the unreliability of diskettes and drives is avoided. The installer runs faster on the virtual machine than it does from a diskette. The method has proven successful in installing ETH Oberon to a variety of laptop and desktop machines including a Micron Trek 2, AGP laptop. Detailed instructions for [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/QEMUinstall|installing with the QEMU hypervisor]] are provided and the instructions can be adapted to other virtual machines. Andres Ramos describes a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos installation method] where a FAT filesystem on a diskette is used to transfer installation files to the target machine. System configuration notes in [[/QEMUinstall#System_Configuration|QEMU page]] are independent of method of installation. In the original installation notes, configuration is discussed under the heading [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/install#K|Customization of the installed Native Oberon system]]. In the running ETH Oberon, <code>Script.Open System.Text</code> allows access to section "4. Configuring the system". After installation and configuration on a storage medium, the system can run directly on a native [[w:X86|X86 PC]]. Alternatively, use can continue on the virtual machine. In the native case, a network connection will be over Ethernet or a serial crossover cable. In the virtual case, a network connection uses a [[w:TUN/TAP|TAP]] or [[w:Network_bridge|bridge]] interface connected to the host system. ==A Calendar and a Clock== [[File:OberonDocWithCaret.png|thumb|An Oberon document named Time with the hook caret allowing insertion.]] [[File:OberonTime.png|thumb|Time with the calendar and clock.]] Open an empty Time document with MM on Desktops.OpenDoc Time ~.<br> Set the hook caret by ML in the document.<br> Insert a calendar with MM on Gadgets.Insert Clocks.NewCalendar ~.<br> Insert a clock with MM on Gadgets.Insert Clocks.NewClock ~.<br> MM on [Store].<br> MM on [Close].<br> MM on Edit.Open Oberon.Text ~. Alternatively ET.Open Oberon.Text ~.<br> Above the line { System.OpenLog } insert these three lines. : { Configuration.Marker set 80% 94% } : { Desktops.OpenDoc Time ~ } : { Configuration.Marker set 80% 92% } MM on Edit.Store or ET.Store.<br> MM on System.Reboot. ==Telnet Console== [[w:Telnet|Telnet]] is an insecure protocol but provides a host console in Oberon and in an Oberon sub-system of A2. A host of an Oberon subsystem and a network facing router in a [[w:Local_area_network|LAN]] should have a [[w:Firewall_(computing)|firewall]] such as [[w:Shorewall|Shorewall]]. A telnet server daemon is required on at least one host. This in Debian Linux. sudo apt install openbsd-inetd inetutils-telnetd Configure with this line in /etc/inetd.conf. telnet stream tcp nowait <user> /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/telnetd -E /bin/bash Refer to the telnetd manual. <user> must be replaced with the id of the Oberon user. Note the default to no authentication; equivalent to parameter "-a none". Restart the inet daemon. service openbsd-inetd restart Try telnet from within a console in the host. telnet localhost Then in Oberon. Desktops.OpenDoc telnet&#58;//localhost To be automatically located in the home directory, append this line to ~/.bashrc. cd ~ ==Email== [[File:Oberon.Mail.Panel.png|thumb|Mail.Panel in Oberon.]] [[w:Transport_Layer_Security|TLS]] is essential for secure transmission of email and is now routine practice. Oberon supports [[w:Pop3|POP and POP3]] for retrieving e-mail and [[w:Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol|SMTP]] for sending it. E-mail can be received from a [[w:smarthost|smarthost]] ''via'' a TLS tunnel and sent ''via'' [[w:Exim|Exim]] or a TLS tunnel.<ref>For ETH Oberon, a host on the LAN can provide Exim and Stunnel. For the Oberon subsystem in A2, Exim and Stunnel can run on localhost.</ref> In ETH Oberon, [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]] make these settings. NetSystem = { SMTP = "<host on the LAN>" {* Outgoing local exim4 or TLS tunnel to smarthost. *} POP = "<host on the LAN>" {* TLS tunnel to smarthost for incoming mail. *} ... POPMode &#61; "POP3" &#123;* POP3 or APOP *&#125; EMail &#61; "me@my.domain.name" &#123;* your return address *&#125; ... &#125; [[w:List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers#Well-known_ports|Ports]] 25 for SMTP and 110 for POP are visible in [[../A2/Oberon.Mail.Mod|Oberon.Mail.Mod]]. In A2, [[Oberon/A2#Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]], or Oberon.<host>.Text if using myaos, make these settings. NetSystem = { SMTP = "localhost" {* Outgoing local exim4 or TLS tunnel to smarthost. *} POP = "localhost" {* TLS tunnel to smarthost for incoming mail. *} ... POPMode &#61; "POP3" &#123;* POP3 or APOP *&#125; EMail &#61; "me@my.domain.name" &#123;* your return address *&#125; ... &#125; Ports are visible in [[../A2/Oberon.Mail.Mod|Oberon.Mail.Mod]]. Install stunnel and configure as in this example. The server name and port, exemplified by my.email.server<nowiki>:</nowiki>995, should be adjusted according to smarthost documentation. &#35;&#160;localhost<nowiki>:</nowiki>[https://www.stunnel.org/static/stunnel.html /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf] &#35;&#160;Example SSL client mode services &#91;pop3&#93; client &#61; yes accept &#61; localhost<nowiki>:</nowiki>110 connect &#61; my.email.server<nowiki>:</nowiki>995 Hypothetically, systemd should start stunnel. In Debian 11 [https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=826883 a bug] interferes with automatic startup. This line in /etc/crontab may work. @reboot root /bin/stunnel If all else fails, start stunnel interactively with root authority and submit a bug report against the stunnel package. Set POP authentication using NetSystem.SetUser as in this example. NetSystem.SetUser pop<nowiki>:</nowiki>myEmailID<nowiki>:</nowiki>myEmailPassword@my.email.server &#126; The original SetUser command assumed the @ character did not occur in myEmailID or in myEmailPassword. This command, for example, would fail. NetSystem.SetUser pop<nowiki>:</nowiki>me@my.domain.name<nowiki>:</nowiki>r2d2$8Ch@my.email.server &#126; The difficulty is resolved by more thorough parsing in the SetUser command. Retrieve the revised [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/NetSystem.Mod|NetSystem.Mod]] in ETH Oberon; [[Oberon/A2/Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod|Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod]] in A2. Compile the module. In ETH Oberon. Compiler.Compile NetSystem.Mod ~ In A2 apply the compile button in the editor (menu Files > Files > Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod) or MM on this command. Compiler.Compile Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod ~ Install Exim in the host according to system specific documentation for [https://wiki.debian.org/Exim Debian], [https://forums.fedoraforum.org/showthread.php?282299-Setting-up-an-exim-mail-server Fedora/CentOS] and etc.<ref>The primary [https://www.exim.org/docs.html Exim documentation] is also available.</ref> Exim authenticates to a smarthost according to a password file.<ref>In Debian, /etc/exim4/passwd.client associates a password with each (host, user) pair. Multiple host:user:password specifications are acceptable. The file does not determine the destination chosen by exim for sending a message. Refer to the [https://manpages.debian.org/jessie/exim4-config/exim4-config_files.5.en.html exim4-config_files manual].</ref> Details of configuration for a specific mail server can be obscure. For example, the server can fail to specify [[w:Opportunistic_TLS|STARTTLS]] or [https://www.exim.org/exim-html-current/doc/html/spec_html/ch-encrypted_smtp_connections_using_tlsssl.html TLS on connect]. Before attempting to configure Exim, ambiguities are best resolved using [https://www.jetmore.org/john/code/swaks/ Swaks]. Replace arguments of Swaks options -au, -ap, -f and -t with appropriate values for user, password and email address. Refer to the excellent [https://www.jetmore.org/john/code/swaks/latest/doc/ref.txt manual] for details. A userid pattern commonly used by [[w:Internet_service_provider|ISPs]] is me@my.authentication.domain. swaks -tls &#92; -ao -apt -au me@my.authentication.domain -ap r2d2\$8Ch &#92; -s my.smarthost.com --port 587 &#92; -f me@my.email.address -t me@my.email.address The example password has eight characters; \ is not included in the password but prevents misinterpretation of $8 by the host [[w:Shell (computing)|shell]].<ref name="escape"/> Swaks creates a trivial test message automatically. Arguments of options can be adjusted until transmission succeeds. Confirm transmission by receipt in Oberon as discussed above. ==News Reader== Notes pending. ==Text== These tables show the structure of records in memory representing a Text. When Texts.Store() records a Text in a [[w:Computer file|file]] for a [[w:Computer data storage|storage medium]], the information in the record structure is [[w:serialization|serialized]]. In the inverse process, Texts.Load() deserializes the information to the record structure of the Text in memory. {{:Oberon/ETH Oberon/TextType}} === Texts.FindPiece and the cache === For a given Text, T, and offset pos in [0, T.len), procedure Texts.FindPiece has the task of locating the piece containing pos. At each execution, FindPiece could begin at offset 0 and add lengths of pieces until the piece containing pos is located. A cache based upon T.pce and T.org allows better efficiency. When FindPiece completes a search, the pointer to the found piece is recorded in T.pce; the offset of the first character of that piece is recorded in T.org. The next execution of FindPiece begins at that cached location. With a result from FindPiece often being near the preceeding result, this strategy avoids repeated summation of lengths from the beginning of the first piece. === Text Dataflow in ETH Oberon === This [[w:Data-flow_diagram|dataflow]] example illustrates relationships between Oberon Text, [[w:HTML|HTML]] and [[w:ASCII|ASCII]] text. <div id="DataFlow"></div> <table cellpadding="2" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">Oberon Text with<br>non-text features</td> <td>Oberon<br>Edit.StoreAscii<br>command<br><div style="font-size: x-large">&#x27F6;</div></td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">Oberon Text with non<br>-text features omitted</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">Oberon Text with non<br>-text features omitted</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <table cellpadding="2"> <tr><td align="center">Oberon<br>MediaWiki.Markup<br>command</td><td style="font-size: x-large; ">&#x2193;</td></tr> </table> </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td > <table cellpadding="2"> <tr><td style="font-size: x-large">&#x2191;</td><td>Oberon<br>Desktops.OpenDoc<br>command</td></tr> </table> </td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td>&#160;</td> <td align="center> <table cellpadding="2"> <tr align="center"><td style="font-size: x-large">&#x2191;</td><td>Oberon<br>mouse<br>copy</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};; cellpadding: 2">MediaWiki markup with color<br>and syle but hyperlinks<br>and images omitted</td> <td>MediaWiki<br>processor<br><div style="font-size: x-large">&#x27F6;</div></td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">HTML5 text with<br>text color and style</td> <td>Web<br>&#160;&#160;browser&#160;&#160;<br><div style="font-size: x-large">&#x27F6;</div></td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">&#160;&#160;&#160;browser&#160;&#160;&#160;<br>&#160;&#160;text</td> <td>Clipboard or<br>Save operation<br><div style="font-size: x-large">&#x27F6;</div></td> <td style="border-style: solid; background-color: #F0FFF0;{{Text default color}};">ASCII<br>text file</td> </tr> </table> Text color and style, images and hyperlinks are lost by conversion of browser text to ASCII. Consequently the rightmost Oberon Text has the same appearance as plain ASCII text. Text color and style can assist with reading and understanding a source but compilation is not influenced by color and style. ==Potential Developments== * A fresh release with bug fixes and improvements, posted on a [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/Oberon0%20boot%20disk/ public server]. * Improved support of [[w:Unicode|Unicode]]. * [[w:Huffman_encoding|Huffman coding]] in [[w:Jpg|JPEG]]. * Improved HTML support. Support for styling and tables, for example. * [[w:Portable_Network_Graphics|PNG]]. * [[w:Transport_Layer_Security|SSL]] based upon existing cryptography modules. * [[w:Touchscreen|Touchscreen]] support. ==Module Sources== The last release of ETH_Oberon at the ETHZ was 2.3.7. At bootup, release date 2003-01-05<ref name="iso8601">[[w:ISO_8601|ISO 8601 date format.]]</ref> is announced in the System.Log. [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ Sourceforge] has the file "{{color|green|Native Oberon 2.3.7 Alpha/NativeOberon_2.3.7.tar.gz}}" and bootable installer images in "{{color|green|Oberon0 boot disk/}}". Package structure is in [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool|Native.Tool]]. Sources are also available at [https://github.com/schierlm/NativeOberon-2.3.6-Extracted https://github.com/schierlm/NativeOberon-2.3.6-Extracted] in the directory {{color|green|FullInstall_ASCII}}. Sources and Tools remain under the [[Oberon#ETH_Oberon_License|ETH Oberon License]]. === Module Sources in System Package === The System Package contains approximately 170 modules. Refer to [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool|Native.Tool]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/ATADisks.Mod|ATADisks.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/ATADisks.Mod|ATADisks.Mod]] | Support for Compact Flash added. |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Compiler.Mod|Compiler.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Dialer.Mod|Dialer.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/Dialer.Mod|Dialer.Mod]] | Dialer.Dial modified to support the ringback protocol as provided by [http://mgetty.greenie.net mgetty]. Refer to the [[../ETH_Oberon/Dialer|Dialer]] page. |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayLinear.Mod|DisplayLinear.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Displays.Display.Mod|Displays.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Displays.Mod|Displays.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Empty.Display.Mod|Empty.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/FTP.Mod|FTP.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/FTP.Mod|FTP.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/GD54xx.Display.Mod|GD54xx.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Input.Mod|Input.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/Input.Mod|Input.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/NetSystem.Mod|NetSystem.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/OGLDisplay.Mod|OGLDisplay.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Objects.Mod|Objects.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPDebug.Mod|PPPDebug.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPFSM.Mod|PPPFSM.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPFSM.Mod|PPPFSM.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPHDLC.Mod|PPPHDLC.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPHDLC.Mod|PPPHDLC.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPIPCP.Mod|PPPIPCP.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPIPCP.Mod|PPPIPCP.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPLCP.Mod|PPPLCP.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPLCP.Mod|PPPLCP.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPMain.Mod|PPPMain.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPMain.Mod|PPPMain.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPPAP.Mod|PPPPAP.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPTest.Mod|PPPTest.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPPTools.Mod|PPPTools.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/PPPTools.Mod|PPPTools.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PSPrinter.Mod|PSPrinter.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/S3C805.Display.Mod|S3C805.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/S3C924.Display.Mod|S3C924.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/S3Trio.Display.Mod|S3Trio.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/SVGA.Display.Mod|SVGA.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Texts.Mod|Texts.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/VGA.Display.Mod|VGA.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/W32.Display.Mod|W32.Display.Mod]] | | |} === Module Sources in Gadgets Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Display3.Mod|Display3.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Displays.Colors.Mod|Displays.Colors.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Mail.Mod|Mail.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/Mail.Mod|Mail.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/FTPDocs.Mod|FTPDocs.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/HTMLDocs.Mod|HTMLDocs.Mod]] | | |} === Module Source in Apps1 Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/GfxDisplay.Mod|GfxDisplay.Mod]] | | |} === Module Sources in Apps2 Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/HTML.Mod|HTML.Mod]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/HTML.Mod|HTML.Mod]] | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Sort.Mod|Sort.Mod]] | | |} === Module Sources in Documentation Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Examples.Mod|Examples.Mod]] | | |} === Module Sources in Build Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayMach64.Mod|DisplayMach64.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayTool.Mod|DisplayTool.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayVGA4.Mod|DisplayVGA4.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/S3TrioC.Display.Mod|S3TrioC.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/SVGAH.Display.Mod|SVGAH.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/SVGAL.Display.Mod|SVGAL.Display.Mod]] | | |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Trace.Display.Mod|Trace.Display.Mod]] | | |} === Module Source in Lab Package === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/DisplayBackdrop.Mod|DisplayBackdrop.Mod]] | | |} <!-- === Sources of SSH Modules === The SSH modules for ETH Oberon were written by [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/ Guenter Feldmann]. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/SSHTransport.Mod|SSHTransport.Mod]] | |} --> === Source for Additional Module === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare">Compare ETHZ and wikibook sources using Diff.Do in Oberon or the [[Oberon#Comparing_Versions_and_Pages|MediaWiki facility]] described on the front page.</ref> !! Notes |- | | [[../ETH_Oberon/MediaWiki.Mod|MediaWiki.Mod]] | Translation of Oberon Text to MediaWiki markup. |} {{BookCat}} ==Texts== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare"/> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]] | [[../ETH_Oberon/Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]] | Edit according to local requirements and preferences. |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/References.Text|References.Text]] | | |} ==Tools== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Release 2.3.7 !! Wikibook variant<ref name="compare"/> !! Notes |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Compiler.Tool|Compiler.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/FTP.Tool|FTP.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool|Native.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/PPP.Tool|PPP.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Sort.Tool|Sort.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [[../ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Tutorials.Tool|Tutorials.Tool]] | &#160; | &#160; |} ==Footnotes== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="escape">No [[w:Escape character|escape character]] is involved in Oberon.</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = The Oberon System, V1 and V2 | next = Linz Oberon, V4 }} {{BookCat}} p25jzord252zf8o2dlraqy1iz04xd64 0 384060 4672766 4665162 2026-09-28T14:23:44Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672766 wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Linz Oberon, V4 | next = V5 }} == Links == [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon Gitlab at ETHZ]<br> <!-- [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/repository/show/trunk/ocp/Documentation Documentation at ETHZ] --> == Tested Instances == [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#A2|A2]] can be installed and used on a bare [[w:IBM_PC_compatible|PC]]. That includes desktop and laptop machines obsolete for commercial operating systems. A2 can also be a subsystem in an [[w:ARM_architecture_family|ARM]], [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] or [[w:Unix-like|Unix-like]] system. {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! style="width: 12em" | Host System ! style="width: 12em" | Subsystem ! Notes |- | [[w:OLPC_XO#Software|OLPC 13.2.11]] on XO-1.5 || [http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/ LinuxA2 rev.7355] || Outdated SSL/TLS in OLPC 13.2.11 prevented connection to Wikipedia. |- | [https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases Debian 11] on a generic PC || [http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/ LinuxA2 rev.9779] || |- | [https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases Debian 12] on a generic PC || [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repositories|LinuxA2 Generic,<br>64-bit, Apr 19 2023]] | Oberon keyboard input bug, [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/issues/141 Issue 141]. Retrieve and compile [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/-/project/23928/uploads/5b412cf39e8049b6bd2407670ce6599a/MyUnix.KbdMouse.Mod MyUnix.KbdMouse.Mod]. <F12> disables HotKeys to allow Oberon keyboard functionality. If <Backspace> key doesn't work, try <Delete>. |- | [https://easyos.org EasyOS 7.4.2] | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repositories|LinuxA2 Generic,<br>64-bit, Jun 27 2026]] | At 2026.06.27 EasyOS is available for the 64 bit PC; not the 32 bit PC. Also apply MyUnix.KbdMouse.Mod as noted above. |} == Installing and Running UnixAOS == The original instructions<ref name="Git"/> for installing UnixAOS are in [http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt]. Installation files are available from [http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/ http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/]. [[File:LinuxA2Gen32bit.rev.9527.png|thumb|The display of freshly installed LinuxAos Generic 32-bit, rev.9527.]] The shell script installer assumes existence of a sys group in the host. For systems lacking this group, the script is easily adapted. For example, the line, chgrp -R sys ${aosdir} can be changed to this. chgrp -R bin ${aosdir} The UnixAOS working directory can have an [[w:Ext2|ext2]] or [[w:File_Allocation_Table|FAT]] filesystem on a removable flash store. ===Revisions Prior to 10272=== The default directory for the system is /usr/aos. By default, install.UnixAos installs start script /usr/bin/aos. The aos script adjusts the operating system environment before starting aos.{solaris,linux,darwin}. As noted in [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt], UnixAos can be started with these two commands.<ref name="linePrefix"/> [[w:Cd_(command)|cd]] <myWorkingDirectory> aos <myWorkingDirectory> must be replaced with a specific directory name. ===Revision 10272=== The default directory for the system is /usr/local/A2 and the default start script is /usr/local/bin/a2. A2 can be started with these commands. [[w:Cd_(command)|cd]] <myWorkingDirectory> a2 As for earlier releases, <myWorkingDirectory> represents a specific directory name. ==User and Machine Specific Configuration of UnixAOS== UnixAos is configured by [[Oberon/A2#Module_Sources,_Tools_and_Configuration_Texts|Configuration.XML]]. The Oberon subsystem is configured by [[Oberon/A2#Module_Sources,_Tools_and_Configuration_Texts|Oberon.Text]]; refer to the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon#System_Configuration|ETH Oberon page]] and the original [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/betadocu|betadocu]] page. [[File:WaylandWestonA2.jpg|thumb|440px|[[w:Firefox|Firefox]] and A2 with [[w:Weston_(software)|Weston and XWayland]] on a [[w:Debian|Debian]] 10 system with twin screens.]] If the working directory is on a removable store, the [[Oberon/A2/myaos|myaos]] [[w:Shell script|script]] allows the storage device to be used in multiple machines with differing configurations. When the store is not already mounted, [[w:Fsck|e2fsck]] is applied as a precaution.<ref name="filesystemCheck"/> In case the filesystem has been corrupted, e2fsck will usually complete repairs. A reasonable location for the myaos script is the home directory of the user. For each host, create in the working directory, files {{nowrap|Configuration.<host>.XML}}. To use the Oberon subsystem, create {{nowrap|Oberon.<host>.Text}}. This can be done by copying the installed files and editing the copies. For example, a host named blunder requires {{nowrap|Configuration.blunder.XML}} for A2 and {{nowrap|Oberon.blunder.Text}} for the Oberon subsystem. The XML file contains ASCII text and can be edited with [[w:Geany|Geany]], [[w:Gedit|gedit]] or [[w:Mousepad|mousepad]] in Linux or with Edit > Text in A2. The installed Oberon.Text contains some binary information.<ref name="Text"/> In ETH Oberon it would usually be edited with Edit or ET. Nevertheless plain text will also work. After storing Oberon.Text with ET.StoreChar, it can be edited with Mousepad or Gedit in Linux, with Notepad in MS Windows and with Atom in MacOS. This can resolve the difficulty of a file name, {{nowrap|Oberon.<Host>.Text}}, exceeding the 32 character limit of the Oberon system. myaos or mya2 copies {{nowrap|Configuration.blunder.XML}} to {{nowrap|Configuration.XML}} and {{nowrap|Oberon.blunder.Text}} to {{nowrap|Oberon.Text}} before starting UnixAos. ==The A2 Repositories== [[File:ETHZgitlabOberon.jpg|thumb|Screenshot of the home page for A2 in Gitlab at ETHZ.]] The original repository for sources and executables for several platforms was [[w:Apache_Subversion|Apache Subversion]] (SVN) based. The contemporary [[w:Git|Git]] based [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon repository] began with files from SVN revision 10270. While the Git archive is current, the [[Oberon/SVN|notes for SVN]] remain available. The repository provides the latest version and allows ongoing updates. From the viewpoint of a user, the method is based upon a local copy of the repository. The local copy is created by cloning from [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon ETHZ]. WIthin the local copy, an A2 executable can be built for a targeted platform including a bare PC. Executables in subdirectories for Windows, Linux (Intel 32 and 64 bit) and ARM are available. The repository will occupy 0.5+&#160;GB depending upon inclusion of executables. <p id="account">An ETHZ affiliate can obtain a [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch D-INFK GitLab] account. Otherwise a [https://github.com/signup?source=login Github] account.</p> ===Git in a Unix-like System=== [[File:Git operations.svg|thumb|Git operations. For details, follow the links in the text.]] The [[w:Git|Wikipedia article]] provides a useful overview. [https://git-scm.com/doc Official documentation] is available as a [https://git-scm.com/docs Reference Manual], comprising manual pages, and the [https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2 Pro Git] book. [https://git-lfs.com/ git-lfs is documented] separately. Each Linux has an installation procedure for Git with the various procedures [https://git-scm.com/download/linux summarized in the Git Web site]. Release specific information is also available. For Debian Linux, refer to the [https://wiki.debian.org/UsingGit UsingGit] wiki page. If apt is available these commands suffice. # apt install git # apt install git-lfs The name of the repository directory is arbitrary. "A2" serves for this example. Check that the intended directory is non-existent, # ls -ld A2 ls: cannot access 'A2': No such file or directory or empty. # ls -ld A2/* ls: cannot access 'A2/*': No such file or directory Log in to a [[#account|D-INFK GitLab account or a github account]]. Create the local repository. # [https://git-scm.com/docs/git-clone git clone] https&#58;//gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon.git A2 Update the local repository from the origin, main branch. # cd A2 # [https://git-scm.com/docs/git-pull git pull] origin main Check the commit hash. # git show | head -n 1 commit f62a9d95e8b5df1869888252c50f9ef6a17e137a The next revision will change the hash. In MS Windows check what you have. # dir /ad * AosVM LanguageReport Linux32 source UnixAos Win64 ARM license.txt Linux64 tools Win32 WinAos In Linux check what you have. # ls -d * AosVM LanguageReport Linux32 source UnixAos Win64 ARM license.txt Linux64 tools Win32 WinAos Use git-lfs to track some zip archives. # git lfs track "Linux*.zip" # git add .gitattributes Check which large files are tracked. # git lfs track Listing tracked patterns ARM/ARM.A2/*.bin (ARM/ARM.A2/.gitattributes) Linux32.zip (.gitattributes) Linux64.zip (.gitattributes) LinuxARM.zip (.gitattributes) Win32.zip (.gitattributes) Win64.zip (.gitattributes) *.bin (.gitattributes) Linux*.zip (.gitattributes) Listing excluded patterns Retrieve a specific archive file. # git lfs fetch Linux64.zip fetch: Fetching reference refs/heads/main Verify existence of the zip archive. # ls -ld Linux64* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23712521 Dec 5 09:19 Linux64.zip Unzip. # unzip Linux64 Archive: Linux64.zip creating: Linux64/ creating: Linux64/work/ inflating: Linux64/oberon.ini creating: Linux64/bin/ inflating: Linux64/Kernel.GofU inflating: Linux64/OpenTypeScan.SymU inflating: ... Check the content of Linux64. # cd Linux64 # ls -ld * -rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 49 Apr 18 2023 a2.sh -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 162 Apr 18 2023 a2.txt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 90112 Jan 9 20:13 bin -rwxr--r-- 1 root root 1316520 Jan 9 20:14 oberon -rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 250 Apr 18 2023 oberon.ini drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7 Dec 13 06:23 work bin contains more than 2000 executable files. oberon is the kernel created by Linker.Link. Execute the start script. # Linux64/a2.sh or # cd Linux64 ; ./a2.sh [[File:LinuxA2Gen.32bit.rev.9799.jpg|thumb|LinuxA2 Generic 32 bit, rev.9799 started from the Git repository.]] The content of a2.sh can be displayed by "cat&#160;a2.sh" or with an editor. The script performs two actions. "cd&#160;`dirname&#160;$0`" changes to the directory where a2.sh resides; ~/A2/Linux64 for example. Then "./oberon&#160;run a2.txt" executes command "oberon" with arguments "run" and "a2.txt". a2.txt contains A2 commands and can be displayed by cat and by an editor. The first command executes commands in oberon.ini including two referring to the [[Oberon/A2#Working_Directory|working directory]]. ===Git in MS Windows=== Git is available directly from the [https://git-scm.com/download/win official Web site]. ==Compiling & Linking== Although a zip archive contains all executable files of a working system, it is recreated infrequently<ref name="zipFreshening" /><!--only when a revision of language syntax requires a revision in the compiler-->. Meanwhile ongoing work produces revised sources. To benefit from source revisions subsequent to the latest zip archive, recompile sources and link a fresh kernel. In System Menu > Files > Files, [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|LM]] on "searcher" and type "Build" in the input bar. ML or [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] twice on Builds.Tool (not Build.Tool). Read the initial remarks and scroll to the appropriate platform. LINUX32 for example. Release.Build will open a viewer containing a long Compiler.Compile command. The compiler will put object and symbol files into the directory specified by --path. The default path is NewAos/ in the A2 working directory. Adjust the path if preferred. Then [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on Release.Build. In the new viewer, MM on System.DoCommands. Compilation can require more than a minute. After compilation, close the viewer and open Builds.Tool again. Go to "Command line shell" for the chosen platform. Again note the default path NewAos/ in the working directory. MM on "Linker.Link" to produce kernel oberon beside the path directory, from executables in the path directory. The object and symbol files in NewAos are to replace those in <platform>/bin and oberon is to replace <platform>/oberon. As a precaution, the old files can be kept. # cd .../<archive>/<platform> # mv bin bin.old # mv oberon oberon.old # cd <somewhere> # mv NewAos .../<archive>/<platform>/bin # mv oberon .../<archive>/<platform> Then try the fresh system. # . .../<archive>/<platform>/a2.sh or # cd .../<archive>/<platform> # . a2.sh If A2 comes to life, celebrate. Otherwise troubleshoot. ==Working Directory== oberon.ini has two A2 commands referring to the working directory. Files.AddSearchPath work~ ... Files.SetWorkPath work~ For a different working directory edit oberon.ini. Files.AddSearchPath /home/me/myWorkingDirectory~ ... Files.SetWorkPath /home/me/myWorkingDirectory~ Alternatively, oberon.ini can be unchanged and work can be replaced with a soft link. In the freshly installed system, work is empty. In case content has been added, move for preservation. cd <A2repository>/<hardware> ls -ld work Then, for example, either mv work /home/me/savedWork or rmdir work Then create the link. ln -s /home/me/myWorkingDirectory work ==Module Naming== ===Context and Aliasing=== In a source in A2, the distinction between the system and the Oberon subsystem is referred to as context. In Text of a source module, context is identified according to [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/repository/raw/trunk/LanguageReport/OberonLanguageReport.pdf Oberon (2019) Language Report], section "5 Modules". Module := 'MODULE' [TemplateParameters] Identifier 'IN' Identifier ';' ... Within the scope of a module, the name of an imported module can be [[wikt:aliased#Verb|aliased]] with this syntax also in the section referred to above. Import = Identifier [':=' Identifier] ... [[../A2/Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod|Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod]] illustrates context and aliasing. MODULE NetSystem IN Oberon; IMPORT S := SYSTEM, IP IN A2, DNS := DNS IN A2, TCP := TCP IN A2, UDP := UDP IN A2, Texts, Oberon, Input, Fonts, Strings, Out; ===Target Systems and File Name Extensions=== Compilation, loading, linking and associated terminology is discussed in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/pdfs/2011_UnifiedStaticDynamicLoading.pdf https://people.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/pdfs/2011_UnifiedStaticDynamicLoading.pdf]. As in all Oberon systems, the name of a file specifying a module can differ from the name of the module. These file name extensions are conventional in A2. {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Target System ! Generic<ref>"Generic" refers to applicability of the loader and linker to all target systems, independent of change in language and runtime system.</ref> Object File Name Extension ! Symbol File Name Extension |- | Unix, x86, 32 bit | .GofU | .SymU |- | Unix, AMD64, 64 bit | .GofUu | .SymUu |- | Windows, x86, 32 bit | .GofW | .SymW |- | Windows, AMD64, 64 bit | .GofWw | .SymWw |- | ARM, 32 bit<ref>Allowing A2 on the [[w:Raspberry_Pi|Raspberry Pi]].</ref> | .GofA | .SymA |- | ARM, 64 bit | .GofAa | .SymAa |} ===Object and Symbol File Names=== Object and symbol file names contain the context separated from the module name by a Minus-Sign. The Minus-Sign prevents use as a proper name in Oberon. Hence the object and symbol files for the Oberon System module are named Oberon-System.GofU and Oberon-System.SymU. ==Startup from the Repository== With the A2 repository in place according to the instructions above, A2 can run. Identify supported architectures. cd <somewhere>/A2/ In MS Windows. dir /ad * In Linux. ls -d * The output should be similar to this. AosVM LanguageReport Linux32 source UnixAos Win64 ARM license.txt Linux64 tools Win32 WinAos Review the startup process. In MS Windows. dir /ad Win32/* In Linux 64. ls -ld Linux64/* [[File:LinuxA2Gen32bit.2022.10.31.png|thumb|The startup display of LinuxA2, Generic, 32 bit at 2022-10-31.]] The file oberon must be executable. Execute start script. This for a 32 bit machine running MS Windows. ./Win32/a2.bat For a 64 bit machine running Linux. ./Linux64/a2.sh or cd Linux64 ; ./a2.sh A window as at the right should appear. ==User Level Applications== Various documents and applications are available via the menu at the lower left of the A2 display. Note Demos and Docu > Program Demos. === Secure Shell Console === In the target system, localhost or an external system, install a SSH server. This is one possibility. sudo apt install openssh-server In the A2 menu invoke Tools > Secure Shell. For Host specify "localhost" or "127.0.0.1" (without the quote marks) or the name or address of the external machine. Specify your user id. Click on Connect. Provide your password when prompted. === Email === A mail client using [[w:Internet_Message_Access_Protocol|IMAP]] is at Apps > MailClient. The Oberon subsystem has Mail.Panel supporting [[w:Post_Office_Protocol|POP]], POP3 and [[w:Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol|SMTP]] with [[../ETH_Oberon#Email|description and instructions for ETH Oberon]] being applicable. ===Oberon Subsystem=== [[File:XO.A2.Oberon.jpg|thumb|The Oberon subsystem in UnixAos on an [[w:OLPC_XO#Release_history|XO-1.5]].]] <!-- {{clear}} --> At the lower left of the A2 screen, menu Tools > Oberon and Develop > Oberon FullScreen allow interactive startup of an Oberon subsystem. The subsystem can also be opened with a command or commands in the Autostart section of Configuration.XML. In UnixAos, revision 4929, these lines in Configuration.XML. &#60;Section name="Autostart"> &#9;... &#9;&#60;Setting name="OberonDisplay" value="OberonDisplay.Install Oberon 1100x704 0 74 ~"/> &#9;&#60;Setting name="OberonStart" value="Oberon.Call System.Init Oberon"/> This in more recent revisions<ref name="OberonStart"/>. &#60;Section name="Autostart"> &#9;... &#9;&#60;Setting name="Start an Oberon" value="Oberon.Start Oberon 1100x704 0 74 ~"/> The dimensions, 1100x704, can be adjusted for satisfactory proportioning of text in a viewer. If the Oberon window is stretched, by grabbing the lower right corner with the mouse, the proportionality of text to viewer is preserved. Mouse usage is unusual but efficient. Definitely worth the small effort to learn. A mouse with three buttons or two buttons and a wheel is almost essential. The &#60;Esc> key is used to interrupt a task. For example it can interrupt a long running FTP.GetFiles. &#60;F1> sets the * marker. &#60;F2> clears all marks. If a mouse button is pressed unintentionally, all mouse buttons pressed together before releasing any will have no effect. Comprehensive details of mouse and keyboard input and usage are in [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse|Mouse support]], [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|Mouse tutorial]] and [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/keyboard|Keyboard support]] pages. ===Telnet Console in Oberon=== [[w:Telnet|Telnet]] is an insecure protocol but provides a host console within the Oberon sub-system. The [[../ETH_Oberon#Telnet_Console|instructions for ETH Oberon]] are applicable in the Oberon subsystem. ===News Reader in Oberon=== [[File:OberonNews.Tool.png|thumb|A screenshot of News.Tool.]] As with mail servers, news servers now require authentication. Therefore revisions of the [[Oberon/A2/Oberon.News.Mod|NetSystem]] and [[Oberon/A2/Oberon.News.Mod|News]] modules are required to support authentication. Compile the revised modules. {{clear}} ==Text== {{:Oberon/A2/TextType}} ==Module Sources, Tools and Configuration Texts== A tiny sample of the approximately 2000 sources in A2. A contemporary [[w:Firefox|Firefox]] browser attempts to infer "Content type" from the [[w:List_of_filename_extensions|name extension]]. By default Firefox infers wrongly that source file *.Mod contains "Amiga SoundTracker audio" and fails to open it. This difficulty is resolved by adjusting the "Action" Firefox associates with "Content Type". Open [[w:hamburger menu|hamburger menu]] > Settings > General > Applications. For "Amiga SoundTracker audio" choose an editor such as /usr/bin/mousepad or /usr/bin/gedit. Most sources in A2 have been converted to [[w:Plain_text|plain ASCII text]]; some remain as [[Oberon#Oberon_Text|Oberon Text]]. Gedit will open all of these. Mousepad and several other editors will not open Oberon Text. Content type "plain text document" should also be set to the chosen editor. With these adjustments Firefox should open most of the files in the repository. In some contexts the user may fail to find a configuration of a browser to open files in the repository. In any case a browser should open the Wikibook copy. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/ ETHZ Repository] !! Wikibook<ref name="WikiSource"/> !! Notes |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BIOS.V24.Mod BIOS.V24.Mod] | [[../A2/BIOS.V24.Mod/|BIOS.V24.Mod]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BootManager.Asm BootManager.Asm] | [[../A2/BootManager.Asm/|BootManager.Asm]] | BootManager source written in Network Assembler by Andr&#233; Fischer. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BootManager.Mod BootManager.Mod] | [[../A2/BootManager.Mod/|BootManager.Mod]] | Module containing one command Split.<ref><code>BootManager.Split BootManager.Bin</code> is executed to divide BootManager.Bin into BootManagerMBR.Bin and BootManagerTail.Bin. For additional details, refer to the [[../A2/BootManager/|instructional document]] of Andr&#233; Fischer.</ref> |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BootManager.Text BootManager.Text] | [[../A2/BootManager/|BootManager]] | Instructional document written by Andr&#233; Fischer. In the repository and in MediaWiki representation. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BootManager.Tool BootManager.Tool] | [[../A2/BootManager.Tool/|BootManager.Tool]] | Tool file summarizing the instructional document. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Configuration.Mod Oberon.Configuration.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | <!-- [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Configuration.XML Configuration.XML] --> | [[../A2/Configuration.XML|Configuration.XML]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Desktops.Mod Oberon.Desktops.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Documents.Mod Oberon.Documents.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Documents.Mod|Oberon.Documents.Mod]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.ET.Mod Oberon.ET.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Files.Mod Oberon.Files.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Gadgets.Mod Oberon.Gadgets.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Gadgets.Mod|Oberon.Gadgets.Mod]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.HTML.Mod Oberon.HTML.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.HTML.Mod|Oberon.HTML.Mod]] | Revisions for conformance to HTML5. |- | &#160; | [[Oberon/A2/Oberon.HTML.Tool|HTML.Tool]] | No "preview" in the ETH Repository. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.HTMLDocs.Mod Oberon.HTMLDocs.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.HTMLDocs.Mod|Oberon.HTMLDocs.Mod]] | InitEntities() expanded to support more characters. <!-- |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Input.Mod Oberon.Input.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Input.Mod|Oberon.Input.Mod]] | &#160; --> |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.ISO9660Files.Mod Oberon.ISO9660Files.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.ISO9660Volumes.Mod Oberon.ISO9660Volumes.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.MIME.Mod Oberon.MIME.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.MIME.Mod|Oberon.MIME.Mod]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Mail.Mod Oberon.Mail.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Mail.Mod|Oberon.Mail.Mod]] | Deviation from [[w:Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol|SMTP]] corrected. Wrap() added. Names of types revised. Show() revised. Calculation of cont.len corrected.<!-- Bug in ReadResponse() corrected. Authentication added to OpenSMTP(). --> |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.MultiMail.Mod Oberon.MultiMail.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.MultiMail.Mod|Oberon.MultiMail.Mod]] | <!-- Authentication added to OpenSMTP(). --> |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.News.Mod Oberon.News.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.News.Mod|Oberon.News.Mod]] | Authentication added to allow access to contemporary servers. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/Oberon.MediaWiki.Mod|Oberon.MediaWiki.Mod]] | Not in A2 repository. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Objects.Mod Oberon.Objects.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | rowspan="2" | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Out.Mod Oberon.Out.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Out.Mod|Oberon.Out.Mod]] | Allow delay of execution of Append, using a [[w:Bit_field|flag]] variable. |- | [[../A2/Oberon.Out1.Mod|Oberon.Out1.Mod]] | Allow delay of execution of Append, using a procedure variable. |- | [[../A2/Oberon.OutStub.Mod|Oberon.OutStub.Mod]] | [[../A2/Oberon.OutStub.Mod|Oberon.OutStub.Mod]] | &#160; |- |[https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/QuotedPrintable.Mod Oberon.QuotedPrintable.Mod] |[[../A2/Oberon.QuotedPrintable.Mod|Oberon.QuotedPrintable.Mod]] |Variant from LinuxA2 Gen. 32-bit, rev.9527. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/Oberon.RFC3986.Mod|Oberon.RFC3986.Mod]] | Percent encoding and decoding of URL. Not in A2 repository. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Sort.Mod Oberon.Sort.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Sort.Mod|Oberon.Sort.Mod]] | Better presentation of output. Revisions incomplete. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Streams.Mod Oberon.Streams.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Strings.Mod Oberon.Strings.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.TFTPTool.Mod Oberon.TFTPTool.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.TFTPTool.Mod|Oberon.TFTPTool.Mod]] | |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.TextDocs.Mod Oberon.TextDocs.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.TextFrames.Mod Oberon.TextFrames.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.TextFrames.Mod|Oberon.TextFrames.Mod]] | LOOPs removed. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Texts.Mod Oberon.Texts.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.V24.Mod Oberon.V24.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.V24.Mod|Oberon.V24.Mod]] | &#160; |- | <span id="Oberon.Text"></span>[https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Release.Oberon.Text Release.Oberon.Text] | [[../A2/Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]] | Usually Oberon.Text is customized to a user. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/TFTP.Mod TFTP.Mod] | [[../A2/TFTP.Mod|TFTP.Mod]] | |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Unix.Machine.Mod Unix.Machine.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | <span id="Oberon.NetSystem">[https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod]</span> | [[../A2/Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod|Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod]] | Terminology improved. Local procedures moved out of SetUser. RETURN usage updated. Flag "ok" eliminated. Flag "verbose" added to simplify password debugging. Numerous comments clarified. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/myaos|myaos]] | Start script for UnixAos allowing use of a removable working store on multiple machines and adaptable to requirements of user. Not in A2 repository. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/mya2|mya2]] | Start script for UnixA2 allowing use of a removable working store on multiple machines and adaptable to requirements of user. Not in A2 repository. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/MyA2|MyA2]] | Start script for UnixA2 allowing use of a removable working store on multiple machines and adaptable to requirements of user. Not in A2 repository. |} ==Potential Developments== * A [[w:Text-based_user_interface|TUI]] similar to ETH Oberon. * Improved HTML support. Support for styling and tables, for example. * [[w:Touchscreen|Touchscreen]] support. ==Footnotes== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Git">The Git repository, described subsequently, is a more recent method of installation and release tracking.</ref> <ref name="linePrefix">The command line prefix in a Unix-like system is user configurable and can be configured to the empty string. For simplicity, the prefix is omitted in most of the commands shown here.</ref> <ref name="filesystemCheck">A filesystem can become corrupted if not unmounted before the system is shut down. The directory can also be damaged by natural degradation of the storage media. If the filesystem is intact, the execution time for e2fsck is negligible.</ref> <ref name="OberonStart">The Oberon subsystem is invoked with MenuPage30.XML. The change from two commands to one is reported by <code>svn&#160;diff&#160;-r&#160;5253:5254&#160;.../MenuPage30.XML</code></ref>. <ref name="zipFreshening">A fresh ZIP archive is created at least when a revision of language syntax requires a revision in the compiler.</ref> <ref name="WikiSource">In some cases the Wikibook copy differs from the latest file in the ETHZ repository. For an exact comparison, use a file comparator; Diff.Do in Oberon, [[w:Comm|comm]] in Linux. Some sources have a discussion page. [[Talk:Oberon/A2/Oberon.Mail.Mod|Oberon.Mail.Mod discussion]] for example.</ref> <ref name="Text">See [[Oberon/Text|Oberon/Text]].</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Linz Oberon, V4 | next = V5 }} {{BookCat}} 3wyjiw05jq6xq7faqdcadw13eiqfefj 4672791 4672766 2026-09-28T15:04:12Z ~2026-52210-02 3627090 Separated Navigation template from content. 4672791 wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Linz Oberon, V4 | next = V5 }} <br> == Links == [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon Gitlab at ETHZ]<br> <!-- [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/repository/show/trunk/ocp/Documentation Documentation at ETHZ] --> == Tested Instances == [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#A2|A2]] can be installed and used on a bare [[w:IBM_PC_compatible|PC]]. That includes desktop and laptop machines obsolete for commercial operating systems. A2 can also be a subsystem in an [[w:ARM_architecture_family|ARM]], [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] or [[w:Unix-like|Unix-like]] system. {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! style="width: 12em" | Host System ! style="width: 12em" | Subsystem ! Notes |- | [[w:OLPC_XO#Software|OLPC 13.2.11]] on XO-1.5 || [http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/ LinuxA2 rev.7355] || Outdated SSL/TLS in OLPC 13.2.11 prevented connection to Wikipedia. |- | [https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases Debian 11] on a generic PC || [http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/ LinuxA2 rev.9779] || |- | [https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases Debian 12] on a generic PC || [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repositories|LinuxA2 Generic,<br>64-bit, Apr 19 2023]] | Oberon keyboard input bug, [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/issues/141 Issue 141]. Retrieve and compile [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/-/project/23928/uploads/5b412cf39e8049b6bd2407670ce6599a/MyUnix.KbdMouse.Mod MyUnix.KbdMouse.Mod]. <F12> disables HotKeys to allow Oberon keyboard functionality. If <Backspace> key doesn't work, try <Delete>. |- | [https://easyos.org EasyOS 7.4.2] | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repositories|LinuxA2 Generic,<br>64-bit, Jun 27 2026]] | At 2026.06.27 EasyOS is available for the 64 bit PC; not the 32 bit PC. Also apply MyUnix.KbdMouse.Mod as noted above. |} == Installing and Running UnixAOS == The original instructions<ref name="Git"/> for installing UnixAOS are in [http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt]. Installation files are available from [http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/ http://user.informatik.uni-bremen.de/fld/UnixAos/]. [[File:LinuxA2Gen32bit.rev.9527.png|thumb|The display of freshly installed LinuxAos Generic 32-bit, rev.9527.]] The shell script installer assumes existence of a sys group in the host. For systems lacking this group, the script is easily adapted. For example, the line, chgrp -R sys ${aosdir} can be changed to this. chgrp -R bin ${aosdir} The UnixAOS working directory can have an [[w:Ext2|ext2]] or [[w:File_Allocation_Table|FAT]] filesystem on a removable flash store. ===Revisions Prior to 10272=== The default directory for the system is /usr/aos. By default, install.UnixAos installs start script /usr/bin/aos. The aos script adjusts the operating system environment before starting aos.{solaris,linux,darwin}. As noted in [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt], UnixAos can be started with these two commands.<ref name="linePrefix"/> [[w:Cd_(command)|cd]] <myWorkingDirectory> aos <myWorkingDirectory> must be replaced with a specific directory name. ===Revision 10272=== The default directory for the system is /usr/local/A2 and the default start script is /usr/local/bin/a2. A2 can be started with these commands. [[w:Cd_(command)|cd]] <myWorkingDirectory> a2 As for earlier releases, <myWorkingDirectory> represents a specific directory name. ==User and Machine Specific Configuration of UnixAOS== UnixAos is configured by [[Oberon/A2#Module_Sources,_Tools_and_Configuration_Texts|Configuration.XML]]. The Oberon subsystem is configured by [[Oberon/A2#Module_Sources,_Tools_and_Configuration_Texts|Oberon.Text]]; refer to the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon#System_Configuration|ETH Oberon page]] and the original [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/betadocu|betadocu]] page. [[File:WaylandWestonA2.jpg|thumb|440px|[[w:Firefox|Firefox]] and A2 with [[w:Weston_(software)|Weston and XWayland]] on a [[w:Debian|Debian]] 10 system with twin screens.]] If the working directory is on a removable store, the [[Oberon/A2/myaos|myaos]] [[w:Shell script|script]] allows the storage device to be used in multiple machines with differing configurations. When the store is not already mounted, [[w:Fsck|e2fsck]] is applied as a precaution.<ref name="filesystemCheck"/> In case the filesystem has been corrupted, e2fsck will usually complete repairs. A reasonable location for the myaos script is the home directory of the user. For each host, create in the working directory, files {{nowrap|Configuration.<host>.XML}}. To use the Oberon subsystem, create {{nowrap|Oberon.<host>.Text}}. This can be done by copying the installed files and editing the copies. For example, a host named blunder requires {{nowrap|Configuration.blunder.XML}} for A2 and {{nowrap|Oberon.blunder.Text}} for the Oberon subsystem. The XML file contains ASCII text and can be edited with [[w:Geany|Geany]], [[w:Gedit|gedit]] or [[w:Mousepad|mousepad]] in Linux or with Edit > Text in A2. The installed Oberon.Text contains some binary information.<ref name="Text"/> In ETH Oberon it would usually be edited with Edit or ET. Nevertheless plain text will also work. After storing Oberon.Text with ET.StoreChar, it can be edited with Mousepad or Gedit in Linux, with Notepad in MS Windows and with Atom in MacOS. This can resolve the difficulty of a file name, {{nowrap|Oberon.<Host>.Text}}, exceeding the 32 character limit of the Oberon system. myaos or mya2 copies {{nowrap|Configuration.blunder.XML}} to {{nowrap|Configuration.XML}} and {{nowrap|Oberon.blunder.Text}} to {{nowrap|Oberon.Text}} before starting UnixAos. ==The A2 Repositories== [[File:ETHZgitlabOberon.jpg|thumb|Screenshot of the home page for A2 in Gitlab at ETHZ.]] The original repository for sources and executables for several platforms was [[w:Apache_Subversion|Apache Subversion]] (SVN) based. The contemporary [[w:Git|Git]] based [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon repository] began with files from SVN revision 10270. While the Git archive is current, the [[Oberon/SVN|notes for SVN]] remain available. The repository provides the latest version and allows ongoing updates. From the viewpoint of a user, the method is based upon a local copy of the repository. The local copy is created by cloning from [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon ETHZ]. WIthin the local copy, an A2 executable can be built for a targeted platform including a bare PC. Executables in subdirectories for Windows, Linux (Intel 32 and 64 bit) and ARM are available. The repository will occupy 0.5+&#160;GB depending upon inclusion of executables. <p id="account">An ETHZ affiliate can obtain a [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch D-INFK GitLab] account. Otherwise a [https://github.com/signup?source=login Github] account.</p> ===Git in a Unix-like System=== [[File:Git operations.svg|thumb|Git operations. For details, follow the links in the text.]] The [[w:Git|Wikipedia article]] provides a useful overview. [https://git-scm.com/doc Official documentation] is available as a [https://git-scm.com/docs Reference Manual], comprising manual pages, and the [https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2 Pro Git] book. [https://git-lfs.com/ git-lfs is documented] separately. Each Linux has an installation procedure for Git with the various procedures [https://git-scm.com/download/linux summarized in the Git Web site]. Release specific information is also available. For Debian Linux, refer to the [https://wiki.debian.org/UsingGit UsingGit] wiki page. If apt is available these commands suffice. # apt install git # apt install git-lfs The name of the repository directory is arbitrary. "A2" serves for this example. Check that the intended directory is non-existent, # ls -ld A2 ls: cannot access 'A2': No such file or directory or empty. # ls -ld A2/* ls: cannot access 'A2/*': No such file or directory Log in to a [[#account|D-INFK GitLab account or a github account]]. Create the local repository. # [https://git-scm.com/docs/git-clone git clone] https&#58;//gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon.git A2 Update the local repository from the origin, main branch. # cd A2 # [https://git-scm.com/docs/git-pull git pull] origin main Check the commit hash. # git show | head -n 1 commit f62a9d95e8b5df1869888252c50f9ef6a17e137a The next revision will change the hash. In MS Windows check what you have. # dir /ad * AosVM LanguageReport Linux32 source UnixAos Win64 ARM license.txt Linux64 tools Win32 WinAos In Linux check what you have. # ls -d * AosVM LanguageReport Linux32 source UnixAos Win64 ARM license.txt Linux64 tools Win32 WinAos Use git-lfs to track some zip archives. # git lfs track "Linux*.zip" # git add .gitattributes Check which large files are tracked. # git lfs track Listing tracked patterns ARM/ARM.A2/*.bin (ARM/ARM.A2/.gitattributes) Linux32.zip (.gitattributes) Linux64.zip (.gitattributes) LinuxARM.zip (.gitattributes) Win32.zip (.gitattributes) Win64.zip (.gitattributes) *.bin (.gitattributes) Linux*.zip (.gitattributes) Listing excluded patterns Retrieve a specific archive file. # git lfs fetch Linux64.zip fetch: Fetching reference refs/heads/main Verify existence of the zip archive. # ls -ld Linux64* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23712521 Dec 5 09:19 Linux64.zip Unzip. # unzip Linux64 Archive: Linux64.zip creating: Linux64/ creating: Linux64/work/ inflating: Linux64/oberon.ini creating: Linux64/bin/ inflating: Linux64/Kernel.GofU inflating: Linux64/OpenTypeScan.SymU inflating: ... Check the content of Linux64. # cd Linux64 # ls -ld * -rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 49 Apr 18 2023 a2.sh -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 162 Apr 18 2023 a2.txt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 90112 Jan 9 20:13 bin -rwxr--r-- 1 root root 1316520 Jan 9 20:14 oberon -rwxrwxr-x 1 root root 250 Apr 18 2023 oberon.ini drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7 Dec 13 06:23 work bin contains more than 2000 executable files. oberon is the kernel created by Linker.Link. Execute the start script. # Linux64/a2.sh or # cd Linux64 ; ./a2.sh [[File:LinuxA2Gen.32bit.rev.9799.jpg|thumb|LinuxA2 Generic 32 bit, rev.9799 started from the Git repository.]] The content of a2.sh can be displayed by "cat&#160;a2.sh" or with an editor. The script performs two actions. "cd&#160;`dirname&#160;$0`" changes to the directory where a2.sh resides; ~/A2/Linux64 for example. Then "./oberon&#160;run a2.txt" executes command "oberon" with arguments "run" and "a2.txt". a2.txt contains A2 commands and can be displayed by cat and by an editor. The first command executes commands in oberon.ini including two referring to the [[Oberon/A2#Working_Directory|working directory]]. ===Git in MS Windows=== Git is available directly from the [https://git-scm.com/download/win official Web site]. ==Compiling & Linking== Although a zip archive contains all executable files of a working system, it is recreated infrequently<ref name="zipFreshening" /><!--only when a revision of language syntax requires a revision in the compiler-->. Meanwhile ongoing work produces revised sources. To benefit from source revisions subsequent to the latest zip archive, recompile sources and link a fresh kernel. In System Menu > Files > Files, [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|LM]] on "searcher" and type "Build" in the input bar. ML or [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] twice on Builds.Tool (not Build.Tool). Read the initial remarks and scroll to the appropriate platform. LINUX32 for example. Release.Build will open a viewer containing a long Compiler.Compile command. The compiler will put object and symbol files into the directory specified by --path. The default path is NewAos/ in the A2 working directory. Adjust the path if preferred. Then [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on Release.Build. In the new viewer, MM on System.DoCommands. Compilation can require more than a minute. After compilation, close the viewer and open Builds.Tool again. Go to "Command line shell" for the chosen platform. Again note the default path NewAos/ in the working directory. MM on "Linker.Link" to produce kernel oberon beside the path directory, from executables in the path directory. The object and symbol files in NewAos are to replace those in <platform>/bin and oberon is to replace <platform>/oberon. As a precaution, the old files can be kept. # cd .../<archive>/<platform> # mv bin bin.old # mv oberon oberon.old # cd <somewhere> # mv NewAos .../<archive>/<platform>/bin # mv oberon .../<archive>/<platform> Then try the fresh system. # . .../<archive>/<platform>/a2.sh or # cd .../<archive>/<platform> # . a2.sh If A2 comes to life, celebrate. Otherwise troubleshoot. ==Working Directory== oberon.ini has two A2 commands referring to the working directory. Files.AddSearchPath work~ ... Files.SetWorkPath work~ For a different working directory edit oberon.ini. Files.AddSearchPath /home/me/myWorkingDirectory~ ... Files.SetWorkPath /home/me/myWorkingDirectory~ Alternatively, oberon.ini can be unchanged and work can be replaced with a soft link. In the freshly installed system, work is empty. In case content has been added, move for preservation. cd <A2repository>/<hardware> ls -ld work Then, for example, either mv work /home/me/savedWork or rmdir work Then create the link. ln -s /home/me/myWorkingDirectory work ==Module Naming== ===Context and Aliasing=== In a source in A2, the distinction between the system and the Oberon subsystem is referred to as context. In Text of a source module, context is identified according to [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/repository/raw/trunk/LanguageReport/OberonLanguageReport.pdf Oberon (2019) Language Report], section "5 Modules". Module := 'MODULE' [TemplateParameters] Identifier 'IN' Identifier ';' ... Within the scope of a module, the name of an imported module can be [[wikt:aliased#Verb|aliased]] with this syntax also in the section referred to above. Import = Identifier [':=' Identifier] ... [[../A2/Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod|Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod]] illustrates context and aliasing. MODULE NetSystem IN Oberon; IMPORT S := SYSTEM, IP IN A2, DNS := DNS IN A2, TCP := TCP IN A2, UDP := UDP IN A2, Texts, Oberon, Input, Fonts, Strings, Out; ===Target Systems and File Name Extensions=== Compilation, loading, linking and associated terminology is discussed in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/pdfs/2011_UnifiedStaticDynamicLoading.pdf https://people.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/pdfs/2011_UnifiedStaticDynamicLoading.pdf]. As in all Oberon systems, the name of a file specifying a module can differ from the name of the module. These file name extensions are conventional in A2. {| class="wikitable" |+ |- ! Target System ! Generic<ref>"Generic" refers to applicability of the loader and linker to all target systems, independent of change in language and runtime system.</ref> Object File Name Extension ! Symbol File Name Extension |- | Unix, x86, 32 bit | .GofU | .SymU |- | Unix, AMD64, 64 bit | .GofUu | .SymUu |- | Windows, x86, 32 bit | .GofW | .SymW |- | Windows, AMD64, 64 bit | .GofWw | .SymWw |- | ARM, 32 bit<ref>Allowing A2 on the [[w:Raspberry_Pi|Raspberry Pi]].</ref> | .GofA | .SymA |- | ARM, 64 bit | .GofAa | .SymAa |} ===Object and Symbol File Names=== Object and symbol file names contain the context separated from the module name by a Minus-Sign. The Minus-Sign prevents use as a proper name in Oberon. Hence the object and symbol files for the Oberon System module are named Oberon-System.GofU and Oberon-System.SymU. ==Startup from the Repository== With the A2 repository in place according to the instructions above, A2 can run. Identify supported architectures. cd <somewhere>/A2/ In MS Windows. dir /ad * In Linux. ls -d * The output should be similar to this. AosVM LanguageReport Linux32 source UnixAos Win64 ARM license.txt Linux64 tools Win32 WinAos Review the startup process. In MS Windows. dir /ad Win32/* In Linux 64. ls -ld Linux64/* [[File:LinuxA2Gen32bit.2022.10.31.png|thumb|The startup display of LinuxA2, Generic, 32 bit at 2022-10-31.]] The file oberon must be executable. Execute start script. This for a 32 bit machine running MS Windows. ./Win32/a2.bat For a 64 bit machine running Linux. ./Linux64/a2.sh or cd Linux64 ; ./a2.sh A window as at the right should appear. ==User Level Applications== Various documents and applications are available via the menu at the lower left of the A2 display. Note Demos and Docu > Program Demos. === Secure Shell Console === In the target system, localhost or an external system, install a SSH server. This is one possibility. sudo apt install openssh-server In the A2 menu invoke Tools > Secure Shell. For Host specify "localhost" or "127.0.0.1" (without the quote marks) or the name or address of the external machine. Specify your user id. Click on Connect. Provide your password when prompted. === Email === A mail client using [[w:Internet_Message_Access_Protocol|IMAP]] is at Apps > MailClient. The Oberon subsystem has Mail.Panel supporting [[w:Post_Office_Protocol|POP]], POP3 and [[w:Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol|SMTP]] with [[../ETH_Oberon#Email|description and instructions for ETH Oberon]] being applicable. ===Oberon Subsystem=== [[File:XO.A2.Oberon.jpg|thumb|The Oberon subsystem in UnixAos on an [[w:OLPC_XO#Release_history|XO-1.5]].]] <!-- {{clear}} --> At the lower left of the A2 screen, menu Tools > Oberon and Develop > Oberon FullScreen allow interactive startup of an Oberon subsystem. The subsystem can also be opened with a command or commands in the Autostart section of Configuration.XML. In UnixAos, revision 4929, these lines in Configuration.XML. &#60;Section name="Autostart"> &#9;... &#9;&#60;Setting name="OberonDisplay" value="OberonDisplay.Install Oberon 1100x704 0 74 ~"/> &#9;&#60;Setting name="OberonStart" value="Oberon.Call System.Init Oberon"/> This in more recent revisions<ref name="OberonStart"/>. &#60;Section name="Autostart"> &#9;... &#9;&#60;Setting name="Start an Oberon" value="Oberon.Start Oberon 1100x704 0 74 ~"/> The dimensions, 1100x704, can be adjusted for satisfactory proportioning of text in a viewer. If the Oberon window is stretched, by grabbing the lower right corner with the mouse, the proportionality of text to viewer is preserved. Mouse usage is unusual but efficient. Definitely worth the small effort to learn. A mouse with three buttons or two buttons and a wheel is almost essential. The &#60;Esc> key is used to interrupt a task. For example it can interrupt a long running FTP.GetFiles. &#60;F1> sets the * marker. &#60;F2> clears all marks. If a mouse button is pressed unintentionally, all mouse buttons pressed together before releasing any will have no effect. Comprehensive details of mouse and keyboard input and usage are in [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse|Mouse support]], [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|Mouse tutorial]] and [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/keyboard|Keyboard support]] pages. ===Telnet Console in Oberon=== [[w:Telnet|Telnet]] is an insecure protocol but provides a host console within the Oberon sub-system. The [[../ETH_Oberon#Telnet_Console|instructions for ETH Oberon]] are applicable in the Oberon subsystem. ===News Reader in Oberon=== [[File:OberonNews.Tool.png|thumb|A screenshot of News.Tool.]] As with mail servers, news servers now require authentication. Therefore revisions of the [[Oberon/A2/Oberon.News.Mod|NetSystem]] and [[Oberon/A2/Oberon.News.Mod|News]] modules are required to support authentication. Compile the revised modules. {{clear}} ==Text== {{:Oberon/A2/TextType}} ==Module Sources, Tools and Configuration Texts== A tiny sample of the approximately 2000 sources in A2. A contemporary [[w:Firefox|Firefox]] browser attempts to infer "Content type" from the [[w:List_of_filename_extensions|name extension]]. By default Firefox infers wrongly that source file *.Mod contains "Amiga SoundTracker audio" and fails to open it. This difficulty is resolved by adjusting the "Action" Firefox associates with "Content Type". Open [[w:hamburger menu|hamburger menu]] > Settings > General > Applications. For "Amiga SoundTracker audio" choose an editor such as /usr/bin/mousepad or /usr/bin/gedit. Most sources in A2 have been converted to [[w:Plain_text|plain ASCII text]]; some remain as [[Oberon#Oberon_Text|Oberon Text]]. Gedit will open all of these. Mousepad and several other editors will not open Oberon Text. Content type "plain text document" should also be set to the chosen editor. With these adjustments Firefox should open most of the files in the repository. In some contexts the user may fail to find a configuration of a browser to open files in the repository. In any case a browser should open the Wikibook copy. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/ ETHZ Repository] !! Wikibook<ref name="WikiSource"/> !! Notes |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BIOS.V24.Mod BIOS.V24.Mod] | [[../A2/BIOS.V24.Mod/|BIOS.V24.Mod]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BootManager.Asm BootManager.Asm] | [[../A2/BootManager.Asm/|BootManager.Asm]] | BootManager source written in Network Assembler by Andr&#233; Fischer. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BootManager.Mod BootManager.Mod] | [[../A2/BootManager.Mod/|BootManager.Mod]] | Module containing one command Split.<ref><code>BootManager.Split BootManager.Bin</code> is executed to divide BootManager.Bin into BootManagerMBR.Bin and BootManagerTail.Bin. For additional details, refer to the [[../A2/BootManager/|instructional document]] of Andr&#233; Fischer.</ref> |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BootManager.Text BootManager.Text] | [[../A2/BootManager/|BootManager]] | Instructional document written by Andr&#233; Fischer. In the repository and in MediaWiki representation. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/BootManager.Tool BootManager.Tool] | [[../A2/BootManager.Tool/|BootManager.Tool]] | Tool file summarizing the instructional document. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Configuration.Mod Oberon.Configuration.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | <!-- [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Configuration.XML Configuration.XML] --> | [[../A2/Configuration.XML|Configuration.XML]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Desktops.Mod Oberon.Desktops.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Documents.Mod Oberon.Documents.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Documents.Mod|Oberon.Documents.Mod]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.ET.Mod Oberon.ET.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Files.Mod Oberon.Files.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Gadgets.Mod Oberon.Gadgets.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Gadgets.Mod|Oberon.Gadgets.Mod]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.HTML.Mod Oberon.HTML.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.HTML.Mod|Oberon.HTML.Mod]] | Revisions for conformance to HTML5. |- | &#160; | [[Oberon/A2/Oberon.HTML.Tool|HTML.Tool]] | No "preview" in the ETH Repository. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.HTMLDocs.Mod Oberon.HTMLDocs.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.HTMLDocs.Mod|Oberon.HTMLDocs.Mod]] | InitEntities() expanded to support more characters. <!-- |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Input.Mod Oberon.Input.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Input.Mod|Oberon.Input.Mod]] | &#160; --> |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.ISO9660Files.Mod Oberon.ISO9660Files.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.ISO9660Volumes.Mod Oberon.ISO9660Volumes.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.MIME.Mod Oberon.MIME.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.MIME.Mod|Oberon.MIME.Mod]] | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Mail.Mod Oberon.Mail.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Mail.Mod|Oberon.Mail.Mod]] | Deviation from [[w:Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol|SMTP]] corrected. Wrap() added. Names of types revised. Show() revised. Calculation of cont.len corrected.<!-- Bug in ReadResponse() corrected. Authentication added to OpenSMTP(). --> |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.MultiMail.Mod Oberon.MultiMail.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.MultiMail.Mod|Oberon.MultiMail.Mod]] | <!-- Authentication added to OpenSMTP(). --> |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.News.Mod Oberon.News.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.News.Mod|Oberon.News.Mod]] | Authentication added to allow access to contemporary servers. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/Oberon.MediaWiki.Mod|Oberon.MediaWiki.Mod]] | Not in A2 repository. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Objects.Mod Oberon.Objects.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | rowspan="2" | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Out.Mod Oberon.Out.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Out.Mod|Oberon.Out.Mod]] | Allow delay of execution of Append, using a [[w:Bit_field|flag]] variable. |- | [[../A2/Oberon.Out1.Mod|Oberon.Out1.Mod]] | Allow delay of execution of Append, using a procedure variable. |- | [[../A2/Oberon.OutStub.Mod|Oberon.OutStub.Mod]] | [[../A2/Oberon.OutStub.Mod|Oberon.OutStub.Mod]] | &#160; |- |[https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/QuotedPrintable.Mod Oberon.QuotedPrintable.Mod] |[[../A2/Oberon.QuotedPrintable.Mod|Oberon.QuotedPrintable.Mod]] |Variant from LinuxA2 Gen. 32-bit, rev.9527. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/Oberon.RFC3986.Mod|Oberon.RFC3986.Mod]] | Percent encoding and decoding of URL. Not in A2 repository. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Sort.Mod Oberon.Sort.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.Sort.Mod|Oberon.Sort.Mod]] | Better presentation of output. Revisions incomplete. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Streams.Mod Oberon.Streams.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Strings.Mod Oberon.Strings.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.TFTPTool.Mod Oberon.TFTPTool.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.TFTPTool.Mod|Oberon.TFTPTool.Mod]] | |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.TextDocs.Mod Oberon.TextDocs.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.TextFrames.Mod Oberon.TextFrames.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.TextFrames.Mod|Oberon.TextFrames.Mod]] | LOOPs removed. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.Texts.Mod Oberon.Texts.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Oberon.V24.Mod Oberon.V24.Mod] | [[../A2/Oberon.V24.Mod|Oberon.V24.Mod]] | &#160; |- | <span id="Oberon.Text"></span>[https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Release.Oberon.Text Release.Oberon.Text] | [[../A2/Oberon.Text|Oberon.Text]] | Usually Oberon.Text is customized to a user. |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/TFTP.Mod TFTP.Mod] | [[../A2/TFTP.Mod|TFTP.Mod]] | |- | [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Unix.Machine.Mod Unix.Machine.Mod] | &#160; | &#160; |- | <span id="Oberon.NetSystem">[https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/blob/main/source/Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod]</span> | [[../A2/Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod|Unix.Oberon.NetSystem.Mod]] | Terminology improved. Local procedures moved out of SetUser. RETURN usage updated. Flag "ok" eliminated. Flag "verbose" added to simplify password debugging. Numerous comments clarified. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/myaos|myaos]] | Start script for UnixAos allowing use of a removable working store on multiple machines and adaptable to requirements of user. Not in A2 repository. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/mya2|mya2]] | Start script for UnixA2 allowing use of a removable working store on multiple machines and adaptable to requirements of user. Not in A2 repository. |- | &#160; | [[../A2/MyA2|MyA2]] | Start script for UnixA2 allowing use of a removable working store on multiple machines and adaptable to requirements of user. Not in A2 repository. |} ==Potential Developments== * A [[w:Text-based_user_interface|TUI]] similar to ETH Oberon. * Improved HTML support. Support for styling and tables, for example. * [[w:Touchscreen|Touchscreen]] support. ==Footnotes== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Git">The Git repository, described subsequently, is a more recent method of installation and release tracking.</ref> <ref name="linePrefix">The command line prefix in a Unix-like system is user configurable and can be configured to the empty string. For simplicity, the prefix is omitted in most of the commands shown here.</ref> <ref name="filesystemCheck">A filesystem can become corrupted if not unmounted before the system is shut down. The directory can also be damaged by natural degradation of the storage media. If the filesystem is intact, the execution time for e2fsck is negligible.</ref> <ref name="OberonStart">The Oberon subsystem is invoked with MenuPage30.XML. The change from two commands to one is reported by <code>svn&#160;diff&#160;-r&#160;5253:5254&#160;.../MenuPage30.XML</code></ref>. <ref name="zipFreshening">A fresh ZIP archive is created at least when a revision of language syntax requires a revision in the compiler.</ref> <ref name="WikiSource">In some cases the Wikibook copy differs from the latest file in the ETHZ repository. For an exact comparison, use a file comparator; Diff.Do in Oberon, [[w:Comm|comm]] in Linux. Some sources have a discussion page. [[Talk:Oberon/A2/Oberon.Mail.Mod|Oberon.Mail.Mod discussion]] for example.</ref> <ref name="Text">See [[Oberon/Text|Oberon/Text]].</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Linz Oberon, V4 | next = V5 }} <br> {{BookCat}} gtsiexkglz4t3zougjagq95p8q63f0k 0 385109 4672904 4664522 2026-09-29T11:10:04Z ILYA125467 3627024 Fixed colors 4672904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" 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|&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2EEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2EF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2EF1x 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|&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2EFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2EFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2EFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} iuhi07mpd94l5iil86f91lvyua75492 0 385642 4672802 4521867 2026-09-28T15:37:04Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4672802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Split}} '''Target Readers''' This book is intended for readers who are interested in Chinese civil law. The author tries to describe and interpret Chinese civil law in light of the latest legislation, case law, and legal doctrines. It may be of particular interest to lawyers, legal scholars, and law students all over the world. The author promises to update the book regularly in order to keep up with all the changes. '''Citation Issues''' * <u>Citation of Primary Sources:</u> Please note that all the English translations of provisions of Chinese law and court decisions quoted or cited in this book are produced by the Lawinfochina (北大法宝), subject to some necessary revisions in the author's considered opinion. If you want to read the unrevised version of the English translations, please visit the Lawinfochina at <http://en.pkulaw.cn/>. If you intend to read the Chinese text of the legal provisions, please visit the Information Bank on Chinese Laws and Regulations (中国法律法规信息库) at <http://law.npc.gov.cn/FLFG/index.jsp>. You may also have access to the Chinese text of the court decisions at the China Judgements Online (中国裁判文书网) <http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/>. In each section, the most important legal provisions are quoted in a box for the purpose of highlighting while less important ones are directly quoted or cited in the main text. * <u>Citation of Secondary Sources:</u> Secondary sources (books, articles, etc.) cited in this book are listed in the endnote. '''Abbreviations''' * NPC (National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会) * SC-NPC (Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会常务委员会) * SPC (Supreme People's Court 最高人民法院) {{DISPLAYTITLE:Chinese Civil Law (中国民法)}} == Part 1 Introduction == {{...}} === Chapter 1 What Is Chinese Civil Law? === ==== 1. Defining Civil Law in the Context of China ==== In China, civil law (民法) is defined by statute in terms of the spectrum of social relationships that it intends to regulate. Article 2<ref>All English translations of Chinese law quoted or cited in this book are provided by the Lawinfochina (北大法宝), subject to some necessary revisions in the author's considered opinion.</ref> of The General Provisions of the Civil Law of 2017 (民法总则) (''hereinafter'' The General Provisions of 2017) provides as follows {| class="wikitable" !Civil law governs the personal relationships and property relationships among civil subjects with equal status, that is, among natural persons, legal persons, and unincorporated organizations. |} Based on this article, we can discuss some distinguishing features of Chinese civil law as follows: ===== (1) Private Law vs. Public Law ===== Law can be divided into two basic categories, i.e. public law and private law. According to the dominant doctrine in China, public law is intended to regulate those social relationships to which the state (or the governmental agency) is one of the two parties while private law shall regulate other social relationships.<ref>See 王泽鉴：《民法总则（修订本）》，北京大学出版社2009年版，第10页。</ref> The former relationships can be referred to as "public law relationships" whereas the latter "private law relationships". Sometimes, however, the state (or the government agency) and a private entity may enter into a transaction as equal parties, meaning the former does not exercise any power over the latter. For instance, that a government agency purchases a small number of pencils from a nearby supermarket still falls into the category of private relationships. Nonetheless, if the agency intends to purchase an amount of goods that exceed the statutory limit, then the private contractual relationship will be transformed into an administrative contractual relationship to which The Government Procurement Law of 2002 (政府采购法) shall apply. The Government Procurement Law undoubtedly falls under public law in that the process of procurement is heavily regulated by the authorities and administrative punishments may be imposed on lawbreakers. Hence, the line between public law relationships and private law relationship may sometimes be very subtle. Be that as it may, it is indisputable that civil law belongs to private law.<ref name=":0">See 王泽鉴：《民法总则（修订本）》，北京大学出版社2009年版，第11页。</ref> This is because civil law is mainly aimed at balancing the interests of private entities with equal status, meaning in a civil law relationship neither of the parties can exercise any power over the other. The primary goal of the civil law is to promote 'autonomy of private law' (私法自治), which means that, in order to create a relationship of rights and obligations, individuals shall enjoy the power to make their own decisions and shall assume their own responsibilities accordingly.<ref name=":0" /> Common examples of public law include, ''inter alia'', The Constitution of 1982 (宪法), various administrative laws and regulations (e.g. The Government Procurement Law), and The Criminal Law of 1997 (刑法) . The real benefit of making such a demarcation between public law and private law lies in the fact that there are different procedures for remedies in the event that a dispute arises.<ref name=":0" /> In case there is a dispute between civil subjects with equal status, they may settle the dispute out of court or file a civil litigation before the court in accordance with The Civil Procedure Law of 1991 (民事诉讼法). If private entities feel that their lawful rights and interests are infringed upon by a "concrete administrative act" (具体行政行为) on the part of an administrative organ or any civil servant thereof, they are entitled to either apply for administrative reconsideration (行政复议) to the competent authorities or file an administrative action before the court.The former shall be done in compliance with The Administrative Reconsideration Law of 1999 (行政复议法) while the latter The Administrative Procedure Law of 1990 (行政诉讼法). In cases where crimes are involved, the police, the procuratorate and the court shall exercise their power respectively in accordance with The Criminal Procedure Law of 1979 (刑事诉讼法). ===== (2) Scope of Civil Subjects ===== Civil subjects (民事主体) refer to the parties who are allowed to enjoy rights and assume obligations under a civil law relationship.<ref>国家司法考试辅导用书编辑委员会主编：《国家司法考试辅导用书（第三卷）》，法律出版社2017年版，第4页。</ref> Before 2017, only two types of civil subjects were provided by statute. Article 2 of The General Principles of the Civil Law of 1986 (民法通则) (''hereinafter'' The General Principles of 1986) provides, civil law "'''shall govern property relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between citizens and legal persons'''." Therefore, private entities other than citizens (natural persons) or legal persons such as partnerships are excluded from the scope of civil subjects. However, this definition has clearly ignored the fact that many unincorporated organizations do exist in China and they have been engaged in business transactions actively since more than two decades ago. Accordingly, article 2 of The General Provisions 2017 has rightfully expanded the scope of civil subjects and added a third type, i.e. "非法人组织", meaning organizations without juridical personality (or simply unincorporated organizations). Subjects of a civil law relationship, i.e. natural persons, legal persons and unincorporated organizations, will be discussed in detail in Part 2. ===== (3) Scope of Private Law Relationships ===== A variety of social relationships exists in society, such as those arising out of social intercourse, emotional support, and friendships. However, not all of those relationships ought to be regulated by civil law.<ref>梁慧星：《民法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第4版，第52页。</ref> The social relationships that civil law intends to regulate are confined to personal relationships (人身关系) and property relationships (财产关系). A personal relationship is a type of social relationship that is inseparable from the person, that has personal interests as its content, and that does not directly involve property interests.<ref name=":1">魏振瀛主编：《民法》，北京大学出版社2013年版第5版，第10页。</ref> It can be sub-divided into the relationship of personality (人格关系) and the relationship of status (身份关系).<ref name=":1" /> A relationship of personality is established for the purpose of protecting a natural person's personality interests (人格利益) such as his or her "'''rights of life, bodily integrity, health, name, portrait, reputation, honor, privacy, and marital autonomy'''" (article 110, paragraph 1 of The General Provisions of 2017) or protecting the rights of a legal person or an unincorporated organization to its "'''name, reputation, and honor, among others'''" (paragraph 2). A relationship of status arises out of the need to protect status-related interests which are generated "'''from''' '''marriage or family relations'''" (article 112 of The General Provisions of 2017). Property relationship is kind of social relationship that is formed when people control or transfer property.<ref name=":2">国家司法考试辅导用书编辑委员会主编：《国家司法考试辅导用书（第三卷）》，法律出版社2017年版，第2页。</ref> For that reason, property relationship can be sub-divided into two types: dominion-related property relationship (支配型财产关系) and circulation-related property relationship (流转型财产关系).<ref name=":2" /> Those two may also be referred to as property ownership relationships (财产归属关系) and property circulation relationships (财产流转关系).<ref>魏振瀛主编：《民法》，北京大学出版社2013年版第5版，第9页。</ref> The former are established in order to answer the question of who owns or is entitled to use the property, i.e. who has the right to own, utilize, seek profits from and/or dispose of property. Contrariwise, the latter are related to the question of how to transfer the ownership of property voluntarily through contracts or involuntarily just by the law itself. For that reason, the former are mainly governed by The Real Right Law of 2007 (物权法) while the latter by The Contract Law of 1999 (合同法) and The Tort Liability Law of 2009 (侵权责任法法). ==== 2. The Evolution of Chinese Civil Law ==== Throughout the long imperial period of Chinese history, China used to regulate civil affairs such as marriage and trade via the joint use of criminal law and "礼" (code of etiquette or system of rites). Civil law, which embodies the notions of personal freedom, equality, rights, and obligations, etc., was alien to an agrarian society which was mainly based on a self-sufficient natural economy.<ref>梁慧星：《民法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第4版，第15页。</ref> In the late Qing Dynasty (1840-1911), China has suffered a series of humiliating defeats by Western powers, which compelled the then Chinese government to establish a Western-style legal system. By the end of 1910, the Draft Civil Law of the Great Qing Dynasty (大清民律草案) had been completed. However, this draft failed to be promulgated due to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty.<ref name=":3">梁慧星：《民法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第4版，第18页。</ref> The first Chinese civil law, officially referred to as The Civil Code of the Republic of China (中華民國民法), was promulgated by the KMT government in the period 1929-1930.<ref name=":3" /> In 1949, however, the newly established communist Chinese regime abolished all legislation that the KMT government had enacted, which led China into a period of roughly three decades (1949-1981) without civil law, except for Matrimonial Law (婚姻法) promulgated in 1950.<ref name=":3" /> In 1978, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China initiated the "reform and opening-up" policy. In order to build a market-oriented economy, a modern civil law system is indispensable. Hence, since the 1980s, China has begun to promulgate a series of civil law statutes, which are listed as follows: * 1981: The Economic Contract Law (经济合同法) (replaced by The Contract Law of 1999)（合同法） * 1985: Law on Economic Contracts Concerning Foreign Interests (涉外合同法) (replaced by The Contract Law of 1999)（合同法） * 1985: Law on Succession (继承法) * 1986: The General Principles （民法通则）(partially replaced by Th General Provisions of 2017)（民法总则） * 1987: Law on Technological Contract (技术合同法) (replaced by The Contract Law of 1999)（合同法） * 1991: Adoption Law (收养法) * 1995: The Guarantee Law (担保法) (partially replaced by The Real Right Law of 2007)（物权法） * 1999: The Contract Law（合同法） * 2007: The Real Right Law（物权法） * 2009: The Tort Liability Law (侵权责任法法) * 2010: Law on Choice of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships (涉外关系法律适用法) * 2017: The General Provisions（民法总则） In a word, although a Chinese Civil Code of the 21 century is currently unavailable, the enactment of The General Provisions of 2017, which is intended as the first Book of the Civil Code, was a very promising start. According to the CCP Central Committee Decision concerning Some Major Questions in Comprehensively Moving Governing the Country According to the law Forward (中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定) of 2014, it is expected that China will have a new Civil Code around 2020. ==== Key Terms in Chapter 1 ==== Chinese civil law (中国民法) public law (公法) private law (私法) civil subjects (民事主体) personal relationships (人身关系) property relationships (财产关系) the relationship of personality (人格关系) the relationship of status (身份关系) dominion-related property relationships/property ownership relationships (支配型财产关系/财产归属关系) circulation-related property relationships/property circulation relationships (流转型财产关系/财产流转关系) === Chapter 2 The Logical Structure of Chinese Civil Law === ==== 1. The Basic Structure ==== According to The Explanation about The Draft General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China (关于《中华人民共和国民法总则（草案）》的说明) which was published by the National People's Congress in 2016, the upcoming Chinese Civil Code will codify the existing single civil statutes and will probably be structured as follows: '''Table 2.1. The Structure of the Upcoming Chinese Civil Code''' {| class="wikitable" ! !Civil Code !Based on !Status |- | |Book 1 The General Provisions (总则编) |The General Principles |Promulgated |- | rowspan="3" |Law of Property |Book 2 Contracts (合同编) |Contract Law |Pending |- |Book 3 Real Rights (物权编) |Real Right Law |Pending |- |Book 4 Tort Liability (侵权责任编) |Tort Liability Law |Pending |- | rowspan="2" |Law of Status |Book 5 Marriage and Family (婚姻家庭编) |Matrimonial Law Adoption Law |Pending |- |Book 6 Succession (继承编) |Law on Succession |Pending |} ==== 2. Explanation of the Basic Structure ==== As explained in Section 1(3) of Chapter 1, civil law is mainly concerned with property relationships and personal relationships. Property relationships consist of property ownership relationships and property circulation relationships. Specifically, the former shall be governed by Book 3 Real Rights (Real Right Law) whereas the latter by Book 2 Contracts (Contract Law). Since those two areas of law are purely related to property (either the control of property or the modes of acquiring property), they are often described together as the "law of property" (财产法). In Germany or in legal systems that are influenced by German law, contracts, negotiorum gestio, unjust enrichment, and torts are considered to be the primary four causes of establishing an ''obligatio'' (债), i.e. an obligation. Hence, rules concerning those four causes are traditionally stipulated by the same Book in a civil code, i.e. The Law of Obligations (债法), which regulates the relations between obligor and obligee.<ref name=":4">王泽鉴：《民法总则（修订本）》，北京大学出版社2009年版，第15页。 </ref> Compared with the cases to which rules of negotiorum gestio and unjust enrichment shall apply, those that are governed by contract law and tort law account for the vast majority. For that reason, the upcoming Chinese Civil Code provides for the law of contract and torts in two separate Books, i.e. Book 2 and Book 4, with a view to stressing their outstanding positions in a modern market economy. This approach also renders the traditional General Provisions of the Law of Obligations (债法总则) redundant. Accordingly, rules of negotiorum gestio and unjust enrichment have been conveniently placed in Book 1 (article 121 and article 122 respectively of The General Provisions of 2017) and many rules traditionally found in the Book of the Law of Obligations are stipulated by Book 2 and Book 4. Since Book 4 is also related to property (loss shifting involuntarily), it falls into the category of the law of property as well. In a word, Book 2 to Book 4 are the law of property. The reason why Book 4 is not placed next to Book 2 but after Book 3 is that Tort Liability Law is also considered as a general law of protecting civil rights and interests and providing remedies. Since both personality rights and property rights are protected under the law of torts, it appears logical to place Book 4 immediately after Book 3. Personal relationships are composed of the relationship of personality and that of status. As far as the former is concerned, it is necessary for civil law to define the scope of rights and interests of personability. Since personality interests are inseparable from persons, they are often provided together with civil subjects in Book 1 The General Provisions. To be specific, civil subjects are provided for by Chapter 2 (Natural Persons), Chapter 3 (Legal Persons) and Chapter 4 (Unincorporated Organizations) and personality rights by Chapter 5 (Civil Rights). When it comes to the relationship of status, applicable rules are mainly provided for by Book 5 and Book 6, which fall under the same category of the "law of status" (身份法). The former governs the relationship between parents and children, that between husbands and wives, that of maintenance and other family relationships while the latter regulates the transmission or redistribution of property on the death of its owner to the heir or beneficiary. Those two Books are created separately from Book 2 to Book 4, not because they are irrelevant to property, but due to the fact that they are closely related to the status of kinship. Another feature of the upcoming Civil Code is that it places the law of property (Book 2 to Book 4) before the law of status (Book 5 and Book 6). This can be explained by the unique technique of codification, i.e. the structure of a civil code should be based on the principle of "from abstract issues to concrete issues" and "from general issues to special issues". <ref name=":4" /> Compared to the law of property, the law of status is much more concrete and special in that it involves many property relationships between family members. Hence, it might seem more logical if the law of status were placed after the law of property in a civil code. ==== Key Terms in Chapter 2 ==== the law of property (财产法) the law of status (身份法) the law of obligations (债法) negotiorum gestio (无因管理) unjust enrichment (不当得利) === Chapter 3 The Source of Chinese Civil Law === ==== 1. Defining the Source of Chinese Civil Law ==== In China, the source of law (法源), also termed ''fons juris'', usually refers to something that manifests applicable legal norms or something that provides authority for administrative or judicial decisions.<ref>张文显主编：《法理学》，高等教育出版社2011年版第4版，第52页。</ref> Generally speaking, we should ask how the law is created and presented in order to identify the source of law.<ref>《法学大辞典》，1991年版。</ref> As far as the source of civil law is concerned, the questions need to be asked are which rules should be cited by judges as the basis for decisions and how those rules should be systemized in light of their sources.<ref>朱庆育：《民法总论》，北京大学出版社2016年版第2版，第36页。 </ref> The source of Chinese civil law is provided for by article 10 of The General Provisions of 2017 as follows {| class="wikitable" !'''Civil disputes shall be resolved in accordance with the law; or if there is no provision of law applicable to a case, the case may be decided according to a custom, but the custom must not be contrary to public order or good morals.''' |} Specifically, article 10 has three important layers of meaning: * (1) It has specified the sources of civil law (private law) and the order of application (law first, customs second); * (2) As far as the schools of legal thoughts are concerned, it has combined the analytic school of law ("the law") and the historical school of law ("custom"); * (3) In terms of legal methods, it has overcome the problems faced by the 19th-century legal positivism and confirmed the existence of a gap in law, meaning customs should be used to fill the gap in law and the court is not allowed to deny making a decision in the event that there is no provision of law applicable to a case in question.<ref>王泽鉴：《民法总则（修订本）》，北京大学出版社2009年版，第35页。</ref> ==== 2. The Law ==== Aforesaid article 10 requires that civil cases should be decided in light of "the law" (法律) as a matter of principle. In order to figure out the meaning of "the law", we should answer the following questions step by step. ===== (1) How does the legislative power is distributed in China? ===== This question should be answered in light of the legislative bodies and their powers in China. China is a single unitary state, which is composed of the Central Government and local governments. The latter consist of 34 provincial local jurisdictions - 23 provinces (Jiangsu, Hebeing, Zhejiang, Taiwan, etc.), 4 municipalities directly under the jurisdiction of the Central Government (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing), 5 autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Guangxi, and Tibet) and 2 special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau).<ref>省级行政区，百度百科，https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%9C%81%E7%BA%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA/4805340?fr=aladdin<nowiki/>，2017年7月18日访问。</ref> Except for Hong Kong and Macau, the laws and regulations enacted by the Central Government (''hereinafter'' central legislation) shall apply to all local governments as a matter of principle. Each provincial government, delegated by the Central Government, may enact its own rules (''hereinafter'' local legislation) to govern its own affairs within its jurisdiction. In principle, local legislation must not be inconsistent with or in contradiction to central legislation. ===== (2) Then, who are the "legislators" and what is "the law"? ===== According to article 2 of The Constitution of 1986, all power in China belongs to the people and people exercise state power through electing deputies to the National People's Congress (''hereinafter'' NPC) and local people's congresses at various levels. Article 3, paragraph 3 of the aforesaid law states, "'''All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people's congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised'''." Hence, by definition, the NPC and local people's congresses are organs with supreme state power or supreme power within a local jurisdiction, which are superior to any other executive or judicial branches at the same level. Their permanent bodies are the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (''hereinafter'' SC-NPC) and standing committees of local people's congresses. The NPC and the SC-NPC exercise the legislative power of the state (article 58 of the aforesaid law) while local people's congresses exercise the local legislative power within their jurisdictions (article 96 of the aforesaid law). It ought to be noted that standing committees of local people's congresses do not have any legislative power. The NPC "'''shall enact and amend the basic laws on, ''inter alia'', criminal matters, civil matters, and state authorities'''" (article 7, paragraph 2 The Law on Legislation of 2015), whereas the SC-NPC "'''shall enact and amend laws other than those that should be made by'''" the NPC (paragraph 3 of the aforesaid article). The statutes enacted by the NPC and the SC-NPC are described together as "法律", meaning "the law" in its narrowest and strictest sense (''hereinafter'' national legislation). In addition, the SC-NPC has the power to interpret a law in case either "'''The specific meaning of any provisions of a law requires further clarification'''" or "'''Any new circumstances appearing after the promulgation of a law require clarification of the basis for the application of the law'''" (article 45 of the aforesaid law). The interpretations of a law made by the SC-NPC (''hereinafter'' legislative interpretations (立法解释)) shall have the same authority as the law (article 50 of the aforesaid law). In addition to national legislation, there is also delegated legislation in China. Article 65 of the aforesaid law states that the State Council (the highest executive branch in China) "'''shall enact administrative regulations (行政法规) in accordance with the Constitution and the law'''" for the purpose of either implementing the law (national legislation) or regulating "'''matters within the administrative functions and powers of the State Council as set out in Article 89 of the Constitution'''". Besides, the departments and ministries of the State Council and local people's governments (local executive branches) have the power to enact departmental rules (部门规章) and the rules of local governments (地方政府规章), which can be described together as "administrative rules" (行政规章), in order to implement laws and regulations of a higher authority (articles 80-82 of the aforesaid law). In this sense, administrative rules are a more detailed form of delegated legislation. Local people's congresses have the power to enact "local regulations" (地方性法规). Article 72 of the aforesaid law provides that provincial people's congresses "'''may, according to the specific circumstances and actual needs of the administrative region, enact local regulations, provided that such regulations do not contravene the Constitution, laws, and administrative regulations'''". Since local people's congresses are superior to local governments, the rules of local governments are often delegated legislation secondary to local regulations. The legal authority of various laws, regulations, and rules are ranked as follows: * The Constitution shall have the supreme legal authority, and no laws, administrative regulations, local regulations ... or rules may contravene the Constitution (article 87 of the aforesaid law); * The authority of laws, including legislative interpretations, shall be higher than that of administrative regulations, local regulations, and rules (article 88, paragraph 1 of the aforesaid law); * The authority of administrative regulations shall be higher than that of local regulations and rules (article 88, paragraph 2 of the aforesaid law); * The authority of local regulations shall be higher than that of the rules of local governments at the same level and at a lower level (article 89, paragraph 1 of the aforesaid law). * Departmental rules and the rules of local governments shall have equal authority among themselves (article 91 of the aforesaid law). The aforementioned laws, regulations, and rules are all made by either legislative bodies or delegated executive bodies. In addition to this, the Supreme People's Court (''hereinafter'' SPC) also plays a role in the making of law - it has the power to enact judicial interpretations (司法解释) in order to correctly apply the law to a specific case (article 104 of the aforesaid law). Unfortunately, The Law on Legislation of 2015 itself has not clarified the legal authority of judicial interpretations. Since the SPC is inferior to either the NPC or the SC-NPC, it is logical to infer that the authority of judicial interpretations is secondary to laws and legislative interpretations. Lower people's courts at various levels do not have the power to issue judicial interpretations. The "legislators" and the authority of various laws, regulations, rules, and interpretations are presented as follows: {| class="wikitable" ! !legislative branch !executive branch !judicial branch !legal authority |- | rowspan="4" |central legislation |The Constitution | | | rowspan="6" |in descending order |- |national laws/legislative interpretations | | rowspan="2" |judicial interpretations |- | |administrative regulations |- | |departmental rules | |- | rowspan="2" |local legislation |local regulations | | |- | |rules of local government | |} ===== (3) Which law, among all central and local legislation, provides authority for civil judicial decisions? ===== Neither The General Principles of 1986 nor The General Provisions of 2017 have clarified what "the law" should be as far as the application of civil law is concerned. Nevertheless, the SPC issued The Provisions on Citation of Such Normative Legal Documents as Laws and Regulations in the Judgments (关于裁判文书引用法律、法规等规范性法律文件的规定) in 2009. Article 4 of the said Provisions stipulates that "'''a civil judgment shall cite laws, legislative interpretations or judicial interpretations, and may directly cite the administrative regulations, local regulations'''" that should be applied. Hence, as a matter of the fact, the SPC thereby treats its judicial interpretations as authoritative as national laws and legislative interpretations in a trial. Besides, laws, legislative interpretations and judicial interpretations have a higher legal authority than administrative regulations and local regulations. The wording "shall" in the said article 4 suggests that the court is obliged to apply laws and interpretations first when there are available, whereas the wording "may" therein leaves it to the discretion of the court to decide whether to cite a particular regulation or not. Administrative rules have the lowest legal authority in a trial. Article 6 of the aforementioned Provisions rules that where the normative documents other than those as prescribed by the said Articles 4 are confirmed as legal and effective upon examination in accordance with the needs for the trial, such normative documents may be taken as an authority for the reasoning behind a decision. Therefore, although administrative rules cannot be directly cited in a trial, they can play a supportive role in the formation of a decision if they are considered by the court to be legal and effective. ===== (4) Can the court cite The Constitution directly? ===== As mentioned before, The Constitution shall have the supreme legal authority, and no laws, regulations or rules may contravene the Constitution (article 87 of The Law on Legislation). Hence, in a narrow sense, The Constitution does not fall under the said "laws". Nonetheless, just like national laws, The Constitution shall also be promulgated and amended by the NPC (article 62 of The Constitution). Hence, it was once debatable whether the court is allowed to cite The Constitution directly in the trial of civil cases. This topic is closely related to the famous case of ''Qi Yuling v. Chen Xiaoqi et al.'',<ref>齐玉苓诉陈晓琪等以侵犯姓名权的手段侵犯宪法保护的公民受教育的基本权利纠纷案，山东省高级人民法院，2001年8月23日，载《最高人民法院公报》 2001年第5期(总:73期)。</ref> which is also well-known in China as the "Qi Yuling Case" (齐玉苓案). Qi Yuling (plaintiff) and Chen Xiaoqi (one of the defendants) were students from the same middle school - The Eighth Middle School of the Tengzhou City in Shangdong Province (hereinafter Middle School). In the Secondary Technical School Entrance Examination of 1990, Qi Yuling passed the examination and admitted into the Jining Commercial School of Shandong Province (hereinafter Commercial School) whereas Chen Xiaoqi failed the examination. However, Chen Xiaoqi' father managed to bribe some officials of the Middle School into sending Qi Yuling's admission notice to Chen Xiaoqi. Later, Chen Xiaoqi attended the Commercial School, assuming the identity of Qi Yuling. After graduation, Chen Xiaoqi found a job in Bank of China Shandong Tengzhou Branch. On January 29, 1999, Qi Yuling, who found out the truth, filed a claim against Chen Xiaoqi et al., demanding them to cease the acts of infringement, extend a formal apology, and pay RMB 160,000 (for pecuniary losses) and RMB 400,000 (for nonpecuniary losses) in compensation. Qi Yuling claimed that she suffered huge losses due to the fact that her right of the name (姓名权) and right to receive education (受教育权) had been infringed upon. In the same year, Zaozhuang Intermediate People's Court (the trial court) made a judgment, ordering the defendants to cease the acts of infringement and pay damages totaling RMB 35,000 for the plaintiff's nonpecuniary losses, but denying the plaintiff's claim that her right to receive education had been infringed upon. Qi Yuling remained unconvinced by the judgment of the trial court and appealed to Shandong High People's Court (the appellate court). The right to receive education is a fundamental right which is provided for by article 46, paragraph 1 of The Constitution - "'''Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the duty as well as the right to receive education'''." In contrast, a person's right of the name is only a civil right, as evidenced by article 99, paragraph 1 of The General Principles of 1986, which states, "'''Citizens shall enjoy the right of the name and shall be entitled to determine, use or change their names in accordance with relevant provisions; interference with, usurpation of and false representation of another’s name shall be prohibited'''." The appellate court was unsure of whether Qi Yuling's constitutional right to receive education should be protected in a civil litigation. Hence, the appellate court submitted this case to the SPC and asked the SPC for its opinions about this issue. On August 13, 2001, the SPC replied as follows<ref>最高人民法院：《最高人民法院关于以侵犯姓名权的手段侵犯宪法保护的公民受教育的基本权利是否应承担民事责任的批复》，载《中华人民共和国最高人民法院公报》2001年第5期。</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Upon deliberation, we hold that, according to the facts of the case in question, Qi Yuling's fundamental right to receive education, which is provided for by The Constitution, has been infringed upon by Chen Xiaoqi et al. through encroachments on Qi Yuling's civil right of the name, resulting in concrete harmful consequences. Hence, Chen Xiaoqi et al. shall be held liable for Qi Yuling's losses. |}  In accordance with the SPC's opinion, the appellate court gave the judgment in favor of Qi Yuling. The Qi Yuling Case was regarded as a landmark decision where the court cited The Constitution directly in a civil case, which many believed would begin the process of "judicialization of The Constitution" (宪法司法化). If this were the case, then many other fundamental rights stipulated by The Constitution such as the right of suffrage (选举权), the right to be elected (被选举权), the right of labor (劳动权), the right of freedom of speech etc. could be equally protected through civil litigations. Unfortunately, the Qi Yuling Case has remained the only case that ever cited The Consitution directly since 2001. The seemingly promising process of "judicialization of The Constitution" finally ceased when the SPC revoked its reply of 2001 in 2008.<ref>最高人民法院：《最高人民法院关于废止2007年底以前发布的有关司法解释（第七批）的决定》，载《中华人民共和国最高人民法院公报》2009年第2期。</ref> Above all, it is now clear that "the law" in article 10 of The General Provisions of 2017 does not include The Constitution. That is to say, The Constitution is not a source of civil law. Hence, it cannot be cited directly in a civil decision. Traditionally, fundamental rights under a constitution are regarded as rights that are intended to protect people's liberty and property against encroachments done by the government, so that people shall enjoy a certain degree of freedom without interference from the government.<ref name=":7">王泽鉴：《民法总则（修订本）》，北京大学出版社2009年版，第39页。</ref> Recently, it is believed that fundamental rights also constitute an objective order of constitutional values, which are objective norms ought to be abided by when legislative, executive and judicial branches perform their duties, with a view to protecting people against encroachments done by either the authorities or by other people (third parties).<ref name=":7" /> Hence, fundamental rights should still be protected by civil law, though in a more indirect way. To be specific, two techniques are available to the accomplishment of such a purpose. They are:<ref name=":7" /> * ''Constitutional Interpretation (合宪性解释)''. The court has a duty to interpret a provision of civil law in accordance with the provisions and spirit of The Constitution so that the purpose of the target civil law would not go against that of The Constitution. In so doing, a harmony could be achieved between The Constitution and civil law. * ''Third-party Effect of Fundamental Rights (基本权利的第三人效力)''. Fundamental rights under The Constitution shall have some "indirect effect" on third parties beyond a citizen and the state. This suggests that the court could protect people's fundamental rights against third parties through "general clauses" (概括条款) or "uncertain legal terms" (不确定法律概念) in civil law. For instance, some employers may include a clause in the labor contract, which provides that the female employee is not permitted to give birth to a baby within a certain period of time. Would such a clause be legally binding? If we look at The Labor Contract Law of 2012, it is silent on this issue. But it does say that a labor contract is void if it "'''breaches the mandatory provisions of laws or regulations'''" (article 26). Then, we can find that women enjoy the fundamental right to child-bearing (生育权) as provided for by article 51 of The Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, which is a supplementary statute to The Consitution of 2004. The said article 51 is obviously a mandatory provision of law. Reading the aforesaid two articles together, it becomes clear that the clause in the labor contract is void. In this indirect way, the female employee's fundamental right to child-bearing is protected under labor contract law (a special branch of civil law). ==== 3. The Custom ==== According to the drafters of The General Provisions of 2017, "the custom" (习惯) refers to folkways (民间习惯) or trade usages (商业惯例) that are commonly adopted and observed in a defined locality or in a specific profession or business.<ref name=":8">李适时主编：《中华人民共和国民法总则释义（北大法宝电子版）》，法律出版社2017年版，第10条。</ref> In order for a custom to qualify as a source of law, it must satisfy two conditions: first, the practice of the custom has already become a long and unvarying habit; second, ordinary people widely and firmly believe that it has the force of law.<ref>王泽鉴：《民法总则（修订本）》，北京大学出版社2009年版，第46页。</ref> The application of a custom must be subject to two limitations: first, the essential precondition for applying a custom is that there is no provision of "the law" applicable the case in question; second, the application of a custom must not go counter to public order or good morals.<ref name=":8" /> ==== 4. The Guiding Case System in China - A Shift towards the Anglo-American Legal Tradition?<ref>For a detailed discussion on the Guiding Case System in China in English, see Jinting Deng, "The Guiding Case System in Mainland China", 10 (3) Frontiers of Law in China 1-26, (2015).</ref> ==== In 2010, the SPC issued The Provisions on Case Guidance (关于案例指导工作的规定) (''hereinafter'' PCG), establishing the guiding case system (指导性案件制度) in China for the first time. According to article 2 of the PCG, guiding cases refer to those closed judgments : "'''(1) that have attracted wide attention from society; (2) that have cited legal provisions which are too abstract or vague; (3) that are representative in nature; (4) that have involved difficult, complicated or novel issues; or (5) that have other features of a guiding function'''." Article 3 provides, "'''The Supreme People's Court shall establish a Case Guidance Office to be in charge of the selection, examination and reporting for approval of guiding cases'''." As regards the legal authority of guiding cases, article 7 states, "'''When trying similar cases, people's courts at all levels shall use the guiding cases issued by the Supreme People's Court as a reference'''." In 2015, the SPC enacted The Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisions of on Case Guidance (《关于案例指导工作的规定》实施细则) (hereinafter IPCG), in order to strengthen the guiding case system. Three key provisions regarding the application of a guiding case need to be highlighted as follows: * ''Obiter dicta should not be cited''. Article 9 states, "'''Where a case being tried by a people's court at any level is similar to a guiding case issued by the Supreme People's Court in terms of basic facts and application of law, a judgment shall be rendered by reference to the ratio decidendi of the judgment in the relevant guiding case.'''" * ''A guiding case should be quoted (引述) rather than cited (引用)''. Article 10 provides, "'''Where a people's court at any level refers to a guiding case in the trial of a similar case, it shall quote the guiding case as the judgment's reasoning, instead of citing it as the basis for the judgment'''." * ''The number of the guiding case should be quoted as well''. Part of article 11 stipulates, "'''Where any relevant guiding case is quoted in the written judgment, the number of the guiding case and its key points of judgment shall be quoted in the judgment's reasoning.'''" A guiding case shall cease to be effective under either of the following two circumstances where: "'''(1) it conflicts with a new law, administrative regulation or judicial interpretation; or (2) it is replaced with a new guiding case.'''" (article 12 of the IPCG). In this regard, it seems that the legal authority of a guiding case is inferior to that of a national law, administrative regulation and judicial interpretation, but it is superior to that of local regulations and administrative rules. The next question is whether the guiding case system in China indicates a shift towards the Anglo-American legal tradition. Admittedly, the guiding case system is similar to the common law system to the extent that cases can be the source of law. However, the two systems differ significantly in the following aspects: * ''The processes of formulating the case law''. In China, a guiding case may be decided by a court at any level, which is later chosen and published by the SPC. In the US, however, the precedents are established by earlier decisions of the superior courts.<ref name=":9">Peter Hay, Law of the United States: An Overview, C.H. BECK, 2010, p. 9.</ref> * ''The legal authority''. In China, the guiding case system is secondary to the statutory system, meaning guiding cases have lower legal authority than central legislation. The fundamental basis that can be cited for a decision is still "the law" rather than the guiding case. A guiding case qualifies as "a source of law" inasmuch as it plays an important role in the reasoning behind a decision. However, it is not a true source of law because it cannot be cited as the basis for a decision. In contrast, "the American legal system is primarily a case law system", meaning case law is the major source of law as far as subject matters governed by decisional law are concerned and it also affects statutes significantly because "statutes are also subject to binding and authoritative interpretation by the courts".<ref name=":9" /> Hence, the said guiding case system looks very similar to ancient Chinese case systems, which were secondary and supplementary to statutory codes.<ref>杨思斌：《中国古代判例制度的演变与基本特征》，载《法学杂志》2008年第02期。</ref> Therefore, it would be better to say the guiding case system is a closer step towards ancient Chinese legal tradition than to say it is a shift towards the common law system such as the American law. === Chapter 4 The Basic Principles of Chinese Civil Law === ==== 1. Introduction ==== The principle refers to "a basic rule, law, or doctrine", especially "one of the fundamental tenets of a system".<ref>Bryan A. Garner ed. Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co., 2014.</ref> Hence, the principles of civil law are the fundamental tenets and norms of civil law, which penetrates the entire civil law system, providing the starting point for the legislation, interpretation, application, and study of civil law.<ref>王利明：《民法总则》，中国法制出版社2010年版第2版，第50页。</ref> In other words, those principles reflect the basic values and spirit of civil law.<ref>李永军：《民法总论》，中国政法大学出版社2015年版第3版，第26页。</ref> In China, the principles of civil law are provided for by article 4 to article 9 of The General Provisions of 2017. They are the principle of equality (平等原则), the principle of free will (自愿原则), the principle of fairness (公平原则), the principle of ''bona fides'' or good faith (诚信原则), the principle of adherence to law and public order and good morals (守法与公序良俗原则), and the principle of greenness (绿色原则). In particular, the principles of civil law play an essential role in the trial of civil cases in two aspects:<ref>梁慧星：《民法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第4版，第45-46页。</ref> * Interpretation. When a certain provision of civil law is too vague that it could be understood in two or more ways, the court should choose the one that is best in line with the principles of civil law. * Gap-filling. Where there is a gap in a civil statute, the court should employ the principles of civil law to fill the gap. We will discuss those principles one by one next. ==== 2. The Principle of Equality ==== Article 4 of The General Provisions of 2017 provides {| class="wikitable" !Civil subjects are equal in legal status in civil activities. |} The principle of equality suggests that all civil subjects, no matter whether they are legal persons, natural persons, or unincorporated organizations, no matter how large the legal person's scale is or how rich it is, no matter whether a natural person is a man or woman, old or young, and poor or rich, no matter what business an unincorporated organization is doing, when they are engaged in civil activities, they are equal in legal status among one another, and their legitimate rights and interests are equally protected by law.<ref>李适时主编：《中华人民共和国民法总则释义（北大法宝电子版）》，法律出版社2017年版，第4条。</ref> One important implication of the principle of equality is that, in a civil law relationship, one party cannot impose its will on the other.<ref>王利明：《民法总则》，中国法制出版社2010年版第2版，第51页。</ref> ==== 3. The Principle of Free Will ==== Article 5 of The General Provisions of 2017 provides {| class="wikitable" !Civil subjects shall conduct civil activities under the principle of free will, and create, modify, or terminate civil law relationships according to their own wills. |} The principle of free will, also termed the principle of the autonomy of the will (意思自治原则) or private autonomy (私法自治原则), refers to the tenet that civil subjects are entitled to be engaged in civil activities according to its own will, i.e. they are entitled to decide whether to create, modify or terminate a civil law relationship and what the content is about.<ref name=":11">李适时主编：《中华人民共和国民法总则释义（北大法宝电子版）》，法律出版社2017年版，第5条。</ref> This principle manifests itself in various branches of civil law, such as the freedom of ownership (所有权自由), meaning the owner of a property, within the boundaries of the law, may possess, utilize, enjoy benefits from and dispose of the property freely (article 39 of The Real Right Law of 2007); the freedom of testament (遗嘱自由), meaning a testator may decide freely who would obtain the ownership of his/her property after death (article 16 of The Law on Succession of 1985). However, the most essential one is the freedom of contract (契约自由), which is also termed autonomy of the parties. It refers to the tenet that, based on the meeting of minds, parties may enjoy rights and assume obligations through the conclusion of a contract, which is composed of four layers of meaning:<ref name=":10">王泽鉴：《民法总则（修订本）》，北京大学出版社2009年版，第196-197页。</ref> * freedom of conclusion (缔结自由), meaning parties are free to decide whether to enter into a contract; * freedom of choosing the opposite party (相对人自由), meaning parties are free to choose with whom he/she is willing to enter into a contract; * freedom of the content (内容自由), meaning parties are free to formulate the content of a contract; and * freedom of the form (方式自由), meaning a contract can be formed simply by the meeting of minds, i.e. it is not necessary to enter into a contract through a certain form. The principle of private autonomy was developed in a laissez-faire economy of the 19th century, which had contributed considerably to the liberation of individuals from the bounds imposed on by feudal identities and laws, the abolishment of the doctrine of the chartered corporation, the protection of private property, the promotion of the freedom of business, the protection of individual freedom and dignity, and the development society, economy and culture.<ref name=":10" /> In modern times, however, there are imbalances in bargaining power between corporate employers and employees and between producers/sellers and consumers. Strict adherence to the principle of private autonomy would ignore such imbalances and would fail to respect the free will of the weaker party. Hence, the state often intervenes in the fields of labor relationships and consumption relationships by enacting labor and consumer protection laws and regulations, in order to restore the imbalances and respect the true will of the weaker party.<ref>李永军：《民法总论》，中国政法大学出版社2015年版第3版，第31页。</ref> In China, there are Labor Law of 1994 (劳动法, amended in 2009), Labor Contract Law of 2007 (劳动合同法, amended in 2012), and The Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests of 1993 (消费者权益保护法, amended in 2013), etc. An important implication of the principle of free will is "self-responsibility" (自己责任), meaning civil subjects should be responsible for the consequences of civil activities that they are engaged in out of their free will.<ref name=":11" /> If they promise to fulfill a contractual obligation, they should be subject to liability for breach of contract; if they do harm to another's property or person intentionally or negligently, they have to pay compensation to the victim. In a word, the freedom of behavior is necessarily accompanied by the responsibility for the consequences of such behavior. ==== 4. The Principle of Fairness ==== Article 6 of The General Provisions of 2017 provides {| class="wikitable" !Civil subjects shall conduct civil activities under the principle of fairness, and rationally determine the rights and obligations of each party. |} The principle of fairness requires that when they are engaged in civil activities, civil subjects should determine the rights and obligations of each party justly, equitably and reasonably in light of the notion of fairness, and should be responsible for the consequences of civil activities in a fair way.<ref>李适时主编：《中华人民共和国民法总则释义（北大法宝电子版）》，法律出版社2017年版，第6条。</ref> It suggests that the normative benchmark against which the rights and obligations between parties are distributed and adjusted is the balance of interests (利益均衡) - in cases where the rights and obligations are considerably imbalanced, such an imbalance should be rectified in accordance with the principle of fairness. For instance, in the field of contract law, there is a doctrine of the "change of circumstance" (情势变迁). It is provided for by article 26 of The Interpretation II of Several Issues concerning the Application of the Contract Law (关于适用《中华人民共和国合同法》若干问题的解释(二) ) (''hereinafter'' Contract Law Interpretation II), which reads as follows {| class="wikitable" !Where any major change which is unforeseeable, is not a business risk and is not caused by a force majeure occurs after the formation of a contract, if the continuous performance of the contract is obviously unfair to the other party or cannot realize the purposes of the contract and a party files a request for the modification or cancelation of the contract with the people's court, the people's court shall decide whether to modify or cancel the contract under the principle of fairness and in light of the actualities of the case. |} Another well-known example is equitable liability (公平责任) under tort law. Article 24 of The Tort Liability Law of 2009 reads as follows {| class="wikitable" !Where neither the victim nor the actor is at fault for the occurrence of damage, both of them may share the losses based on the actual situations. |} ==== 5. The Principle of ''Bona Fides'' (Good Faith) ==== Article 7 of The General Provisions of 2017 provides {| class="wikitable" !Civil subjects shall conduct civil activities under the principle of ''bona fides'', being honest and keeping promises. |} The principle of ''bona fides'' is often regarded as the "king provision" (帝王条款) of the civil law, especially the law of obligations.<ref>王利明：《民法总则》，中国法制出版社2010年版第2版，第57页。</ref> However, it is commonly agreed that it is almost impossible to give a clear definition of ''bona fides.'' This is because it is a term that is full of strong moral elements, changing with times.<ref>李永军：《民法总论》，中国政法大学出版社2015年版第3版，第40页。</ref> The drafters of The General Provisions of 2017 believe that the principle of ''bona fides'' demands civil subjects * to be honest and provide true information concerning themselves to the other party when conducting negotiations; * to keep promises and perform obligations honestly after entering into a legal relationship with others; * to cooperate with others and protect the trust and reasonable expectations of the others; * to respect the legitimate rights and interests of others and safeguard public interest; * to enjoy rights with good faith and avoid abuse of right; * to avoid circumventing the law or misconstruing clauses of a contract deliberately; etc.<ref>李适时主编：《中华人民共和国民法总则释义（北大法宝电子版）》，法律出版社2017年版，第7条。</ref> ==== 6. The Principle of Adherence to Law and Public Order and Good Morals ==== This principle consists of two sub-principles, namely the principle of adherence to law and the principle of public order and good morals. These two sub-principles are closely associated with each other. Hence, they are provided for in the same article - article 8 of The General Provisions of 2017 - as follows {| class="wikitable" !Civil subjects shall not conduct civil activities in violation of the law, nor contrary to public order or good morals. |} ===== (1) The Principle of Adherence to law ===== Civil law provisions can be categorized as either "''jus dispositivum''" (law subject to the dispensation of the parties) (任意法) or "''jus cogens''" (compelling law) (强行法). A ''jus dispositivum'' is a legal provision that can be dispensed with or amended by mutual agreements of the parties. The other way around, a ''jus cogens'' is a compelling and mandatory legal provision that cannot be dispensed with or amended by the free will of the parties.<ref>朱庆育：《民法总论》，北京大学出版社2016年版第2版，第50页。</ref> The "law" therein only refers to the ''jus cogens''.<ref name=":12">李适时主编：《中华人民共和国民法总则释义（北大法宝电子版）》，法律出版社2017年版，第8条。</ref> The majority of civil law provisions fall under the category of the ''jus dispositivum'', which is intended to promote private autonomy and individual freedom as far as possible. However, individual freedom is not without limits. Although civil law is private law in nature, it is also aimed at safeguarding the basic social order of life and production and protecting the basic interests of the state.<ref name=":12" /> ''Jus cogens'' is enacted just for such a purpose, which establishes a statutory boundary within which private autonomy is legally permitted.<ref name=":12" /> ===== (2) The Principle of Public Order and Good Morals ===== === Chapter 5 Legal Methods: The Interpretation and Application of Chinese Civil Law === == Part 2 The General Provisions of Civil Law == == Part 3 Contract Law == ==== The Legal Effect of Cancelling A Contract ==== In China, termination of a contract (合同终止) is a broad term which means the ending of contractual rights and obligations. Cancellation (or dissolution) of a contract (合同解除) is only one of the seven causes of terminating a contract. Article 91 of The Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国合同法) (''hereinafter'' The Contract Law) provides as follows {| class="wikitable" !'''The rights and obligations under a contract shall be terminated under any of the following circumstances where: (1) the obligations have been performed as agreed upon; (2) the contract has been cancelled; (3) the obligations have been offset against each other; (4) the obligor has deposited the subject matter in escrow with a public authority in accordance with the law; (5) the obligee has released the obligor of its obligation; (6) the rights and obligations have vested in one party; (7) any other circumstances for termination as stipulated by the laws or agreed upon by the parties occur.''' |} When reading the above article 91 closely, it becomes clear that all the seven circumstances except for item (2) shall terminate a contract with a prospective effect, either because the purpose of the contract has been realized or at least has not been frustrated (items (1), (3), (4) and (5)) or because it becomes meaningless or unnecessary for the contract to exist (items (6) and (7)).<ref>韩世远：《合同法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第3版，第501页。</ref> By contrast, the purpose of cancellation of a contract is different from that of other causes of ending a contract. The Contract Law adopts the principle of "''pacta sunt servanda''" (契约严守), as evidenced by article 8, paragraph 1 of the said law, which provides, "'''A lawfully established contract shall be legally binding on the parties thereto, each of whom shall perform its own obligations in accordance with the terms of the contract, and no party shall unilaterally modify or terminate the contract'''." In most of the cases, parties are willing to enter into a contract because both of them believe they will gain more benefits than if there were no such a contract. However, after the contract is concluded, circumstances may change rapidly way beyond expectations, which may render the performance of the contract impossible or unnecessary or may frustrate the purpose of the contract. In such cases, strict adherence to the principle of "''pacta sunt servanda''" would not be of benefit to the parties concerned or would even damage the public interest.<ref>韩世远：《合同法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第3版，第507页。</ref> For that reason, The Contract Law creates a special regime of cancellation of a contract. Cancellation of a contract can be based on either an agreement or statutory provisions. Article 93 of The Contract Law provides, "'''The parties to a contract may cancel a contract if they reach an agreement. The parties may agree upon conditions under which either party may cancel the contract. Upon satisfaction of the conditions, the party who has the right of cancellation may cancel the contract.'''" Article 94 provides for the causes of statutory cancellation of a contract, which reads as follows {| class="wikitable" !'''The parties to a contract may cancel the contract under any of the following circumstances where: (1) it becomes impossible to achieve the purpose of the contract due to force majeure; (2) prior to the expiration of the term of performance, the other party expressly states, or indicates through its conduct, that it will not perform its main obligation; (3) the other party, who delays performance of its main obligation, still fails to perform within a reasonable period of time after such performance has been demanded; (4) the other party delays performance of its obligations, or breaches the contract in some other manner, rendering it impossible to achieve the purpose of the contract; (5) other circumstances as provided by law occur.''' |} The legal effect of cancellation of a contract is provided in article 97 of the aforesaid law, which states as follows {| class="wikitable" !'''After the cancellation of a contract, performance shall cease if the contract has not been performed; if the contract has been performed, a party may, in accordance with the circumstances of performance or the nature of the contract, demand the other party either to make restitution in kind and/or to take other remedial measures, and such party shall also have the right to claim compensation for losses from the other party.''' |} As far as the interpretation of the said article 97 is concerned, two major doctrines have developed by Chinese contract law scholars, i.e. the direct effect theory (直接效果说) and the compromised theory (折中说). Prof. Jianyuan Cui (崔建远) is a staunch advocate for the former theory while Prof. Shiyuan Han (韩世远) is a leading protagonist of the latter theory. The direct effect theory is currently the dominant doctrine.<ref>韩世远：《合同法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第3版，第527页。</ref> According to the direct effect theory, the cancellation of a contract will terminate the contract retrospectively as if it were "void" ab initio.<ref name=":5">崔建远主编：《合同法》，法律出版社2010年版第5版，第258页。</ref> To be specific, the effect has two layers of meaning: on the one hand, parties to the contract shall be released from their contractual obligations if the contract has not been performed yet; on the other hand, each party shall have the right to claim against the other party the returning of its belongings (所有物返还请求权) if the contract has already been performed.<ref name=":5" /> Such a claim is a claim based on a real right (物上请求权), the legal effect of which is superior to that of a claim based on an ''obligatio'' (债权请求权).<ref name=":5" /> Therefore, "to make restitution in kind" (恢复原状) in the said article 97 should be interpreted as "to claim the returning of the belongings", which is a claim based on the real right (ownership). Specifically, if the subject matter tendered is a chattel (movable property), then the possession of the chattel shall be transferred to the original owner; if it is a real estate (immovable property) tendered through registration, then the registration shall be corrected.<ref>崔建远：《解除权问题的疑问与解答（下篇）》，载《政治与法律》2005年第4期。</ref> The rationale behind this interpretation is that Chinese law does not recognize the abstract nature of the juristic act of real right (物权行为之无因性). Put another way, the juristic act of an ''obligatio'' (债权行为) (i.e. a contract) is the fundamental basis for conveying the real right of a property. Absent such a basis (e.g. due to being declared void ''ab initio'' or being cancelled), the conveyance would become groundless and the real right would be seen as unconveyed ''ab initio''. Nonetheless, the direct effect theory is subject to some qualifications. On the one hand, some special clauses of the contract are not affected by the cancellation. Article 98 of the said law provides, "'''The termination of rights and obligations under a contract shall not affect the effect of clauses that related to the final settlement of accounts and winding-up'''." On the other hand, the cancellation of a contract in some cases has no retrospective effect. In cases where it is impossible or unnecessary to make restitution in kind, the cancellation of a contract will not only have a prospective effect. Hence, the said article 97 makes it clear that when to make restitution in kind is possible due to the "circumstances of performance or the nature of the contract", one party may demand the other party to "take other remedial measures". Those terms need to be explained in detail as follows. * According to the drafters of The Contract Law, "in accordance with circumstances of performance" means to take into account the implications of the performed obligations for the obligee.<ref name=":6">全国人大法工委主编：《中华人民共和国合同法释义》，法律出版社2012年版第3版，第181-185页。</ref> If the parties' interests could be well or better protected without making restitution in kind, then other remedial measures would become more feasible; if the parties' interests would be harmed absent making restitution in kind, then they could demand restitution.<ref name=":6" /> * The wording "nature of the contract" suggests that parties shall "take other remedial measures" rather than "make restitution in kind" if it is impossible or difficult to make restitution in light of the nature of the contract. In light of contract law theories, a contract can be either a one-off contract (一时的合同) or a continuing contract (继续性合同). A one-off contract refers to those contracts whose purpose can be achieved through a one-off delivery or payment, such as contracts of a sale, a gift, an exchange, and work.<ref>韩世远：《合同法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第3版，第62页。</ref> A continuing contract means those contracts under which the performance of the obligations is continuing throughout the term of the contract, such as contracts of a partnership, lease, employment, lending for consumption or use, and deposit.<ref>韩世远：《合同法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第3版，第62-63页。</ref> In cases where a continuing contract is involved, it is impossible to make restitution in kind because services provided or things consumed cannot be returned any longer.<ref>崔建远主编：《合同法》，法律出版社2010年版第5版，第261页。</ref> As a result, parties can only demand each other to take other remedial measures. * According to the drafters, "other remedial measures" normally include repairing, substituting, reworking, or reducing the price or remuneration.<ref name=":6" /> In contrast, the compromised theory holds that the cancellation of a contract does not have a retrospective effect. Specifically, it suggests of two layers of meaning: on the one hand, obligations that have not been performed yet will immediately terminate upon the cancellation of the contract (the same as the direct effect theory); on the other hand, obligations that have already been performed will not become extinct but will be transformed into new obligations of restitution derived from the original contract.<ref>韩世远：《合同法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第3版，第526页。</ref> Since the performed part of the original contract will not terminate retrospectively but still exist in the form of new obligations of restitution, the claim for restitution in kind can only be interpreted as a claim based on an ''obligatio'' rather than that based on a real right.<ref>韩世远：《合同法总论》，法律出版社2011年版第3版，第533页。</ref> For that reason, the real right (ownership) of a property conveyed before the cancellation of the contract will not be affected. The original owner of a property can only regain the ownership of the property if its claim for restitution is successful. Now let's discuss the similarities and differences between the above two theories. In the event that the contract has not been performed yet, there is almost no difference between them. Both suggest that the cancellation of a contract in such a case only has prospective effect. However, in cases where the contract has been performed, the two theories differ significantly. The direct effect theory holds that in one-off contracts cancellation will have retrospective effect whereas the compromised theory says the opposite. The key difference is concerned with the meaning of "restitution in kind". While the former theory regards restitution as a claim based on a real right, the latter treats it merely as a claim based on an ''obligatio''. This difference has significant implications in at least two scenarios as follows: * ''Bankruptcy''. Article 38 of The Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of 2006 provides, "'''After the people's court accepts an application for bankruptcy, where what the relevant obligor occupies is not its own property, the owner of the property may take it back through the bankruptcy administrator unless it is separately prescribed by the present Law'''." Hence, if the direct effect theory were taken, one party, who is the original owner of the property, would be allowed to take it back from the insolvent party after cancelling the contract. However, if the second theory were adopted, such party would not be allowed to take it back directly, meaning such party would become only one of the many obligees that have a legitimate claim against the insolvent party. * ''Property conveyed to a third party''. In order to strike a balance between the protection of ownership and the safety of transactions, The Real Right Law of 2007 adopts the regime of acquisition in good faith (''bona fides'') (善意取得) in cases where a person sells another's property to a third party without authorization. According to article 106 of the said law, such third party shall obtain the ownership of the property, (1) if it was in good faith at the moment of assigning the property, (2) if the property was conveyed at a reasonable price, and (3) if the property was assigned in light of statutory procedures. If such conditions are satisfied, the original owner of the property will lose its ownership permanently and will only be allowed to claim damages from the unauthorized seller. If the direct effect theory were taken, the ownership of a property will be automatically restored to the original owner after cancelling the contract. In such a case, a third party could only obtain the ownership of the property if it had been in good faith. However, should the compromised theory be accepted, the ownership of a property will not be affected by the cancellation of the contract. Therefore, the party to the contract who has obtained the ownership of the property has full right to sell it to a third party, irrespective of whether such third party was in good faith or not. When taking into account all the aforementioned points, it seems that the direct effect theory keeps a better balance than the compromised theory between the protection of ownership and the safety of transactions. The former tends to protect ownership unless third parties in good faith are involved, thus protecting the safety of transactions in a proportional way. In contrast, the latter may protect transactions even when third parties are in bad faith, thus making the protection of the safety of transactions in an excessive way. This may exlain why the direct effect theory is the dominant doctrine in China as far as the interpretation of article 97 of The Contract Law is concerned. == Part 4 Real Right Law == == Part 5 Tort Liability Law == == Part 6 Matrimonial and Family Law == == Part 7 Law of Succession == {{BookCat}} i7v56nkfyeobw9sgtbg0ct7m9q4t2x8 0 385735 4672765 4665248 2026-09-28T14:19:28Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = ETH Oberon | next = A2 }} ==Links== [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/OberonDownloads.html Oberon software for V4] at [[w:Johannes_Kepler_University_Linz|JKU Linz]] ==Installing== Archives are available from [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html JKU Linz page], [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.zip JKU Linz Oberon V4 for MS Windows in a zip file], [ftp://ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/Oberon/ JKU Linz FTP (user anonymous and pwd anonymous is not working)] and from [https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/oberonv4/ci/master/tree/ Sourceforge]. Specific installation instructions are available for [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL Linux] and for [ftp://oberon.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/Oberon/Windows/win95-NT/README.TXT MS Windows]. The instructions should also help with Amiga, HPUX, Macintosh, MIPS, PowerMac, Sparc and UV4. In Linux install according to instructions in [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL]. ==Configuring== System configuration is discussed in the mailing list. A thread begins at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015504.html 2021-01-11]. Some specific details are in a message at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015660.html 2021-02-04]. The boot process for the various platforms needs review and consolidation. ===Font Configuration=== The font used in title bars and menues and in ''new'' documents can be set by this command. System.Set System DefaultFont := Syntax14.Scn.Fnt The appearance of extant Text can be changed globally by font mapping. First, display the extant mapping. System.Get FontMap Then set preferred mappings as in this example. System.Set FontMap Syntax10.Scn.Fnt := Arial14.Scn.Fnt System.Set FontMap Syntax10i.Scn.Fnt := Arial14i.Scn.Fnt System.Set FontMap Syntax10b.Scn.Fnt := Arial14b.Scn.Fnt System.Set FontMap Syntax10m.Scn.Fnt := Arial14m.Scn.Fnt Refer to the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015149.html mailing list at 2020-11-22]. ==Starting V4 on Linux== V4 is started by the sob script. $which sob /usr/local/bin/sob Start V4. cd <workingDirectory> sob ==Usage Notes== ==Bug Fixes== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Source Text !! Explanation !! Revised Source Text |- | MODULE&#160;Files&#160;...<br >PROCEDURE&#160;GetTempName()&#160;...<br >&#160;n := tempno; | When a system runs for more than 24 days after booting, tempno can be negative whereas the WHILE loop in GetTempName works only if n&#160;>=&#160;0. See [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015175.html mailing list]. | MODULE&#160;Files&#160;...<br >PROCEDURE&#160;GetTempName()&#160;...<br >&#160;n&#160;:=&#160;tempno&#160;MOD&#160;80000000H; |- |} ==Module Sources== [[../V4.Sort.Mod/]] {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = ETH Oberon | next = A2 }} {{BookCat}} rg6h840sf35p0favs3evnhnjwc8rv3y 4672790 4672765 2026-09-28T15:02:45Z PeterEasthope 660399 Separated Navigation template from content. 4672790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = ETH Oberon | next = A2 }} <br> ==Links== [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/OberonDownloads.html Oberon software for V4] at [[w:Johannes_Kepler_University_Linz|JKU Linz]] ==Installing== Archives are available from [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html JKU Linz page], [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.zip JKU Linz Oberon V4 for MS Windows in a zip file], [ftp://ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/Oberon/ JKU Linz FTP (user anonymous and pwd anonymous is not working)] and from [https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/oberonv4/ci/master/tree/ Sourceforge]. Specific installation instructions are available for [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL Linux] and for [ftp://oberon.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/Oberon/Windows/win95-NT/README.TXT MS Windows]. The instructions should also help with Amiga, HPUX, Macintosh, MIPS, PowerMac, Sparc and UV4. In Linux install according to instructions in [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL]. ==Configuring== System configuration is discussed in the mailing list. A thread begins at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015504.html 2021-01-11]. Some specific details are in a message at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015660.html 2021-02-04]. The boot process for the various platforms needs review and consolidation. ===Font Configuration=== The font used in title bars and menues and in ''new'' documents can be set by this command. System.Set System DefaultFont := Syntax14.Scn.Fnt The appearance of extant Text can be changed globally by font mapping. First, display the extant mapping. System.Get FontMap Then set preferred mappings as in this example. System.Set FontMap Syntax10.Scn.Fnt := Arial14.Scn.Fnt System.Set FontMap Syntax10i.Scn.Fnt := Arial14i.Scn.Fnt System.Set FontMap Syntax10b.Scn.Fnt := Arial14b.Scn.Fnt System.Set FontMap Syntax10m.Scn.Fnt := Arial14m.Scn.Fnt Refer to the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015149.html mailing list at 2020-11-22]. ==Starting V4 on Linux== V4 is started by the sob script. $which sob /usr/local/bin/sob Start V4. cd <workingDirectory> sob ==Usage Notes== ==Bug Fixes== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Source Text !! Explanation !! Revised Source Text |- | MODULE&#160;Files&#160;...<br >PROCEDURE&#160;GetTempName()&#160;...<br >&#160;n := tempno; | When a system runs for more than 24 days after booting, tempno can be negative whereas the WHILE loop in GetTempName works only if n&#160;>=&#160;0. See [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015175.html mailing list]. | MODULE&#160;Files&#160;...<br >PROCEDURE&#160;GetTempName()&#160;...<br >&#160;n&#160;:=&#160;tempno&#160;MOD&#160;80000000H; |- |} ==Module Sources== [[../V4.Sort.Mod/]] <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = ETH Oberon | next = A2 }} {{BookCat}} 174xn9sqvyrtmrxhqrfd00l2i88goux 0 395883 4672769 4665249 2026-09-28T14:39:36Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672769 wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = A2 | next = Bibliography }} ==Installing== For installation on FPGA machines, refer to the documentation of [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N. Wirth] and of [http://www.projectoberon.com/ P. Reed]. Oberon RISC Emulators work on contemporary MS Windows, Unix-like systems and macOS. Refer to instructions of the author of the emulator of interest. Additional notes are available for [[Oberon/Android|Android]]. On some machines the size of block random access memory ([[w:Bram|BRAM]]) may constrain development objectives. ==Text== Compare with [[Oberon/The_Oberon_System,_V1_and_V2|Text in V2]]. {{:Oberon/V5/TextType}} == Notes == ===Fixup=== Compilation of a module produces [[w:Branch_(computer_science)|branches]] in which [[w:Memory_address|addresses]] are relative to the base of the module. Fixup is the conversion of these addresses to absolute addresses. [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]] has obviated fixup in the symbol file; not in the fixup lists of an object file. Refer to [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/index.html Project Oberon (New Edition 2013)]. Fixup is performed by the module loader, Modules.Load, as discussed in section 6.1.&#160;Linking and loading, page 79. Also refer to the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2019/013608.html 2019-11-18] and at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015249.html 2020-12-16]..[http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015257.html 18]. In section "6.3. The linking loader" is the paragraph beginning "At the very end of the file three integers called fixorgP, fixorgD, and fixorgT are read."<br> a) A search for "fixorgP" in the code generator module ORG will find this line in ORG.Call. Put3(BL, 7, ((-x.r) * 100H + x.a) * 1000H + pc-fixorgP); fixorgP := pc-1 Also, this line is in ORG.Put3. code[pc] := ((op+12) * 10H + cond) * 1000000H + (off MOD 1000000H); INC(pc) b) -x.r in an item x for a procedure is the module number, mno, and x.a is the entry number for the procedure, pno. c) From ORG.Call and ORG.Put3 deduce, the 4 bits [20..23] = -x.r (= the module number, mno) the 8 bits [12..19] = x.a (= the entry number for the procedure, pno) the 12 bits [0..11] = pc-fixorgP (= the displacement between 2 instructions in the fixup chain) With steps (a-c) the compiler generates this instruction precursor. | BL (4) | cond (4) | mno (4) | pno (8) | pc-fixorgP (12) | The precursor is not formatted as an instruction but is the same length as one, 32 bits. d) The lines of (c) correspond to these lines in Modules.Load. mno := inst DIV 100000H MOD 10H; pno := inst DIV 1000H MOD 100H; disp := inst MOD 1000H; Modules.Load converts the precursor to the second (u=1) F3 format of [http://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/FPGA-relatedWork/RISC-Arch.pdf RISC-Arch.pdf] section 3. | BL (4) | cond (4) | offset relative to PC (24) | ==Sources== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Published V5 !! Variant !! Notes |- | [[../V5/Files.Mod/|Files.Mod]] | &#160; | &#160; |- | &#160; | [[../V5/Out.Mod/|Out.Mod]] | Allow delay of execution of Append, using a flag variable. |- | &#160; | [[../V5/Out1.Mod/|Out1.Mod]] | Allow delay of execution of Append, using a procedure variable. |- | [[../V5/Texts.Mod/|Texts.Mod]] | &#160; | &#160; |} {{Reflist|refs= }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = A2 | next = Bibliography }} {{BookCat}} 8cfw2i7wbo96kwemt0z1nj9rfpgrsxo 4 396216 4672753 4670884 2026-09-28T13:19:23Z Benson Benjamin. M 3627081 /* {{subst:currentuser}}{{subst:^|DO NOT EDIT THIS LINE}} */ new section 4672753 wikitext text/x-wiki __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOINDEX__ {{Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Header}} {{shortcut|WB:EFFP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(75d) |counter = 4 |maxarchivesize = 150K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} == ~2026-35089-83 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-35089-83|~2026-35089-83]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-35089-83|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-35089-83|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-35089-83|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-35089-83}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-35089-83}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-35089-83}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[[[Japanese/Kana]]]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BJapanese%2FKana%5D%5D}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BJapanese%2FKana%5D%5D&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-35089-83}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Tried replacing a dead link with a working version I found when I plugged the link into webarchive, since that's what I presumed I was meant to do when I found a dead link. ;Date and time : 01:27, 15 June 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:54, 15 July 2026 (UTC) == SeaDragon1 == ;Username : [[:b:User:SeaDragon1|SeaDragon1]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:SeaDragon1|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/SeaDragon1|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/SeaDragon1|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:SeaDragon1}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:SeaDragon1}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=SeaDragon1}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[User:SeaDragon1/UTM highlighting test]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3ASeaDragon1%2FUTM+highlighting+test}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3ASeaDragon1%2FUTM+highlighting+test&wpSearchUser=SeaDragon1}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Attempted creation of page to test [[User:SeaDragon1/common.js]] (both attempted page creation content and <span style="font-family: monospace">common.js</span> were copied from [[w:Main Page|the English Wikipedia]]). ;Date and time : 23:26, 3 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|ad|SeaDragon1}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:40, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == Earthinators == ;Username : [[:b:User:Earthinators|Earthinators]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Earthinators|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Earthinators|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Earthinators|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Earthinators}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Earthinators}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Earthinators}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Earthinators]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Earthinators}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Earthinators&wpSearchUser=Earthinators}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to replace the main page of [[Earthinators]] with a neutral, instructional textbook version ([[Talk:Earthinators|the new text is on the talk page]]). The edit filter blocked me, saying the edit was "potentially unconstructive". The new version follows Wikibooks guidelines – it’s a textbook, not a promotional page. Please allow the edit or make the change for me. ;Date and time : 06:56, 11 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|rf}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:48, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-40102-72 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-40102-72|~2026-40102-72]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-40102-72|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-40102-72|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-40102-72|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-40102-72}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:26, 15 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nft}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:39, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-40102-72 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-40102-72|~2026-40102-72]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-40102-72|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-40102-72|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-40102-72|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-40102-72}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:27, 15 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nft}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:39, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == LoveElectronicLiterature == ;Username : [[:b:User:LoveElectronicLiterature|LoveElectronicLiterature]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:LoveElectronicLiterature|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/LoveElectronicLiterature|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/LoveElectronicLiterature|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:LoveElectronicLiterature}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:LoveElectronicLiterature}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=LoveElectronicLiterature}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_Multiple_Exostoses&veaction=edit&section=7]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHereditary_Multiple_Exostoses%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHereditary_Multiple_Exostoses%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7&wpSearchUser=LoveElectronicLiterature}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to copy the references and abstracts that I have been maintaining for over 20 years at http COLON SLASH SLASH tinyurl DOT com SLASH MHETalk. I copied a bunch of references, and then I shortened the description and put the citations in. But I got flagged for copying. Is there any way to fix this? thanks! ;Date and time : 16:23, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} You attempted to add a large edit to a book, so please try doing this in smaller edits. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:52, 15 August 2026 (UTC) == Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje == ;Username : [[:b:User:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Madan+Bibhishan+Nagargoje}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 06:15, 22 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :This was correctly prevented because you were trying to add a link to a Google Drive file as a "reference". If you are genuinely trying to add a reference, do this to a publicly available source and not a private Drive file. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:52, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-44191-83 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-44191-83|~2026-44191-83]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-44191-83|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-44191-83|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-44191-83|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-44191-83}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-44191-83}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-44191-83}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[An_Introduction_to_Dragon]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=An_Introduction_to_Dragon}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=An_Introduction_to_Dragon&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-44191-83}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Adding/expanding book content (introduction, table of contents, and lesson pages) for the Dragon programming language wikibook, based on the project's own source code and documentation. No spam or promotional intent. ;Date and time : 08:15, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :The edit was flagged as it deleted a large amount of content in one go, a typical fingerprint of non-constructive editing. I can see your edit was constructive and I recommend you make your changes using smaller edits initially. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:50, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49041-81 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-49041-81|~2026-49041-81]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-49041-81|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-49041-81|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-49041-81|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-49041-81}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-49041-81}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-49041-81}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Danish]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Danish}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Danish&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-49041-81}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Tried to add this link to my-danish-tutor.com This one has a ton of free resources and interactive materials for learning Danish. Reading, listening, conversations, grammar, word lists, flashcards and much more. ;Date and time : 17:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ActStuffOGWiki == ;Username : [[:b:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/ActStuffOGWiki|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Indian Railways/History]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory&wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : It says I added a "large amount of content" to this page. Even though I did copy paste the Introduction, the rest was me typing. ;Date and time : 08:49, 18 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ActStuffOGWiki == ;Username : [[:b:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/ActStuffOGWiki|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Indian Railways/History]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory&wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : ''Note: This page is not published yet. '' I tried to make this page normally, but the [[Wikibooks:edit filter|edit filter]] told that there has been a '''large amount of content''' added. I did it again but copy-pasted sentence by sentence because I didn't want to type the whole thing again. It still says the same warning. ;Date and time : 09:02, 18 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Benson Benjamin. M == ;Username : [[:b:User:Benson Benjamin. M|Benson Benjamin. M]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Benson Benjamin. M|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Benson Benjamin. M|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Benson Benjamin. M|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Benson Benjamin. M}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Benson Benjamin. M}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Benson+Benjamin.+M}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 13:19, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> ci62y2av1x5qucj1034vvci847choop 4672888 4672753 2026-09-29T08:11:03Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 75 days) to [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive 4]] 4672888 wikitext text/x-wiki __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOINDEX__ {{Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Header}} {{shortcut|WB:EFFP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(75d) |counter = 4 |maxarchivesize = 150K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} == SeaDragon1 == ;Username : [[:b:User:SeaDragon1|SeaDragon1]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:SeaDragon1|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/SeaDragon1|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/SeaDragon1|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:SeaDragon1}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:SeaDragon1}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=SeaDragon1}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[User:SeaDragon1/UTM highlighting test]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3ASeaDragon1%2FUTM+highlighting+test}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3ASeaDragon1%2FUTM+highlighting+test&wpSearchUser=SeaDragon1}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Attempted creation of page to test [[User:SeaDragon1/common.js]] (both attempted page creation content and <span style="font-family: monospace">common.js</span> were copied from [[w:Main Page|the English Wikipedia]]). ;Date and time : 23:26, 3 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|ad|SeaDragon1}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:40, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == Earthinators == ;Username : [[:b:User:Earthinators|Earthinators]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Earthinators|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Earthinators|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Earthinators|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Earthinators}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Earthinators}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Earthinators}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Earthinators]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Earthinators}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Earthinators&wpSearchUser=Earthinators}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to replace the main page of [[Earthinators]] with a neutral, instructional textbook version ([[Talk:Earthinators|the new text is on the talk page]]). The edit filter blocked me, saying the edit was "potentially unconstructive". The new version follows Wikibooks guidelines – it’s a textbook, not a promotional page. Please allow the edit or make the change for me. ;Date and time : 06:56, 11 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|rf}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:48, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-40102-72 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-40102-72|~2026-40102-72]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-40102-72|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-40102-72|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-40102-72|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-40102-72}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:26, 15 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nft}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:39, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-40102-72 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-40102-72|~2026-40102-72]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-40102-72|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-40102-72|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-40102-72|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-40102-72}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:27, 15 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nft}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:39, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == LoveElectronicLiterature == ;Username : [[:b:User:LoveElectronicLiterature|LoveElectronicLiterature]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:LoveElectronicLiterature|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/LoveElectronicLiterature|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/LoveElectronicLiterature|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:LoveElectronicLiterature}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:LoveElectronicLiterature}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=LoveElectronicLiterature}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_Multiple_Exostoses&veaction=edit&section=7]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHereditary_Multiple_Exostoses%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHereditary_Multiple_Exostoses%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7&wpSearchUser=LoveElectronicLiterature}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to copy the references and abstracts that I have been maintaining for over 20 years at http COLON SLASH SLASH tinyurl DOT com SLASH MHETalk. I copied a bunch of references, and then I shortened the description and put the citations in. But I got flagged for copying. Is there any way to fix this? thanks! ;Date and time : 16:23, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} You attempted to add a large edit to a book, so please try doing this in smaller edits. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:52, 15 August 2026 (UTC) == Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje == ;Username : [[:b:User:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Madan+Bibhishan+Nagargoje}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 06:15, 22 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :This was correctly prevented because you were trying to add a link to a Google Drive file as a "reference". If you are genuinely trying to add a reference, do this to a publicly available source and not a private Drive file. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:52, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-44191-83 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-44191-83|~2026-44191-83]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-44191-83|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-44191-83|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-44191-83|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-44191-83}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-44191-83}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-44191-83}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[An_Introduction_to_Dragon]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=An_Introduction_to_Dragon}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=An_Introduction_to_Dragon&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-44191-83}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Adding/expanding book content (introduction, table of contents, and lesson pages) for the Dragon programming language wikibook, based on the project's own source code and documentation. No spam or promotional intent. ;Date and time : 08:15, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :The edit was flagged as it deleted a large amount of content in one go, a typical fingerprint of non-constructive editing. I can see your edit was constructive and I recommend you make your changes using smaller edits initially. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:50, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49041-81 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-49041-81|~2026-49041-81]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-49041-81|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-49041-81|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-49041-81|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-49041-81}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-49041-81}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-49041-81}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Danish]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Danish}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Danish&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-49041-81}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Tried to add this link to my-danish-tutor.com This one has a ton of free resources and interactive materials for learning Danish. Reading, listening, conversations, grammar, word lists, flashcards and much more. ;Date and time : 17:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ActStuffOGWiki == ;Username : [[:b:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/ActStuffOGWiki|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Indian Railways/History]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory&wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : It says I added a "large amount of content" to this page. Even though I did copy paste the Introduction, the rest was me typing. ;Date and time : 08:49, 18 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ActStuffOGWiki == ;Username : [[:b:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/ActStuffOGWiki|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Indian Railways/History]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory&wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : ''Note: This page is not published yet. '' I tried to make this page normally, but the [[Wikibooks:edit filter|edit filter]] told that there has been a '''large amount of content''' added. I did it again but copy-pasted sentence by sentence because I didn't want to type the whole thing again. It still says the same warning. ;Date and time : 09:02, 18 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Benson Benjamin. M == ;Username : [[:b:User:Benson Benjamin. M|Benson Benjamin. M]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Benson Benjamin. M|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Benson Benjamin. M|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Benson Benjamin. M|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Benson Benjamin. M}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Benson Benjamin. M}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Benson+Benjamin.+M}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 13:19, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> tu0exlc9xcvp3s44y7fag434r2it1m0 0 398152 4672901 4449317 2026-09-29T11:04:59Z TechVindicator 3626296 typos fixed: acommodate > accommodate 4672901 wikitext text/x-wiki = Qualitative Analysis = == An Introduction to Dockless Bike Sharing == === A Description of Dockless Bike Sharing === Recent concerns about climate change, congestion and worldwide motorisation has led to an emergence of sustainable transport alternatives like stationless bike sharing. Stationless bike sharing involves the sharing of bicycles within a city without the need for returning the bike to a specified station. A user simply locates the bike with their mobile and uses it to get to wherever they want. Though it is commonly thought that it has only recently emerged, bike sharing has been present since 1965 and has grown quickly ever since. <ref>Shaheen, S., Guzman, S., & Zhang, H. (2010). Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia: past, present, and future. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2143), 159-167.</ref> It has frequently been suggested that this mode has solved or partially solved the last mile problem, though its emergence has caused problems such as bike littering and vandalism. Stationless bike sharing presents economic and environmental benefits because it aims to substitute cars, meaning there are less cars on the road (less congestion) and less greenhouse emissions as a result. This transportation experience has only appeared in Sydney in 2017, where companies such as Reddy Go, oBike, Mobike and Ofo have provided this service. <ref>Inner Sydney Bike Share Guidelines. (2017). Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/295759/Inner-Sydney-Bike-Share-Guidelines-22-Dec-2017-1.pdf</nowiki></ref> ==== Technological Characteristics ==== Technology has ultimately led bike sharing to what it is today. Prior advancements in both software and hardware were critical to its development, as bike sharing is considered an innovation rather than an invention. These characteristics can be summarised as follows: {| class="wikitable" |+ Technological Characteristics ! Characteristic ! Application ! Significance |- |GPS technology | Locates shared bicycles | People can find bikes with ease. Company can track usage and behaviour. Abandoned bikes can be recovered |- |Mass steel manufacturing | Used for bike frame | Modern techniques allow cost. effective means of production . Allow bikes to be lightweight and strong. Large amounts of bikes can be built |- |Smart Phone | Used for accompanying app | Facilitates the use of GPS technology. Payment is quick and easy. Allows visualisation of location |} === Advantages === Advantages of bike sharing extend to the economy, the environment, the general public and governments. Bike sharing provides flexibility not seen in any other transport system. It allows users to virtually travel anywhere they want with minimal restrictions unlike cars which are restricted to the road and trains to rail. The use of bikes has led to a decreased use of cars, especially in China and other countries with large populations. it has been found that 1.4 million metric tons of fuel was saved in Beijing in 2017 as a result of bike sharing, representing 1.1% of the total. <ref> Hong'e, M. (2018). Shared bikes help ease urban traffic congestion: report. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.ecns.cn/cns-wire/2017/07-25/266681.shtml</nowiki></ref> This is especially significant as China is the worst polluter of greenhouse gases in the world, and so any reduction in its greenhouse footprint benefits the health of its residents and the global environment. <ref>Birtles, B. (2018). Beijing sees dramatic reduction in air pollution but residents wonder if the change is sustainable. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-19/beijing-sees-dramatic-reduction-in-air-pollution/9341766</nowiki></ref> This reduction in greenhouse gases, as well as the excercise which users are now doing means that there is reduced expenditure on healthcase as it encourages public health. Inactivity is reported to pose a significant cost to developed countries and so its reduction is beneficial to the economy. <ref>World Health Organisation. (2006). A framework to monitor and evaluate implementation (pp. 1-32). Geneva: WHO.</ref> Craig Bullock, Finbarr Brereton, and Sive Bailey. “The economic contribution of public bike-share to the sustainability and efficient functioning of cities.” Sustainable Cities and Societies. Vol. 28, January 2017, pages 76–87.<ref>Buehler, R., & Hamre, A. (2018). Business and Bikeshare User Perceptions of the 5 Economic Benefits of Capital Bikeshare. Economic Benefits Of Capital Bikeshare, 3(1), 1-28.</ref> ===Main Markets=== Bike sharing is widespread throughout the world, its main market is concentrated in asia and is the fastest growing, especially in China, South Korea and Taiwan. This is despite Europe experiencing the earliest examples of bike sharing, which paved the way for subsequent innovations for that mode. <ref>Bernard, Z. (2018). The bike-sharing economy is shaking up the transportation market worldwide. Retrieved from Business Insider Australia</ref> The fact that almost anybody can ride a bike means that this system is available to everyone and its cost effectiveness means that it is scalable to the masses, This can be seen by the example of china, where of the 10 million bikes that are shared globally, 7 million of those are in china. In 2015, there were only 1.5 million shared bikes, demonstrating that this transport system has boomed quite rapidly compared to other systems.<ref>Financial Times. (2017). China’s bike-sharing market rides on, despite wobbles, p. 8. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.ft.com/content/42d5d926-e401-11e7-8b99-0191e45377ec</nowiki></ref> ==Before Dockless Bike Sharing== Cities typically have high concentrations of economic activity, requiring effective transportation needs to support them. Accordingly, larger cities are more complex and thus are more dependent on a transport system’s efficiency to move labour, consumers and freight. However, issues such as congestion may arise from this complexity. <ref>Rodrigue, J. (2017). The Geography of Transport Systems (4th ed., pp. 44-53). New York: Routledge.</ref> Like any transport, the beginning of bike sharing is hard to define as it has evolved over many years. Until recently, bike sharing has been restricted to docks rather than a dockless system, meaning it did not have the versatility it has now.<ref>Shaheen, S., Guzman, S., & Zhang, H. (2010). Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia: past, present, and future. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2143), 159-167.</ref> As such, it was not a widespread transportation mode, but rather a means of recreation. Hence, there was no widespread “last mile” solution, meaning that people would just walk to their destinations from the bus stop or train station or would otherwise just drive. It is important to see how these modes paved the way for dockless bikesharing as it shows the need for this transport system. ===Cars=== The world has substantially changed in the last two decades in terms of transport activity and economics, especially in car transport. Car ownership has increased every decade since its introduction to transport, transforming the urban form of Australia's cities. As such, investments in infrastructure have focused on this change by focusing on upgrading roads, highways and bridges. Recently however, younger generations are opting to use cars less due to increased consumption, slow wage growth, increasing fuel prices and increased road congestion. <ref>Clay, M. (2014). How Millennials are driving the shift away from cars. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-20/clay-millennials-are-driving-the-shift-away-from-cars/5906406</nowiki></ref> Furthermore, people in the current century are more conscious of greenhouse gas emissions, of which car transport is one of the largest contributor. <ref>Vehicle emissions. (2018). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au/pages/Information/VehicleEmissions</nowiki></ref> The fact that bikesharing is able to combat these issues makes it a more attractive option as it is more economical to operate and does not require maintenance as they are not privately owned by the users. ===Public Transport=== Public transport is a system whereby passengers travel in groups using a transport mode, typically managed through a schedule and operating on predetermined routes. Examples include buses, trams, trains and ferries, all of which predate bikesharing by many decades or centuries. ** However, the fact that these systems are fixed on established routes means that there is little flexibility in terms of destination, meaning there is an inherent “last mile problem” with public transport. People would either need to walk (time consuming), take a taxi (expensive) or use a personal bike (inconvenient). The problems with walking is that this creates congestion and takes too long to reach the final destination. Moreover, the use of taxis as a solution to the “last mile problem” is expensive and unscalable, meaning that only a few are entitled to this. FInally, though using a personal bike or scooter is an excellent way to traverse the “last mile,” this is not feasible because they require users to take these bikes onto the transport systems meaning there is less room for more people. <ref>MacKechnie, C. (2017). The Last Mile Problem. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.thoughtco.com/last-mile-problem-2798745</nowiki></ref> Hence, this presents an opportunity for bike sharing as they do not need to be carried around: they can be found virtually anywhere, especially near public transport hubs. ===Docked bike sharing === Despite dockless bike sharing only recently emerging, bike share programs were previously prevalent using docking stations. A docking station allowed people to walk up to it and use it without requiring registration. This system was the precursor to the current generation of bike sharing, paving the way to the current way that bike sharing is done. <ref>Gao, J. (2014). Bike Share: Smart bike or smart dock?. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://bikeraleigh.org/home/index.php/blogbike/304-bike-share-smart-bike-or-smart-dock</nowiki></ref> However, the biggest issue with dicked bike sharing is that although there are multiple docks intended to be situated around a city, they are still limited in terms of flexibility because they need to be returned to a dock. Thus, this was not a viabilie<ref>Zhang, L., Zhang, J., & Bryne, D. (2015). Sustainable bike-sharing systems: characteristics and commonalities across cases in urban China. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 97(1), 124-133.</ref> ==Inventing and developing dockless bike sharing== ===Previous Technology=== Throughout the last 45 years of development, bike sharing has experienced a number of innovations which has contributed to its current state. It is expected that bikesharing will continue its innovation into the future to ensure efficiency despite enforced policy. Innovation has taken place in both physical and software technology, and the combination of these advancements has proven to build an effective system. . Bike sharing companies have used internet of things technologies and GPS modulars in shared bikes to launch the first stationless bike systems. More information about previous technology can be found in table xXXXX. <ref>Wu, F., & Xue, Y. (2017). Innovations of bike sharing industry in China (Undergraduate). Royal Institute of Technology.</ref> ===Improving Technology Using Experience=== Mobike, a leading Chinese Bike sharing company, developed a bike that requires no maintenance within four years of operation by improving the quality of tires and chains. This innovation is important because dockless bikes are used more than personal bikes, meaning that maintenance would be required more often assuming pre existing technology is used. This innovation allows these bikes to be more reliable and require less spending for maintenance. Also, the low resistance solid tyre reduces resistance by 27%, meaning that it is easier for the users to ride and lasts longer. <ref>Adams, B. (2018). Mobike​ ​Launches​ ​Next-Generation​ ​Smart​ ​Bike​ ​Designed​ ​to​ ​Be​ ​the Lightest​ ​and​ ​Easiest​ ​Bicycle​ ​to​ ​Handle​ ​Ever. </ref> These were by no means inventions, because bike tyres and chains were available far before the inception of bike sharing systems. However, since there is a new context, innovations were needed to be made to accommodate the usage and the environment which was not factored in previous products. Furthermore, these companies have used their experience in bike manufacturing and feedback from users to produce ergonomic designs and new composite materials. This is to ensure mass production while ensuring quality and lack of maintenance. ==Policy and Growth== The following discussion will focus on policy and its effect on growth in Australia. Australia has one of the strictest rules concerning bicycles, and NSW in particular. <ref>NSW Government. (2018). Centre for Road Safety (p. 1). Sydney: NSW government.</ref> Rules concerning cycling include those concerning helmets and night lights. These policies are important as they affect the development of dockless bike sharing in Australia. ===BIke Helmets=== In Australia, all bicycle riders must wear an approved helmet which must be securely fitted. This has been a law far before the inception of bike sharing systems. Policies in this regard did not change as a result of the new transport innovation, meaning that companies needed to work with these rules and come up with ways to work with them. This is different to other Asian countries where bike sharing is most prevalent, meaning that they have to deal with less policy restrictions. As such, bike sharing companies must comply with this law and provide a helmet for each of their bike. However, since the helmet is detached from the bike, it is very easily lost meaning that share bike users are breaking the law, risking a $325 fine. <ref>Wells, P. (2018). Dockless bikesharing is great on paper, but not long for this world. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 1. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.smh.com.au/technology/dockless-bikesharing-is-great-on-paper-but-not-long-for-this-world-20180202-p4yza4.html</nowiki></ref> There are current innovations occurring to avoid this situation, including Obike’s bluetooth system which leads to the helmet. ===Night Lights=== At night, cyclists are much less visible than other vehicles, meaning there is a high risk of accidents. Hence, bicycle riders must have a flashing or steady white light at the front and a red reflector at the back. Just like the bike helmet issue, this is not seen in countries such as China and is very strictly enforced in Australia.<ref>NSW Government. (2018). Centre for Road Safety (p. 1). Sydney: NSW government.</ref> This policy has not been changed for the new bike sharing companies, and was integrated into their products accordingly. <ref>Adams, B. (2018). Mobike​ ​Launches​ ​Next-Generation​ ​Smart​ ​Bike​ ​Designed​ ​to​ ​Be​ ​the Lightest​ ​and​ ​Easiest​ ​Bicycle​ ​to​ ​Handle​ ​Ever. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://mobike.com/global/public/NextGenerationMobike.pdf</nowiki></ref> Bike sharing has rapidly evolved in the last few years and may be in the mature growth phase at the moment. A number of consequences arise in the mature growth phase such as changing markets, competition and changing attitudes. These will be discussed below. ===Competition === There exists at least four bike sharing companies in sydney, including mobike, obike, reddygo and ofo. The fact that there is multiple competitors means that rates are competitive and also the service is improved to satisfy users. <ref>Griffith, E. (2018). The Bike-share War Heat up with Latest Funding. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.wired.com/story/the-bike-share-wars-heat-up-with-latest-funding/</nowiki></ref> ===Reinventing Bike Sharing=== Due to its rapid development, regulating dockless ridesharing has been difficult as there had not been enough time to establish necessary rules. However recently, councils in sydney have formed alliances to set guidelines to address the problems which arise from haphazard placement of share bikes in parks and streets. Such rules need to be established to protect pedestrians and ensure the future success of the mode. These policies require: * Moving bikes in dangerous locations within 3 hours * Provide repair service * Unlock bikes for council * Educate users about parking * Install bells * Have public liability insurance * Offer incentives to relocate bikes <ref>Cormican, L. (2017). Bike sharing companies have three months to comply with new council rules. Sydney Morning Herald, pp. 1-2. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bike-sharing-companies-have-three-months-to-comply-with-new-council-rules-20171219-h070vi.html</nowiki></ref> = Quantitative Analysis = This section will compare the prediction of how many share bikes there are in the world with the predicted amount according to the below equation. This data will be used to estimate the periods of birthing, growth and maturity phases. The dataset was obtained from R Meddin's Bike sharing blog. == The S-Curve == The predicted S curve will be based on the equation: S(t) = K/[1+exp(-b(t-t0)] ... where: S(t) is the status measure (number of bikes), t is time (years), t0 is the inflection time, K is saturation status level and b is a coefficient. Note: Since the K and b values are unknown (bike sharing is not in its maturity phase), it had to be deduced using multiple iterations. The end result saw that K = 2020000 and b = 0.9815770869. The resultant data can be seen in table 2 below. === Table 2: Table of Values for S-curve === {| class="wikitable" |+ Change in the number of shared bikes in Sydney ! Year ! Real number ! Predicted number |- |2002 | 5000 |14 |- |2003 | 10000 |38 |- |2004 | 15000 |103 |- |2005 | 18000 |274 |- |2006 | 20000 |731 |- |2007 | 55000 | 1914 |- |2008 | 130000 |5194 |- |2009 | 225000 |13801 |- |2010 | 320000 |36415 |- |2011 | 375000 |94341 |- |2012 | 400000 |233562 |- |2013 | 700000 |522490 |- |2014 | 946000 |973970 |- |2015 | 1440343 |1440343 |} == Figure of S-Curve == [[File:S curve for bike sharing.png|thumb|S Curve]] ==References == {{BookCat}} og3d4y5uld7kzh9anb9dtkxnwa842r3 0 402574 4672763 4665251 2026-09-28T14:10:57Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Licenses | next = ETH Oberon }} ==Text in V2== Text is a type declared in Module [[Oberon/V2/Texts.Mod|Texts]]. {{:Oberon/V2/TextType}} ==Sources in V2== Modules as listed in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon1992.pdf ''Project Oberon'', 1992] [2005 Edition PDF (4'398 kB)], tabulated on pages 18-19. Sources throughout the text. {{Font color||PaleGreen|Styling here was crafted to imitate styling in ''Project Oberon''. Please don't alter these sources without discussion.}} Indentation is from tab characters. The appearance of the indentation is from attributes "-moz-tab-size: 4; tab-size: 4" in the HTML tag of a module. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Module <!-- ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes --> |- | [[../V2/Kernel.Mod|Kernel.Mod]]<ref name="assembler">Written in assembler.</ref> |- | [[../V2/FileDir|FileDir]] |- | [[../V2/Files|Files]] |- | [[../V2/Modules|Modules]] |- | [[../V2/Input|Input]] |- | [[../V2/Display|Display]]<ref name="assembler"/> |- | [[../V2/Fonts|Fonts]] |- | [[../V2/Viewers|Viewers]] |- | [[../V2/Reals|Reals]]<ref name="assembler"/> |- | [[../V2/Texts.Mod/|Texts.Mod]] |- | [[../V2/Oberon|Oberon]] |- | [[../V2/MenuViewers|MenuViewers]] |- | [[../V2/TextFrames|TextFrames]] |- | [[../V2/System|System]] |- | [[../V2/SCC|SCC]] |- | [[../V2/V24|V24]] |- | [[../V2/Diskette|Diskette]]<ref>Uses the same interface as the hard disk. See [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon1992.pdf ''Project Oberon'', 1992] [2005 Edition PDF (4'398 kB)], page 205.</ref> |- | [[../V2/Printer|Printer]] |- | [[../V2/Edit|Edit]] |- | [[../V2/Backup|Backup]] |- | [[../V2/Net|Net]] |- | [[../V2/Compiler|Compiler]] |- | [[../V2/OCS|OCS]] |- | [[../V2/OCT|OCT]] |- | [[../V2/OCC|OCC]] |- | [[../V2/OCE|OCE]] |- | [[../V2/OCH|OCH]] |- | [[../V2/Graphics|Graphics]] |- | [[../V2/GraphicFrames|GraphicFrames]] |- | [[../V2/Draw|Draw]] |- | [[../V2/Rectangles|Rectangles]] |- | [[../V2/Curves|Curves]] |} {{Reflist|refs= }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Licenses | next = ETH Oberon }} {{BookCat}} t972l29oc3bxnzj5ojjk1rulxt2ginc 4672788 4672763 2026-09-28T14:59:28Z PeterEasthope 660399 Separated Navigation template from content. 4672788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Licenses | next = ETH Oberon }} <br> ==Text in V2== Text is a type declared in Module [[Oberon/V2/Texts.Mod|Texts]]. {{:Oberon/V2/TextType}} ==Sources in V2== Modules as listed in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon1992.pdf ''Project Oberon'', 1992] [2005 Edition PDF (4'398 kB)], tabulated on pages 18-19. Sources throughout the text. {{Font color||PaleGreen|Styling here was crafted to imitate styling in ''Project Oberon''. Please don't alter these sources without discussion.}} Indentation is from tab characters. The appearance of the indentation is from attributes "-moz-tab-size: 4; tab-size: 4" in the HTML tag of a module. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Module <!-- ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes --> |- | [[../V2/Kernel.Mod|Kernel.Mod]]<ref name="assembler">Written in assembler.</ref> |- | [[../V2/FileDir|FileDir]] |- | [[../V2/Files|Files]] |- | [[../V2/Modules|Modules]] |- | [[../V2/Input|Input]] |- | [[../V2/Display|Display]]<ref name="assembler"/> |- | [[../V2/Fonts|Fonts]] |- | [[../V2/Viewers|Viewers]] |- | [[../V2/Reals|Reals]]<ref name="assembler"/> |- | [[../V2/Texts.Mod/|Texts.Mod]] |- | [[../V2/Oberon|Oberon]] |- | [[../V2/MenuViewers|MenuViewers]] |- | [[../V2/TextFrames|TextFrames]] |- | [[../V2/System|System]] |- | [[../V2/SCC|SCC]] |- | [[../V2/V24|V24]] |- | [[../V2/Diskette|Diskette]]<ref>Uses the same interface as the hard disk. See [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon1992.pdf ''Project Oberon'', 1992] [2005 Edition PDF (4'398 kB)], page 205.</ref> |- | [[../V2/Printer|Printer]] |- | [[../V2/Edit|Edit]] |- | [[../V2/Backup|Backup]] |- | [[../V2/Net|Net]] |- | [[../V2/Compiler|Compiler]] |- | [[../V2/OCS|OCS]] |- | [[../V2/OCT|OCT]] |- | [[../V2/OCC|OCC]] |- | [[../V2/OCE|OCE]] |- | [[../V2/OCH|OCH]] |- | [[../V2/Graphics|Graphics]] |- | [[../V2/GraphicFrames|GraphicFrames]] |- | [[../V2/Draw|Draw]] |- | [[../V2/Rectangles|Rectangles]] |- | [[../V2/Curves|Curves]] |} {{Reflist|refs= }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Licenses | next = ETH Oberon }} {{BookCat}} b691klxuwnr1rpufdlztvfw2w46zhrr 0 408277 4672786 4669123 2026-09-28T14:57:03Z PeterEasthope 660399 Separated Navigation template from content. 4672786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Glossary | next = Naming }} <br> Confusingly for a novice, three forms of [[w:Newline|line ending]] can be found in text files in contemporary computer systems. * In Oberon and some other systems (most prominently Classic MacOS), a line of text ends with the [[w:Carriage_return#Computers|carriage return]] [[w:Character_(computing)|character]], denoted CR. *In [[w:Unix-like|Unix-like]] and some other systems, a line of text ends with the [[w:Newline#Representation|line feed character]] denoted LF. *In DOS, Microsoft Windows and some other systems, a line of text ends with the two characters, CR and LF. This multiplicity poses no difficulty in Oberon; most Oberon systems allow convenient editing with any of these line endings.<ref>Each case is easily displayed explicitly. In an Oberon system with the [[w:Hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] editor, Hex, MM on <code>Hex.Open &#60;aFile></code>. In ETH Oberon a file with lines ending CR LF is edited by <code>ET.OpenAscii &#60;aFile></code>.</ref> Also confusing for a novice, an Oberon Text<ref>With Text being a fundamental [[w:Type_system|type]] in an Oberon system, "Oberon Text" is considered a proper name. Hence the capitalization "Text".</ref> can appear at the first sight to be no more than a [[w:Plain_text|plain text]] comprising a sequence of [[w:ASCII|ASCII]] characters. Nevertheless Text in Oberon is a [[w:Type_system|type]] defined in the Text module. A Text of this type is a sequence of characters including non-printing characters. A character in a Text can have attributes including typeface, size and color. Furthermore a Text can include non-character objects; an [[w:Digital_image|image]] or a [[w:Hyperlink|hyperlink]] for example. Consequently two displayed [[w:Document|documents]], one an Oberon Text and the other an HTML text, can have the same appearance and the same behavior of links. ==Editing a Text== Each Oberon system has an Edit module. If <code>Edit.Open Example.Text</code> appears almost anywhere on the screen, a [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on <code>Edit.Open</code> will open a viewer. If a file named Example.Text exists, it's content will appear in the viewer. If no file with the name exists, the viewer will be empty. The caret can be set by [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|ML]] and characters can be inserted using a [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse#Using the keyboard|keyboard]]. In addition to Edit, ETH Oberon has ET and the Gadgets subsystem. Commands <code>ET.Open &#60;aFile></code> and <code>Desktops.OpenDoc &#60;aFile></code> are available. ETH Oberon also has the Hex module providing a hexadecimal editor with command <code>Hex.Open &#60;aFile></code>. ==Programmatical Access to a Text== A Text can be manipulated using procedures in the Texts module; for [[../ETH Oberon/2.3.7/Texts.Mod|ETH Oberon]] and for [[../V5/Texts.Mod|V5]]. Also summarized for ETH Oberon in [https://web.archive.org/web/20190706021312/http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/ethoberon/defs/Texts.Def.html DEFINITION Texts]. To read a Text [[wikt:programmatically|programmatically]], a RECORD of Type "Reader" is opened on the Text at a specified offset. (A reader is a RECORD; not a procedure.) In this code fragment from ETH Oberon, the reader is named R. VAR T: Texts.Text; R: Texts.Reader; ch: CHAR; BEGIN NEW(T); Texts.Open(T, “Texts.Mod“); Texts.OpenReader(R, T, 0); Texts.Read(R, ch); WHILE ~R.eot DO Out.Char(ch); Texts.Read(R, ch) END END After an execution of Read(R, ch) and assuming the object read was a character, it is available in ch with attributes in the fields of R. The font of a character is referenced in the Objects.Library, color is in R.col and vertical offset is in R.voff. Each execution of Read(R, ch) increments the offset by one until the end of the Text is reached and R.eot becomes TRUE. In ETH Oberon a text can contain a non-character object, an image for example. For a non-character object, (R.lib IS Fonts.Font) will be FALSE. ==How Text Works== These tables show the structure of records in memory representing a Text. When Texts.Store() records a Text in a [[w:Computer file|file]] for a [[w:Computer data storage|storage medium]], the information in the record structure is [[w:serialization|serialized]]. In the inverse process, Texts.Load() deserializes the information to the record structure of the Text in memory. Click on a hyperlink to see the module where a type is defined. <div id="Text"></div> ==In V2== {{:Oberon/V2/TextType}} ==In ETH Oberon== {{:Oberon/ETH Oberon/TextType}} ==In the Oberon Subsystem of A2== {{:Oberon/A2/TextType}} ==In V5== {{:Oberon/V5/TextType}} == Texts.FindPiece and the cache == For a given Text, T, and offset pos in [0, T.len), procedure Texts.FindPiece has the task of locating the piece containing pos. At each execution, FindPiece could begin at offset 0 and add lengths of pieces until the piece containing pos is located. A cache based upon T.pce and T.org allows better efficiency. When FindPiece completes a search, the pointer to the found piece is recorded in T.pce; the offset of the first character of that piece is recorded in T.org. The next execution of FindPiece begins at that cached location. With a result from FindPiece often being near the preceeding result, this strategy avoids repeated summation of lengths from the beginning of the first piece. ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <br> }} {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Glossary | next = Naming }} {{BookCat}} 615yapwu1dxt00n081lccgcbpag949t 0 417648 4672842 4662225 2026-09-28T19:12:43Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Reflexive Personal Pronouns */ 4672842 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Pronoun Categories == : Pronouns are words that substitute for explicit nouns. For example, the pronoun ''I'' stands for ''the person standing at this place''. The pronoun ''this'' stands for ''the thing or person nearest''. The pronoun ''big one'' stands for a person or thing of some stature. : In this grammar, pronouns are divided into three categories: ::* '''''personal pronouns''''' ::* '''''deictic determiners''''' ::* '''''deadjectival pronouns''''' : Deictic determiners like ''who?, this, that, such a, all, anything'' are discussed in a later chapter called [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners|Determiners]]. : Deadjectival pronouns are discussed in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]], because they are basically pronouns built from an adjective or adjective stem, such as: ::* '''fia'''....''good'' ::* '''fiat'''....''a good guy'' ::* '''fias'''....''a good thing'' ::* '''ha gwa fiasi'''....''the best ones'' : This chapter discusses '''''personal pronouns'''''. == Personal Pronouns == : In Mirad, '''''personal pronouns''''' can be classified by the following features: ::* '''''person''''' :::* 1st :::* 2nd :::* 1st & 2nd hybrid :::* 3rd ::* '''''specificity''''' :::* person-specific :::* generic :::* reciprocal :::* reflexive ::* '''''gender''''' :::* gender-neutral :::* masculine :::* feminine ::* '''''case''''' :::* subject :::* direct object :::* indirect object ::* '''''animacy''''' :::* animate :::* inanimate ::* '''''other''''' :::* emphatic :::* possessive [[File:EGGI.svg|thumb]] : The chart below shows the principal '''''personal pronouns''''', but does not include hybrid, reciprocal, emphatic, and possessive forms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Personal Pronouns |- ! Person ! Type ! Animacy ! Gender ! Singular ! Plural |- ! 1st ! rowspan=6|Specific ! rowspan=5|Animate ! rowspan=3|Neutral | '''at'''....''I, me'' | '''yat'''....''we, us'' |- ! 2nd | '''et'''....''you'' | '''yet'''....''you, you all'' |- ! rowspan=6|3rd | '''it'''....''he, she, him, her'' | '''yit'''....''they, them'' |- ! Masculine | '''wit'''....''he, him'' | |- ! Feminine | '''iyt'''....''she, her'' | |- ! Inanimate ! rowspan=3|Neutral | '''is'''....''it'' | '''yis'''....''they, them'' |- ! Generic ! rowspan=2|Animate | '''ot'''....''one, they'' | '''yot'''....''people'' |- ! Reflexive | '''ut'''....''self'' | '''yut'''....''selves'' |} === Animacy === : If a Mirad pronoun ends in '''-t''', the pronoun is animate. If the pronoun ends in '''-s''', the pronoun is inanimate. : The Mirad 3rd person specific animate pronouns '''it''' (he/she), '''iyt''' (she), '''wit''' (he), and '''yit''' can refer to any animate or pseudo-animate creatures such as animals, babies, dolls, angels, gods, or monsters. However, Mirad '''it''' cannot refer to non-animate things such as tables, ideas, abstractions, plants, etc. Instead, the 3rd person inanimate pronoun '''is''' (singular) or '''yis''' (plural) is used. A deictic determiner (''this/that, these/those'') can also be used in such cases, as discussed in the chapter on [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners|Determiners]], eg.: ::* '''Eta dom se via. At iyfe <u>is</u>.'''....''You house is beautiful. I like <u>it</u>.'' ::* '''Ata dyun se Pierre. <u>Is</u> se Feroda.'''....''My name is Pierre. <u>It</u>'s French.'' ::* '''Tej se vira, oy <u>is</u> uje gra ig.'''....''Life is wonderful, but <u>it</u> ends too soon.'' ::* '''Teaxu hua amaryop. <u>Has</u> se via.'''....''Look at that sunset. <u>It</u> (=''the thing'') is beautiful.'' In this case, '''is''' and the determiner '''has''' are synonymous. : If the English word '''they''' or '''them''' refers to inanimate objects, concepts, or abstractions, then the Mirad 3rd person inanimate plural pronoun '''isi''' is used, eg.: ::* '''At ujba dyeer ha dyesi. <u>Isi</u> sa gla fia.'''....''I finished reading the books. <u>They</u> were very good.'' : Note that the endings '''-t''' and '''-s''' alternate regularly in the language for things and persons. === Gender === : Personal pronouns are gender-neutral, except that the 3rd singular animate pronoun '''it''' (''he/she'') can be made to express gender by prefixing '''w''' for masculine or inserting '''y''' before the final '''t''' for feminine. This is optional and only used where needed to differentiate referents. ::* '''it'''....''he/she/him/her'' ::* '''iyt'''....''she/her'' ::* '''wit'''....''he/him'' ::* '''ita'''....''his/her'' ::* '''iyta'''....''her'' ::* '''wita'''....''his'' ::* '''iut'''....''himself/herself'' ::* '''iuyt'''....''herself'' ::* '''wiut'''....''himself'' ::* '''iuta'''....''his/her own'' ::* '''iuyta'''....''her own'' ::* '''wiuta'''....''his own'' : In rare cases, distinguishing other personal pronouns for gender is useful and possible: ::* '''wat'''....''I/me, as a male'' ::* '''ayt'''....''I/me, as a female'' ::* '''eyt'''....''you, a female'' ::* '''yayt'''....''we females'' ::* '''yawt'''....''we guys'' === Number === : All '''''plural''''' personal pronouns begin with '''y''': ::* '''yat'''....''we, us'' ::* '''yet'''....''you (all)'' ::* '''yit'''....''they, them (m. or f.)'' ::* '''yot'''....''people'' ::* '''yut'''....''themselves'' ::* '''yis'''....''they, them (things)'' === Case === : Personal pronouns in Mirad do not express case with inflected forms such as ''he'' vs. ''him'' or ''she'' vs. ''her'', or ''they'' vs. ''them'' in English. Rather, the position in the sentence or prepositions do the job. ::* '''Et teate at.'''....''<u>You</u> see me.'' (subject) ::* '''At teate <u>et</u>.'''....''I see you.'' (direct object) ::* '''<u>Yat</u> teate yit.'''....''We see them.'' (subject) ::* '''Yit teaate <u>yat</u>.'''....''They see us.'' (direct object) ::* '''Du <u>at</u> din.'''....''Tell <u>me</u> a story.'' (indirect object) ::* '''Buu is bu <u>at</u>.'''....''Give it to <u>me</u>.'' (indirect object) : ''Tell me a story.'' can also be expressed in Mirad as '''Du din bu at.''' (''Tell a story to me.''). Some verbs in Mirad like '''der''' (''to tell''), '''buer''' (''to give''), and '''uper''' (''to come'') have a built-in dative notion and do not require the preposition '''bu''' (''to'') if the object pronoun immediately follows the verb. === Expressing Pronouns with Quantitative Elements === : Here are some possible personal pronouns with quantitative elements: ::* '''awat bi yat'''....''one of us'' ::* '''ewat bi yet'''....''two of you'' ::* '''Hyaewat bi yit'''....''both of them'' ::* '''hya yat'''....''we/us all'' ::* '''anay wet'''....''only you (m.)'' ::* '''duhot bi yet?'''....''who of you?'' ::* '''Hyawas se fia.'''....''Each one is good.'' : The above terms involve deictic determiners, which are discussed in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners|Determiners]], as well as numbers, discussed in [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers|Numbers]]. === Generic Pronouns === : The third person '''''generic''''' pronouns '''ot''' and '''yot''' are used as in English ''one'' and ''they, people'' (meaning unspecifed persons), as in the following examples: ::* '''<u>Ot</u> yefe xer ha yakwas.'''....''<u>One</u> must do what is expected.'' ::* '''<u>Yot</u> de van et vyode hyoj.'''....''<u>They/People</u> say you never lie.'' === Hybrid Pronouns === : Mirad offers two special hybrid 1st & 2nd person pronouns, '''aet''' and '''ayet''', which mean, respectively, ''I and you'' (dual) and ''I and you (plural)''. These are used only where the situation calls for it, eg.: ::* '''<u>Aet</u> yeyfe tadser.'''....''<u>You and I</u> should get married.'' ::* '''<u>Ayet</u> efe yanbeser.'''....''<u>You people and I</u> need to stick together.'' === Reflexive Personal Pronouns === : Reflexive personal pronouns like English ''myself, yourself, etc.'' are formed by postfixing a '''u''' just before the final '''t'''. Reflexive personal pronouns are invariable for gender. Translating '''iut''' as ''herself'' depends on the context. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Reflexive Pronouns |- ! Person !! Singular !! Plural |- !row=1| 1st specific animate | '''aut'''....''myself'' || '''yaut'''....''ourselves'' |- !row=1| 2nd specific animate | '''eut'''....''yourself'' || '''yeut'''....''yourselves'' |- !row=1| 3d specific animate | '''iut'''....''himself/herself'' || '''yiut'''....''themselves'' |- !row=1| 3d specific inanimate | '''ius'''....''itself'' || '''yius'''....''themselves'' |- !row=1| 3d generic animate | '''out'''....''oneself'' || '''yout'''....''people themselves'' |} : Reflexive pronouns do not have gendered forms, because they hearken back to personal pronouns which can be gendered. : The above reflexive pronouns can be adjectivized, as in the following: ::* '''<u>auta</u> tam'''....''<u>my own</u> house'' ::* '''<u>yiuta</u> byen'''....''<u>their own</u> way'' ::* '''<u>iusa</u> volz'''....''<u>its own</u> color'' : These in turn can be pronominalized, as in the following: ::* '''At bese yub bi <u>autati</u>.'''....''I stay nearby <u>my own (people)</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Eutas</u> se ga fia.'''....''<u>Your own</u> is better.'' ::* '''Iyt bexe <u>iutasi</u>.'''....''She has <u>her own things</u>.'' : Examples of personal pronoun usage: ::* '''At yafe teater <u>aut</u> yeb ha sinzyef.'''....''I can see <u>myself</u> in the mirror.'' ::* '''Iyt yubteaxa <u>iut</u>.'''....''She examined <u>herself</u>.'' ::* '''Tru <u>eut</u>!'''....''Know <u>thyself</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yat</u> yeyfe tadser.'''....''<u>We</u> should get married.'' ::* '''Iyt vey tojbo<u> iut</u>.'''....''She may kill <u>herself</u>.'' ::* '''Ot yefe ifer <u>out</u>.'''....''One must love <u>oneself</u>.'' ::* '''Yot glaxag voy ife <u>yout</u>.'''....''People often don't love <u>themselves</u>.'' ::* '''Yet ufe <u>yeut</u>.'''....''You (people) hate <u>yourselves</u>.'' ::* '''Yet yeyfe yovser <u>yeut</u>.'''....''You people should be ashamed of <u>yourselves</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yat</u> ufe yet.'''....''<u>We </u> hate you (people).'' ::* '''Upu eker bay <u>yat</u>.'''....''Come play with <u>us</u>.'' ::* '''At aut voy movie.'''....''<u>I myself</u> do not smoke.'' : The reflexive pronoun '''ut'''....''self'' can sometimes be prefixed (with no variation in gender or number) to a verb to form a reflexive version of that verb, or it can be prefixed to other parts of speech to mean ''auto-'', or ''self-'', eg.: ::* '''tojber'''....''kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''commit suicide'' ::* '''vyixer'''....''clean'' <big>→</big> '''utvyixer'''....''wash up, clean oneself, self-clean'' ::* '''exer'''....''function'' <big>→</big> '''utexer'''....''function automatically, self-run'' ::* '''izber'''....''pilot'' <big>→</big> '''utizber'''....''auto-pilot, self-drive'' ::* '''exut'''....''operator'' <big>→</big> '''utexut'''....''automaton'' ::* '''deber'''....''rule'' <big>→</big> '''utdebea'''....''autocratic, self-ruling'' ::* '''tejdin'''....''biography'' <big>→</big> '''uttejdin'''....''autobiography'' ::* '''fider'''....''praise'' <big>→</big> '''utfider'''....''boast''&nbsp;&nbsp; (= ''self-praise'') === Emphatic Personal Pronouns === : '''''Emphatic personal pronouns''''' can be formed by following the personal pronoun with the reflexive correspondent, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Emphatic Personal Pronouns |- ! Person !! Gender !! Singular !! Plural |- ! 1st !! rowspan=3| neutral | '''at aut'''....''I myself, me myself'' || '''yat yaut'''....''we ourselves, us ourselves'' |- ! 2nd | '''et eut'''....''you yourself'' || '''yet yeut'''....''you yourselves'' |- !rowspan=3| 3rd | '''it iut'''....''the person him or herself''|| '''yit yiut'''....''they themselves'' |- ! masculine |'''wit iut'''....''he himself''|| '''wit wiut'''....''they themselves'' |- ! feminine |'''iyt iut'''....''she herself'' || '''yit yiut'''....''they themselves'' |} Note: Gender is not expressed in personal reflexive pronouns. Only the personal specific pronouns express gender, and then only optionally. : Examples: ::* '''<u>At aut</u> voy vatexe Tot.'''....''<u>I myself</u> don't believe in God.'' ::* '''At jateate <u>yet yeut</u> be hua dezyem.'''....''I foresee <u>you yourselves</u> on that stage.'' ::* '''<u>Iyt iut</u> voy sa hum.'''....''<u>She herself</u> was not there.'' === Reciprocal Personal Pronouns === : There are two reciprocal personal pronouns in Mirad, one animate and the other inanimate. Both are hybrids of proximal and distal deictic pronouns: ::* '''hyuit'''....''one another'' (persons) < '''hyut'''....''the other person'' + ''hyit''....''the same person'' ::* '''hyuis'''....''one another'' (things) < '''hyus'''....''the other thing'' + '''hyis'''....''the same thing'' : These are invariable pronouns and do not express gender or number. ::* '''Yat yefe ifer <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''We must love <u>one another</u>.'' ::* '''Ha mari yanpyexa <u>hyuis</u>.'''....''The stars collided into <u>one another</u>.'' : This reciprocal pronouns can be converted to pronominal determiners by suffixing '''a''', as in '''hyuita'''....''one another's, mutual, reciprocal'': ::* '''Yat tobweti yefe fiyzaxer <u>hyuita</u> fwasi.'''....''We guys must respect <u>one another's</u> wishes.'' ::* '''Yata hyaydi se <u>hyuisa</u>.'''....''Our thanks are <u>mutual</u>.'' : These reciprocal pronouns can sometimes be used as a prefix, eg.: ::* '''Yat yefe <u>hyuitifer</u>.'''....''We must <u>love one another</u>.'' ::* '''Hyuitfiyz'''....''mutual respect'' ::* '''Hyuisloyexen'''....''mutual destruction.'' === Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns === : '''''Possessive adjectives''''' are derived from pronouns by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the end of the pronoun, as follows: ::* '''at'''....''I, me''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <big>→</big> '''ata'''....''my'' ::* '''aut'''....''myself''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <big>→</big> '''auta'''....''my own'' ::* '''yat'''....''we, us''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <big>→</big> '''yata'''....''our'' ::* '''yaut'''....''ourselves''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <big>→</big> '''yauta'''....''our own'' ::* '''iut'''....''himself/herself''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <big>→</big> '''iuta'''....''his/her own'' ::* '''hyuit'''....''one another''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <big>→</big> '''hyuita'''....''one another's'' : In turn, these possessive adjectives can be pronominalized with singular and plural forms referring to things. The following chart shows these forms: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns |- ! rowspan=2|Adjective ! colspan=4|Pronoun |- ! Singular (thing) ! Plural (things) |- |'''ata'''....''my'' |'''atas'''....''mine'' |'''atasi'''....''mine'' |- |'''auta'''....''my own'' |'''autas'''....''your own'' |'''autasi'''....''your own'' |- |'''aeuta'''....''your and my own, our own'' |'''aeutas'''....''your and my own, our own'' |'''aeutasi'''....''your and mine, our own'' |- |'''eta'''....''your'' |'''etas'''....''yours'' |'''etasi'''....''yours'' |- |'''euta'''....''your own'' |'''eutas'''....''your own'' |'''eutasi'''....''your own'' |- |'''ita'''....''his/her'' |'''itas'''....''his/hers'' |'''itasi'''....''his/hers'' |- |'''iuta'''....''his/her own'' |'''iutas'''....''his/hers own'' |'''iutasi'''....''his/hers own'' |- |'''wita'''....''his'' |'''witas'''....''his'' |'''witasi'''....''his'' |- |'''wiuta'''....''his own'' |'''wiutas'''....''his own'' |'''wiutasi'''....''his own'' |- |'''iyta'''....''her'' |'''iytas'''....''hers'' |'''iytasi'''....''hers'' |- |'''iuyta'''....''her own'' |'''iuytas'''....''her own'' |'''iuytasi'''....''her own'' |- |'''hyuita'''....''one another's'' |'''hyuitas'''....''one another's'' |'''hyuitasi'''....''one another's'' |- |'''isa'''....''its'' |'''isas'''....''its'' |'''isasi'''....''its'' |- |'''iusa'''....''its own'' |'''iusas'''....''its own'' |'''iusasi'''....''its own'' |- |'''ota'''....''one's'' |'''otas'''....''one's'' |'''otasi'''....''one's'' |- |'''outa'''....''one's own'' |'''outas'''....''one's own'' |'''outasi'''....''one's own'' |- |'''yata'''....''our'' |'''yatas'''....''ours'' |'''yatasi'''....''ours'' |- |'''yauta'''....''our own'' |'''yautas'''....''our own'' |'''yautasi'''....''our own'' |- |'''yaeta'''....''your and ours'' |'''yaetas'''....''yours and ours'' |'''yaetasi'''....''yours and ours'' |- |'''yaeuta'''....''your and our own'' |'''yaeutas'''....''yours and our own'' |'''yaeutasi'''....''yours and our own'' |- |'''yeta'''....''your'' |'''yetas'''....''yours'' |'''yetasi'''....''yours'' |- |'''yeuta'''....''your own'' |'''yeutas'''....''your own'' |'''yeutasi'''....''your own'' |- |'''yita'''....''their'' |'''yitas'''....''theirs'' |'''yitasi'''....''theirs'' |- |'''yiuta'''....''their own'' |'''yiutas'''....''their own'' |'''yiutasi'''....''their own'' |- |'''yisa'''....''their'' |'''yisas'''....''theirs'' |'''yisasi'''....''theirs'' |- |'''yiusa'''....''their own'' |'''yiusas'''....''their own'' |'''yiusasi'''....''their own'' |- |'''yota'''....''people's'' |'''yotas'''....''people's'' |'''yotasi'''....''people's'' |- |'''youta'''....''people's own'' |'''youtas'''....''people's own'' |'''youtasi'''....''people's own'' |} : Examples of possessive adjectives and pronouns in use. ::* '''<u>Ata</u> tej se fia.'''....''<u>My</u> life is good.'' ::* '''<u>Yata</u> twed...'''....''<u>Our</u> father...'' ::* '''<u>Ota</u> fyadili yeyfe ser dola.'''....''<u>One&apos;s</u> prayers should be silent.'' ::* '''At voy teata <u>ita</u> dyes.'''....''I did not see <u>his/her</u> book.'' ::* '''At tre <u>wita</u> twed.'''....''I know <u>his</u> father.'' ::* '''Yat yefe ovmasber <u>yatasi</u>.'''....''We must protect <u>our own [pl. things]</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Etasi</u> naze ga vyel <u>atasi</u>.'''....''<u>Yours</u> are worth more than <u>mine</u>.'' ::* '''Biku <u>yeutasi</u>.'''....''You guys, mind <u>your own</u> business (= things).'' ::* '''Yat toybeti fe ayser <u>yauta</u> nig.'''....''We gals want to have <u>our own</u> space.'' ::* '''Hia vafil bayse <u>iusa</u> toleuz.'''....''This wine has <u>its own</u> taste.'' : In rare cases, inanimate possessive pronouns like, say, '''yatasi''' (''our own [things]'') can be animated by changing the '''s''' to a '''t''', yielding '''yata<u>t</u>i''' (''our own [people]''), as in '''Ha Feromati ife vafil. <u>Yatati</u> gey.'''....''The French people love wine. <u>Ours</u> do too.'' === Translating various uses of ''it'' in English === : When translating English ''it'' referring to animate creatures such as babies, animals, dolls, angels, ghosts, and monsters, the Mirad third person animate personal pronouns '''it''' ''he/she/it'', '''iyt''' ''she'', or '''wit''' ''he'' is used, eg: ::* '''At eke bay ha epet hosav at iyfe <u>it / iyt / wit</u>.'''....''I play with the dog because I like <u>it / her / him</u>.'' : When translating English ''it'' referring to an inanimate object or abstraction, the inanimate personal pronoun '''is''' can be used. ::* '''At teasa ha dyezun ay at iyfa <u>is</u> gla.'''....''I saw the movie and I liked <u>it</u> a lot.'' ::* '''Ha mes sa yija oy at voy ta <u>is</u>.'''....''The door was open but I didn't know <u>it</u>.'' : Deictic determiners like ''this'' and ''that'' can also be used. Read more about that in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Determiners|Determiners]]. : If ''it'' introduces a non-previously-mentioned abstraction in English or has no antecedent, then the ''it'' is left unexpressed in the Mirad equivalent sentence. For example: ::* '''Mamilo.'''....''<u>It</u> will rain.'' ( = ''Will rain.'') ::* '''Se fia van et upa.'''....''<u>It</u> is good that you came.'' ( = ''Is good that you came.'') ::* '''Sa via jub bay et.'''....''<u>It</u> was a beautiful day with you.'' ( = ''Was a beautiful day...'') ::* '''Voy se yuka yaprer hia memyaz.'''....''<u>It</u> is not easy to climb this mountain.'' ( = ''Is not easy...'') <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Numbers|Verbs}}</noinclude> {{BookCat}} 84sw9rvrnzf78yibeyak4y060sg34tn 0 417649 4672843 4670512 2026-09-28T19:22:01Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Formants */ 4672843 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formats |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat'' |- | '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead'' |- | '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub'' |- | '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract'' |- | '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut'' |- | '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop'' |- | '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move'' |- | '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake'' |- | '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse'' |- | '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude'' |- | '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in'' |- | '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read'' |- | '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize'' |- | '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how'' |- | '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc. |- | '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse'' |- | '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power'' |- | '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by'' |- | '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant'' |- | '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe'' |- | '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with'' |- | '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate'' |- | '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from'' |- | '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up'' |- | '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud'' |- | '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in'' |- | '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' |- | '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve'' |- | '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by'' |- | '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' |- | '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive'' |- | '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk'' |- | '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk'' |- | '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' |- | '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' |- | '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block'' |- | '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook'' |- | '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush'' |- | '''-ar-'''<br>'''-ir-'''<br>'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} : Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs. All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.: :* '''oker'''....''to lose'' <big>→</big> '''okwer'''....''to be lost'' :* '''baler'''....''to press'' <big>→</big> '''balwer'''....''to be pressed'' :* '''koxer'''....''to hide'' <big>→</big> '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden'' :* '''ujler'''....''to lock'' <big>→</big> '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked'' :* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized) :* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized) : Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.: :* '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' <big>→</big> '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed'' :* '''aypler'''....''to surmount'' <big>→</big> '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted'' == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === : Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal¹ ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical :<small>'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.</small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you (pl.) <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small>¹: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== : The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' : The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== : Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. ::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') ::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') ::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') ::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. : Examples: ::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. : Examples: ::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' ::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u>¹'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== : A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. : Examples: ::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') ::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') ::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') ::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') : Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== : A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' ::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== : A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' : Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: ::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' ::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' : The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''¹ || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue;{{text default color}};"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xya''' <br>''having done''||'''xwa'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' : Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg: ::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer'' ::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living'' ::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha amar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to equal, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''Wit tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate'' ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''. This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''<br>not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''<br>not '''abper'''! |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-¹'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-uper²'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''. : Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach''). :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>sexer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know'' ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate'' ::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute'' ::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle'' ::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude'' ::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end'' ::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper'' ::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out'' ::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat'' ::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting'' ::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain'' ::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend'' ::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start'' ::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud'' ::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk'' ::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast'' ::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill'' ::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''<u>az</u>abbixer'''....''to infatuate'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''<u>az</u>aluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>az</u>basrer'''....''to convulse'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>az</u>bexer'''....''to clutch'' ::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''<u>az</u>birer'''....''to seize'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''<u>az</u>buxer'''....''to prod'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''<u>az</u>byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>az</u>fer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''<u>az</u>fuyevder'''....''to lambaste'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' ::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''<u>eyb</u>mulxer'''....''to mix'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>eyb</u>xer'''....''to interest, to involve'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' ::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''<u>do</u>direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize'' ::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''<u>do</u>drurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>do</u>duer'''....''to propose, to move'' ::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>do</u>durer'''....''to decree'' ::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeder'''....''to declaim'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeer'''....''to lecture'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''<u>do</u>ebdaler'''....''to deliberate'' ::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''<u>do</u>eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain'' ::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''<u>do</u>fuxer'''....''to commit a crime'' ::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''<u>do</u>kebier'''....''to elect'' ::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''<u>do</u>lonapxer'''....''to riot'' ::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''<u>do</u>naxgaxer'''....''to auction off'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''<u>do</u>nixbuer'''....''to hawk'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, to be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>vya</u>bier'''....''to postulate'' ::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''<u>vya</u>boler'''....''to prove'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vya</u>duder'''....''to solve'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>vya</u>duer'''....''to allege'' ::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''<u>vya</u>nadxer'''....''to align'' ::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''<u>vya</u>nagxer'''....''to fit'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''<u>vya</u>nazaxer'''....''to corroborate'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investigate'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''<u>kye</u>kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance'' ::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''<u>kye</u>vabxer'''....''to spot check'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yub</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |- ! Difficulty | '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to'' |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''. This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''<u>je</u>teaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''<u>je</u>bexer'''....''to conserve'' |- | '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''<u>je</u>byexer'''....''to batter'' |- | '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''<u>je</u>zoigper'''....''to stalk'' |- | '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''<u>je</u>duler'''....''to nag'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''py<u>a</u>ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py<u>o</u>ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py<u>ao</u>ser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> duksmmbu7o2pig92krkf7gvpbyjine8 4672844 4672843 2026-09-28T20:00:54Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Formants */ 4672844 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formats |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat'' |- | '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead'' |- | '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub'' |- | '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract'' |- | '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut'' |- | '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop'' |- | '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move'' |- | '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake'' |- | '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse'' |- | '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude'' |- | '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in'' |- | '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read'' |- | '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize'' |- | '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how'' |- | '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc. |- | '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse'' |- | '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power'' |- | '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by'' |- | '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant'' |- | '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe'' |- | '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with'' |- | '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate'' |- | '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from'' |- | '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up'' |- | '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud'' |- | '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in'' |- | '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' |- | '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve'' |- | '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by'' |- | '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' |- | '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive'' |- | '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk'' |- | '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk'' |- | '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' |- | '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' |- | '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block'' |- | '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook'' |- | '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush'' |- | '''-ar-'''<br>'''-ir-'''<br>'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} : Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs. All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.: :* '''oker'''....''to lose'' <big>→</big> '''okwer'''....''to be lost'' :* '''baler'''....''to press'' <big>→</big> '''balwer'''....''to be pressed'' :* '''koxer'''....''to hide'' <big>→</big> '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden'' :* '''ujler'''....''to lock'' <big>→</big> '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked'' :* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized) :* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized) : Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.: :* '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' <big>→</big> '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed'' :* '''aypler'''....''to surmount'' <big>→</big> '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted'' == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === : Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal¹ ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical :<small>'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.</small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you (pl.) <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small>¹: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== : The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' : The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== : Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. ::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') ::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') ::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') ::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. : Examples: ::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. : Examples: ::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' ::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u>¹'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== : A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. : Examples: ::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') ::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') ::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') ::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') : Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== : A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' ::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== : A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' : Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: ::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' ::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' : The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''¹ || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue;{{text default color}};"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xya''' <br>''having done''||'''xwa'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' : Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg: ::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer'' ::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living'' ::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha amar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to equal, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''Wit tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate'' ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''. This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''<br>not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''<br>not '''abper'''! |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-¹'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-uper²'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''. : Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach''). :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>sexer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know'' ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate'' ::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute'' ::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle'' ::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude'' ::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end'' ::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper'' ::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out'' ::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat'' ::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting'' ::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain'' ::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend'' ::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start'' ::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud'' ::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk'' ::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast'' ::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill'' ::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''<u>az</u>abbixer'''....''to infatuate'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''<u>az</u>aluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>az</u>basrer'''....''to convulse'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>az</u>bexer'''....''to clutch'' ::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''<u>az</u>birer'''....''to seize'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''<u>az</u>buxer'''....''to prod'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''<u>az</u>byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>az</u>fer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''<u>az</u>fuyevder'''....''to lambaste'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' ::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''<u>eyb</u>mulxer'''....''to mix'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>eyb</u>xer'''....''to interest, to involve'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' ::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''<u>do</u>direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize'' ::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''<u>do</u>drurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>do</u>duer'''....''to propose, to move'' ::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>do</u>durer'''....''to decree'' ::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeder'''....''to declaim'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeer'''....''to lecture'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''<u>do</u>ebdaler'''....''to deliberate'' ::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''<u>do</u>eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain'' ::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''<u>do</u>fuxer'''....''to commit a crime'' ::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''<u>do</u>kebier'''....''to elect'' ::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''<u>do</u>lonapxer'''....''to riot'' ::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''<u>do</u>naxgaxer'''....''to auction off'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''<u>do</u>nixbuer'''....''to hawk'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, to be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>vya</u>bier'''....''to postulate'' ::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''<u>vya</u>boler'''....''to prove'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vya</u>duder'''....''to solve'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>vya</u>duer'''....''to allege'' ::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''<u>vya</u>nadxer'''....''to align'' ::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''<u>vya</u>nagxer'''....''to fit'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''<u>vya</u>nazaxer'''....''to corroborate'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investigate'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''<u>kye</u>kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance'' ::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''<u>kye</u>vabxer'''....''to spot check'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yub</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |- ! Difficulty | '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to'' |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''. This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''<u>je</u>teaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''<u>je</u>bexer'''....''to conserve'' |- | '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''<u>je</u>byexer'''....''to batter'' |- | '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''<u>je</u>zoigper'''....''to stalk'' |- | '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''<u>je</u>duler'''....''to nag'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''py<u>a</u>ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py<u>o</u>ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py<u>ao</u>ser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> ol4puq7ch0wsjjxg106hfnkbxcdj54k 4672847 4672844 2026-09-28T22:01:48Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Formants */ 4672847 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants: ::* {xero} as in '''aker'''....''to win'', '''tejer'''....''to live'', '''fer'''....''to want'', '''yiver'''....''to have a right'' ::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'' ::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'' ::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'' ::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'' ::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'' ::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'' ::* '''dy''' as in '''dyer'''....''to read'' ::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know'' ::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'' ::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'' : The transitive stem formants above can all be made passive with the formant '''w''': ::* '''xw''' as in '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''bw''' as in '''bwer'''....''to be put'' ::* '''dw''' as in '''dwer'''....''to be said'' ::* '''drw''' as in '''drwer'''....''to be written'' etc. : : Of the verb stems having the above formants, those ending in '''s''' and '''p''' are invariably intransitive. The others are always transitive. : Stems can be altered with the following directional formants: ::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented) ::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with i/u Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- | '''ber'''....''to put'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | '''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out'' |- | '''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory'' |- | '''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave'' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result'' |- | '''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |} : The single-letter stems can also be enhanced with the following intensifying formants: ::* '''-l-''' (intensive) ::* '''-r-''' (more intensive) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with Modified Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake'' |- | '''yaber'''....''to raise'' || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''to rise'' || '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' |} : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants: :* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive) ::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic) :* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic) :* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive) :* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic) : The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows: :* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic) :* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense) :* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense) :* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic) :* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense) :* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense) : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well: :* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive) ::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish'' (transitive intense) ::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense) :* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented) :* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive) ::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive) ::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive) ::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented) : The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.: :* '''ifer'''....''to love'' ::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in'' ::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to'' :::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight'' :::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish'' :::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert'' ::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved'' ::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored'' :* '''fer'''....''to want'' ::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for'' ::* '''frer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for'' :* '''yufer'''....''to fear'' ::* '''yufler'''....''to dread'' ::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of'' ::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten'' ::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened'' ::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare'' ::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared'' :* '''yiver'''....''to be free, to have the right to'' ::* '''yivser'''....''to become free'' ::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate'' ::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed'' :* '''yafer'''....''to be able'' ::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable'' ::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled'' ::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower'' ::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce'' ::* '''yafier'''....''to take power'' ::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power'' ::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to'' ::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit'' ::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited'' : The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants: ::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated'' ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formats |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat'' |- | '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead'' |- | '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub'' |- | '''-xi-'''|| toward the subject || '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' |- | '''-xu-'''|| toward the patient || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract'' |- | '''-bi-'''|| toward the subject || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- | '''-bu-'''|| toward the patient || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut'' |- | '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop'' |- | '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move'' |- | '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake'' |- | '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse'' |- | '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude'' |- | '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in'' |- | '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read'' |- | '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize'' |- | '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how'' |- | '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc. |- | '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse'' |- | '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power'' |- | '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by'' |- | '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant'' |- | '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe'' |- | '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with'' |- | '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate'' |- | '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from'' |- | '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up'' |- | '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud'' |- | '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in'' |- | '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' |- | '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve'' |- | '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by'' |- | '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' |- | '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive'' |- | '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk'' |- | '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk'' |- | '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' |- | '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' |- | '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block'' |- | '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook'' |- | '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush'' |- | '''-ar-'''<br>'''-ir-'''<br>'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} : Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs. All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.: :* '''oker'''....''to lose'' <big>→</big> '''okwer'''....''to be lost'' :* '''baler'''....''to press'' <big>→</big> '''balwer'''....''to be pressed'' :* '''koxer'''....''to hide'' <big>→</big> '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden'' :* '''ujler'''....''to lock'' <big>→</big> '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked'' :* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized) :* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized) : Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.: :* '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' <big>→</big> '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed'' :* '''aypler'''....''to surmount'' <big>→</big> '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted'' == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === : Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal¹ ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical :<small>'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.</small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you (pl.) <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small>¹: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== : The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' : The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== : Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. ::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') ::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') ::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') ::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. : Examples: ::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. : Examples: ::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' ::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u>¹'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== : A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. : Examples: ::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') ::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') ::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') ::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') : Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== : A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' ::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== : A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' : Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: ::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' ::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' : The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''¹ || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue;{{text default color}};"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xya''' <br>''having done''||'''xwa'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' : Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg: ::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer'' ::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living'' ::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha amar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to equal, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''Wit tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate'' ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''. This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''<br>not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''<br>not '''abper'''! |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-¹'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-uper²'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''. : Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach''). :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>sexer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know'' ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate'' ::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute'' ::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle'' ::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude'' ::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end'' ::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper'' ::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out'' ::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat'' ::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting'' ::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain'' ::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend'' ::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start'' ::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud'' ::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk'' ::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast'' ::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill'' ::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''<u>az</u>abbixer'''....''to infatuate'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''<u>az</u>aluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>az</u>basrer'''....''to convulse'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>az</u>bexer'''....''to clutch'' ::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''<u>az</u>birer'''....''to seize'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''<u>az</u>buxer'''....''to prod'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''<u>az</u>byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>az</u>fer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''<u>az</u>fuyevder'''....''to lambaste'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' ::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''<u>eyb</u>mulxer'''....''to mix'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>eyb</u>xer'''....''to interest, to involve'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' ::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''<u>do</u>direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize'' ::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''<u>do</u>drurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>do</u>duer'''....''to propose, to move'' ::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>do</u>durer'''....''to decree'' ::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeder'''....''to declaim'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeer'''....''to lecture'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''<u>do</u>ebdaler'''....''to deliberate'' ::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''<u>do</u>eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain'' ::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''<u>do</u>fuxer'''....''to commit a crime'' ::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''<u>do</u>kebier'''....''to elect'' ::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''<u>do</u>lonapxer'''....''to riot'' ::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''<u>do</u>naxgaxer'''....''to auction off'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''<u>do</u>nixbuer'''....''to hawk'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, to be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>vya</u>bier'''....''to postulate'' ::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''<u>vya</u>boler'''....''to prove'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vya</u>duder'''....''to solve'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>vya</u>duer'''....''to allege'' ::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''<u>vya</u>nadxer'''....''to align'' ::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''<u>vya</u>nagxer'''....''to fit'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''<u>vya</u>nazaxer'''....''to corroborate'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investigate'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''<u>kye</u>kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance'' ::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''<u>kye</u>vabxer'''....''to spot check'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yub</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |- ! Difficulty | '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to'' |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''. This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''<u>je</u>teaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''<u>je</u>bexer'''....''to conserve'' |- | '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''<u>je</u>byexer'''....''to batter'' |- | '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''<u>je</u>zoigper'''....''to stalk'' |- | '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''<u>je</u>duler'''....''to nag'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''py<u>a</u>ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py<u>o</u>ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py<u>ao</u>ser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> 4yvlx4q3dvoy3ai11rnsgtq3wpqw6cd 4672848 4672847 2026-09-28T22:13:09Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Formants */ 4672848 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants: ::* {xero} as in '''aker'''....''to win'', '''tejer'''....''to live'', '''fer'''....''to want'', '''yiver'''....''to have a right'' ::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'' ::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'' ::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'' ::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'' ::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'' ::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'' ::* '''dy''' as in '''dyer'''....''to read'' ::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know'' ::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'' ::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'' : The transitive stem formants above can all be made passive with the formant '''w''': ::* '''xw''' as in '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''bw''' as in '''bwer'''....''to be put'' ::* '''dw''' as in '''dwer'''....''to be said'' ::* '''drw''' as in '''drwer'''....''to be written'' etc. : Of the verb stems having the above formants, those ending in '''s''' and '''p''' are invariably intransitive. The others are always transitive. : Stems can be altered with the following directional formants: ::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented) ::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with i/u Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out'' |- || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory'' |- || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- |rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave'' |- || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result'' |- || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |} : The single-letter stems can also be enhanced with the following intensifying formants: ::* '''-l-''' (intensive) ::* '''-r-''' (more intensive) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with Modified Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' || '''baxrer'''....''to shake'' |- | '''yaber'''....''to raise'' || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''to rise'' || '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' |} : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants: :* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive) ::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic) :* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic) :* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive) :* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic) : The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows: :* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic) :* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense) :* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense) :* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic) :* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense) :* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense) : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well: :* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive) ::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish'' (transitive intense) ::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense) :* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented) :* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive) ::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive) ::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive) ::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented) : The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.: :* '''ifer'''....''to love'' ::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in'' ::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to'' :::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight'' :::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish'' :::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert'' ::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved'' ::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored'' :* '''fer'''....''to want'' ::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for'' ::* '''frer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for'' :* '''yufer'''....''to fear'' ::* '''yufler'''....''to dread'' ::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of'' ::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten'' ::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened'' ::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare'' ::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared'' :* '''yiver'''....''to be free, to have the right to'' ::* '''yivser'''....''to become free'' ::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate'' ::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed'' :* '''yafer'''....''to be able'' ::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable'' ::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled'' ::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower'' ::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce'' ::* '''yafier'''....''to take power'' ::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power'' ::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to'' ::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit'' ::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited'' : The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants: ::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated'' : Here is a chart showing various formant combinations: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formant Combinations |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat'' |- | '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead'' |- | '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub'' |- | '''-xi-'''|| toward the subject || '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' |- | '''-xu-'''|| toward the patient || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract'' |- | '''-bi-'''|| toward the subject || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- | '''-bu-'''|| toward the patient || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut'' |- | '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop'' |- | '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move'' |- | '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake'' |- | '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse'' |- | '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude'' |- | '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in'' |- | '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read'' |- | '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize'' |- | '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how'' |- | '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc. |- | '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse'' |- | '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power'' |- | '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by'' |- | '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant'' |- | '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe'' |- | '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with'' |- | '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate'' |- | '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from'' |- | '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up'' |- | '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud'' |- | '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in'' |- | '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' |- | '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve'' |- | '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by'' |- | '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' |- | '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive'' |- | '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk'' |- | '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk'' |- | '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' |- | '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' |- | '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block'' |- | '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook'' |- | '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush'' |- | '''-ar-'''<br>'''-ir-'''<br>'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} : Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs. All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.: :* '''oker'''....''to lose'' <big>→</big> '''okwer'''....''to be lost'' :* '''baler'''....''to press'' <big>→</big> '''balwer'''....''to be pressed'' :* '''koxer'''....''to hide'' <big>→</big> '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden'' :* '''ujler'''....''to lock'' <big>→</big> '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked'' :* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized) :* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized) : Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.: :* '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' <big>→</big> '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed'' :* '''aypler'''....''to surmount'' <big>→</big> '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted'' == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === : Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal¹ ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical :<small>'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.</small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you (pl.) <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''¹) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small>¹: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== : The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' : The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== : Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. ::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') ::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') ::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') ::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. : Examples: ::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. : Examples: ::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' ::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u>¹'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== : A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. : Examples: ::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') ::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') ::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') ::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') : Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== : A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' ::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== : A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' : Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: ::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' ::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' : The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''¹ || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue;{{text default color}};"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xya''' <br>''having done''||'''xwa'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' : Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg: ::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer'' ::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living'' ::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha amar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to equal, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''Wit tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate'' ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''. This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''<br>not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''<br>not '''abper'''! |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-¹'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-uper²'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''. : Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach''). :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>sexer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know'' ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate'' ::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute'' ::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle'' ::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude'' ::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end'' ::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper'' ::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out'' ::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat'' ::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting'' ::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain'' ::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend'' ::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start'' ::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud'' ::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk'' ::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast'' ::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill'' ::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''<u>az</u>abbixer'''....''to infatuate'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''<u>az</u>aluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>az</u>basrer'''....''to convulse'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>az</u>bexer'''....''to clutch'' ::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''<u>az</u>birer'''....''to seize'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''<u>az</u>buxer'''....''to prod'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''<u>az</u>byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>az</u>fer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''<u>az</u>fuyevder'''....''to lambaste'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' ::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''<u>eyb</u>mulxer'''....''to mix'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>eyb</u>xer'''....''to interest, to involve'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' ::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''<u>do</u>direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize'' ::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''<u>do</u>drurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>do</u>duer'''....''to propose, to move'' ::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>do</u>durer'''....''to decree'' ::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeder'''....''to declaim'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeer'''....''to lecture'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''<u>do</u>ebdaler'''....''to deliberate'' ::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''<u>do</u>eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain'' ::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''<u>do</u>fuxer'''....''to commit a crime'' ::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''<u>do</u>kebier'''....''to elect'' ::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''<u>do</u>lonapxer'''....''to riot'' ::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''<u>do</u>naxgaxer'''....''to auction off'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''<u>do</u>nixbuer'''....''to hawk'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, to be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>vya</u>bier'''....''to postulate'' ::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''<u>vya</u>boler'''....''to prove'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vya</u>duder'''....''to solve'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>vya</u>duer'''....''to allege'' ::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''<u>vya</u>nadxer'''....''to align'' ::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''<u>vya</u>nagxer'''....''to fit'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''<u>vya</u>nazaxer'''....''to corroborate'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investigate'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''<u>kye</u>kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance'' ::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''<u>kye</u>vabxer'''....''to spot check'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yub</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |- ! Difficulty | '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to'' |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''. This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''<u>je</u>teaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''<u>je</u>bexer'''....''to conserve'' |- | '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''<u>je</u>byexer'''....''to batter'' |- | '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''<u>je</u>zoigper'''....''to stalk'' |- | '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''<u>je</u>duler'''....''to nag'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''py<u>a</u>ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py<u>o</u>ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py<u>ao</u>ser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> 7q4rej5r8ecfifqd89ye763n3bogopr 0 422503 4672777 4665250 2026-09-28T14:42:34Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = V5 | next = Booting }} {{TextBox|BG=#F0FFF0|This document was originally hosted at [[w:ETH_Z%C3%BCrich|ETHZ]]. It remains [https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155011/http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/books.html in the WayBack archive] under the [[Oberon/Licenses|ETH Oberon license]].}} <div style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:1.5rem; font-style:normal; font-weight:bolder; line-height:2; ">Oberon Bibliography</div> <div style="font-family:serif, serif; font-size:1.0rem; line-height:1.185; font-style:normal" id="Top"> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:0.82rem; font-style:normal; line-height:2; ">[[#Books|18 Books]] | [[#Chapters|1 Chapter in book]] | [[#Reports|27 Technical Reports]] | [[#Diss|19 Dissertations]] | [[#Papers|105 Papers]] | [[#BP|Background Papers]] | [[#Lecture|Lecture]] | [[#Web|Web sites]] | [[#Unpublished|Unpublished documents]] | [[Oberon/authors|Authors]]</div> ---- Other bibliographies maintained by Oberon supporters: * [http://www.modulaware.com/mwbiblio.htm Modulaware Modula-2 and Oberon-2 Bibliography] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030813232533/http://www.math.tau.ac.il:80/~guy/Oberon/publications.html Oberon-related Bibliography and Research Links] ---- Other documentation databases: * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191127064039/http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/index.html Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies] of the University of Karlsruhe * http&#58;//www.cs.indiana.edu/cstr/cover.html Computer Science Technical Report database of the University of Indiana, now decommissioned. ---- <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="Books">Oberon Books</div> # Programming in Oberon - M. Reiser and N. Wirth [[https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProgInOberonWR.pdf PDF] (10'256'384 B)] # The Oberon System - M. Reiser - Out-of-print [[http://oberoncore.ru/library/reiser_the_oberon_system_user_guide_and_programmers_manual PDF] (15'861'860 B)] # {{color|red|Project Oberon - The Design of an Operating System and Compiler - N. Wirth and J. Gutknecht [}}[https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon1992.pdf PDF] {{color|red|(4'398 KB)]}} # {{color|red|Compiler Construction - N. Wirth [}}[https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/CompilerConstruction/index.html PDF] {{color|red|(597 KB)]}} # {{color|red|Programming in Oberon (2004) - A derivative of Programming in Modula-2 (1982) - N. Wirth [}}[https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/PIO.pdf PDF] {{color|red|(432 KB)]}} # {{color|red|Algorithms and Data Structures (1985) (Oberon version: August 2004) - N. Wirth [}}[https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/AD.pdf PDF] {{color|red|(1'241 KB)]}} <span id="War02">'''[War02]''' ''J. S. Warford''</span> : '''Computing Fundamentals'''<br />The Theory and Practice of Software Design with BlackBox Component Builder [[https://blackboxframework.org/books/warford_2002.pdf PDF] (14'111'686 B)] : [[w:Springer Vieweg Verlag|Verlag Vieweg]], [[w:Wiesbaden|Wiesbaden]], 2002, [http://informatik.karlheinz-hug.de/buch/cf.htm {{#isbn:3-528-05828-5}}]<br /><!-- [http://userserv.fh-reutlingen.de/~hug/buch/cf.htm Info] {{dead link|date=2020}}, --> : [https://cslab.pepperdine.edu/warford/ComputingFundamentals/ Info] <span id="BrD02">'''[BrD02]''' ''Edited by M. Broy and E. Denert''</span> : '''Software Pioneers - Contributions to Software Engineering''' : with the transcription of a talk given by Niklaus Wirth on Pascal and its successors, at the Software Pioneers Conference.<br />[https://www.springer.com/ Springer, Heidelberg], 2002, {{#isbn:3-540-43081-4}}. Order from [https://www.amazon.ca/Software-Pioneers-Contributions-Engineering/dp/3540430814 Amazon]. <span id="BGP00">'''[BGP00]''' ''Edited by L. B&ouml;sz&ouml;rm&eacute;nyi, J. Gutknecht, G. Pomberger''</span> : '''The School of Niklaus Wirth - The Art of Simplicity'''<br />[https://dpunkt.de/ dpunkt.verlag GmbH], 2000, {{#isbn:3-932588-85-1}}<br />[http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/category/computer-science/ Morgan Kaufmann Publishers], 2000, {{#isbn:1-55860-723-4}}<br />With preface by Tony Hoare. <span id="WiR92">'''[WiR92]''' ''N. Wirth and M. Reiser''</span> : '''Programming in Oberon - Steps Beyond Pascal and Modula'''<br />[https://www.pearson.ch/HigherEducation/Addison-Wesley/ Addison-Wesley], 1992, {{#isbn:0-201-56543-9}} <!-- - [https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155011/ftp://ftp.ethoberon.ethz.ch/Oberon/Books/PinOberon Examples used in the book]{{dead link}} --> :Tutorial for the Oberon programming language and concise language reference. <span id="WiR94">'''[WiR94]''' ''N. Wirth and M. Reiser''</span> : '''Programmieren in Oberon - Das neue Pascal'''<br />Addison-Wesley, 1994, {{#isbn:3893196579}} - Translated into German by J. Templ. <span id="Rei92">'''[Rei92]''' ''M. Reiser''</span> : '''The Oberon System; User Guide and Programmer's Manual'''<br />[https://www.pearson.ch/HigherEducation/Addison-Wesley/ Addison-Wesley], 1992, {{#isbn:0-201-54422-9}}<br />User manual for the programming environment and reference for the standard module library. <span id="WiG92">'''[WiG92]''' ''N. Wirth and J. Gutknecht''</span> : [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon1992.pdf '''Project Oberon - The Design of an Operating System and Compiler''']<br />Addison-Wesley, 1992, {{#isbn:0-201-54428-8}} <!-- - {{color|blue|Examples used in the book}}{{dead link}} --> : Program listings with explanation for the whole system, including the compiler for NS32000. <span id="HoH94">'''[HoH94]''' ''H. Haupt und O. Hess''</span> : '''Schatzkiste f&uuml;r Programmierer unter DOS und Windows, mit CD-ROM'''<br />Vogel Computer Presse GmbH, 1994, {{#isbn:3-825-91329-5}} <span id="Moe95">'''[Moe95]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck''</span> : '''Object-Oriented Programming in Oberon-2'''<br />[https://www.springer.com/ Springer], 1995, {{#isbn:3-540-60062-0}} <!-- - {{color|blue|Examples used in the book}}{{dead link}} --> : Principles and applications of object-oriented programming with examples in the language [http://www.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/Research/Books/Oberon2.pdf Oberon-2]. <span id="Moe98">'''[Moe98]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck''</span> : '''Objektorientierte Programmierung in Oberon-2'''<br />[https://www.springer.com/ Springer], 3. Auflage - 1998, {{#isbn:3-540-64649-3}} <span id="Wir96a">'''[Wir96a]''' ''N. Wirth''</span> : [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/CompilerConstruction/index.html '''Compiler Construction''']<br />Addison-Wesley, 1996, {{#isbn:0-201-40353-6}}<!-- - {{color|blue|Examples used in the book}}{{dead link}} -->. : A disk provided with the book gives full listings of the Oberon-0 compiler and associated tools. <span id="Wir96b">'''[Wir96b]''' ''N. Wirth''</span> : '''Grundlagen und Techniken des Compilerbaus'''<br />Addison-Wesley, 1996, {{#isbn:3-89319-931-4}} <span id="MLK97">'''[MLK97]''' ''J. R. M&uuml;hlbacher, B. Leisch, B. Kirk, U. Kreuzeder''</span> : '''Oberon-2 Programming with Windows'''<br />[https://www.springer.com/ Springer], 1997, {{#isbn:3-540-62522-4}} <span id="Nik97">'''[Nik97]''' ''E. W. Nikitin''</span> : '''Into the Realm of Oberon: An introduction to Programming and the Oberon-2 Programming Language'''<br />[https://www.springer.com/ Springer], 1997, {{#isbn:0-387-98279-5}} <!-- - [https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155011/http://www.springer-ny.com/supplements/nikitin Supplemental files]{{dead link}} --> <span id="Kna97">'''[Kna97]''' ''M. Knasm&uuml;ller''</span> : '''Oberon-D. On Adding Database Functionality to an Object-Oriented Development Environment'''<br />Schriftenreihe der Johannes-Kepler-Universit&auml;t Linz 22, 1997, {{#isbn:3-85320-898-3}} <span id="Szy98">'''[Szy98]''' ''C. Szyperski''</span> : '''Component Software - Beyond Object-Oriented Programming'''<br />[https://www.pearson.ch/HigherEducation/Addison-Wesley/ Addison-Wesley], 1998, {{#isbn:0-201-17888-5}} <span id="FiM98">'''[FiM98]''' ''A. Fischer and H. Marais''</span> : '''The Oberon Companion: A Guide to Using and Programming Oberon System 3'''<br />[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/mapping/eserv/eth:2493/eth-2493-02.pdf vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z&uuml;rich], 1998, {{#isbn:3-7281-2493-1}} : Out of print but see note about printing a legal personal copy in the second paragraph of [[Oberon/Beginning as a Novice]]. : [https://github.com/OberonSystem3/TheOberonCompanionCD Accompanying CD] with executables for various platforms and sources. <span id="MMZ99">'''[MMZ99]''' ''B. Marincek, J.L. Marais, E. Zeller''</span> : '''Oberon - Ein Kurzleitfaden f&uuml;r Studenten'''<br />[[w:Springer Vieweg Verlag|Vieweg]], 1999, {{#isbn:3-528-05691-6}} <span id="Hug01">'''[Hug01]''' ''K. Hug''</span> : '''Module, Klassen, Vertr&auml;ge. Ein Lehrbuch zur komponentenorientierten Softwarekonstruktion mit Component Pascal'''<br />[[w:Springer Vieweg Verlag|Verlag Vieweg]], [[w:Wiesbaden|Wiesbaden]], 2001, 2. aktualisierte Auflage, {{#isbn:3-528-15681-3}} <span id="Wir13">'''[Wir13]''' ''N. Wirth''</span> : [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/index.html '''Project Oberon (New Edition 2013)''']. [[Oberon/books#WiG92|Originally published]] with co-author J. Gutknecht, 1992. <br> Some of these books can be found in the [https://vlb.de VLB (Verzeichnis Lieferbarer B&uuml;cher)] used by many booksellers in Europe. For example: [https://www.buecherinsel.org/ B&uuml;cherinsel], [https://www.osiander.de/ Osiandersche Buchhandlung] or [https://www.lehmanns.de Lehmanns Buchhandlung]. <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="Chapters">Chapter in book</div> <span id="GuF99">'''[GuF99]''' ''J. Gutknecht and M. Franz'' - '''Oberon with Gadgets: A Simple Component Framework''' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Oberon-with-Gadgets-A-Simple-Component-Framework-Gutknecht-Franz/7d938c17c5b759eba8b03f9f49cbe292875aeec6 PDF document] in [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Implementing-application-frameworks%3A-frameworks-at-Fayad-Schmidt/c1e48cd04b9792c1c9285bad0f7d2e7ae0b6560d Implementing Application Frameworks: Object-Oriented Frameworks at Work] - Wiley 1999</span> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="Reports">ETH Technical Reports</div> The Department Informatik, Institut f&uuml;r Computersysteme publishes freely available [https://inf.ethz.ch/research/technical-reports.html technical reports]. Some of them are however out of print. Abstracts are available from the complete list of technical reports. Abstracts and full reports electronically available from there. The reports dealing with Oberon are listed here, the latest publications appearing first. <span id="San99">'''[San99]''' ''M. Sanvido'' - '''A Computer System for Model Helicopter Flight Control; Technical Memo No. 3: The Software Core''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/3xx/317.ps Report 317], Apr. 1999</span> <span id="Kot99">'''[Kot99]''' ''M. Kottmann'' - '''Software for Model Helicopter Flight Control''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/3xx/316.ps.gz Report 316], Mar. 1999</span> <span id="Wir99b">'''[Wir99b]''' ''N. Wirth'' - '''An Essay on Programming''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/3xx/315.ps.gz Report 315], Mar. 1999</span> <span id="Wir99a">'''[Wir99a]''' ''N. Wirth'' - '''A Computer System for Model Helicopter Flight Control Technical Memo Nr. 6: The Oberon Compiler for the Strong_ARM''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/doc/tech-reports/3xx/314.ps.gz Report 314], Mar. 1999</span> <span id="Wir98">'''[Wir98]''' ''N. Wirth'' - '''A Computer System for Model Helicopter Flight Control Technical Memo Nr. 2: The Programming Language Oberon SA''' - [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/285.pdf Report 285], Jan. 1998</span> <span id="Gut96">'''[Gut96]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''Oberon, Gadgets and Some Archetypal Aspects of Persistent Objects''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/doc/tech-reports/2xx/243.ps Report 243], Feb. 1996 and Postscript text also in Information Sciences, Vol. 93, no. 1-2, 65-86, 1996</span> <span id="Sup94">'''[Sup94]''' ''J. Supcik'' - '''HP-Oberon (TM). The Oberon Implementation for HP 9000 Series 700''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/doc/papers/cs/JMLC97.js.ps.gz Report 212], Feb. 1994</span> <span id="Dis93">'''[Dis93]''' ''A. R. Disteli'' - '''Oberon for PC on an MS DOS Base''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/doc/tech-reports/2xx/203.pdf Report 203], Nov. 1993</span> <span id="BCF92">'''[BCF92]''' ''M. Brandis, R. Crelier, M. Franz, J. Templ'' - '''The Oberon System Family''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/doc/tech-reports/1xx/174.pdf Report 174], Apr. 1992 - pdf document also in Software - Practice and Experience, 25:12, 1331-1366, Dec. 1995</span> <span id="Lal91">'''[Lal91]''' ''S. Lalis'' - '''XNET - Supporting Distributed Programming in the Oberon Environment''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/161.pdf Report 161], May 1991</span> <span id="Moe91">'''[Moe91]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck'' - '''Differences between Oberon and Oberon-2''' - gnu-compressed PS (re-published later as MoW91a) + '''The Programming Language Oberon-2''' - gnu-compressed PS (re-published later as MoW91b) - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/160.pdf Report 160], May 1991</span> <span id="GPH91">'''[GPH91]''' ''R. Griesemer'' - '''On the Linearization of Graphs and Writing Symbol Files''' + C. Pfister (Ed.), B. Heeb, J. Templ - Oberon Technical Notes - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/156.ps.gz Report 156], Mar. 1991</span> <span id="Szy91">'''[Szy91]''' ''C. Szyperski'' - '''Write - An extensible Text Editor for the Oberon System''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/doc/tech-reports/1xx/151.pdf Report 151], Jan. 1991</span> <span id="Mar90">'''[Mar90]''' ''J. L. Marais'' - '''The Gadgets User Interface Management System''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/144.pdf Report 144], Nov. 1990</span> <span id="Wir90a">'''[Wir90a]''' ''N. Wirth'' - '''From Modula to Oberon''' - gnu-compressed PS (re-published later as Wir88a) + The Programming Language Oberon (Revised Edition 1.10.90) gnu-compressed PS (re-published later as Wir88b) - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/doc/tech-reports/1xx/143.pdf Report 143], Nov. 1990</span> <span id="Fra90a">'''[Fra90a]''' ''M. Franz'' - '''MacOberon Reference Manual''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/142.pdf Report 142], Nov. 1990</span> <span id="Fra90b">'''[Fra90b]''' ''M. Franz'' - '''The Implementation of MacOberon''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/doc/tech-reports/1xx/141.pdf Report 141], Oct. 1990</span> <span id="Wir90b">'''[Wir90b]''' ''N. Wirth'' - '''Die Programmiersprache Oberon''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/140.pdf Report 140], Oct. 1990</span> <span id="Gut90">'''[Gut90]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''The Oberon Guide: System Release 1.2''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/138.pdf Report 138], Oct. 1990</span> <span id="Tem90">'''[Tem90]''' ''J. Templ'' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Design-and-Implementation-of-SPARC-Oberon-Templ/670c39fc34c4f916e78171a0f1e789bd0f95977d '''SPARC-Oberon User's Guide and Implementation'''] - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68461 Report 133], Jun. 1990</span> <span id="Moe90">'''[Moe90]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck'' - '''Coco/R - A Generator for Fast Compiler Front-Ends''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/127.pdf Report 127], Feb. 1990 - Postscript and Postscript compressed</span> <span id="Szy90">'''[Szy90]''' ''C. Szyperski'' - [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265775304_Network_communication_in_the_Oberon_environment '''Network Communication in the Oberon Environment'''] - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68708 Report 126], Feb. 1990</span> <span id="Cre90">'''[Cre90]''' ''R. Crelier'' - '''OP2: A Portable Oberon Compiler''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/125.pdf Report 125], Feb. 1990 - pdf and gnu-compressed PS Presented at the 2nd International Modula-2 Conference, Loughborough, Sep. 1991</span> <span id="Gut89c">'''[Gut89c]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''The Oberon Guide''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68709 Report 119], Dec. 1989</span> <span id="MTG89">'''[MTG89]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck, J. Templ and R. Griesemer'' - '''Object Oberon: An Object-Oriented Extension of Oberon''' - [ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/tech-reports/1xx/109.pdf Report 109], Jun. 1989 - PDF document</span> <span id="Gut89b">'''[Gut89b]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''The Oberon Guide''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68696 Report 108], Jun. 1989</span> <span id="WiG88">'''[WiG88]''' ''N. Wirth and J. Gutknecht'' - '''The Oberon System''' - [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon/PO.System.pdf Report 88], Jul. 1988 - (re-published later as [[#WiG89|WiG89]])</span> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="Diss">Dissertations</div> Server mastheads at [https://inf.ethz.ch/research/dissertations.html dissertations] and [http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/ e-collection]. <span id="Mul02">'''[Mul02]''' ''P. J. Muller'' - '''The Active Object System Design and Multiprocessor Implementation''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/147091 Dissertation ETH Nr. 14755], 2002</span> <span id="Osw00b">'''[Osw00b]''' ''E. Oswald'' - '''A Generic 2D Graphics Interface with Object Framework and Applications''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/144891 Dissertation ETH Nr. 13778], Dec. 2000</span> <span id="Sup99">'''[Sup99]''' ''J. Supcik'' - '''ODEON - An Object-Oriented Data Model and its Integration in the Oberon System''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/144223 Dissertation ETH Nr. 13161], 1999</span> <span id="Qiu98">'''[Qiu98]''' ''X. Qiu'' - '''Applying Object-Orientation to Developing Integrated Environments for Computer-Aided Control Systems Design''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/143646 Dissertation ETH Nr. 12724], 1998 - Institut f&uuml;r Automatik Publication (soon)</span> <span id="Ros97">'''[Ros97]''' ''R. Roshardt'' - '''Design und Implementierung einer offenen], modularen Robotersteuerung mit Oberon''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/143317 Dissertation ETH Nr. 12296], 1997</span> <span id="Kot97">'''[Kot97]''' ''M. Kottmann'' - '''Komponentenorientierte Modellierung und Simulation kombinierter Systeme''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/143299 Dissertation ETH Nr. 12294] Institut f&uuml;r Automatik Publication No. 9, 1997 - {{#isbn:3-906487-02-4}}</span> <span id="Lud97">'''[Lud97]''' ''S. Ludwig'' - '''Hades - Fast Hardware Synthesis Tools and a Reconfigurable Coprocessor''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/143345 Dissertation ETH Nr. 12276], 1997 and Dissertation ETH Nr. 12276</span> <span id="Dis97">'''[Dis97]''' ''A. R. Disteli'' - '''Integration aktiver Objekte in Oberon am Beispiel eines Serversystems''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/143279 Dissertation ETH Nr. 12231], 1997</span> <span id="Geh97">'''[Geh97]''' ''S. Gehring'' - '''An Integrated Framework for Structured Circuit Design with Field-Programmable Gate Arrays''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/143217 Dissertation ETH Nr. 12188], 1997 [[ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/publications/dissertations/th12188.pdf PDF] (2'442'247 B)]</span> <span id="Ode98">'''[Ode98]''' ''M. Odersky'' - '''A New Approach to Formal Language Definition and its Application to Oberon''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/139759 Dissertation ETH Nr. 12057], 1998</span> <span id="Wec96">'''[Wec96]''' ''W. Weck'' - '''On Document-Centered Mathematical Component Software''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/142833 Dissertation ETH Nr. 11817], 1996</span> <span id="Mar96a">'''[Mar96a]''' ''J. Marais'' - '''Design and Implementation of a Component Architecture for Oberon''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/142663 Dissertation ETH Nr. 11697], 1996</span> <span id="Som96">'''[Som96]''' ''R. Sommerer'' - '''Integration of Online Documents''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/142549 Dissertation ETH Nr. 11592], 1996</span> <span id="Bra95">'''[Bra95]''' ''M. M. Brandis'' - '''Optimizing Compilers for Structured Programming Languages''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/142036 Dissertation ETH Nr. 11024], 1995</span> <span id="Tem94a">'''[Tem94a]''' ''J. Templ'' - '''Metaprogramming in Oberon''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/141628 Dissertation ETH Nr. 10655], 1994 - see also th10655 - abstract and PostScript.</span> <span id="Cre94">'''[Cre94]''' ''R. Crelier'' - '''Separate Compilation and Module Extension''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/141604 Dissertation ETH Nr. 10650], 1994 - see also th10650 - abstract and PostScript.</span> <span id="Fra94a">'''[Fra94a]''' ''M. Franz'' - '''Code-Generation On-the-Fly: A Key to Portable Software''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/141506 Dissertation ETH Nr. 10497], 1994 - see also th10497 - abstract and PostScript. Published by vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z&uuml;rich], 1994 - {{#isbn:3-7281-2115-0}} Abstract</span> <span id="Gri93">'''[Gri93]''' ''R. Griesemer'' - '''A Programming language for Vector Computers''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/141363 Dissertation ETH Nr. 10277], 1993 - see also th10277 - abstract and PostScript.</span> <span id="Szy92">'''[Szy92]''' ''C. Szyperski'' - '''Insight ETHOS: On Object-Orientation in Operating Systems''' - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/140827 Dissertation ETH Nr. 9884], 1992 and vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z&uuml;rich, 1992</span> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="Papers">Oberon papers in publications</div> Also refer to the papers published by the [http://www.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/Research/Papers/ University of Linz, Austria] as well as to their reports accessible by ftp<ref>Additions and corrections welcome. Please edit.</ref> and to the publications of the former [https://www.uni-ulm.de/in/vs Distributed Systems Department] of the University of Ulm, Germany. In the following list, the most recent publications appear first. <span id="Hel01">'''[Hel01]''' ''M. Heller'' - '''Beyond C++''' - BYTE Aug. 2001</span> <span id="Fot01">'''[Fot01]''' ''M. Fothe'' - '''Probleml&ouml;sen mit Oberon - Konzeption und Einsatz eines elektronischen Lehrbuchs''' - LOG IN 21 (2001) - Heft 2</span> <span id="GuW00">'''[GuW00]''' ''J. Gutknecht, Wolfgang Weck (Ed.)'' - '''Joint Modular Languages Conference, JMLC 2000, Z&uuml;rich, Switzerland, September 2000, Proceedings''' - [https://www.springer.com/ Springer] LNCS 1897, 2000, {{#isbn:3-540-67958-8}}</span> *<span id="Wir00">'''[Wir00]''' ''N. Wirth'' - '''The Development of Procedural Programming Languages - Personal Contributions and Perspectives''' - JMLC 2000, p. 1-10</span> :<p><span id="Hof00">'''[Hof00]''' ''M. Hof'' - '''Composable Message Semantics in Oberon''' - JMLC 2000, p. 11-25</span></p> :<p><span id="Gut00">'''[Gut00]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''Oberon as an Implementation Language for COM Components: A Case Study in Language Interoperability''' - JMLC 2000, p. 119-133</span></p> :<p><span id="Osw00a">'''[Osw00a]''' ''E. Oswald'' - '''Leonardo: A Framework for Modeling and Editing Graphical Components''' - JMLC 2000, p. 147-160</span></p> :<p><span id="Sed00">'''[Sed00]''' ''J. Sedlacek'' - '''Project C2 - A Survey of an Industrial Embedded Application with Native Oberon for PC''' - JMLC 2000, p. 186-196</span></p> :<p><span id="Mik00">'''[Mik00]''' ''V. V. Mikheev'' - '''Design of Multilingual Retargetable Compilers: Experience of the XDS Framework Evolution''' - JMLC 2000, p. 238-249</span></p> :<p><span id="Rea00">'''[Rea00]''' ''P. Reali'' - '''Structuring a Compiler with Active Objects''' - JMLC 2000, p. 250-262</span></p> :<p><span id="Mul00">'''[Mul00]''' ''P. Muller'' - '''A Multiprocessor Kernel for Active Object-Based Systems''' - JMLC 2000, p. 263-277</span></p> :<p><span id="Ree00">'''[Ree00]''' ''P. Reed'' - '''Building Your Own Tools: An Oberon Industrial Case-Study''' - JMLC 2000, p. 291-298</span></p> <span id="Col00">'''[Col00]''' ''H. Collingbourne'' - '''What Pascal's inventor did next''' - [[w:PC Plus|PC Plus]], Issue 160, February 2000, p. 213-216 - Tutorial on [http://www.fim.uni-linz.ac.at/pow/ POW!] distributed on PC Plus SuperCD 160-A.</span> <span id="WeR99">'''[WeR99]''' ''M. Weseloh and R. R&uuml;diger'' - '''Applying Modern Software Design Principles: A CAN Tool Based on Extensibility''' - Proceedings of the 6th international CAN Conference (iCC'99), Torino, Italy, 2nd to 4th November 1999 - Plain Postscript</span> <span id="Saw99">'''[Saw99]''' ''G. Sawitzki'' - '''Keeping Statistics Alive in Documents''' - Sonderforschungsbereich 373 Quantifikation und Simulation &Ouml;konomischer Prozesse, Berlin 1999 - [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001800200091 HTML page]</span> <span id="Zel99">'''[Zel99]''' ''E. Zeller'' - '''Fine-grain Integration of Oberon into Windows using Pluggable Objects''' - 1999 - [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/72691 PDF document]</span> <span id="MiS99">'''[MiS99]''' ''Klaus Miesenberger and Bernhard St&ouml;ger'' - '''Oberon2Braille: Making the Oberon System accessible for the blind persons''' - CSUN (California State University, Northridge) 1999 Conference Proceedings (Technology and Persons with Disabilities Conference) - HTML document</span> <span id="Boe99">'''[Boe99]''' ''T. B&ouml;rner'' - '''Betriebssysteme: Native Oberon f&uuml;r den PC''' - CHIP 3/99 - S. 131 - [[w:Chip (magazine)|CHIP]]</span> <span id="QSW98">'''[QSW98]''' ''Qiu X., Schaufelberger W., Wang J., and Sun Y.'' - '''Applying O3CACSD to Control System Design and Rapid Prototyping''' - Proc. 17th American Control Conference, Philadelphia, Jun. 1998</span> <span id="HuK98">'''[HuK98]''' ''K. Hug, H. Ketz'' - '''Informatik-Grundausbildung f&uuml;r Ingenieure mit Oberon-2''' - TEX, Die Zeitschrift der Fachhochschule Reutlingen, Heft 61, S. 53-59, Mai 1998</span> <span id="KeH98">'''[KeH98]''' ''H. Ketz, K. Hug'' - '''Informatik-Grundausbildung f&uuml;r Ingenieure - Hochschuldidaktische Betrachtung und Erfahrungsbericht''' - Informatik und Ausbildung, GI-Fachtagung 98, Stuttgart, 30.3.-1.4.1998 Hg: Claus Volker - Berlin - [https://www.springer.com/ Springer] 1998 S. 52-62</span> <span id="Lam98">'''[Lam98]''' ''J. Lampe'' - Depot4 - '''A generator for dynamically extensible translators''' - Software - Concepts and Tools ([https://www.springer.com/ Springer-Verlag]), Volume 19:2, 97-108, 1998 - Abstract</span> <span id="HuK97">'''[HuK97]''' ''K. Hug, H. Ketz'' - '''Objektorientierung mit Oberon-2 in der Ingenieur-Grundausbildung''' - Informatik-Spektrum, Band 20, Heft 6, S. 350-356, Dez. 1997 - Abstract</span> <span id="DoW97">'''[DoW97]''' ''G. Dotzel, W. Skulski'' - '''Oberon-2, a hi performance alternative to C++''' - Computers in Physics, 11, 81, 1997 - [https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4822520 PDF, formerly HTML document and gnu-compressed PS]</span> <span id="Sve97">'''[Sve97]''' [http://www.uni-vologda.ac.ru/~c3c/engl/index.html ''S. Sverdlov''] - '''Big small Oberon language''' - PC Week Russia, No. 35, Sep. 1997</span> <span id="Rue97b">'''[Rue97b]''' [https://public.ostfalia.de/~ruediger/forschung/index.html ''R. R&uuml;diger''] - '''Programmierung Erweiterbarer Systeme. Eine Kurzeinf&uuml;hrung in Oberon''' - Technischer Bericht, FH Braunschweig/Wolfenb&uuml;ttel, Juni 1997</span> <span id="Rue97a">'''[Rue97a]''' [https://public.ostfalia.de/~ruediger/forschung/index.html ''R. R&uuml;diger''] - '''Aspekte der Auswahl von Programmiersprachen f&uuml;r die Lehre. Ein Diskussionbeitrag -- Argumente f&uuml;r Oberon als erste Sprache im Informatik-Studium''' - Technischer Bericht, FH Braunschweig/Wolfenb&uuml;ttel, August 1997 - Plain Postscript</span> <span id="Kna97c">'''[Kna97c]''' [https://ssw.jku.at/General/Staff/MK/Publications.html ''M. Knasm&uuml;ller''] - '''Oberon-D''' - 7th ECOOP Workshop for Doctoral Students in Object-Oriented Systems, Jyv&auml;skyl&auml;, Jun. 1997 - System Software Group papers</span> <span id="Kna97b">'''[Kna97b]''' [https://ssw.jku.at/General/Staff/MK/Publications.html ''M. Knasm&uuml;ller''] - '''Adding Schema Evolution to the Persistent Development Environment Oberon-D''' - Department of System Software, Linz University, Technical Report 10, Jun. 1997 - System Software Group papers</span> <span id="QSW97">'''[QSW97]''' ''Qiu X., Schaufelberger W. and Wang J.'' - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474667017436330 '''Applying Object-Orientation to Developing an Integrated Environment for Computer-Aided Control System Design'''] - IFAC Symposium on CACSD, 179-184, Gent, Apr. 1997</span> <span id="Hre97">'''[Hre97]''' ''F. Hrebabetzky'' - '''Closed-Loop Control with Oberon''' - Software - Concepts and Tools ([https://www.springer.com/ Springer-Verlag]), Volume 18:2, 73-79, 1997</span> <span id="Moe97">'''[Moe97]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck (Ed.)'' - '''Joint Modular Languages Conference, JMLC'97 Linz, Austria March 19-21, 1997, Proceedings''' - [https://www.springer.com/ Springer] LNCS 1204, 1997, {{#isbn:3-540-62599-2}}</span> *<span id="Kis97">'''[Kis97]''' ''T. Kistler'' - '''Dynamic Runtime Optimization''' - JMLC'97, p. 53-66</span> :<p><span id="SuN97">'''[SuN97]''' ''J. Supcik, M. C. Norrie'' - '''An Object-Oriented Database Programming Environment for Oberon''' - JMLC'97, p. 82-96 - Abstract and gnu-compressed PS</span></p> :<p><span id="Kna97a">'''[Kna97a]''' ''M. Knasm&uuml;ller'' - '''Adding Persistence to the Oberon System''' - JMLC'97, p. 97-111 - System Software Group papers; see also [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Reports/Report6.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Reports/Report6.html]</span></p> :<p><span id="RoS97">'''[RoS97]''' ''P. Roe and C. Szyperski'' - '''Lightweight Parametric Polymorphism for Oberon''' - JMLC'97, p. 140-154 - Postscript compressed</span></p> :<p><span id="Sch97">'''[Sch97]''' ''D. Scherer'' - '''A Messaging Architecture for Distributed Objects in Oberon''' - JMLC'97, p. 182-196</span></p> :<p><span id="Hof97">'''[Hof97]''' ''M. Hof'' - '''Just-in-Time Stub Generation''' - JMLC'97, p. 197-206 - System Software Group papers</span></p> :<p><span id="Gut97">'''[Gut97]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''Do the Fish Really Need Remote Control? A Proposal for Self-Active Objects in Oberon''' - '''JMLC'97, p. 207-220 - '''Postscript text.</span></p> :<p><span id="DiR97">'''[DiR97]''' ''A. R. Disteli and P. Reali'' - '''Combining Oberon with Active Objects''' - JMLC'97, p. 221-235 [{{color|red|abstract}}] [{{color|red|plain}}] or [{{color|red|gnu-compressed PS}} Postscript]</span></p> :<p><span id="Ste97">'''[Ste97]''' ''C. Steindl'' - '''Reflection in Oberon''' - JMLC'97, p. 282-296 - System Software Group papers</span></p> :<p><span id="Zel97">'''[Zel97]''' ''E. Zeller'' - '''Seamless Integration of Online Services in the Oberon Document System''' - JMLC'97, p. 366-379 - gnu-compressed PS</span></p> <span id="Fra97a">'''[Fra97a]''' ''M. Franz'' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Programming-Language-Lagoona-A-Fresh-Look-at-Franz/5cc4d8d9415a3442b3189e9b8f0f0599344bc472 '''The Programming Language Lagoona: A Fresh Look at Object-Orientation'''] - Software - Concepts and Tools ([https://www.springer.com/ Springer-Verlag]), Volume 18:1, 14-26, Mar. 1997 - pdf document</span> <span id="Fra97b">'''[Fra97b]''' ''M. Franz'' - [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-62852-5_19 '''Adaptive Compression of Syntax Trees and Iterative Dynamic Code Optimization: Two Basic Technologies for Mobile-Object Systems'''] - Technical Report 97-04, Dept. of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Feb. 1997</span> <span id="GuF96">'''[GuF96]''' ''J. Gutknecht and M. Franz'' - '''Towards a Framework for Mobile Objects in Oberon - A Concept-Oriented Tour''' - Technical Report 96-55, Dept. of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Dec. 1996</span> <span id="DoG96">'''[DoG96]''' ''G. Dotzel and H. Goebel'' - [https://www.modulaware.com/mdlt66.htm '''Porting the Oberon System to AlphaAXP'''] - ACM Sigplan Notices, 31:11, Nov. 1996 - HTML document</span> <span id="BBS96">'''[BBS96]''' ''R. Back'', ''M. B&uuml;chi'' and [http://www.cas.mcmaster.ca/~emil/ ''E. Sekerinski''] - '''Adding Type-Bound Actions to Action-Oberon''' - TUCS Technical Report No. 66, Abo Akademi University, Finland, Nov. 1996 - HTML document</span> <span id="MoK96">'''[MoK96]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck and K. Koskimies'' - [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/ActiveTexts.html '''Active Text for Structuring and Understanding Source Code'''] - Software - Practice and Experience, 26:7, 833-850, Jul. 1996 - System Software Group papers</span> <span id="Fra96">'''[Fra96]''' ''M. Franz'' - '''Dynamic Linking of Software Components''' - IEEE Computer, 30:3, pp. 74-81, March 1997 and Technical Report 96-26, Dept. of Information and Computer Science, UCI, Jun. 1996</span> <span id="FrK96">'''[FrK96]''' ''M. Franz and T. Kistler'' - '''Slim Binaries''' - Communications of the ACM, 40:12, pp. 87-94, December 1997 and Technical Report 96-24, Dept. of Information and Computer Science, UCI, Jun. 1996</span> <span id="Wir96c">'''[Wir96c]''' ''N. Wirth'' - [http://norayr.am/papers/WirthTasksVersusThreads.pdf '''Tasks versus Threads: An Alternative Multiprocessing Paradigm'''] - Software - Concepts and Tools ([https://www.springer.com/ Springer-Verlag]), Volume 17:1, 6-12, 1996</span> <span id="Saw96">'''[Saw96]''' ''G. Sawitzki'' - [https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/21468/ '''Extensible Statistical Software: On a Voyage to Oberon'''] - Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5.3, 263-283, Sep. 1996.</span> <span id="Mar96b">'''[Mar96b]''' ''J. L. Marais'' - [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1390806?seq=1 '''Extensible Software Systems in Oberon'''] - Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5.3, 284-298, Sep. 1996</span> <span id="Rue9">'''[Rue96]''' ''R. R&uuml;diger'' - [https://public.ostfalia.de/~ruediger/forschung/fh_hh.pdf '''Programmierung Erweiterbarer Systeme. Die Oberon-Sicht'''] - Technische Berichte Nr. 29: 1. Norddeutsches Kolloquium &uuml;ber Informatik an Fachhochschulen (26.-27. April), Juli 1996 Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informatik, FH Hamburg - Plain Postscript</span> <span id="Kot96">'''[Kot96]''' ''M. Kottmann'' - [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/555318?section=abstract '''Combined Modelling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems using Oberon'''] - Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on CACSD, Dearborn, 358-362, 1996</span> <span id="Gut95b">'''[Gut95b]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - [https://www.modulaware.com/mdlt58.htm '''Oberon in Education'''] - Modulator Tech Journal, 5:8, Jul. 1995 - HTML document</span> <span id="n/a0">'''[n/a]''' '''First Joint Conference of GI and SI''', GISI'95, Z&uuml;rich, 21 Sep. 1995 - Abstracts</span> *<span id="Gut95a">'''[Gut95a]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''The Smart Document or how to Integrate Global Services''' - GISI'95</span> :<p><span id="Som95">'''[Som95]''' ''R. Sommerer'' - '''Integrating Oberon Resources into the World-Wide Web''' - GISI'95</span></p> :<p><span id="Kna95">'''[Kna95]''' ''M. Knasm&uuml;ller'' - '''Oberon Dialogs: A User Interface for End Users''' - GISI'95 - System Software Group papers; see also [https://ssw.jku.at/Teaching/MasterTheses/Dialogs/ master thesis] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Papers/Kna95.html research paper]</span></p> :<p><span id="Mos95">'''[Mos95]''' ''B. M&ouml;sli'' - '''A Comparison of C++, FORTRAN 90 and Oberon-2 for Scientific Programming''' - GISI'95 - HTML document</span></p> <span id="Hof95">'''[Hof95]''' ''M. Hof'' - [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/RunTimeDebugger/ '''A Run Time Debugger for Oberon'''] - Department of System Software, Linz University, Technical Report 5, Aug. 1995 - Postscript compressed</span> <span id="BFD95">'''[BFD95]''' ''C. Berthouzoz, P. Fabian, G. Dotzel'' - '''Extensibilit&eacute; et persistance''' - L'Object: Logiciel, base de donn&eacute;es, r&eacute;seaux - Vol. 1, no. 2, juin 1995 - HTML document</span> <span id="Fan95">'''[Fan95]''' ''G. Fankhauser'' - '''Oberon/F Component Framework''' - ComputerWorld Schweiz, 13. Apr. 1995 - HTML document</span> <span id="Cre95">'''[Cre95]''' ''R. Crelier'' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Extending-Module-Interfaces-without-Invalidating-Crelier/a509d3eb83a0d6ce68dfb13e1ba83c7ce32b10f3 '''Extending Module Interfaces without Invalidating Clients'''] - Software - Concepts and Tools ([https://www.springer.com/ Springer-Verlag]), Volume 16:2, 49-62, 1995</span> <span id="Fra95">'''[Fra95]''' ''M. Franz'' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Protocol-Extension%3A-A-Technique-for-Structuring-Franz/63ee36869cbb376d66780b533d052d647f70243b '''Protocol Extension: A Technique for Structuring Large extensible Software Systems'''] - Software - Concepts and Tools ([https://www.springer.com/ Springer-Verlag]), Volume 16:2, 86-94, 1995</span> <span id="Pou95">'''[Pou95]''' ''D. Pountain'' - [https://sites.google.com/site/dicknewsite/home/computing/byte-articles/oberon-f '''The Oberon/F System'''] - BYTE 20(1), Jan. 1995</span> <span id="ScD95">'''[ScD95]''' ''C. Schramer, G. Dotzel'' - [https://www.modulaware.com/mdltcs.htm '''Das OpenVMS Alpha Modula-2 und Oberon-2 Compiler Projekt'''] - Deckblatt 12, 1994 and Ubaye's First Independent Modula-2 & Oberon-2 Journal, Jan 1995 - HTML document in German</span> <span id="Tem94c">'''[Tem94c]''' ''J. Templ'' - [https://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/the-oberon-programming-language/184409405 '''The Oberon Programming language'''] - Dr. Dobb's SourceBook, Winter 1994 - Abstract</span> <span id="Tem94d">'''[Tem94d]''' ''J. Templ'' - [http://folk.ntnu.no/haugwarb/Programming/Oberon/oberon_vs_cpp.htm '''Oberon vs. C++'''] - Modulator Tech Journal, 4:9, Oct. 1994 - HTML document</span> <span id="Mar94a">'''[Mar94a]''' ''J. L. Marais'' - [https://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/oberon-system-3/184409324 '''Oberon System 3'''] - Dr. Dobb's Journal, Volume 19, 42-50, Oct. 1994 - Abstract</span> <span id="Tem94b">'''[Tem94b]''' ''J. Templ'' - '''Vergleich der Programmiersprachen Oberon und C++''' - iX. Multiuser, Multitasking, Issue 9, 138-143, 1994</span> <span id="Gri94">'''[Gri94]''' ''R. Griesemer'' - '''Detection of Side-Effects in Function Procedures''' - International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, Technical Report TR-94-032, Sep. 1994 - Abstract, gnu-compressed PS</span> <span id="Scu94">'''[Scu94]''' ''P. Schulthess (Ed.)'' - '''Joint Modular Languages Conference, JMLC'94 Ulm, Germany 28-30 Sep., 1994, Proceedings''' - Universit&auml;tsverlag Ulm GmbH, 1994, {{#isbn:3-89559-220-X}}</span> *<span id="TSP94">'''[TSP94]''' ''E. Templ, A. Stritzinger and G. Pomberger'' - '''Process Visualization with Oberon System 3 and Gadgets''' - JMLC'94, p. 13-20 - Postscript compressed</span> :<p><span id="NTH94">'''[NTH94]''' ''A. E. Nedorya, E. V. Tarasov and A. D. Hapugin'' - '''Restricted Multiple Inheritance''' - JMLC'94, p. 21-29</span></p> :<p><span id="Fra94c">'''[Fra94c]''' ''M. Franz'' - '''Compiler Optimizations Should Pay for Themselves''' - JMLC'94, p. 111-121</span></p> :<p><span id="Bra94">'''[Bra94]''' ''M.M. Brandis'' - '''Building an Optimizing Compiler for Oberon: Implication on Programming Language Design''' - JMLC'94, p. 123-136</span></p> :<p><span id="Hof94">'''[Hof94]''' ''M. Hof'' - '''Post Mortem Debugger for Oberon''' - JMLC'94, p. 137-145 - System Software Group papers</span></p> :<p><span id="MuD94">'''[MuD94]''' ''P.J. Muller and P.J.A. de Villiers'' - '''Using Oberon to Design a Hierarchy of Extensible Device Drivers''' - JMLC'94, p. 147-158</span></p> :<p><span id="BGS94">'''[BGS94]''' ''E. Bugnion, M. Gitsels and B. A. Sanders'' - '''Object-oriented distributed programming in the Oberon-PVM environment''' - JMLC'94, p. 173-187</span></p> :<p><span id="Tra94">'''[Tra94]''' ''S. Traub'' - '''The Design of a Distributed Oberon System''' - JMLC'94, p. 189-200 - HTML document</span></p> :<p><span id="Dyk94">'''[Dyk94]''' ''P. Dykstra'' - '''An O-O Functional Logic Language for the Oberon System''' - JMLC'94, p. 249-272</span></p> :<p><span id="Lam94">'''[Lam94]''' ''J. Lampe'' - '''An Oberon-Based Implementation Tool''' - JMLC'94, p. 303-312</span></p> :<p><span id="KiN94">'''[KiN94]''' ''B. Kirk and L. Nigro'' - '''A Distributed Architecture for Real Time, in Oberon-2''' - JMLC'94, p. 325-366</span></p> :<p><span id="Gut94a">'''[Gut94a]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''Oberon - Perpectives of Evolution''' - JMLC'94, p. 395-406</span></p> :<p><span id="Mar94b">'''[Mar94b]''' ''J. L. Marais'' - '''Towards End-User Objects: The Gadgets User Interface System''' - JMLC'94, p. 407-420</span></p> :<p><span id="ABV94">'''[ABV94]''' ''F. Arickx, J. Broeckhove, T. Van den Eede, L. Vinck'' - '''PC-Oberon: Native Oberon on the PC compatible (ISA) platform''' - JMLC'94, p. 471-480</span></p> :<p><span id="Dot94">'''[Dot94]''' ''G. Dotzel'' - '''Alpha AXP/OpenVMS Modula-2 and Oberon-2 Compiler Project''' - JMLC'94, p. 481-503 - HTML document</span></p> :<p><span id="GFO94">'''[GFO94]''' ''J. Gesswein, K. Froitzheim, R. Ondrus, O. Schirpf'' - '''Bringing the Oberon Language to the Macintosh''' - JMLC'94, p. 505-519 - HTML document</span></p> <span id="GQS94">'''[GQS94]''' ''Glattfelder A.H., Qiu X., Schaufelberger W., and Reimann K.'' - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474667017459064 '''Educational Simulation Software in Oberon'''] - Proc. of the 3rd Symposium on Advances in Control Education, Tokyo, 107-110, Aug. 1994</span> <span id="Nau94b">'''[Nau94b]''' ''D. A. Naumann'' - [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/647320.721191 '''Predicate transformer semantics of an Oberon-like language'''] - Proceedings of the IFIP WG2.1/WG2.2/WG2.3 Conference on Programming Languages, 467-487, Jun. 1994</span> <span id="ScQ94">'''[ScQ94]''' ''W. Schaufelberger and X. Qiu'' - '''Control Engineering Courseware Development with Oberon''' - Proc. Int. Conference on Computer Aided Learning in Science and Engineering, Paris, 477-480, 1994</span> <span id="QiS94">'''[QiS94]''' ''X. Qiu and W. Schaufelberger'' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Title%3A-Computer-aided-Control-System-Design-with-3-Qiu-Schaufelberger/3e5ebd5354f2a81c460c94a52b9118831fcb257a '''Control System Design with Oberon'''] - Proc. of the IEEE/IFAC Joint Symposium on CACSD, Tucson, 271-276, Mar. 1994</span> <span id="PoS94">'''[PoS94]''' ''D. Pountain and C. Szyperski'' - '''Extensible Software Systems, Subtyping or Subclassing?, Inheritance or Delegation?''' - BYTE 19(5), 57-62, May 1994</span> <span id="Gut94">'''[Gut94]''' ''J. Gutknecht (Ed.)'' - '''Programming Languages and System Architectures, International Conference, Z&uuml;rich, Switzerland, March 1994, Proceedings''' [https://www.springer.com/ Springer] LNCS 782, 1997, {{#isbn:3-540-57840-4}}</span> *<span id="CoG94">'''[CoG94]''' ''D. Corney and J. Gough'' - '''Type Test Elimination using Typeflow Analysis''' - PLSA'94, p. 137-150 - Plain Postscript</span> :<p><span id="Fra94b">'''[Fra94b]''' ''M. Franz'' - '''Technological Steps toward a Software Component Industry''' - PLSA'94, p. 259-281</span></p> :<p><span id="Rad94">'''[Rad94]''' ''A. Radenski'' - '''Is Oberon as Simple as Possible? A Smaller Object-Oriented Language Based on the Concept of Module Type''' - PLSA'94, p. 298-312 - HTML document.</span></p> :<p><span id="Nau94a">'''[Nau94a]''' ''D. A. Naumann'' - '''On the Essence of Oberon''' - PLSA'94, p. 313-327</span></p> :<p><span id="LaS94">'''[LaS94]''' ''S. Lalis and B. Sanders'' - '''Adding Concurrency to the Oberon System''' - PLSA'94, p. 328-344</span></p> <span id="Gut94b">'''[Gut94b]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Oberon-System-3%3A-Vision-of-a-Future-Software-Gutknecht/8db23b467f19d7c80a8c69556f83f9ff26862f9c '''Oberon System 3: A Vision of a Future Software Technology'''] - Software - Concepts and Tools ([https://www.springer.com/ Springer-Verlag]), Volume 15:1, 26-33, 1994</span> <span id="Saw94">'''[Saw94]''' ''G. Sawitzki'' - '''A Portable, Object-Oriented Extensible Statistical Programming Environment Based on Oberon''' - Proceedings in Computational Statistics (Compstat 1994), 158-159, 1994</span> <span id="Moe94">'''[Moe94]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck'' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Extensibility-in-the-Oberon-System-M%C3%B6ssenb%C3%B6ck/46c3831f428efbbe150ea2f1f54c39d63d12b165 '''Extensibility in the Oberon System'''] - Nordic Journal of Computing, Vol. 1, 77-93, Jan. 1994 - Postscript compressed</span> <span id="HeZ93">'''[HeZ93]''' ''R. Henderson, B. Zorn'' - '''A Comparison of Object-Oriented Programming in Four Modern Languages''' - Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado - Technical report CU-CS-641-93, Jul. 1993</span> <span id="Fra93a">'''[Fra93a]''' ''M. Franz'' - [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spe.4380230607 '''Emulating an Operating System on Top of Another'''] - Software - Practice and Experience, 23:6, 677-692, Jun. 1993 - PDF document</span> <span id="Fra93b">'''[Fra93b]''' ''M. Franz'' - [http://oberon2005.oberoncore.ru/paper/mf1993b.pdf '''The case for universal symbol files'''] - Structured Programming, 14:3, 136-147, Mar. 1993 - PDF document</span> <span id="Gut92">'''[Gut92]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''Project Oberon: Make it as simple as possible but not simpler''' - OUTPUT Jublil&auml;umausgabe, 38-44, Dec. 1992</span> <span id="HeP92">'''[HeP92]''' ''B. Heeb and C. Pfister'' - [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-57091-8_40 '''Chameleon: A Workstation of a Different Color'''] - Second International Workshop on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications, Vienna - [https://www.springer.com/ Springer] LNCS 705. 1992, {{#isbn:3-540-57091-8}}</span> <span id="Tem91">'''[Tem91]''' ''J. Templ'' - [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Design-and-Implementation-of-SPARC-Oberon-Templ/670c39fc34c4f916e78171a0f1e789bd0f95977d '''Design and Implementation of SPARC-Oberon'''] - Software - Practice and Experience, 23:12, 197-205, Dec. 1991</span> <span id="Mar91">'''[Mar91]''' ''J. Marais'' - '''The Gadgets User Interface Management System''' - Structured Programming, 12, 75-89, 1991</span> <span id="MoW91a">'''[MoW91a]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck and N. Wirth'' - [https://oberoncore.ru/_media/library/moessenboeck_wirth_differences_between_oberon_and_oberon-2.pdf '''Differences between Oberon and Oberon-2'''] - Structured Programming, 12:4, 175-177, 1991</span> <span id="MoW91b">'''[MoW91b]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck and N. Wirth'' - [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm '''The Programming Language Oberon-2'''] - Structured Programming, 12:4, 179-195, 1991 - System Software Group papers</span> <span id="Pou91">'''[Pou91]''' ''D. Pountain'' - '''Modula's Children, Part II: Oberon''' - BYTE 16(3), 135-142, Mar. 1991</span> <span id="Pou90">'''[Pou90]''' ''D. Pountain'' - '''Oberon: A Glimpse at the Future''' - BYTE 15(2), 385-392, Nov. 1990</span> <span id="WiG89">'''[WiG89]''' ''N. Wirth and J. Gutknecht'' - '''[https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon/PO.System.pdf The Oberon System]''' - Software - Practice and Experience, 19:9, 857-893, 1989</span> <span id="MoT89">'''[MoT89]''' ''H. M&ouml;ssenb&ouml;ck and J. Templ'' - '''Object Oberon - A Modest Object-Oriented Language''' - Structured Programming, 10:4, 199-207, 1989</span> <span id="BPS89">'''[BPS89]''' ''G. Blaschek, G. Pomberger, A Stritzinger'' - [https://se.jku.at/a-comparison-of-object-oriented-languages/ '''Comparison of Object-Oriented Programming languages'''] - Structured Programming, 10:4, 187-197, 1989</span> <span id="Gut89a">'''[Gut89a]''' ''J. Gutknecht'' - '''Variations on the Role of Module Interfaces''' - Structured Programming, 10:1, 40-46, 1989</span> <span id="Wir89">'''[Wir89]''' ''N. Wirth'' - '''Designing a System from Scratch''' - Structured Programming, 10:1, 10-18, 1989</span> <span id="Wir88b">'''[Wir88b]''' ''N. Wirth'' - [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spe.4380180707 '''The Programming Language Oberon'''] - Software - Practice and Experience, 18:7, 671-690, Jul. 1988 Note: A revised version appears in the Appendix A of Programming in Oberon and as HTML document</span> <span id="Wir88a">'''[Wir88a]''' ''N. Wirth'' - '''From Modula to Oberon''' - Software - Practice and Experience, 18:7, 661-670, Jul. 1988</span> <span id="Wir88c">'''[Wir88c]''' ''N. Wirth'' - [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/42190.46167 '''Type Extensions'''] - ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 10:2, 204-214, Apr. 1988</span> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="BP">Background Papers</div> <span id="Hen99">'''[Hen99]''' ''Gregor Henger'' - '''Technologiestandort Schweiz''' - [https://www.nzz.ch/ Neue Z&uuml;rcher Zeitung], 14 May 1999 - Oberon microsystems HTML document copy</span> <span id="KeR98">'''[KeR98]''' ''K. Kelly and S. Reiss'' - [https://www.wired.com/1998/08/jini/ '''One Huge Computer'''] - Wired, Issue 6.08, Aug. 1998 - HTML document</span> <span id="Ger99">'''[Ger99]''' ''B. Gerber'' - '''Ein digitaler Querdenker tritt ab''' - [https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ Tages-Anzeiger] - HTML document 26 Mar. 1999</span> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="Lecture">Lecture</div> <span id="Wir14">'''[Wir14]''' ''N. Wirth'' - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXY78gPMvl0 '''Reviving a Computer System of 25 Years Ago''']</span> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="Web">Web Sites</div> <span id="Wir">'''[Wir]''' ''N. Wirth'' - [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ '''Niklaus Wirth''']</span> <span id="Ree">'''[Ree]''' ''P. Reed'' - [https://www.projectoberon.com '''Project Oberon'''], 2015-present</span> <span id="Kel">'''[Kel]''' ''R. Keller'' - [https://github.com/rochus-keller/Oberon '''Oberon''']</span> <span id="Zn">'''[Zn]''' ''H. Zinn'' - [http://www.zinnamturm.eu '''Component Pascal Collection''']</span> <span id="clm">'''[comp.lang.modula2]''' '' '' - archive of [https://www.usenetarchives.com/threads.php?id=comp.lang.modula2 '''comp.lang.modula2'''], includes early discussions of Oberon.</span> <span id="clo">'''[comp.lang.oberon]''' '' '' - archive of [https://www.usenetarchives.com/threads.php?id=comp.lang.oberon '''comp.lang.oberon''']</span> <span id="Ev">'''[Ev]''' ''D. E. Evans'' - [http://oberon07.com '''A resource for the Oberon-07 language''']</span> <span id="GAUG">'''[GAUG]''' ''Georg-August-Universit&auml;t G&ouml;ttingen, GWDG'' - [https://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/oberon/ '''Oberon archive''']</span> <span id="IAD">'''[IAD]''' ''Иван Андреевич Денисов (Ivan Andreevich Denisov)'' - '''Catalog of Oberon Resources''': [https://oberon.org/ru '''Ru'''], [https://oberon.org/uk '''Uk'''], [https://oberon.org/en '''En'''], [https://oberon.org/de '''De''']</span> <span id="Rom">'''[Rom]''' ''Romiras'' - [https://github.com/Spirit-of-Oberon/Oberon-Language-revisions/commits?author=romiras '''Oberon Language revisions'''], beginning 1990-10-01</span> <span id="Ram">'''[Ram]''' ''Andres Ramos'' - [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Ramos|'''Oberon Channel in Youtube''']]</span> <div style="font-weight: bold; font-size:1.5rem; line-height:2.2" id="Unpublished">Unpublished documents</div> <span id="Flo98a">'''[Flo98a]''' ''P. Floyd'' - '''A discussion of Oberon''' - Jul 1998 - HTML document.</span> <span id="Flo98b">'''[Flo98b]''' ''P. Floyd'' - '''A description of Oberon-2''' - Aug 1998 - HTML document</span> <span id="n/a1">'''[n/a]''' '''ETH Students Projects''' - Projects grouped by semesters</span> <span id="BrH98">'''[BrH98]''' ''R. Brega and M. Honegger'' - [http://www.ifr.mavt.ethz.ch/research/xoberon/ '''The Hard Real-Time Operating System for Mechatronics'''] - ETHZ Institute of Robotics, Jun. 1998 - HTML document</span> <span id="Bor94">'''[Bor94]''' [https://www.uni-ulm.de/mawi/institut-fuer-numerische-mathematik/institut/mitarbeiter/dr-andreas-f-borchert/ ''A. Borchert''] - [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/0.5/articles/oc.report.html '''Report of Ulm's Oberon Compiler'''] - Ulm's Oberon System Reference, Sektion Angewandte Informatik, Universit&auml;t Ulm, 1994 - HTML document</span> <span id="OMS97a">'''[OMS97a]''' [https://oberon.ch/ Oberon Microsystems Inc.] - [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm:978-3-322-86866-4/1.pdf '''Component Pascal Language Report'''] - HTML document</span> <span id="OMS97b">'''[OMS97b]''' Oberon Microsystems Inc. - '''Component Pascal''' - HTML document</span> <span style="font-size:smaller">''22 Jan 2003 - Copyright &copy; 2003 ETH Z&uuml;rich. All rights reserved.''<br /> ''E-Mail: oberon at lists.inf.ethz.ch''</span><br /> ''Homepage: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191219125640/http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/ http://www.ethoberon.ethz.ch/]'' {{Reflist|refs= }}</div> <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = V5 | next = Booting }} {{BookCat}} cz9xiegmpik1tnybw28yrz3j7gzt3ty 0 433317 4672909 4664977 2026-09-29T11:18:31Z ILYA125467 3627024 Fixed colors 4672909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3900x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; 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|----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3919x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|391Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|391Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|391Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|391Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|391Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|391Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3920x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; 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|----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3925x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3926x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3927x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3928x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3929x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|392Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|392Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|392Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|392Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|392Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|392Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3930x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3931x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3932x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3933x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3934x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3935x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3936x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3937x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3938x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3939x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|393Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|393Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|393Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|393Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|393Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|393Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3940x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3941x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3942x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3943x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3944x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3945x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3946x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3947x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3948x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3949x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|394Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|394Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|394Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|394Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|394Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|394Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3950x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3951x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3952x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3953x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3954x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3955x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3956x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3957x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3958x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3959x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|395Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|395Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|395Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|395Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|395Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|395Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3960x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3961x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3962x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3963x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3964x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3965x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3966x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3967x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3968x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3969x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|396Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|396Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|396Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|396Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|396Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|396Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3970x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3971x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3972x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3973x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3974x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3975x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3976x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3977x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3978x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3979x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|397Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|397Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|397Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|397Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|397Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|397Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3980x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3981x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3982x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3983x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3984x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3985x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3986x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3987x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3988x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3989x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|398Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|398Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|398Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|398Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|398Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|398Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3990x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3991x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3992x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3993x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3994x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3995x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3996x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3997x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3998x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3999x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|399Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|399Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|399Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|399Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|399Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|399Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39A9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39AAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39ABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39ACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39ADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39AEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39AFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39B9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39BAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39BBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39BCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39BDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39BEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39BFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39C9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39CAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39CBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39CCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39CDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39DBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39DCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39DDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39DEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39DFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39FBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39FCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39FDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39FEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|39FFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} osqy0af8qcbylyfkvwnqog89mh8nm0b 0 433328 4672823 4672523 2026-09-28T17:36:33Z ILYA125467 3627024 Fixed colors 4672823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A00x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A01x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A02x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A03x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A04x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A05x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A06x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A07x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A08x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A09x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A10x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A11x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A12x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A13x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A14x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A15x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A16x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A17x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A18x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A19x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A20x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A21x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A22x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A23x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A24x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A25x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A26x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A29x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Eskaya''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A30x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A31x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A32x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A33x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A34x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A35x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A36x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A37x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A38x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A39x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A40x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A41x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A42x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A43x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A44x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A45x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A46x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A47x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A48x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A49x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A50x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A51x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A52x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A53x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A54x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A55x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A56x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A57x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A58x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A59x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A60x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A61x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A62x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A63x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A64x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A65x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A66x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A67x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A68x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A69x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A70x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A71x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A72x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A73x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A74x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A75x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Rejang Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A76x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A77x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kaida''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A78x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A79x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Naxi Dongba''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A80x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A81x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A82x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A83x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A84x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A85x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A86x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A87x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A88x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A89x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A90x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A91x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A92x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A93x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A94x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A95x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A96x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A97x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A98x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A99x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AAAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AAEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AAFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Naxi Geba''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kana Extended-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kana Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-2|&#x1aff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-3|&#x1aff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-4|&#x1aff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-5|&#x1aff3;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}}"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-7|&#x1aff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-8|&#x1aff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-1|&#x1aff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-2|&#x1aff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-3|&#x1aff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-4|&#x1affa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-5|&#x1affb;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}}"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-7|&#x1affd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-8|&#x1affe;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}}"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 7bhx3rr8xq3yuoqctg1qf2z79t305h3 0 433335 4672732 4672519 2026-09-28T12:15:59Z ILYA125467 3627024 Most of Jurchen Radicals 4672732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Jurchen (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1900x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1901x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1902x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1903x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1904x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1905x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1906x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1907x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1908x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1909x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1910x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1911x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1912x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1913x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1914x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1915x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1916x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1917x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1918x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1919x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Jurchen Radicals''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;{{18.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-01|&#x191a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-02|&#x191a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-03|&#x191a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-04|&#x191a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-05|&#x191a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-06|&#x191a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-07|&#x191a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-08|&#x191a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-09|&#x191a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-10|&#x191a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-11|&#x191aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-12|&#x191ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-13|&#x191ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-14|&#x191ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-15|&#x191ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-16|&#x191af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{18.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-17|&#x191b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-18|&#x191b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-19|&#x191b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-20|&#x191b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-21|&#x191b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-22|&#x191b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-23|&#x191b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-24|&#x191b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-25|&#x191b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-26|&#x191b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-27|&#x191ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-28|&#x191bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-29|&#x191bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-30|&#x191bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-31|&#x191be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-32|&#x191bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khitan Large Script''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1920x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1921x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1922x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1923x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1924x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1925x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1926x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1927x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1928x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1929x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1930x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1931x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1932x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1933x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1934x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1935x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1936x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1937x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1938x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1939x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1940x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1941x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1942x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1943x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1944x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1945x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1946x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1947x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1948x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1949x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1950x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1951x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1952x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1953x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1954x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1955x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1956x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1957x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1958x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1959x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1960x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1961x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1962x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1963x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1964x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1965x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1966x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1967x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1968x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1969x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1970x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1971x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1972x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1973x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1974x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1975x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1976x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1977x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1978x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1979x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1980x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1981x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1982x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1983x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1984x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1985x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1986x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1987x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1988x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1989x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1990x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1991x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1992x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1993x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1994x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1995x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1996x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1997x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1998x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1999x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19AAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19ABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19ACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19ADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19AEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19AFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 2ievplloos835suub5kp9p8i1ml94hy 4672821 4672732 2026-09-28T17:32:05Z ILYA125467 3627024 Finished Adding Jurchen Radicals 4672821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Jurchen (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1900x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1901x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1902x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1903x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1904x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1905x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1906x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1907x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1908x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1909x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1910x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1911x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1912x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1913x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1914x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1915x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1916x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1917x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1918x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1919x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Jurchen Radicals''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;{{18.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-01|&#x191a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-02|&#x191a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-03|&#x191a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-04|&#x191a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-05|&#x191a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-06|&#x191a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-07|&#x191a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-08|&#x191a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-09|&#x191a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-10|&#x191a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-11|&#x191aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-12|&#x191ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-13|&#x191ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-14|&#x191ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-15|&#x191ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-16|&#x191af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{18.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-17|&#x191b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-18|&#x191b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-19|&#x191b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-20|&#x191b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-21|&#x191b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-22|&#x191b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-23|&#x191b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-24|&#x191b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-25|&#x191b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-26|&#x191b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-27|&#x191ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-28|&#x191bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-29|&#x191bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-30|&#x191bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-31|&#x191be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-32|&#x191bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{18.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-33|&#x191c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-34|&#x191c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-35|&#x191c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-36|&#x191c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-37|&#x191c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-38|&#x191c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-39|&#x191c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-40|&#x191c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-41|&#x191c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-42|&#x191c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-43|&#x191ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-44|&#x191cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-45|&#x191cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-46|&#x191cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-47|&#x191ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-48|&#x191cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Dx |style="{{18.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-49|&#x191d0;}}||style="{{18.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-50|&#x191d1;}}||style="{{18.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN RADICAL-51|&#x191d2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khitan Large Script''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1920x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1921x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1922x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1923x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1924x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1925x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1926x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1927x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1928x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1929x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1930x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1931x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1932x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1933x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1934x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1935x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1936x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1937x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1938x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1939x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1940x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1941x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1942x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1943x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1944x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1945x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1946x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1947x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1948x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1949x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1950x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1951x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1952x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1953x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1954x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1955x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1956x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1957x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1958x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1959x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1960x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1961x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1962x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1963x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1964x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1965x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1966x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1967x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1968x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1969x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1970x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1971x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1972x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1973x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1974x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1975x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1976x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1977x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1978x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1979x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1980x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1981x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1982x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1983x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1984x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1985x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1986x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1987x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1988x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1989x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1990x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1991x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1992x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1993x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1994x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1995x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1996x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1997x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1998x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1999x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19A9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19AAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19ABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19ACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19ADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19AEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19AFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19B9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19BFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19C9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19DFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19FFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 33tn0c67dg9lyp6sa06z7uwwd73f2qv 3 442343 4672911 4672645 2026-09-29T11:26:24Z TechVindicator 3626296 /* Pages by User:Ruth M Bulyaba */ new section 4672911 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Talk Page Archives |- |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022|2022]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2023|2023]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2024|2024]] |} == That IP range calculator == Following [[phab:T381138|T381138]], I have now become the maintainer of the IP range calculator you like. You can find it [[toolforge:ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:10, 9 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == A merge and unmerge from two years ago == I was browsing through the history merge log when I saw that you merged [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] into [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]], and then promptly reverted it. What happened here exactly? Could I correct it? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Good question! I can't remember what I was trying to do, but it looks like I didn't succeed at what I wanted based on the log comment. You're just trying to history merge to get [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]] to have continuity of history? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:35, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::I think I figured out your mistake: it outright moved the revisions from the first page to the second, rather than copying them. This would have caused the other two [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] pages to have incomplete histories. I think the only solution would be to XML import the pre-April 2023 revisions from the first page to the other three, and I'm not sure if that's the best idea, and I am technically unable to do so. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:49, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Undeletion request == I wouldn't be surprised if you expected this, but I'd like to ask you to undelete the subpages of [[Rotorcraft Fundamentals]] you just deleted with the summary "Use of copyrighted work without permission. Please read Terms of Use: page needs to be imported for attribution", so that I can do that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:54, 14 January 2025 (UTC) :Done! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:57, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ::Upon further investigation, this might actually be a rare case where an [[WB:UT|unmerged transwiki]] is ''preferred'' (this is part of why I stopped calling them "bad transwikis"), since only a small portion of the Wikipedia article (with over 2,000 revisions) was copied over. Importation is generally only needed if the ''majority'' of the page is copied across wikis. I'll just leave a null edit providing attribution and add {{tlx|Copied}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 21:19, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Reusing [[Cookbook:8 Desserts in 1 Pan]] on wikiHow == Hi, I am a user on wikiHow, see [[wikihow:User:Xeverything11]]. I would like to create a new recipe on wikiHow. I wanted to let us know if I can give permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe from Wikibooks to wikiHow. I (as a copyright holder) created this recipe on Wikibooks, but you contributed to this recipe. If not, I'll use the revision before you contributed since I was the only author. Wikibooks uses CC-BY-SA 4.0 while wikiHow uses CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0, which both licenses are incompatible due to ShareAlike conditions. Thanks [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:27, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] I'm personally fine with this as long as proper attribution is given back to the original recipe page here. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:52, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::I adapted this [[wikihow:Make-8-Desserts-in-1-Pan|recipe]] on wikiHow with attribution, and got a Rising Star (an achievement used for best new articles on wikiHow). Thank you! [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikibooks community == Hi, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am trying to contribute more to English Wikibooks. My main contributions will focus on the Cookbook, especially on Indonesian recipes. Do you have a community group where we can discuss and share ideas together? I am looking forward to join. Thank you! [[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 08:47, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] Sorry I missed this, and welcome! Are you asking about a Cookbook-specific area for discussion? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:39, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. Do you know place for this? ::Thank you ::[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 09:41, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :::Honestly, there's not a centralized Cookbook-specific discussion space, especially since there aren't currently a ton of active contributors. Some people ask questions at [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. I'm currently the most consistently active and involved Cookbook editor, so feel free to ask me questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 22 January 2025 (UTC) == Congratulations! == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb|You get this now.]] You are now a permanent administrator. Welcome to the team (I am entitled to say this because I technically got the extension a few hours before you did)!{{FBDB}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 29 January 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:29, 29 January 2025 (UTC) == Is there a way to contact a Steward on WikiBooks? == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, Is there a way to contact a Steward on WB? I tried to find who the active Stewards are here at [[Special:ActiveUsers?username=&groups%5B%5D=steward&wpFormIdentifier=specialactiveusers]] but nothing shows up. The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the [[Wikimania-wiki]], but I just visited the [[wikimania 2014 wiki]] and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the [[Wikimania 2014 main-page talk]] but disovered that the Stewards have protected it. Is there a way wikibookians can communicate with Stewards at WB? Thanks in advance for answering this non-urgent question, and apologies for all the red-links which I can bluify if needed. Cheers [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:37, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] You can ask this on somewhere like [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:01, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <s>:@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] seconding what Leaderboard said—we no longer have any active stewards at enWB.</s> Had a brain fade there and mixed up stewards with bureaucrats. Yes, meta is the place for this. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::@Kittycataclysm,@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], or anyone else: ::Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb. I myself am indef-blocked at META so could not participate at [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]] even if I waned to. ::Since [[Wikimania]] is a topic of interest to all members of the [[wikimedia movement]] why can't wikibookians talk to thier elected representatives here? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:56, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] I can check with the blocking admin to see if they'd be willing to unblock you, if you'd like. The reason things like these are done at Meta is that Meta is a cross-project coordination platform - stewards ''cannot'' be expected to watch every project after all. Now you could message any steward here on Wikibooks if you really wanted to, but that is not normally a good idea. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:26, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Wikimania is the annual conference celebrating all the free knowledge projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). It is a wikimedia initiative which is meant to help all of our projects (including wikibooks), gain more readership, educate more wiki-editors, foster better communications, and much more. The wmf has been hosting a Wikimania-wiki dedicated to each Wikimania annual event since 2004. These wikis contain a wealth of information, but can benefit from wiki-improvements, starting from spelling and grammar errors that detract from their to appeal to the general membership. It would be nice if Stewards paid more attention to it. ::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], I truly appreciate your offer, but I posted this here not in order to get someone to advocate for one unblocking at META. As I said earlier: ::::* "Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb" ::::* "The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the Wikimania-wiki, but I just visited the wikimania 2014 wiki and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the Wikimania 2014 main-page talk but disovered that the Stewards have protected it" ::::I would much rather see more wikimedia members question blocking in general at META. One cannot run such large movement of people from different backgrounds and nationalities simply by silencing minorities IMIO. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Crystal ball]] == That page appears to be a mixture of isolated paragraphs from [[w:Crystal ball|Crystal ball]], hence my tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:04, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :Yep, that seems correct! I also queried it simply because it does not seem suitable for inclusion at all. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:09, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Question about an edit suggestion == Hi Kittycataclysm, Thanks for the great work you do as an admin! I wanted to clarify a suggestion you made on a recently published page I’m working on. You recommended splitting it into smaller sections—would you suggest creating separate pages for these sections, or would a higher-level header for some topics be sufficient? Any specific recommendations you have would be greatly appreciated! Here’s the link to the page I’m referring to: [[Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America]] Thank you! [[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]] ([[User talk:Svrmustafa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Svrmustafa|contribs]]) 18:19, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]], and thanks for asking! Splitting refers to creating new pages, each with a smaller amount of content. The main page should then contain a table of contents, and each page can contain a navigation template for easier navigation. I'll create the table of contents based on the current work and move some content to one of those pages as an example for you; then, you can do the rest. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) ::Following up on this—I noticed that you use the term "paper". However, technically Wikibooks hosts books not papers, so you should probably change this wording. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Talkback == {{Talkback|Cookbook talk:Chilli Crab|Recipe Questions}} [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 09:54, 19 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] I also made [[Cookbook:Prata|this]] [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:15, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Can you look at my latest recipe? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:10, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :I saw it! It needs a few corrections, which I'll note. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] How do you write recipe summary, correct headers [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 06:04, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :::Please see [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:08, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 02:33, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook == Hi there, Kittycataclysm. I wandered over here from Wikipedia, and I'm quite enamoured with this cookbook. I noticed you seem to be the one maintaining it, and I thought I'd reach out. Can I really just start cranking out recipes from public domain cookbooks and my family recipes? It's that simple? I was also wondering about the featured recipes section. There's not very many in there, and I imagine there's not very many folks around to do reviews compared to GAR on Wikipedia. How do you handle content review? Thanks. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:51, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] and welcome! For some context, the Cookbook has been around since the very beginning of Wikibooks, but it had gotten into a bit of disarray over the course of about two decades by the time I found it. I started the long process of overhauling, standardizing, and expanding it just over four years ago—I finished standardizing the recipe formatting and quality a while back and am currently working my way through the ingredient pages before moving on to equipment, techniques, and cuisines. You can absolutely add any public domain recipes as well as your own recipes—they just need to conform to the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] and [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy overall]]. It's even better if you've made the recipe and can contribute a nice picture and specific guidance/instructions/notes! Please feel free to ask me any questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and regarding the featured recipes section, I actually haven't gotten around to looking into that yet—there's been a lot to do! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:28, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::That's great, thanks a lot for your response. This is just delightful. Maybe content review is something that we could collaborate on. There's a lot of recipes in here and it would be nice to know which ones are the best. Question for you, [[:Category:Brown sauces]] is really bothering me. How can I move that to Brown sauce recipes? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:29, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::Good catch on that category! It seems like it was created two decades ago and never got corrected—feel free to recategorize those recipes. Thank you also for introducing the hideprefix parameter to the category trees—I didn't realize that was an option, and it reduces the visual clutter! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::My pleasure! As I continue to look at the categories, this is actually worse than I thought. We have both [[:Category:Sauce recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes for condiments]] and I suspect that's just the beginning. I want to go through and categorize everything properly, but the bones aren't even there... How long do I have to be here before it'll let me create and move around categories? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Regarding the categories, the category overhauling is in progress, since I address the category when I overhaul the associated page. The variation in titling is actually somewhat deliberate—I started changing it from "____ recipes" in certain cases to solve a particular categorization problem. Sometimes, there is an item that is used in recipes as an ingredient but for which there are also recipes. For example, [[:Category:Recipes for bread]] versus [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]. The different naming scheme is necessary to properly delineate the categories, and I'm working on implementing it a bit more consistently as I go. While you're still getting started, it would be great if you could check with me when something looks odd or out of place—that way I can take a look and weigh in on whether that's normal or not and maybe provide some context. Just off the top of my head, I think you will have to wait for autoreview status to make move changes. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see what you're saying, I've been trying to wrap my head around that. Maybe it would be beneficial to try to put together some sort of a Cookbook MOS regarding category structure? It's kind of all over the place right now. Using your bread example, would it perhaps make more sense to have [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]? There would be no ambiguity with just those two categories, but when you add the extra [[:Category:Recipes for bread]], that's when things start getting a little whacky. What do you think? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::Either that or get rid of [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and keep the other two. But one of these categories gotta go, I reckon. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I see you already had the same thought as me. I think all categories should include "for" or "using". Take for example, [[:Category:Recipes for pancakes]] as opposed to [[:Category:Pancake recipes]]. Well obviously there's no recipes using pancakes. But for something like [[:Category:Recipes for gravy]], there may also be a need for [[:Category:Recipes using gravy]]. The lack of consistency in this regard means the only way to achieve consistency across the categories is by changing them over to that format. Sorry for clogging up your talk page! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:18, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Same heads-up as below—migrating this over to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:10, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :Also, on [[Cookbook:Table of Contents]], could you please add a wikilink for [[Cookbook:Breakfast]], and maybe add cooknav to the top for seamless navigation between all the top level articles? Can't edit that article yet. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == More Table of Content Edits == Hello again. I've been going through everything and this is my list of suggestions for edits to the table of contents. Unfortunately there's not much else I can do for now, because without autoconfirmed my ability to change anything is very limited. I was going to ask for someone to check off the confirmed box for me at RfP but I can't post there either, so I guess I'll be back in four days. * Fix Bread wikilink * Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing * [[Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Low-Carb]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] to [[Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine]] for parity * Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting * Create [[:Category:Lunch recipes]], wikilink to ToC * Wikilink [[Cookbook:Dessert]] under Meals * Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category * Create [[Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine]] so I can add the recipes from [[:Category:East Asian recipes]] to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC * Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction" * Appendix and Equipment sections switch places Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :I took the liberty of doing it myself in my userspace. You can just copy it over from [[User:MediaKyle/sandbox]]. Figured I'd save you the trouble of trying to figure out what I'm talking about. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 14:15, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Circling back to this! It seems like your suggestions are getting at a couple different things. I'll try to go through them point-by-point below: :* {{xt|Fix Bread wikilink}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing}} see below comments on TOC. :* {{xt|Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for now because I don't fully understand the urgency and I want to triage/prioritize things for you, but please feel free to make this change yourself once you can! :* {{xt|Cookbook:Low-Carb points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for same reason as above. :* {{xt|Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean to Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine for parity}} {{not done}} for now just because we do have a lot of cuisine pages that follow the form "Cuisine of ____". It could be good to standardize, and I had been planning to do that once I got around to the cuisines. :* {{xt|Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting}} {{not done}} for same reason as other redirects :* {{xt|Create Category:Lunch recipes, wikilink to ToC}} Not quite sure what you mean here, and I didn't see what it corresponded to in your linked sandbox page :* {{xt|Wikilink Cookbook:Dessert under Meals}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category}} I'm not sure about this—brunch is in many places considered a separate entity, and I don't necessarily think it would cause confusion. But, overall it's hard to determine whether it should have its own page and TOC link because I haven't actually gotten around to evaluating the meal pages and what role they should play. See also the TOC notes below. :* {{xt|Create Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine so I can add the recipes from Category:East Asian recipes to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC}} {{done}} for now; however, I'm not sure yet whether it will ultimately make sense to keep that as a content page. I think content pages should be reasonably focused, and it may not be the best to have a cuisine page that is so broad. This is something I planned to consider once I made my way around the overhauling the cuisines. :* {{xt|Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction"}} The reason I made it "Introductory Matter" instead of "Introduction" is because there's already a chapter itself titled "Introduction"—it felt odd to have the entire section titled that as well. Happy to discuss other header options (e.g. "Front Matter", which is a generally accepted book term) :* {{xt|Appendix and Equipment sections switch places}} see below comments on TOC. :* '''Comments on the TOC:''' So, I think a fundamental issue with the current TOC is that it somewhat arbitrarily picks and chooses individual pages to link. It also sometimes direct-links to categories and sometimes to content pages, which I don't think we should do. Because the cookbook is so expansive, it's been established that manual indices intending to capture detail in large areas don't really make sense and quickly get bulky and out-of-date. This is why categorytree is such a useful tool! After thinking on it for a while and making some small tweaks, I think I'd ultimately like to overhaul the TOC and come to a solution that keeps a few broad headers/links to the small handful of the primary content pages while perhaps stashing away more detailed and self-updating lists in a collapsible way to reduce clutter but allow for customizable user navigation. Much to think about, and I'll probably workshop some things on the side to see how they feel. :Let me know if I've misunderstood anything! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:24, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the notes! Here's my thoughts: ::* On the Cuisine titling, it actually seems like [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] and [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines]] are the only ones that don't follow the naming scheme, i.e. "[[Cookbook:African Cuisine]]", and I think that shorter titles are preferable where it makes sense. ::* On your note about East Asian Cuisine, I actually had the same thought after going through the cuisine pages. Having three separate pages for different kinds of Asian cuisine does seem a little silly, doesn't it? Do you think it might be better to combine all of them under one "Asian Cuisine", but put the different locales under separate headers? ::* On Brunch - I honestly think there's way too much ambiguity around what exactly constitutes as "brunch" to keep that in. I feel as though the term brunch more applies to the time you're eating, rather than the kind of food. I think it would be easier to keep meals that include commonly accepted breakfast foods in the Breakfast category, and things that don't fit neatly into that, into the Lunch category. This would prevent any dilemmas in the future where we can't decide whether something is breakfast or brunch. ::* You're right that it looks a little awkward to have the header as Introduction when there's a page called introduction. I still think that to say "Introductory Matter", or "Front Matter" as you mentioned, is a little long-winded and reflects a more academic tone than needed for a cookbook. Upon further reflection, I think maybe rather than worrying about the header at this point, we should perhaps think about trying to compile all of those short introductory type pages into one comprehensive introductory page. Then we likely won't even need a header for it on the ToC. ::* The ToC is definitely a bit cluttered, and it bothers me too that there's a real lack of consistency across whether the wikilinks lead to a page or a category. I'm not sure how I would feel about cutting away too much of the navigation from it, though, because just about every page on there does have a reason to be there, it's just that they're not presented very nicely. Some of it can certainly get nested or combined though. I'll play around with it over the next few days in my sandbox as well and let you know if I come up with anything. ::* As an aside, the first thing on my to-do list once my autoconfirmed comes through is to start subcategorizing all of the recipes so that they're all nicely sorted in the category trees. When you have a chance, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what we should use as the standard naming for categories. Once we determine this, I think we can also take the liberty of updating the cookbook MoS to reflect it. ::Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:33, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :::Note: After writing this, I realized what you were getting at about slashing away some of the subpages. Maybe we can come up with a system where all of those subpages are under their main subpage rather than on the ToC. For example, all the Cuisines are under [[Cookbook:Cuisines]], all techniques under [[Cookbook:Cooking Techniques]], to keep the subpages off the main ToC. Also, I wonder if maybe we should try to make a centralized discussion for this somewhere, in case anyone else wants to join in at some point? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:45, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::Heads-up: to make it easier to keep track of these and since I think they deserve their own discussions, I'm going to gradually migrate them over individually to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:52, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Good idea. Can you remove the semi-protection from that talk page? I see no reason why it should be protected. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:23, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook ToC == Hi [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]. I was just wondering why you didn't respond to my above message, and started a separate sandbox for the ToC instead? It seems as though you don't really want to collaborate. It would be nice if we could work on this together. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 22:43, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] thanks for the ping! I'm sorry you feel like I don't want to collaborate—the opposite is true, and please understand that this is good-faith editing. The reason I haven't responded to the above points is mostly since you've been modifying a bunch of content and adding suggestions lately, and I've been working my way through these while continuing with my routine contributions and real life as well—things happen a little more slowly here than on other projects, and I'm the one person dedicated to the cookbook right now. The reason I created that sandbox was because I saw [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Modernize the shelves|your comment]] at the reading room and wanted to play around and think about your suggestion without touching the actual TOC. You're right that it's not the best, and it's been something I've been thinking about for a bit now. Please understand also that it can be overwhelming when a new editor unfamiliar with the Cookbook begins making a high volume of edits and suggestions without having much experience with it or its history—this isn't to say that you don't have good ideas or things worth contributing. In fact, you have already made a few helpful changes, as I've mentioned. I just want to do this properly and take the time to evaluate your suggestions together with the current efforts that are underway, and that can take a bit. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:03, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for getting back to me. While I may be new to Wikibooks, I'm certainly not new to MediaWiki, and I've been working with small wiki projects for a number of years. Perhaps it's been a misunderstanding to some degree, but I've found my reception here to be unusually unwelcoming. The way to do this properly, as you said, would be to have discussions and form consensus. Yesterday, when you reached out to me about adding hideroot to the pages, I gave you my rationale and was more than happy to have a discussion about it, but you did not reply. I noticed a similar situation happened with [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Ottawahitech#Category_sorting Ottawahitech], regarding category sorting. I'm aware that you're the main person looking after the cookbook right now, which is why I reached out to you right from the get go. ::I understand why you would want to create your own sandbox to play around with options for the ToC, but I'm sure you can understand why it would draw my attention that you would do this without implementing any of the wikilink fixes I mentioned, or making an attempt to discuss it further. This came across to me as not wanting my help. ::I invite you to check out my page on Wikipedia. I've made contributions across quite a wide area of topics there, as well as the other Wikimedia projects, and this is the first time I've encountered any sort of resistance to my contributions. I think Wikibooks has enormous potential, and I'm very excited to contribute to helping it grow. On most projects, this would be something to be encouraged. I don't feel like "I'm sorry that you feel that way" was really an appropriate response. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:59, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :::I think you're right that this has been a mix of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and I think I can understand how things came across as unwelcoming! For whatever it's worth, I absolutely plan on circling back to the various discussions at hand (I have all the relevant pages open to return to), but it seems like the order I did things made it seem like I was ignoring you (if I'm understanding correctly). I am pretty busy, so sometimes items on my to-do list do get lost/shunted or it takes me a bit to get around to something—please don't hesitate to give me a ping if it seems like I'm taking a while to get back to something. Looking forward to more collaboration! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm glad you can understand where I'm coming from. To clarify, my intent is not to try to rush you, or to try to push you to make changes that you don't agree with. It's really easy to misinterpret things over the Internet, and I think a short message can go a long way. I apologize if I've caused you any undue stress by coming into the cookbook and unleashing a flurry of alterations, but do rest assured that I'm not married to any of my changes, I'm always open for discussion, and I want to see the cookbook improve just like you do. The great thing about wikis is that no change is permanent. I think we'll have it in tip-top shape in no time! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:19, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Polish Doughnuts (Paczki)]] == Do you see any reason not to just add this to Featured Recipes? At least we know this one works, and it seems like this is now one of the few recipes to have a picture that actually aligns with the recipe used. I was thinking later on we'll come up with a content review system where a couple editors will actually try the recipes nominated for FR, but in the absence of that I'd just add it to the list. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 12:25, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine with adding it to the featured recipes. You're right that we'll want to come up with a good system for this going forward, though it's lower down on my personal priority list at moment. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Cream Cheese American Buttercream]] == Hi! I am a wikiHow user and I am planning to adapt this recipe to wikiHow. Since you contributed to this recipe, I wanted to know if I can get permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 21:41, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] that's fine with me as long as proper attribution and linking back to the original recipe page here are included at the top. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[A Companion to Our Literary Journey]] == Hi! I feel that we have started to outline the scope in a clearer and more precise way and that’s the work we are going to do with the students this and for the next years, adding more sections and content. Do you think that would be enough? [[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]] ([[User talk:Ferdi2005|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ferdi2005|contribs]]) 22:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]]! Yes, this seems to be reasonably outlined. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:51, 7 March 2025 (UTC) == Exercising care with copyright == When deleting a page as a copyright violation, it is important that you '''do not quote any content from the deleted page'''. If you do, then your log entry is itself a copyright violation. I have redacted a recent deletion that you performed because of this. If you want to make sure that none of your past deletions have been problematic for this reason, you can [[quarry:query/90444|run this SQL query]] to get a list of every deletion that could be eligible for redaction. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:32, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and thank you for the message. In the most recent instance that I think you're referencing, I do not see any material in the edit summary that posed a significant risk—I don't believe the few listed words would be a copyright concern. However, I do understand your concern! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:31, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == Splitting Pages == Hi I have recently made the book on the [[History of the Nawabs of Bengal]] and you gave a notice on how you believe it should be split into smaller bits. As I am still new to wikibooks I don't know how to do this. Can you please assist me on renaming the page so I can split the page into multiple pages? @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 19:47, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]]: You did it. I've removed the tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:44, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :Like @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] said, you're all set! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 29 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 10:24, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == Minecraft book == Is it good creating pages like this, [[Minecraft#Husk]]? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 12:43, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::are we allowed to create pages like that? like for every mob [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:02, 11 May 2025 (UTC) :::To be honest, I don't think the structure and formatting of the book is very good. Several of the mob pages, for example, have very little information and aren't particularly helpful on their own. If I were working on it, I would restructure the book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:09, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I am planning to do that. [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 04:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Review Adjusted User Page (XoriantTeam) == Hello [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I hope you're well. I noticed that my user page ([[User:XoriantTeam]]) was recently deleted for appearing promotional or inappropriate for Wikibooks. Thank you for keeping the community standards in check. I’ve since revised the content with closer attention to neutrality and compliance with Wikibooks guidelines. My intent is to participate constructively, especially in areas related to digital engineering and educational content creation. If possible, I’d appreciate your help reviewing the revised version. I'm happy to share it or upload it as a file if there’s a preferred method. Please let me know how best to proceed. I welcome any suggestions and will gladly make further adjustments. Best regards, XoriantTeam [[User:XoriantTeam|XoriantTeam]] ([[User talk:XoriantTeam|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/XoriantTeam|contribs]]) 11:02, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi there—you can publish an updated user page, but I'd caution you against talking about your company. Keep it limited to your involvement with Wikibooks. You may contribute productively here, but further promotional materials are grounds for an indefinite block. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Planning to use AWB to update categories on the cookbook == Hello. I noticed in recent changes that you were moving some categories using HotCat (e.g. moving Category:Chile recipes to Category:Recipes using chile), which can be time-consuming. Therefore, I plan to help you with moving the cookbook categories by adding myself to enabledusers and enabledbots in [[Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]]. Would this be fine if I assist you and to add myself to the check page? I am familiar with using AWB after testing on a non-Wikimedia project. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:42, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—thank you for the tip! I just installed JWB, so this should make my mass cat changes much faster. Thanks again! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for the information. Also, is it okay if I change (for example) [[:Category:Vinegar recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes using vinegar]] (I can redirect the former category to the latter), given that we should move {{tq|Category:[ingredient] recipes}} to {{tq|Category:Recipes using [ingredient]}} for consistency? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sure thing—go ahead! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:53, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Tool for even faster category changes == See [[:c:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot#As_your_user_gadget]]. I just [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koavf/common.js&action=history installed it] and used it dozens of times in a click. Let me know if you need any help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:36, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Thanks! I'm having a little trouble activating it, but I'll keep trying. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:54, 19 June 2025 (UTC) ::A lot of times, a purge will do the trick. See [[:mw:Purge]]. Usually just <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+R</kbd> once or twice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:55, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :::Took several purges, but we're set now! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 19 June 2025 (UTC) == Advice on when I should run for adminship == Hi, I hope you are doing well. I am asking for some advice on when I should run for enwikibooks adminship, given the following below: Currently, I am doing some optimizations for dark mode on this project, and some of the message box/MediaWiki interface/template pages might be outdated, fully protected, or can use a little help using mw-parser-output. These unfortunately might hinder the process of updating these pages/templates for Vector 2022's dark mode.<br> Additionally, I have a solid expertise with edit filters, as I have requested some administrators to update deprecated filter variables, switching filters from warn and disallow to disallow only, and I can also monitor the filter log for potential false positives (from local or global filters). A fellow English Wikibooks administrator also said to me that they are willing to support me in a few months when I run for adminship, as I am generally trusted. I hold two advanced global permissions, and I hold an edit filter helper permission on the English Wikipedia, to be sure. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—good question! I agree that you are a trusted user, and I think it would be reasonable for you to run for adminship, especially given our need to fix up technical aspects of the project. If you don't plan to commit to Wikibooks long-term (i.e. you have some projects you'd like to take a few months to complete and then be done), you can always request temporary adminship. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:30, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for your feedback, but I also plan to monitor for vandalism/spam, and to commit to reduce the administrative assistance reading room backlog, should I be elected for adminship (and I forgot to mention those). Anyway, regarding your feedback, I might run by August or even July, given that I've lately started contributing more often to Wikibooks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:29, 23 June 2025 (UTC) ::: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am pinging you one more time to see if you have read my response above yours. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:34, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! I'm not sure what you mean—was there an additional question you had? Everything you've outlined seems quite reasonable. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::: Apologies for the confusion, I don't have any questions to ask. I was clarifying that I can help with implementing edit requests and to block obvious vandals and spammers, aside from the skills I mentioned earlier. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:32, 26 June 2025 (UTC) == how is it you feel able to interfere in my sandbox? == you deleted a page in my sandbox that was my way of providing my response to a request from an OpenSCAD dev team leader for a couple of text blurbs for use on a web page of the OpenSCAD site. now that you have deleted my page i have to recreate the texts from a screenshot to be able to offer the suggestions, which i will This kind of high handed treatment is what keeps me from being a wiki-anything contributor .. If it is Wiki policy to interfere in the documentation of an open source project because it is hosted on Wikibooks then i will take up the task of moving our online docs to a site where you cannot interfere. -- [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 21:56, 29 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]]—thanks for bringing this to my attention. I now understand that this was intended to be in your user namespace—I've undeleted it and moved it to the correct namespace for you. Let me know if anything else comes up! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::ah .. err .. umm .. well that is a gentle answer to my ire. Thanks for being so gracious [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:29, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::and .. isn't my sandbox in my namespace by default? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:30, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :::No worries—it looks like you didn't add the prefix "User:" before writing out the full page titles, so the pages you created were technically in the project's Main space with the official published materials. Going forward, you can just double-check that the page title starts with "'''User:'''VulcanWikiEdit/sandbox", and that should keep everything in the right place! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:36, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::::BTW .. i love the play on cat lover name [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 15:35, 1 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Thank you! That's very kind. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the user Codename Tameirao == Could this be Matthew again (the Unicode LTA)? I believe it might be him based on his usage of edit summaries, and his usual edits to [[Unicode/Versions]]. I just blocked his recent account, and then I protected and stabilized that Unicode book. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 23:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC) :I suspect you're right! That seems like a reasonable course of action. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:56, 13 August 2025 (UTC) :: I recently encountered another possible LTA, see [[Special:Contributions/~2025-55706-6]] (as well as [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]]). I can email you more details if you want. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:30, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::I think this is the same LTA, yes! I've protected [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]], but I think it would be a good idea if we could automate this monitoring somewhat using the edit filter. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:07, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::: I don't think that was Matthew, as he typically uses edit summaries. The deleted page was not protected, as it was protected before you deleted it; I salted it from creation for one year. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:22, 9 September 2025 (UTC) ::::: You might want to look at [[Special:Contributions/Freddy Fazbearing Others]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 26 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you! I went ahead and blocked them. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:54, 28 October 2025 (UTC) == IP block exempt == Hi Kitty, I currently have IP block exemption on enwiki, Commons and Wikidata as I use VPNs connected to my internet security software. Can you please grant me the right on wikibooks. I have a strong password and use two factor authentication. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 10:51, 22 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TarnishedPath|TarnishedPath]]! This doesn't sound unreasonable to me, but I think it would be good if you requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] so we can have a discussion—I have not granted this right before. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::Kitty, thanks for pointing me in the right direction. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#TarnishedPath_(discuss_·_contribs_·_count_·_logs_·_block_log_·_rfp_·_rights)_(IP_Block_Exemption)]] ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:35, 23 August 2025 (UTC) == You've got mail! == {{You've got mail|sig=<span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:20, 6 September 2025 (UTC)}} :Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:06, 6 September 2025 (UTC) == Are you able to import? == I made a few requests over at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import . [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 22:32, 4 October 2025 (UTC) : [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], I'll go ahead and start the imports. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 16:51, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::: My apologies for not doing this sooner, because some database error appears when I am trying to mass import. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:39, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::::I also tried to make this import earlier and ran into issues with the software. I was hoping it was a temporary bug, but it seems to be persisting. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::This seems like I should get involved. {{working}}... [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::: I believe there are five pages that have massive page histories they fail to import here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:13, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::::I backed up the XMLs of them locally but im unsure how much that'd do. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 15:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Just became an importer. The reason is prob understandable but I cannot upload the XML file to here locally. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 17:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == About the category parameter in the recipe summary template == When it uses a "recipe by type" category, should it use a "[type/food] recipes" name or "Recipes for [type/food]"? I recently operated JWB to change from [[:Category:Dessert recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes for dessert]] in multiple Cookbook recipes, and from what I've said before, I've changed to ''Recipes for dessert'' in the category parameter of Cookbook recipes. Hope you don't mind that this was over more than 250 changes (not counting the recent category changes after moving some recipe categories). Thanks. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:07, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—those JWB changes you made seem fine to me! I'm not quite sure what you're asking in your first sentence, though. Assuming I understand correctly: in general, I think the default format should be whatever the actual category name is. BUT if there is a redirect, it ultimately shouldn't matter too much. And, because I'm not convinced of the utility of that infobox parameter in the first place (thinking of removing it), I'm not hugely concerned about it for the time being. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:21, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :: Probably, but I will say the following below (for my first sentence) to clarify: :: On the <code>|category =</code> parameter, when placing a recipe category name, should it either be {{tq|Sandwich recipes}} or {{tq|Recipes for sandwiches}}? I hope this clears the confusion. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Please no more Unicode LTA == Please don't block me again. I promise I will edit Unicode stuff and add correct information. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30839-28|&#126;2025-30839-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-30839-28|talk]]) 20:54, 1 November 2025 (UTC) :<small>I am a bit out of the loop, so correct me if I'm wrong - I'm assuming here</small> I think the point is that they want you to ''not'' edit the Unicode stuff? Also hi kitty, it's been a ... very long time.. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:13, 5 November 2025 (UTC) ::Ok so apparently not as long as I thought, but it feels like I've been away for at least a year lol ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:23, 5 November 2025 (UTC) :::Nice to see you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:41, 5 November 2025 (UTC) == Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore == Given that administrators can review edits in addition to reviewers, I would suggest for you (and other administrators) to kindly remove the reviewer permission from (own) accounts. What I'm saying is that if one holds administrator and reviewer permissions together, they can remove the reviewer permission from their own account and retain their administrator permission. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:06, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :Gotcha—is there a reason it's bad for one user to have both these rights? If so, I can remove my reviewer right. Otherwise, it seems fairly harmless? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :: The thing is, administrators have the <code>review</code> user right, as well as some permissions in the reviewer user group in the administrator toolset. That means that having the reviewer user group together with the admin user group is redundant. Hope this explains it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 November 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] <s>I'll do this tomorrow morning, as well as to remove autoreviewed user permissions from users who are reviewers.</s> ({{doing}}) [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:24, 12 November 2025 (UTC) : I have removed the autoreviewed user permission from users who are reviewers. As for administrators, I will do so later today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:40, 13 November 2025 (UTC) == Nesting in Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities == Hi Kittycataclysm, I am editor of wikipedia since 2004. We have the habit if we have a concern using the talk page to clarify the case. I am not sure to delete meaningful content without previous notification and doing major redirection without agreeing the main contributor(s) is an adequate admin act and sign of good manner of host (see [[W:Wikipedia:Etiquette|Wikipedia:Etiquette]].) Yes, It will be not an average book but above the regular. This is the exact case: ''"this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content."'' ''for to establish good structural and stylistic practices'' I have a data management certification. If you asking it will have 4 nest level on strict purpose. If you saw the introduction of the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] is/will be a global collection making effective collaboration over borders and continents. One structured + categorized(!) page for each community willing to show up. The Postal addresses has also same or larger deepness, this is unavoidable (Country/Postal Code/Location/Street/House/floor/door). Here will looks like: '''Eco-comm/Continent/Regio code/Community name''' The goal of this system to open bridge + experience highway for the communities using the same permaculture technics what collected parallelly in [[Open Book of Permaculture]]. That is also part of this knowledge base please dont do simplification steps on that without discussion. I am kindly asking to revert your edits in this book. After that I will put a notification template about "This book is under construction with major changes. Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History. Common clarifications/ guides are on the primary talk page." Thanks: [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 02:22, 12 November 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], and thank you both for your contributions and for reaching out! Yes, I did make the following changes to [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]: :* I moved the pages from the [[Eco-comm]] namespace to the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] namespace, since the table of contents and pages for a given book should be under that book's namespace. :* I removed the links to Wikipedia that were on [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]], since outlinking has been discouraged at en.Wikibooks as a matter of practice. Compilations of links may not fall into WB scope as an instructional text, and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia|there is precedent for deleting them]]. But, I do see that the tool I used didn't just remove links to enWP, so I will restore the prior revision and ping the tool developer. :* I flagged it as needing denesting—you're right that nested entries can sometimes be appropriate. In this case, I was primarily flagging for a denest because the table of contents needs to be moved onto the main page, and it shouldn't have hidden navigation within the nested portions. :Could you clarify which of these edits you do not agree with so I can make sure they are individually addressed? As an aside, it could be helpful to create a [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]] for the book in order to clearly outline the expectations. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:59, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::My main concern not about moving and flagging but '''deleting''' [[Eco-comm]] against [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] and not mentioning in the clarification even after my notification. Should I note all administrators [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers]] - or will they do speedy deleting one by one until I make them individually addressed? :::The <u> local manual of style</u> development is ongoing together with the sample pages. ::'''MAIN PAGE''' ::The '''Main page''' and '''Namespace''' is the [[Eco-comm]]. The '''Full Title''' or '''Cover''' is [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]. Because of the high level of nesting the below extra-long-full-text-title to be avoided the Cover page is a redirection with preface/intro etc. ::'''NESTING ''' :::Featured book with 3 level nesting: [[Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Educational Change/Theory]] :::5 level nesting example: [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] ::'''Categories''' The [[:Category:Eco-comm]] will let the users make practical sub-categories e.g. [[:Category:Eco-comm/Project/numundo]] [[:Category:Eco-comm/]] ::: ::[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for elaborating! I'm unfortunately not sure what you mean about deleting [[Eco-comm]]—are you referring to the fact that I moved it without leaving a redirect? Regarding the nesting, I do honestly think those other books you linked should have their navigation denested since I find their format difficult to parse, and they have some navigation issues. Looping in some other active admins (@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] (@[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]) so they can get eyes on this and voice anything they think is important. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:12, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::It makes no sense to have some crazy abbreviation as a "main page" or "namespace" (whatever that means in this context) for a book in order to allow it to be deep nested. Nobody needs to type the whole name of the nesting because that's what navigation templates do, and it is a simple matter to override the page title. I also take issue with the statement, above, "Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History." Anybody can edit, and nobody gets to own and control any work. Taken together, this complaint looks like a case of attempting to assert ownership and to operate against the normal practices of Wikibooks. As such, I am completely aligned with the changes made. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::::That. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:59, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] for the contribution, btw the [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] also looks crazy long, is'nt it? Lets continue in the [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/General]] keeping this page for personal messages. [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 23:07, 20 November 2025 (UTC) == Deletions of Wikibook subpages == Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], regarding the [[Thesis Writing Guide]] subpage deletions, should I just recreate them when I keep working on them or was there an automatic deletion that we could undo? This document will grow, but really slowly. Best, Tim [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 11:37, 16 December 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]]! Since there was so little content on the deleted pages, my recommendation would just be for you to gradually recreate the chapters as you go. Does that make sense? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) ::Makes sense, not my ideal solution, but also not far from it :) The end result will be the same, the in-between will just feel a little bit weird from time to time. ::Thank you for taking time to curate and quality-control Wikibooks - wishing wonderful holidays and a happy new year! [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you, and happy holidays to you as well :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 17 December 2025 (UTC) == help with "Media Literacy and You" == {{re|Kittycataclysm}} What do I need to do to get a quality review of ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', or whatever is needed to remove <nowiki>{{Qr-em|not clear how this is to be structured as a book}}</nowiki>? I ask, because you added that flag just over 2 hours after I created it. I later found that I had accidentally created it as an anonymous user. I've since started using my standard Wikiname, and I tried to respond to the requests both by creating a discussion on the "Discussion" page associated with that book and by upgrading the content. The upgrades included adding the "Introduction" chapter by revising an article on Wikiversity that convinced me to start this Wikibook. I have other articles that I plan to rewrite to create 9 of the remaining 11 chapters in the current table of contents, as indicated in this table of contents. ??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:23, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]]! I removed the query flag, since this is clearly not a test page. I do have concerns about the suitability of this book for Wikibooks, since it seems to be more in line with essays and original research/analysis (which are [[Wikibooks:WIW|out of scope here]]). Wikiversity seems like a very suitable place for them—is there a specific reason you want to move them here? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 8 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::This book is intended to accelerate the diffusion of [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] by making it easier for humans to (a) access training materials and (b) connect with research on the most important issues that concern them and (c) discuss those issues with others who may believe differently in a nonthreatening context that encourages dialogue and a shared search for what can honestly be said about any particular issue. This is an extension of "The wisdom of polarized crowds" discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliability of Wikipedia]]. ::I don't know about you, but I'm frightened by the collapse of nuclear arms control agreements since the year 2000, by global warming, by the threats of the Trump administration to invade Canada and Greenland, etc. If this book project is successful, it will make a material contribution to reversing these trends -- unless this kind of dialogue is [[v:Responding to a nuclear attack|interrupted by a nuclear war]]. === Who is DavidMCEddy === ::I'm a [[w:Vietnam veteran|Vietnam-era veteran]] with a PhD in statistics and a publication record for which [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer-Graves-3 ReserchGate has found over 1,200 academic publications that have cited my work.] Since [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/DavidMCEddy 2010 I have logged] * 6,000+ edits in each of Wikipedia and Wikiversity, * 1,000+ in Wikimedia Commons, * 30,000+ in Wikidata, and * almost 1,000 in other Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikiquote and edits to the Spanish, French and German Wikipedias. This includes dozens of research reports posted to Wikiversity under [[v:Category:Freedom and abundance]] and 44 posts under [[v:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] that provide a platform for documenting and discussing 44 episodes of a fortnightly "Media & Democracy" series of 29:00 mm:ss podcasts syndicated for the [https://pacificanetwork.org/stations-2/ Pacifica Radio Network] featuring the opinions of leading experts on the increase in political polarization and violence and what those experts think should be done about this. I've just posted another chapter to [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. I hope you will agree that this book can make a positive contribution to Wikibooks and to [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [[w:Wikipedia:Prime objective|Prime Directive]] to create "a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge." Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 01:19, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Thank you and I understand this, but I am asking why you think this material is more suitable at Wikibooks rather than at Wikiversity. From what I can see, Wikiversity seems like the more appropriate home for it given our [[Wikibooks:WIW|scope]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::"Media Literacy and You" is textbook to support both self study and classes on media literacy. ::I have been posting content to Wikiversity since 2014 and have not encountered support there for books. A search just now turned up a hint of a book on Wikiversity, but I could not easily find anything on how to do it, etc. ::I think this "Media Literacy and You" project would lose the vast majority of its potential if it were not on Wikibooks. ::??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:22, 9 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{re|Kittycataclysm}} Will you please help me with the protocols of creating a book on Wikiversity? 1. I have found documentation that claims that Wikiversity supports such. However, the documentation seems incomplete, potentially out of date, etc. For example, I could not see how to follow the instructions for [[Wikiversity:Help:Books#Step 1: Enable the "Book creator" tool]]. So I posted a question to [[Wikiversity:Help talk:Books]]. 2. What do you suggest I do next? :I can create an article on Wikiversity titled, "Media Literacy and You", and port everything I've posted to Wikibooks there, then replace the pages on Wikibooks with redirects to [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You]], [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/Introduction]], and [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. :If you think that's the best way to build this book project, great. It would actually be easier for me, because there would be less translation between what I already have on Wikiversity and a version for Wikibooks. (Also, Wikiversity supports <nowiki>{{cite Q|...}}</nowiki>, which I have used extensively for years.) :Thanks for your help. [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 13:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the exact workings of Wikiversity, so I can't be much help there. My personal recommendation is that you ask there for help on how best to structure your materials to match the WV requirements. If you'd like some additional opinions/insight, please feel free to also check in at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|reading room]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I believe I have finished migrating all of ''Media Literacy and You'' to Wikiversity and replacing the parts of it on Wikibooks with redirects. Comments? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 17:32, 10 February 2026 (UTC) == Thank you! == Heya, thanks for reviewing my stuff! Just to note, the first lesson page was done and so that'll need moving. If you want to discuss anything with me, I am easily reachable on Discord @ xiluosi233. I can explain philosophy, approach, and so on from my teaching experience if you want anything regarding that. [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:48, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :It appears [[An Introduction to the Han Script]] was moved wrong - should it not be [[General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script]]? [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] good catch! I accidentally removed more of the title than intended. I've fixed this now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == A test request == Just to see whether a recent Luna update turned out as intended, could you briefly revert your [[User:Kittycataclysm/lunaoptions.json|Luna preferences page]] to the first revision? Since you don't appear to have any custom preferences in the first place, I don't think there should be any conflicts. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:49, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Done! But, it seems to have perhaps auto-updated again immediately afterwards. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:39, 10 April 2026 (UTC) == Linking == Hi,<br> For my edification, why is a link from [[Cookbook:nettle|nettle]] to [[w:Urtica_dioica|Urtica dioica]] not appropriate? The Wikipedia article has more information & seems relevant.<br> Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 01:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] good question! Wikibooks discourages outlinking, since books should be self-contained units. Instead of linking to [[w:Urtica dioica]], the correct approach would be to flesh out the actual chapter here at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC) ::Should all material in the Wikipedia article about Urtica dioica relevant to cooking be duplicated into the nettle article in the cookbook? Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 02:30, 2 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] you could do that, although you should only include information that is sourced. However, I recommend that you wait, because I am coincidentally working on the page right now and fleshing it out significantly. I should publish today. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:40, 2 May 2026 (UTC) ::::The nettle page is better now. Thanks. ::::I still wonder, given that the link to ''The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, ...'' is permitted, why not a link to the botanically oriented page in Wikipedia. What if someone reads the Cookbook article and is interested in the toxin for example? Seems that non-Wikimedia references are more privileged than Wikimedia references. ::::Also, by chance, just noticed the [[w:Nettle_soup|Nettle soup]] article in Wikipedia. Better in the Cookbook? ::::Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:10, 5 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Another good question. The reason those books are linked is because they are reputable and topical sources for the subject matter (nettles as used in cooking from an instructional perspective), and the links are part of the citations—this makes it different from a simple outlink to a Wikipedia page. Wikipedia pages should also not be cited themselves as sources. Regarding nettle soup, I don't think it makes sense to have that as a standalone page here in the cookbook due to its encyclopedic tone, and I don't see any recipes there. Does this make sense? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::Somewhat. Certainly a recipe wouldn't be incongruous in a cookbook. Still seems unhelpful that relevant information in Wikipedia is inaccessible from a Wikibook. In effect there's a "Berlin Wall" between two Wikimedia projects. Would a "See also" section be permissible? ::::::Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 14:00, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> == Undeletion request == Hello, I am writing to request an undeletion of the page Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad. You stated you are a frequent visitor of the Lentis page and are thus familiar with it. This page was part of a class assignment and was in progress at the time of deletion. The work deleted is what we will be graded on for our class, so we would appreciate the restoration. [[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] ([[User talk:Yqj3km|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yqj3km|contribs]]) 19:36, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] see my response below regarding undeletion. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Undeletion request == About the page on Lentis called Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad: I, too, request undeletion, please. If the authors made any msitakes, the fault is 100 percent mine, for failing to guide them correctly. Like all chapters in this book, this team's chapter is a class assignment. I will be interested also in the reason for deletion so that I can guide authors better. I want to help my students be constructive contributors. Many thanks! [[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 20:03, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Norton|Norton]] and thanks for the ping! I deleted it because it was not titled/filed correctly, so I didn't realize it was part of [[Lentis]]. I have undeleted it and moved it to [[Lentis/Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:14, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many, many thanks, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am very grateful as always for everything you do for Wikibooks! ::[[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Log in issues == Hi, messaging you as you seem to be the most active admin at the moment. I can't log in (as posted at <bdi>[[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] and also on my WP page at</bdi> [[w:User_talk:Xania]]). Seems to be an issue with extra security for admins? I am asked to use my authenticator app (which I can't as I have never set it up for Wikibooks) or a recovery code (which I don't have). Any idea what I should do in this situation? Xania [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28255-89|&#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:21, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :Apologies for missing this yesterday! It seems like we have a few people working on it over in the reading room, and I'll keep track there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC) == Splitting pages == FYI, I untagged [[Art Print Production Methods]] as for splitting: the page is rather small with its 20 KB and does not need splitting, in my view. Ideally, there would be an operationalized, fairly detailed policy on the matter, but I do not know of one. Single-page books are in [[:Category:One-page books]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:45, 20 May 2026 (UTC) == <s>Slander</s> == <S>Your tag is slanderous and very easily proven wrong.</s>[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654455] Given you likely didn't bother to look at the edit history, I would remind you that your given reason that you think it was AI is because you see the chapter is "numbered". That however was 100% my own personal decision after I reviewed my work and thought to myself that I later wrote in the introduction that there is a first to fourth chapter. However I thought to myself that the readers would not be easily made aware of what is meant by first to fourth as I didn't number them - so is why I dedicated an entire edit to make it less ambiguous [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654328]. I should not have to be falsely penalized because I wanted to be more considerate and ensure better clarity. I do however request AI to help me figure out coding like this - [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654329] as I don't know how to link. But I intentionally take great efforts to not rely on AI to write that book and find your wrongful presumptions troubling. [[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 06:00, 15 July 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] thank you for clarifying! I flagged it for review because it matched a common pattern we see associated with LLM use here. If that is not the case, then nothing needs to happen in that respect; however, you will likely want to fix the lists so that they are correctly formatted in the Wikitext and not hard-written—let me know if you have any questions about that. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:14, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::Yeah, I don't instantly understand what you mean by "correctly formatted" list. At first, I assumed you were referring to chapter 4 - (''Further reading'')? But I think I know what you mean. I made this edit here [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654738] to align with how I see wikibooks typically do lists. Did I fix it? If not, feel free to clarify.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 18:35, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::I thought about how I responded earlier. Even tho I still disagree, I probably shouldn't have used such a tone. I imagine admins like yourself do a lot of work overseeing wiki and the project owes a lot to you guys. So I take back my harsh words, and I hope we're good.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 03:38, 17 July 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] I appreciate that—thank you! And thank you for [[Special:Diff/4654738|making those changes to the lists]], which was indeed what I was referring to. Happy editing! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:31, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == The Geoguide == I literally wrote all of this myself I used no AI if you want to you can highlight the areas that seem way too formal and ill fix them [[User:Kayden Swanson|Kayden Swanson]] ([[User talk:Kayden Swanson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kayden Swanson|contribs]]) 04:22, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I have removed the flag. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:41, 20 July 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism == your recent changes may not be constructive. {{Warning}} [[User:Duodeca 12|Duodeca 12]] ([[User talk:Duodeca 12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Duodeca 12|contribs]]) 20:39, 2 August 2026 (UTC) == Your recent revert == Could you explain [[Special:Diff/4670314]]? This seems to be you ''restoring'' vandalism, which was originally introduced by [[Special:Diff/4669920]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 20:06, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :Good catch! Somehow I didn't have the most recent version of a page loaded, and it seems like Luna reverts the most recent edit of a page and not the specific edit you're viewing. The edit in question should be fixed now. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:11, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry {{PAGENAME}} for butting in here, I hope you don't mind. ::Just wanted to mention that I have had a few similar experiences when editing (not having the most recent version of a page loaded). Once this caused me friction with an admin who was convinced I was willfully undoing their edit. This happened years ago on another wikimedia project. ::Ottawahitech [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 01:18, 16 September 2026 (UTC) == Confirmed user == <s>If this is one, could I perhaps be a confirmed user? The software has not granted me autoconfirmed, despite me having the requirements.</s> [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:50, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :This is not needed anymore, thank you! [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism on Unicode/Character reference/1F000-1FFFF == I caught the LTA adding Unicode characters which aren't even approved, I undid it, and they reverted. Please semi-protect this page.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 15:33, 27 September 2026 (UTC) == Pages by [[User:Ruth M Bulyaba]] == Hello Kittycataclysm, I would like to bring to your attention the pages created by this user. I have used AI checkers to check if the page was created by AI, and it turned out to be positive. I have reached out to the user, to no response. Could you perhaps verify if their pages were created by AI? Thank you. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:26, 29 September 2026 (UTC) e5fobgwwb4t05d4suoimge5pcmizik4 4672912 4672911 2026-09-29T11:27:02Z TechVindicator 3626296 /* Pages by User:Ruth M Bulyaba */ 4672912 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Talk Page Archives |- |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022|2022]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2023|2023]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2024|2024]] |} == That IP range calculator == Following [[phab:T381138|T381138]], I have now become the maintainer of the IP range calculator you like. You can find it [[toolforge:ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:10, 9 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == A merge and unmerge from two years ago == I was browsing through the history merge log when I saw that you merged [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] into [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]], and then promptly reverted it. What happened here exactly? Could I correct it? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Good question! I can't remember what I was trying to do, but it looks like I didn't succeed at what I wanted based on the log comment. You're just trying to history merge to get [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]] to have continuity of history? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:35, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::I think I figured out your mistake: it outright moved the revisions from the first page to the second, rather than copying them. This would have caused the other two [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] pages to have incomplete histories. I think the only solution would be to XML import the pre-April 2023 revisions from the first page to the other three, and I'm not sure if that's the best idea, and I am technically unable to do so. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:49, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Undeletion request == I wouldn't be surprised if you expected this, but I'd like to ask you to undelete the subpages of [[Rotorcraft Fundamentals]] you just deleted with the summary "Use of copyrighted work without permission. Please read Terms of Use: page needs to be imported for attribution", so that I can do that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:54, 14 January 2025 (UTC) :Done! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:57, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ::Upon further investigation, this might actually be a rare case where an [[WB:UT|unmerged transwiki]] is ''preferred'' (this is part of why I stopped calling them "bad transwikis"), since only a small portion of the Wikipedia article (with over 2,000 revisions) was copied over. Importation is generally only needed if the ''majority'' of the page is copied across wikis. I'll just leave a null edit providing attribution and add {{tlx|Copied}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 21:19, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Reusing [[Cookbook:8 Desserts in 1 Pan]] on wikiHow == Hi, I am a user on wikiHow, see [[wikihow:User:Xeverything11]]. I would like to create a new recipe on wikiHow. I wanted to let us know if I can give permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe from Wikibooks to wikiHow. I (as a copyright holder) created this recipe on Wikibooks, but you contributed to this recipe. If not, I'll use the revision before you contributed since I was the only author. Wikibooks uses CC-BY-SA 4.0 while wikiHow uses CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0, which both licenses are incompatible due to ShareAlike conditions. Thanks [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:27, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] I'm personally fine with this as long as proper attribution is given back to the original recipe page here. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:52, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::I adapted this [[wikihow:Make-8-Desserts-in-1-Pan|recipe]] on wikiHow with attribution, and got a Rising Star (an achievement used for best new articles on wikiHow). Thank you! [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikibooks community == Hi, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am trying to contribute more to English Wikibooks. My main contributions will focus on the Cookbook, especially on Indonesian recipes. Do you have a community group where we can discuss and share ideas together? I am looking forward to join. Thank you! [[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 08:47, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] Sorry I missed this, and welcome! Are you asking about a Cookbook-specific area for discussion? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:39, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. Do you know place for this? ::Thank you ::[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 09:41, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :::Honestly, there's not a centralized Cookbook-specific discussion space, especially since there aren't currently a ton of active contributors. Some people ask questions at [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. I'm currently the most consistently active and involved Cookbook editor, so feel free to ask me questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 22 January 2025 (UTC) == Congratulations! == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb|You get this now.]] You are now a permanent administrator. Welcome to the team (I am entitled to say this because I technically got the extension a few hours before you did)!{{FBDB}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 29 January 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:29, 29 January 2025 (UTC) == Is there a way to contact a Steward on WikiBooks? == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, Is there a way to contact a Steward on WB? I tried to find who the active Stewards are here at [[Special:ActiveUsers?username=&groups%5B%5D=steward&wpFormIdentifier=specialactiveusers]] but nothing shows up. The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the [[Wikimania-wiki]], but I just visited the [[wikimania 2014 wiki]] and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the [[Wikimania 2014 main-page talk]] but disovered that the Stewards have protected it. Is there a way wikibookians can communicate with Stewards at WB? Thanks in advance for answering this non-urgent question, and apologies for all the red-links which I can bluify if needed. Cheers [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:37, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] You can ask this on somewhere like [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:01, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <s>:@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] seconding what Leaderboard said—we no longer have any active stewards at enWB.</s> Had a brain fade there and mixed up stewards with bureaucrats. Yes, meta is the place for this. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::@Kittycataclysm,@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], or anyone else: ::Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb. I myself am indef-blocked at META so could not participate at [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]] even if I waned to. ::Since [[Wikimania]] is a topic of interest to all members of the [[wikimedia movement]] why can't wikibookians talk to thier elected representatives here? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:56, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] I can check with the blocking admin to see if they'd be willing to unblock you, if you'd like. The reason things like these are done at Meta is that Meta is a cross-project coordination platform - stewards ''cannot'' be expected to watch every project after all. Now you could message any steward here on Wikibooks if you really wanted to, but that is not normally a good idea. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:26, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Wikimania is the annual conference celebrating all the free knowledge projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). It is a wikimedia initiative which is meant to help all of our projects (including wikibooks), gain more readership, educate more wiki-editors, foster better communications, and much more. The wmf has been hosting a Wikimania-wiki dedicated to each Wikimania annual event since 2004. These wikis contain a wealth of information, but can benefit from wiki-improvements, starting from spelling and grammar errors that detract from their to appeal to the general membership. It would be nice if Stewards paid more attention to it. ::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], I truly appreciate your offer, but I posted this here not in order to get someone to advocate for one unblocking at META. As I said earlier: ::::* "Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb" ::::* "The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the Wikimania-wiki, but I just visited the wikimania 2014 wiki and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the Wikimania 2014 main-page talk but disovered that the Stewards have protected it" ::::I would much rather see more wikimedia members question blocking in general at META. One cannot run such large movement of people from different backgrounds and nationalities simply by silencing minorities IMIO. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Crystal ball]] == That page appears to be a mixture of isolated paragraphs from [[w:Crystal ball|Crystal ball]], hence my tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:04, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :Yep, that seems correct! I also queried it simply because it does not seem suitable for inclusion at all. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:09, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Question about an edit suggestion == Hi Kittycataclysm, Thanks for the great work you do as an admin! I wanted to clarify a suggestion you made on a recently published page I’m working on. You recommended splitting it into smaller sections—would you suggest creating separate pages for these sections, or would a higher-level header for some topics be sufficient? Any specific recommendations you have would be greatly appreciated! Here’s the link to the page I’m referring to: [[Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America]] Thank you! [[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]] ([[User talk:Svrmustafa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Svrmustafa|contribs]]) 18:19, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]], and thanks for asking! Splitting refers to creating new pages, each with a smaller amount of content. The main page should then contain a table of contents, and each page can contain a navigation template for easier navigation. I'll create the table of contents based on the current work and move some content to one of those pages as an example for you; then, you can do the rest. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) ::Following up on this—I noticed that you use the term "paper". However, technically Wikibooks hosts books not papers, so you should probably change this wording. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Talkback == {{Talkback|Cookbook talk:Chilli Crab|Recipe Questions}} [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 09:54, 19 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] I also made [[Cookbook:Prata|this]] [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:15, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Can you look at my latest recipe? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:10, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :I saw it! It needs a few corrections, which I'll note. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] How do you write recipe summary, correct headers [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 06:04, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :::Please see [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:08, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 02:33, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook == Hi there, Kittycataclysm. I wandered over here from Wikipedia, and I'm quite enamoured with this cookbook. I noticed you seem to be the one maintaining it, and I thought I'd reach out. Can I really just start cranking out recipes from public domain cookbooks and my family recipes? It's that simple? I was also wondering about the featured recipes section. There's not very many in there, and I imagine there's not very many folks around to do reviews compared to GAR on Wikipedia. How do you handle content review? Thanks. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:51, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] and welcome! For some context, the Cookbook has been around since the very beginning of Wikibooks, but it had gotten into a bit of disarray over the course of about two decades by the time I found it. I started the long process of overhauling, standardizing, and expanding it just over four years ago—I finished standardizing the recipe formatting and quality a while back and am currently working my way through the ingredient pages before moving on to equipment, techniques, and cuisines. You can absolutely add any public domain recipes as well as your own recipes—they just need to conform to the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] and [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy overall]]. It's even better if you've made the recipe and can contribute a nice picture and specific guidance/instructions/notes! Please feel free to ask me any questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and regarding the featured recipes section, I actually haven't gotten around to looking into that yet—there's been a lot to do! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:28, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::That's great, thanks a lot for your response. This is just delightful. Maybe content review is something that we could collaborate on. There's a lot of recipes in here and it would be nice to know which ones are the best. Question for you, [[:Category:Brown sauces]] is really bothering me. How can I move that to Brown sauce recipes? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:29, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::Good catch on that category! It seems like it was created two decades ago and never got corrected—feel free to recategorize those recipes. Thank you also for introducing the hideprefix parameter to the category trees—I didn't realize that was an option, and it reduces the visual clutter! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::My pleasure! As I continue to look at the categories, this is actually worse than I thought. We have both [[:Category:Sauce recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes for condiments]] and I suspect that's just the beginning. I want to go through and categorize everything properly, but the bones aren't even there... How long do I have to be here before it'll let me create and move around categories? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Regarding the categories, the category overhauling is in progress, since I address the category when I overhaul the associated page. The variation in titling is actually somewhat deliberate—I started changing it from "____ recipes" in certain cases to solve a particular categorization problem. Sometimes, there is an item that is used in recipes as an ingredient but for which there are also recipes. For example, [[:Category:Recipes for bread]] versus [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]. The different naming scheme is necessary to properly delineate the categories, and I'm working on implementing it a bit more consistently as I go. While you're still getting started, it would be great if you could check with me when something looks odd or out of place—that way I can take a look and weigh in on whether that's normal or not and maybe provide some context. Just off the top of my head, I think you will have to wait for autoreview status to make move changes. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see what you're saying, I've been trying to wrap my head around that. Maybe it would be beneficial to try to put together some sort of a Cookbook MOS regarding category structure? It's kind of all over the place right now. Using your bread example, would it perhaps make more sense to have [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]? There would be no ambiguity with just those two categories, but when you add the extra [[:Category:Recipes for bread]], that's when things start getting a little whacky. What do you think? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::Either that or get rid of [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and keep the other two. But one of these categories gotta go, I reckon. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I see you already had the same thought as me. I think all categories should include "for" or "using". Take for example, [[:Category:Recipes for pancakes]] as opposed to [[:Category:Pancake recipes]]. Well obviously there's no recipes using pancakes. But for something like [[:Category:Recipes for gravy]], there may also be a need for [[:Category:Recipes using gravy]]. The lack of consistency in this regard means the only way to achieve consistency across the categories is by changing them over to that format. Sorry for clogging up your talk page! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:18, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Same heads-up as below—migrating this over to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:10, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :Also, on [[Cookbook:Table of Contents]], could you please add a wikilink for [[Cookbook:Breakfast]], and maybe add cooknav to the top for seamless navigation between all the top level articles? Can't edit that article yet. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == More Table of Content Edits == Hello again. I've been going through everything and this is my list of suggestions for edits to the table of contents. Unfortunately there's not much else I can do for now, because without autoconfirmed my ability to change anything is very limited. I was going to ask for someone to check off the confirmed box for me at RfP but I can't post there either, so I guess I'll be back in four days. * Fix Bread wikilink * Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing * [[Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Low-Carb]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] to [[Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine]] for parity * Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting * Create [[:Category:Lunch recipes]], wikilink to ToC * Wikilink [[Cookbook:Dessert]] under Meals * Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category * Create [[Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine]] so I can add the recipes from [[:Category:East Asian recipes]] to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC * Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction" * Appendix and Equipment sections switch places Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :I took the liberty of doing it myself in my userspace. You can just copy it over from [[User:MediaKyle/sandbox]]. Figured I'd save you the trouble of trying to figure out what I'm talking about. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 14:15, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Circling back to this! It seems like your suggestions are getting at a couple different things. I'll try to go through them point-by-point below: :* {{xt|Fix Bread wikilink}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing}} see below comments on TOC. :* {{xt|Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for now because I don't fully understand the urgency and I want to triage/prioritize things for you, but please feel free to make this change yourself once you can! :* {{xt|Cookbook:Low-Carb points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for same reason as above. :* {{xt|Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean to Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine for parity}} {{not done}} for now just because we do have a lot of cuisine pages that follow the form "Cuisine of ____". It could be good to standardize, and I had been planning to do that once I got around to the cuisines. :* {{xt|Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting}} {{not done}} for same reason as other redirects :* {{xt|Create Category:Lunch recipes, wikilink to ToC}} Not quite sure what you mean here, and I didn't see what it corresponded to in your linked sandbox page :* {{xt|Wikilink Cookbook:Dessert under Meals}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category}} I'm not sure about this—brunch is in many places considered a separate entity, and I don't necessarily think it would cause confusion. But, overall it's hard to determine whether it should have its own page and TOC link because I haven't actually gotten around to evaluating the meal pages and what role they should play. See also the TOC notes below. :* {{xt|Create Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine so I can add the recipes from Category:East Asian recipes to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC}} {{done}} for now; however, I'm not sure yet whether it will ultimately make sense to keep that as a content page. I think content pages should be reasonably focused, and it may not be the best to have a cuisine page that is so broad. This is something I planned to consider once I made my way around the overhauling the cuisines. :* {{xt|Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction"}} The reason I made it "Introductory Matter" instead of "Introduction" is because there's already a chapter itself titled "Introduction"—it felt odd to have the entire section titled that as well. Happy to discuss other header options (e.g. "Front Matter", which is a generally accepted book term) :* {{xt|Appendix and Equipment sections switch places}} see below comments on TOC. :* '''Comments on the TOC:''' So, I think a fundamental issue with the current TOC is that it somewhat arbitrarily picks and chooses individual pages to link. It also sometimes direct-links to categories and sometimes to content pages, which I don't think we should do. Because the cookbook is so expansive, it's been established that manual indices intending to capture detail in large areas don't really make sense and quickly get bulky and out-of-date. This is why categorytree is such a useful tool! After thinking on it for a while and making some small tweaks, I think I'd ultimately like to overhaul the TOC and come to a solution that keeps a few broad headers/links to the small handful of the primary content pages while perhaps stashing away more detailed and self-updating lists in a collapsible way to reduce clutter but allow for customizable user navigation. Much to think about, and I'll probably workshop some things on the side to see how they feel. :Let me know if I've misunderstood anything! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:24, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the notes! Here's my thoughts: ::* On the Cuisine titling, it actually seems like [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] and [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines]] are the only ones that don't follow the naming scheme, i.e. "[[Cookbook:African Cuisine]]", and I think that shorter titles are preferable where it makes sense. ::* On your note about East Asian Cuisine, I actually had the same thought after going through the cuisine pages. Having three separate pages for different kinds of Asian cuisine does seem a little silly, doesn't it? Do you think it might be better to combine all of them under one "Asian Cuisine", but put the different locales under separate headers? ::* On Brunch - I honestly think there's way too much ambiguity around what exactly constitutes as "brunch" to keep that in. I feel as though the term brunch more applies to the time you're eating, rather than the kind of food. I think it would be easier to keep meals that include commonly accepted breakfast foods in the Breakfast category, and things that don't fit neatly into that, into the Lunch category. This would prevent any dilemmas in the future where we can't decide whether something is breakfast or brunch. ::* You're right that it looks a little awkward to have the header as Introduction when there's a page called introduction. I still think that to say "Introductory Matter", or "Front Matter" as you mentioned, is a little long-winded and reflects a more academic tone than needed for a cookbook. Upon further reflection, I think maybe rather than worrying about the header at this point, we should perhaps think about trying to compile all of those short introductory type pages into one comprehensive introductory page. Then we likely won't even need a header for it on the ToC. ::* The ToC is definitely a bit cluttered, and it bothers me too that there's a real lack of consistency across whether the wikilinks lead to a page or a category. I'm not sure how I would feel about cutting away too much of the navigation from it, though, because just about every page on there does have a reason to be there, it's just that they're not presented very nicely. Some of it can certainly get nested or combined though. I'll play around with it over the next few days in my sandbox as well and let you know if I come up with anything. ::* As an aside, the first thing on my to-do list once my autoconfirmed comes through is to start subcategorizing all of the recipes so that they're all nicely sorted in the category trees. When you have a chance, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what we should use as the standard naming for categories. Once we determine this, I think we can also take the liberty of updating the cookbook MoS to reflect it. ::Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:33, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :::Note: After writing this, I realized what you were getting at about slashing away some of the subpages. Maybe we can come up with a system where all of those subpages are under their main subpage rather than on the ToC. For example, all the Cuisines are under [[Cookbook:Cuisines]], all techniques under [[Cookbook:Cooking Techniques]], to keep the subpages off the main ToC. Also, I wonder if maybe we should try to make a centralized discussion for this somewhere, in case anyone else wants to join in at some point? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:45, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::Heads-up: to make it easier to keep track of these and since I think they deserve their own discussions, I'm going to gradually migrate them over individually to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:52, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Good idea. Can you remove the semi-protection from that talk page? I see no reason why it should be protected. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:23, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook ToC == Hi [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]. I was just wondering why you didn't respond to my above message, and started a separate sandbox for the ToC instead? It seems as though you don't really want to collaborate. It would be nice if we could work on this together. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 22:43, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] thanks for the ping! I'm sorry you feel like I don't want to collaborate—the opposite is true, and please understand that this is good-faith editing. The reason I haven't responded to the above points is mostly since you've been modifying a bunch of content and adding suggestions lately, and I've been working my way through these while continuing with my routine contributions and real life as well—things happen a little more slowly here than on other projects, and I'm the one person dedicated to the cookbook right now. The reason I created that sandbox was because I saw [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Modernize the shelves|your comment]] at the reading room and wanted to play around and think about your suggestion without touching the actual TOC. You're right that it's not the best, and it's been something I've been thinking about for a bit now. Please understand also that it can be overwhelming when a new editor unfamiliar with the Cookbook begins making a high volume of edits and suggestions without having much experience with it or its history—this isn't to say that you don't have good ideas or things worth contributing. In fact, you have already made a few helpful changes, as I've mentioned. I just want to do this properly and take the time to evaluate your suggestions together with the current efforts that are underway, and that can take a bit. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:03, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for getting back to me. While I may be new to Wikibooks, I'm certainly not new to MediaWiki, and I've been working with small wiki projects for a number of years. Perhaps it's been a misunderstanding to some degree, but I've found my reception here to be unusually unwelcoming. The way to do this properly, as you said, would be to have discussions and form consensus. Yesterday, when you reached out to me about adding hideroot to the pages, I gave you my rationale and was more than happy to have a discussion about it, but you did not reply. I noticed a similar situation happened with [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Ottawahitech#Category_sorting Ottawahitech], regarding category sorting. I'm aware that you're the main person looking after the cookbook right now, which is why I reached out to you right from the get go. ::I understand why you would want to create your own sandbox to play around with options for the ToC, but I'm sure you can understand why it would draw my attention that you would do this without implementing any of the wikilink fixes I mentioned, or making an attempt to discuss it further. This came across to me as not wanting my help. ::I invite you to check out my page on Wikipedia. I've made contributions across quite a wide area of topics there, as well as the other Wikimedia projects, and this is the first time I've encountered any sort of resistance to my contributions. I think Wikibooks has enormous potential, and I'm very excited to contribute to helping it grow. On most projects, this would be something to be encouraged. I don't feel like "I'm sorry that you feel that way" was really an appropriate response. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:59, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :::I think you're right that this has been a mix of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and I think I can understand how things came across as unwelcoming! For whatever it's worth, I absolutely plan on circling back to the various discussions at hand (I have all the relevant pages open to return to), but it seems like the order I did things made it seem like I was ignoring you (if I'm understanding correctly). I am pretty busy, so sometimes items on my to-do list do get lost/shunted or it takes me a bit to get around to something—please don't hesitate to give me a ping if it seems like I'm taking a while to get back to something. Looking forward to more collaboration! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm glad you can understand where I'm coming from. To clarify, my intent is not to try to rush you, or to try to push you to make changes that you don't agree with. It's really easy to misinterpret things over the Internet, and I think a short message can go a long way. I apologize if I've caused you any undue stress by coming into the cookbook and unleashing a flurry of alterations, but do rest assured that I'm not married to any of my changes, I'm always open for discussion, and I want to see the cookbook improve just like you do. The great thing about wikis is that no change is permanent. I think we'll have it in tip-top shape in no time! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:19, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Polish Doughnuts (Paczki)]] == Do you see any reason not to just add this to Featured Recipes? At least we know this one works, and it seems like this is now one of the few recipes to have a picture that actually aligns with the recipe used. I was thinking later on we'll come up with a content review system where a couple editors will actually try the recipes nominated for FR, but in the absence of that I'd just add it to the list. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 12:25, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine with adding it to the featured recipes. You're right that we'll want to come up with a good system for this going forward, though it's lower down on my personal priority list at moment. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Cream Cheese American Buttercream]] == Hi! I am a wikiHow user and I am planning to adapt this recipe to wikiHow. Since you contributed to this recipe, I wanted to know if I can get permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 21:41, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] that's fine with me as long as proper attribution and linking back to the original recipe page here are included at the top. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[A Companion to Our Literary Journey]] == Hi! I feel that we have started to outline the scope in a clearer and more precise way and that’s the work we are going to do with the students this and for the next years, adding more sections and content. Do you think that would be enough? [[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]] ([[User talk:Ferdi2005|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ferdi2005|contribs]]) 22:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]]! Yes, this seems to be reasonably outlined. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:51, 7 March 2025 (UTC) == Exercising care with copyright == When deleting a page as a copyright violation, it is important that you '''do not quote any content from the deleted page'''. If you do, then your log entry is itself a copyright violation. I have redacted a recent deletion that you performed because of this. If you want to make sure that none of your past deletions have been problematic for this reason, you can [[quarry:query/90444|run this SQL query]] to get a list of every deletion that could be eligible for redaction. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:32, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and thank you for the message. In the most recent instance that I think you're referencing, I do not see any material in the edit summary that posed a significant risk—I don't believe the few listed words would be a copyright concern. However, I do understand your concern! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:31, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == Splitting Pages == Hi I have recently made the book on the [[History of the Nawabs of Bengal]] and you gave a notice on how you believe it should be split into smaller bits. As I am still new to wikibooks I don't know how to do this. Can you please assist me on renaming the page so I can split the page into multiple pages? @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 19:47, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]]: You did it. I've removed the tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:44, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :Like @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] said, you're all set! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 29 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 10:24, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == Minecraft book == Is it good creating pages like this, [[Minecraft#Husk]]? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 12:43, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::are we allowed to create pages like that? like for every mob [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:02, 11 May 2025 (UTC) :::To be honest, I don't think the structure and formatting of the book is very good. Several of the mob pages, for example, have very little information and aren't particularly helpful on their own. If I were working on it, I would restructure the book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:09, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I am planning to do that. [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 04:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Review Adjusted User Page (XoriantTeam) == Hello [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I hope you're well. I noticed that my user page ([[User:XoriantTeam]]) was recently deleted for appearing promotional or inappropriate for Wikibooks. Thank you for keeping the community standards in check. I’ve since revised the content with closer attention to neutrality and compliance with Wikibooks guidelines. My intent is to participate constructively, especially in areas related to digital engineering and educational content creation. If possible, I’d appreciate your help reviewing the revised version. I'm happy to share it or upload it as a file if there’s a preferred method. Please let me know how best to proceed. I welcome any suggestions and will gladly make further adjustments. Best regards, XoriantTeam [[User:XoriantTeam|XoriantTeam]] ([[User talk:XoriantTeam|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/XoriantTeam|contribs]]) 11:02, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi there—you can publish an updated user page, but I'd caution you against talking about your company. Keep it limited to your involvement with Wikibooks. You may contribute productively here, but further promotional materials are grounds for an indefinite block. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Planning to use AWB to update categories on the cookbook == Hello. I noticed in recent changes that you were moving some categories using HotCat (e.g. moving Category:Chile recipes to Category:Recipes using chile), which can be time-consuming. Therefore, I plan to help you with moving the cookbook categories by adding myself to enabledusers and enabledbots in [[Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]]. Would this be fine if I assist you and to add myself to the check page? I am familiar with using AWB after testing on a non-Wikimedia project. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:42, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—thank you for the tip! I just installed JWB, so this should make my mass cat changes much faster. Thanks again! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for the information. Also, is it okay if I change (for example) [[:Category:Vinegar recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes using vinegar]] (I can redirect the former category to the latter), given that we should move {{tq|Category:[ingredient] recipes}} to {{tq|Category:Recipes using [ingredient]}} for consistency? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sure thing—go ahead! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:53, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Tool for even faster category changes == See [[:c:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot#As_your_user_gadget]]. I just [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koavf/common.js&action=history installed it] and used it dozens of times in a click. Let me know if you need any help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:36, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Thanks! I'm having a little trouble activating it, but I'll keep trying. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:54, 19 June 2025 (UTC) ::A lot of times, a purge will do the trick. See [[:mw:Purge]]. Usually just <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+R</kbd> once or twice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:55, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :::Took several purges, but we're set now! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 19 June 2025 (UTC) == Advice on when I should run for adminship == Hi, I hope you are doing well. I am asking for some advice on when I should run for enwikibooks adminship, given the following below: Currently, I am doing some optimizations for dark mode on this project, and some of the message box/MediaWiki interface/template pages might be outdated, fully protected, or can use a little help using mw-parser-output. These unfortunately might hinder the process of updating these pages/templates for Vector 2022's dark mode.<br> Additionally, I have a solid expertise with edit filters, as I have requested some administrators to update deprecated filter variables, switching filters from warn and disallow to disallow only, and I can also monitor the filter log for potential false positives (from local or global filters). A fellow English Wikibooks administrator also said to me that they are willing to support me in a few months when I run for adminship, as I am generally trusted. I hold two advanced global permissions, and I hold an edit filter helper permission on the English Wikipedia, to be sure. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—good question! I agree that you are a trusted user, and I think it would be reasonable for you to run for adminship, especially given our need to fix up technical aspects of the project. If you don't plan to commit to Wikibooks long-term (i.e. you have some projects you'd like to take a few months to complete and then be done), you can always request temporary adminship. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:30, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for your feedback, but I also plan to monitor for vandalism/spam, and to commit to reduce the administrative assistance reading room backlog, should I be elected for adminship (and I forgot to mention those). Anyway, regarding your feedback, I might run by August or even July, given that I've lately started contributing more often to Wikibooks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:29, 23 June 2025 (UTC) ::: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am pinging you one more time to see if you have read my response above yours. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:34, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! I'm not sure what you mean—was there an additional question you had? Everything you've outlined seems quite reasonable. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::: Apologies for the confusion, I don't have any questions to ask. I was clarifying that I can help with implementing edit requests and to block obvious vandals and spammers, aside from the skills I mentioned earlier. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:32, 26 June 2025 (UTC) == how is it you feel able to interfere in my sandbox? == you deleted a page in my sandbox that was my way of providing my response to a request from an OpenSCAD dev team leader for a couple of text blurbs for use on a web page of the OpenSCAD site. now that you have deleted my page i have to recreate the texts from a screenshot to be able to offer the suggestions, which i will This kind of high handed treatment is what keeps me from being a wiki-anything contributor .. If it is Wiki policy to interfere in the documentation of an open source project because it is hosted on Wikibooks then i will take up the task of moving our online docs to a site where you cannot interfere. -- [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 21:56, 29 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]]—thanks for bringing this to my attention. I now understand that this was intended to be in your user namespace—I've undeleted it and moved it to the correct namespace for you. Let me know if anything else comes up! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::ah .. err .. umm .. well that is a gentle answer to my ire. Thanks for being so gracious [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:29, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::and .. isn't my sandbox in my namespace by default? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:30, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :::No worries—it looks like you didn't add the prefix "User:" before writing out the full page titles, so the pages you created were technically in the project's Main space with the official published materials. Going forward, you can just double-check that the page title starts with "'''User:'''VulcanWikiEdit/sandbox", and that should keep everything in the right place! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:36, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::::BTW .. i love the play on cat lover name [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 15:35, 1 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Thank you! That's very kind. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the user Codename Tameirao == Could this be Matthew again (the Unicode LTA)? I believe it might be him based on his usage of edit summaries, and his usual edits to [[Unicode/Versions]]. I just blocked his recent account, and then I protected and stabilized that Unicode book. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 23:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC) :I suspect you're right! That seems like a reasonable course of action. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:56, 13 August 2025 (UTC) :: I recently encountered another possible LTA, see [[Special:Contributions/~2025-55706-6]] (as well as [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]]). I can email you more details if you want. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:30, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::I think this is the same LTA, yes! I've protected [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]], but I think it would be a good idea if we could automate this monitoring somewhat using the edit filter. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:07, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::: I don't think that was Matthew, as he typically uses edit summaries. The deleted page was not protected, as it was protected before you deleted it; I salted it from creation for one year. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:22, 9 September 2025 (UTC) ::::: You might want to look at [[Special:Contributions/Freddy Fazbearing Others]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 26 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you! I went ahead and blocked them. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:54, 28 October 2025 (UTC) == IP block exempt == Hi Kitty, I currently have IP block exemption on enwiki, Commons and Wikidata as I use VPNs connected to my internet security software. Can you please grant me the right on wikibooks. I have a strong password and use two factor authentication. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 10:51, 22 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TarnishedPath|TarnishedPath]]! This doesn't sound unreasonable to me, but I think it would be good if you requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] so we can have a discussion—I have not granted this right before. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::Kitty, thanks for pointing me in the right direction. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#TarnishedPath_(discuss_·_contribs_·_count_·_logs_·_block_log_·_rfp_·_rights)_(IP_Block_Exemption)]] ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:35, 23 August 2025 (UTC) == You've got mail! == {{You've got mail|sig=<span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:20, 6 September 2025 (UTC)}} :Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:06, 6 September 2025 (UTC) == Are you able to import? == I made a few requests over at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import . [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 22:32, 4 October 2025 (UTC) : [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], I'll go ahead and start the imports. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 16:51, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::: My apologies for not doing this sooner, because some database error appears when I am trying to mass import. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:39, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::::I also tried to make this import earlier and ran into issues with the software. I was hoping it was a temporary bug, but it seems to be persisting. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::This seems like I should get involved. {{working}}... [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::: I believe there are five pages that have massive page histories they fail to import here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:13, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::::I backed up the XMLs of them locally but im unsure how much that'd do. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 15:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Just became an importer. The reason is prob understandable but I cannot upload the XML file to here locally. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 17:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == About the category parameter in the recipe summary template == When it uses a "recipe by type" category, should it use a "[type/food] recipes" name or "Recipes for [type/food]"? I recently operated JWB to change from [[:Category:Dessert recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes for dessert]] in multiple Cookbook recipes, and from what I've said before, I've changed to ''Recipes for dessert'' in the category parameter of Cookbook recipes. Hope you don't mind that this was over more than 250 changes (not counting the recent category changes after moving some recipe categories). Thanks. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:07, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—those JWB changes you made seem fine to me! I'm not quite sure what you're asking in your first sentence, though. Assuming I understand correctly: in general, I think the default format should be whatever the actual category name is. BUT if there is a redirect, it ultimately shouldn't matter too much. And, because I'm not convinced of the utility of that infobox parameter in the first place (thinking of removing it), I'm not hugely concerned about it for the time being. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:21, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :: Probably, but I will say the following below (for my first sentence) to clarify: :: On the <code>|category =</code> parameter, when placing a recipe category name, should it either be {{tq|Sandwich recipes}} or {{tq|Recipes for sandwiches}}? I hope this clears the confusion. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Please no more Unicode LTA == Please don't block me again. I promise I will edit Unicode stuff and add correct information. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30839-28|&#126;2025-30839-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-30839-28|talk]]) 20:54, 1 November 2025 (UTC) :<small>I am a bit out of the loop, so correct me if I'm wrong - I'm assuming here</small> I think the point is that they want you to ''not'' edit the Unicode stuff? Also hi kitty, it's been a ... very long time.. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:13, 5 November 2025 (UTC) ::Ok so apparently not as long as I thought, but it feels like I've been away for at least a year lol ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:23, 5 November 2025 (UTC) :::Nice to see you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:41, 5 November 2025 (UTC) == Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore == Given that administrators can review edits in addition to reviewers, I would suggest for you (and other administrators) to kindly remove the reviewer permission from (own) accounts. What I'm saying is that if one holds administrator and reviewer permissions together, they can remove the reviewer permission from their own account and retain their administrator permission. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:06, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :Gotcha—is there a reason it's bad for one user to have both these rights? If so, I can remove my reviewer right. Otherwise, it seems fairly harmless? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :: The thing is, administrators have the <code>review</code> user right, as well as some permissions in the reviewer user group in the administrator toolset. That means that having the reviewer user group together with the admin user group is redundant. Hope this explains it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 November 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] <s>I'll do this tomorrow morning, as well as to remove autoreviewed user permissions from users who are reviewers.</s> ({{doing}}) [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:24, 12 November 2025 (UTC) : I have removed the autoreviewed user permission from users who are reviewers. As for administrators, I will do so later today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:40, 13 November 2025 (UTC) == Nesting in Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities == Hi Kittycataclysm, I am editor of wikipedia since 2004. We have the habit if we have a concern using the talk page to clarify the case. I am not sure to delete meaningful content without previous notification and doing major redirection without agreeing the main contributor(s) is an adequate admin act and sign of good manner of host (see [[W:Wikipedia:Etiquette|Wikipedia:Etiquette]].) Yes, It will be not an average book but above the regular. This is the exact case: ''"this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content."'' ''for to establish good structural and stylistic practices'' I have a data management certification. If you asking it will have 4 nest level on strict purpose. If you saw the introduction of the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] is/will be a global collection making effective collaboration over borders and continents. One structured + categorized(!) page for each community willing to show up. The Postal addresses has also same or larger deepness, this is unavoidable (Country/Postal Code/Location/Street/House/floor/door). Here will looks like: '''Eco-comm/Continent/Regio code/Community name''' The goal of this system to open bridge + experience highway for the communities using the same permaculture technics what collected parallelly in [[Open Book of Permaculture]]. That is also part of this knowledge base please dont do simplification steps on that without discussion. I am kindly asking to revert your edits in this book. After that I will put a notification template about "This book is under construction with major changes. Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History. Common clarifications/ guides are on the primary talk page." Thanks: [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 02:22, 12 November 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], and thank you both for your contributions and for reaching out! Yes, I did make the following changes to [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]: :* I moved the pages from the [[Eco-comm]] namespace to the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] namespace, since the table of contents and pages for a given book should be under that book's namespace. :* I removed the links to Wikipedia that were on [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]], since outlinking has been discouraged at en.Wikibooks as a matter of practice. Compilations of links may not fall into WB scope as an instructional text, and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia|there is precedent for deleting them]]. But, I do see that the tool I used didn't just remove links to enWP, so I will restore the prior revision and ping the tool developer. :* I flagged it as needing denesting—you're right that nested entries can sometimes be appropriate. In this case, I was primarily flagging for a denest because the table of contents needs to be moved onto the main page, and it shouldn't have hidden navigation within the nested portions. :Could you clarify which of these edits you do not agree with so I can make sure they are individually addressed? As an aside, it could be helpful to create a [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]] for the book in order to clearly outline the expectations. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:59, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::My main concern not about moving and flagging but '''deleting''' [[Eco-comm]] against [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] and not mentioning in the clarification even after my notification. Should I note all administrators [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers]] - or will they do speedy deleting one by one until I make them individually addressed? :::The <u> local manual of style</u> development is ongoing together with the sample pages. ::'''MAIN PAGE''' ::The '''Main page''' and '''Namespace''' is the [[Eco-comm]]. The '''Full Title''' or '''Cover''' is [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]. Because of the high level of nesting the below extra-long-full-text-title to be avoided the Cover page is a redirection with preface/intro etc. ::'''NESTING ''' :::Featured book with 3 level nesting: [[Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Educational Change/Theory]] :::5 level nesting example: [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] ::'''Categories''' The [[:Category:Eco-comm]] will let the users make practical sub-categories e.g. [[:Category:Eco-comm/Project/numundo]] [[:Category:Eco-comm/]] ::: ::[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for elaborating! I'm unfortunately not sure what you mean about deleting [[Eco-comm]]—are you referring to the fact that I moved it without leaving a redirect? Regarding the nesting, I do honestly think those other books you linked should have their navigation denested since I find their format difficult to parse, and they have some navigation issues. Looping in some other active admins (@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] (@[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]) so they can get eyes on this and voice anything they think is important. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:12, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::It makes no sense to have some crazy abbreviation as a "main page" or "namespace" (whatever that means in this context) for a book in order to allow it to be deep nested. Nobody needs to type the whole name of the nesting because that's what navigation templates do, and it is a simple matter to override the page title. I also take issue with the statement, above, "Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History." Anybody can edit, and nobody gets to own and control any work. Taken together, this complaint looks like a case of attempting to assert ownership and to operate against the normal practices of Wikibooks. As such, I am completely aligned with the changes made. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::::That. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:59, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] for the contribution, btw the [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] also looks crazy long, is'nt it? Lets continue in the [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/General]] keeping this page for personal messages. [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 23:07, 20 November 2025 (UTC) == Deletions of Wikibook subpages == Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], regarding the [[Thesis Writing Guide]] subpage deletions, should I just recreate them when I keep working on them or was there an automatic deletion that we could undo? This document will grow, but really slowly. Best, Tim [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 11:37, 16 December 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]]! Since there was so little content on the deleted pages, my recommendation would just be for you to gradually recreate the chapters as you go. Does that make sense? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) ::Makes sense, not my ideal solution, but also not far from it :) The end result will be the same, the in-between will just feel a little bit weird from time to time. ::Thank you for taking time to curate and quality-control Wikibooks - wishing wonderful holidays and a happy new year! [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you, and happy holidays to you as well :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 17 December 2025 (UTC) == help with "Media Literacy and You" == {{re|Kittycataclysm}} What do I need to do to get a quality review of ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', or whatever is needed to remove <nowiki>{{Qr-em|not clear how this is to be structured as a book}}</nowiki>? I ask, because you added that flag just over 2 hours after I created it. I later found that I had accidentally created it as an anonymous user. I've since started using my standard Wikiname, and I tried to respond to the requests both by creating a discussion on the "Discussion" page associated with that book and by upgrading the content. The upgrades included adding the "Introduction" chapter by revising an article on Wikiversity that convinced me to start this Wikibook. I have other articles that I plan to rewrite to create 9 of the remaining 11 chapters in the current table of contents, as indicated in this table of contents. ??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:23, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]]! I removed the query flag, since this is clearly not a test page. I do have concerns about the suitability of this book for Wikibooks, since it seems to be more in line with essays and original research/analysis (which are [[Wikibooks:WIW|out of scope here]]). Wikiversity seems like a very suitable place for them—is there a specific reason you want to move them here? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 8 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::This book is intended to accelerate the diffusion of [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] by making it easier for humans to (a) access training materials and (b) connect with research on the most important issues that concern them and (c) discuss those issues with others who may believe differently in a nonthreatening context that encourages dialogue and a shared search for what can honestly be said about any particular issue. This is an extension of "The wisdom of polarized crowds" discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliability of Wikipedia]]. ::I don't know about you, but I'm frightened by the collapse of nuclear arms control agreements since the year 2000, by global warming, by the threats of the Trump administration to invade Canada and Greenland, etc. If this book project is successful, it will make a material contribution to reversing these trends -- unless this kind of dialogue is [[v:Responding to a nuclear attack|interrupted by a nuclear war]]. === Who is DavidMCEddy === ::I'm a [[w:Vietnam veteran|Vietnam-era veteran]] with a PhD in statistics and a publication record for which [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer-Graves-3 ReserchGate has found over 1,200 academic publications that have cited my work.] Since [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/DavidMCEddy 2010 I have logged] * 6,000+ edits in each of Wikipedia and Wikiversity, * 1,000+ in Wikimedia Commons, * 30,000+ in Wikidata, and * almost 1,000 in other Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikiquote and edits to the Spanish, French and German Wikipedias. This includes dozens of research reports posted to Wikiversity under [[v:Category:Freedom and abundance]] and 44 posts under [[v:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] that provide a platform for documenting and discussing 44 episodes of a fortnightly "Media & Democracy" series of 29:00 mm:ss podcasts syndicated for the [https://pacificanetwork.org/stations-2/ Pacifica Radio Network] featuring the opinions of leading experts on the increase in political polarization and violence and what those experts think should be done about this. I've just posted another chapter to [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. I hope you will agree that this book can make a positive contribution to Wikibooks and to [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [[w:Wikipedia:Prime objective|Prime Directive]] to create "a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge." Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 01:19, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Thank you and I understand this, but I am asking why you think this material is more suitable at Wikibooks rather than at Wikiversity. From what I can see, Wikiversity seems like the more appropriate home for it given our [[Wikibooks:WIW|scope]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::"Media Literacy and You" is textbook to support both self study and classes on media literacy. ::I have been posting content to Wikiversity since 2014 and have not encountered support there for books. A search just now turned up a hint of a book on Wikiversity, but I could not easily find anything on how to do it, etc. ::I think this "Media Literacy and You" project would lose the vast majority of its potential if it were not on Wikibooks. ::??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:22, 9 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{re|Kittycataclysm}} Will you please help me with the protocols of creating a book on Wikiversity? 1. I have found documentation that claims that Wikiversity supports such. However, the documentation seems incomplete, potentially out of date, etc. For example, I could not see how to follow the instructions for [[Wikiversity:Help:Books#Step 1: Enable the "Book creator" tool]]. So I posted a question to [[Wikiversity:Help talk:Books]]. 2. What do you suggest I do next? :I can create an article on Wikiversity titled, "Media Literacy and You", and port everything I've posted to Wikibooks there, then replace the pages on Wikibooks with redirects to [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You]], [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/Introduction]], and [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. :If you think that's the best way to build this book project, great. It would actually be easier for me, because there would be less translation between what I already have on Wikiversity and a version for Wikibooks. (Also, Wikiversity supports <nowiki>{{cite Q|...}}</nowiki>, which I have used extensively for years.) :Thanks for your help. [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 13:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the exact workings of Wikiversity, so I can't be much help there. My personal recommendation is that you ask there for help on how best to structure your materials to match the WV requirements. If you'd like some additional opinions/insight, please feel free to also check in at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|reading room]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I believe I have finished migrating all of ''Media Literacy and You'' to Wikiversity and replacing the parts of it on Wikibooks with redirects. Comments? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 17:32, 10 February 2026 (UTC) == Thank you! == Heya, thanks for reviewing my stuff! Just to note, the first lesson page was done and so that'll need moving. If you want to discuss anything with me, I am easily reachable on Discord @ xiluosi233. I can explain philosophy, approach, and so on from my teaching experience if you want anything regarding that. [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:48, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :It appears [[An Introduction to the Han Script]] was moved wrong - should it not be [[General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script]]? [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] good catch! I accidentally removed more of the title than intended. I've fixed this now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == A test request == Just to see whether a recent Luna update turned out as intended, could you briefly revert your [[User:Kittycataclysm/lunaoptions.json|Luna preferences page]] to the first revision? Since you don't appear to have any custom preferences in the first place, I don't think there should be any conflicts. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:49, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Done! But, it seems to have perhaps auto-updated again immediately afterwards. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:39, 10 April 2026 (UTC) == Linking == Hi,<br> For my edification, why is a link from [[Cookbook:nettle|nettle]] to [[w:Urtica_dioica|Urtica dioica]] not appropriate? The Wikipedia article has more information & seems relevant.<br> Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 01:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] good question! Wikibooks discourages outlinking, since books should be self-contained units. Instead of linking to [[w:Urtica dioica]], the correct approach would be to flesh out the actual chapter here at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC) ::Should all material in the Wikipedia article about Urtica dioica relevant to cooking be duplicated into the nettle article in the cookbook? Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 02:30, 2 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] you could do that, although you should only include information that is sourced. However, I recommend that you wait, because I am coincidentally working on the page right now and fleshing it out significantly. I should publish today. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:40, 2 May 2026 (UTC) ::::The nettle page is better now. Thanks. ::::I still wonder, given that the link to ''The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, ...'' is permitted, why not a link to the botanically oriented page in Wikipedia. What if someone reads the Cookbook article and is interested in the toxin for example? Seems that non-Wikimedia references are more privileged than Wikimedia references. ::::Also, by chance, just noticed the [[w:Nettle_soup|Nettle soup]] article in Wikipedia. Better in the Cookbook? ::::Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:10, 5 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Another good question. The reason those books are linked is because they are reputable and topical sources for the subject matter (nettles as used in cooking from an instructional perspective), and the links are part of the citations—this makes it different from a simple outlink to a Wikipedia page. Wikipedia pages should also not be cited themselves as sources. Regarding nettle soup, I don't think it makes sense to have that as a standalone page here in the cookbook due to its encyclopedic tone, and I don't see any recipes there. Does this make sense? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::Somewhat. Certainly a recipe wouldn't be incongruous in a cookbook. Still seems unhelpful that relevant information in Wikipedia is inaccessible from a Wikibook. In effect there's a "Berlin Wall" between two Wikimedia projects. Would a "See also" section be permissible? ::::::Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 14:00, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> == Undeletion request == Hello, I am writing to request an undeletion of the page Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad. You stated you are a frequent visitor of the Lentis page and are thus familiar with it. This page was part of a class assignment and was in progress at the time of deletion. The work deleted is what we will be graded on for our class, so we would appreciate the restoration. [[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] ([[User talk:Yqj3km|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yqj3km|contribs]]) 19:36, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] see my response below regarding undeletion. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Undeletion request == About the page on Lentis called Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad: I, too, request undeletion, please. If the authors made any msitakes, the fault is 100 percent mine, for failing to guide them correctly. Like all chapters in this book, this team's chapter is a class assignment. I will be interested also in the reason for deletion so that I can guide authors better. I want to help my students be constructive contributors. Many thanks! [[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 20:03, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Norton|Norton]] and thanks for the ping! I deleted it because it was not titled/filed correctly, so I didn't realize it was part of [[Lentis]]. I have undeleted it and moved it to [[Lentis/Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:14, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many, many thanks, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am very grateful as always for everything you do for Wikibooks! ::[[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Log in issues == Hi, messaging you as you seem to be the most active admin at the moment. I can't log in (as posted at <bdi>[[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] and also on my WP page at</bdi> [[w:User_talk:Xania]]). Seems to be an issue with extra security for admins? I am asked to use my authenticator app (which I can't as I have never set it up for Wikibooks) or a recovery code (which I don't have). Any idea what I should do in this situation? Xania [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28255-89|&#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:21, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :Apologies for missing this yesterday! It seems like we have a few people working on it over in the reading room, and I'll keep track there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC) == Splitting pages == FYI, I untagged [[Art Print Production Methods]] as for splitting: the page is rather small with its 20 KB and does not need splitting, in my view. Ideally, there would be an operationalized, fairly detailed policy on the matter, but I do not know of one. Single-page books are in [[:Category:One-page books]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:45, 20 May 2026 (UTC) == <s>Slander</s> == <S>Your tag is slanderous and very easily proven wrong.</s>[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654455] Given you likely didn't bother to look at the edit history, I would remind you that your given reason that you think it was AI is because you see the chapter is "numbered". That however was 100% my own personal decision after I reviewed my work and thought to myself that I later wrote in the introduction that there is a first to fourth chapter. However I thought to myself that the readers would not be easily made aware of what is meant by first to fourth as I didn't number them - so is why I dedicated an entire edit to make it less ambiguous [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654328]. I should not have to be falsely penalized because I wanted to be more considerate and ensure better clarity. I do however request AI to help me figure out coding like this - [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654329] as I don't know how to link. But I intentionally take great efforts to not rely on AI to write that book and find your wrongful presumptions troubling. [[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 06:00, 15 July 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] thank you for clarifying! I flagged it for review because it matched a common pattern we see associated with LLM use here. If that is not the case, then nothing needs to happen in that respect; however, you will likely want to fix the lists so that they are correctly formatted in the Wikitext and not hard-written—let me know if you have any questions about that. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:14, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::Yeah, I don't instantly understand what you mean by "correctly formatted" list. At first, I assumed you were referring to chapter 4 - (''Further reading'')? But I think I know what you mean. I made this edit here [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654738] to align with how I see wikibooks typically do lists. Did I fix it? If not, feel free to clarify.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 18:35, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::I thought about how I responded earlier. Even tho I still disagree, I probably shouldn't have used such a tone. I imagine admins like yourself do a lot of work overseeing wiki and the project owes a lot to you guys. So I take back my harsh words, and I hope we're good.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 03:38, 17 July 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] I appreciate that—thank you! And thank you for [[Special:Diff/4654738|making those changes to the lists]], which was indeed what I was referring to. Happy editing! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:31, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == The Geoguide == I literally wrote all of this myself I used no AI if you want to you can highlight the areas that seem way too formal and ill fix them [[User:Kayden Swanson|Kayden Swanson]] ([[User talk:Kayden Swanson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kayden Swanson|contribs]]) 04:22, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I have removed the flag. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:41, 20 July 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism == your recent changes may not be constructive. {{Warning}} [[User:Duodeca 12|Duodeca 12]] ([[User talk:Duodeca 12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Duodeca 12|contribs]]) 20:39, 2 August 2026 (UTC) == Your recent revert == Could you explain [[Special:Diff/4670314]]? This seems to be you ''restoring'' vandalism, which was originally introduced by [[Special:Diff/4669920]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 20:06, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :Good catch! Somehow I didn't have the most recent version of a page loaded, and it seems like Luna reverts the most recent edit of a page and not the specific edit you're viewing. The edit in question should be fixed now. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:11, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry {{PAGENAME}} for butting in here, I hope you don't mind. ::Just wanted to mention that I have had a few similar experiences when editing (not having the most recent version of a page loaded). Once this caused me friction with an admin who was convinced I was willfully undoing their edit. This happened years ago on another wikimedia project. ::Ottawahitech [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 01:18, 16 September 2026 (UTC) == Confirmed user == <s>If this is one, could I perhaps be a confirmed user? The software has not granted me autoconfirmed, despite me having the requirements.</s> [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:50, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :This is not needed anymore, thank you! [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism on Unicode/Character reference/1F000-1FFFF == I caught the LTA adding Unicode characters which aren't even approved, I undid it, and they reverted. Please semi-protect this page.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 15:33, 27 September 2026 (UTC) == Pages by [[User:Ruth Bulyaba M]] == Hello Kittycataclysm, I would like to bring to your attention the pages created by this user. I have used AI checkers to check if the page was created by AI, and it turned out to be positive. I have reached out to the user, to no response. Could you perhaps verify if their pages were created by AI? Thank you. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:26, 29 September 2026 (UTC) suqcd618nbttqkfn7sekuru8j4kh89o 4672913 4672912 2026-09-29T11:28:04Z TechVindicator 3626296 /* Pages by User:Ruth Bulyaba M */ 4672913 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Talk Page Archives |- |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022|2022]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2023|2023]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2024|2024]] |} == That IP range calculator == Following [[phab:T381138|T381138]], I have now become the maintainer of the IP range calculator you like. You can find it [[toolforge:ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:10, 9 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == A merge and unmerge from two years ago == I was browsing through the history merge log when I saw that you merged [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] into [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]], and then promptly reverted it. What happened here exactly? Could I correct it? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Good question! I can't remember what I was trying to do, but it looks like I didn't succeed at what I wanted based on the log comment. You're just trying to history merge to get [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]] to have continuity of history? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:35, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::I think I figured out your mistake: it outright moved the revisions from the first page to the second, rather than copying them. This would have caused the other two [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] pages to have incomplete histories. I think the only solution would be to XML import the pre-April 2023 revisions from the first page to the other three, and I'm not sure if that's the best idea, and I am technically unable to do so. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:49, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Undeletion request == I wouldn't be surprised if you expected this, but I'd like to ask you to undelete the subpages of [[Rotorcraft Fundamentals]] you just deleted with the summary "Use of copyrighted work without permission. Please read Terms of Use: page needs to be imported for attribution", so that I can do that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:54, 14 January 2025 (UTC) :Done! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:57, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ::Upon further investigation, this might actually be a rare case where an [[WB:UT|unmerged transwiki]] is ''preferred'' (this is part of why I stopped calling them "bad transwikis"), since only a small portion of the Wikipedia article (with over 2,000 revisions) was copied over. Importation is generally only needed if the ''majority'' of the page is copied across wikis. I'll just leave a null edit providing attribution and add {{tlx|Copied}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 21:19, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Reusing [[Cookbook:8 Desserts in 1 Pan]] on wikiHow == Hi, I am a user on wikiHow, see [[wikihow:User:Xeverything11]]. I would like to create a new recipe on wikiHow. I wanted to let us know if I can give permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe from Wikibooks to wikiHow. I (as a copyright holder) created this recipe on Wikibooks, but you contributed to this recipe. If not, I'll use the revision before you contributed since I was the only author. Wikibooks uses CC-BY-SA 4.0 while wikiHow uses CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0, which both licenses are incompatible due to ShareAlike conditions. Thanks [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:27, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] I'm personally fine with this as long as proper attribution is given back to the original recipe page here. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:52, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::I adapted this [[wikihow:Make-8-Desserts-in-1-Pan|recipe]] on wikiHow with attribution, and got a Rising Star (an achievement used for best new articles on wikiHow). Thank you! [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikibooks community == Hi, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am trying to contribute more to English Wikibooks. My main contributions will focus on the Cookbook, especially on Indonesian recipes. Do you have a community group where we can discuss and share ideas together? I am looking forward to join. Thank you! [[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 08:47, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] Sorry I missed this, and welcome! Are you asking about a Cookbook-specific area for discussion? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:39, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. Do you know place for this? ::Thank you ::[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 09:41, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :::Honestly, there's not a centralized Cookbook-specific discussion space, especially since there aren't currently a ton of active contributors. Some people ask questions at [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. I'm currently the most consistently active and involved Cookbook editor, so feel free to ask me questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 22 January 2025 (UTC) == Congratulations! == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb|You get this now.]] You are now a permanent administrator. Welcome to the team (I am entitled to say this because I technically got the extension a few hours before you did)!{{FBDB}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 29 January 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:29, 29 January 2025 (UTC) == Is there a way to contact a Steward on WikiBooks? == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, Is there a way to contact a Steward on WB? I tried to find who the active Stewards are here at [[Special:ActiveUsers?username=&groups%5B%5D=steward&wpFormIdentifier=specialactiveusers]] but nothing shows up. The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the [[Wikimania-wiki]], but I just visited the [[wikimania 2014 wiki]] and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the [[Wikimania 2014 main-page talk]] but disovered that the Stewards have protected it. Is there a way wikibookians can communicate with Stewards at WB? Thanks in advance for answering this non-urgent question, and apologies for all the red-links which I can bluify if needed. Cheers [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:37, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] You can ask this on somewhere like [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:01, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <s>:@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] seconding what Leaderboard said—we no longer have any active stewards at enWB.</s> Had a brain fade there and mixed up stewards with bureaucrats. Yes, meta is the place for this. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::@Kittycataclysm,@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], or anyone else: ::Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb. I myself am indef-blocked at META so could not participate at [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]] even if I waned to. ::Since [[Wikimania]] is a topic of interest to all members of the [[wikimedia movement]] why can't wikibookians talk to thier elected representatives here? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:56, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] I can check with the blocking admin to see if they'd be willing to unblock you, if you'd like. The reason things like these are done at Meta is that Meta is a cross-project coordination platform - stewards ''cannot'' be expected to watch every project after all. Now you could message any steward here on Wikibooks if you really wanted to, but that is not normally a good idea. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:26, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Wikimania is the annual conference celebrating all the free knowledge projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). It is a wikimedia initiative which is meant to help all of our projects (including wikibooks), gain more readership, educate more wiki-editors, foster better communications, and much more. The wmf has been hosting a Wikimania-wiki dedicated to each Wikimania annual event since 2004. These wikis contain a wealth of information, but can benefit from wiki-improvements, starting from spelling and grammar errors that detract from their to appeal to the general membership. It would be nice if Stewards paid more attention to it. ::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], I truly appreciate your offer, but I posted this here not in order to get someone to advocate for one unblocking at META. As I said earlier: ::::* "Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb" ::::* "The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the Wikimania-wiki, but I just visited the wikimania 2014 wiki and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the Wikimania 2014 main-page talk but disovered that the Stewards have protected it" ::::I would much rather see more wikimedia members question blocking in general at META. One cannot run such large movement of people from different backgrounds and nationalities simply by silencing minorities IMIO. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Crystal ball]] == That page appears to be a mixture of isolated paragraphs from [[w:Crystal ball|Crystal ball]], hence my tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:04, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :Yep, that seems correct! I also queried it simply because it does not seem suitable for inclusion at all. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:09, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Question about an edit suggestion == Hi Kittycataclysm, Thanks for the great work you do as an admin! I wanted to clarify a suggestion you made on a recently published page I’m working on. You recommended splitting it into smaller sections—would you suggest creating separate pages for these sections, or would a higher-level header for some topics be sufficient? Any specific recommendations you have would be greatly appreciated! Here’s the link to the page I’m referring to: [[Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America]] Thank you! [[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]] ([[User talk:Svrmustafa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Svrmustafa|contribs]]) 18:19, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]], and thanks for asking! Splitting refers to creating new pages, each with a smaller amount of content. The main page should then contain a table of contents, and each page can contain a navigation template for easier navigation. I'll create the table of contents based on the current work and move some content to one of those pages as an example for you; then, you can do the rest. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) ::Following up on this—I noticed that you use the term "paper". However, technically Wikibooks hosts books not papers, so you should probably change this wording. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Talkback == {{Talkback|Cookbook talk:Chilli Crab|Recipe Questions}} [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 09:54, 19 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] I also made [[Cookbook:Prata|this]] [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:15, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Can you look at my latest recipe? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:10, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :I saw it! It needs a few corrections, which I'll note. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] How do you write recipe summary, correct headers [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 06:04, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :::Please see [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:08, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 02:33, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook == Hi there, Kittycataclysm. I wandered over here from Wikipedia, and I'm quite enamoured with this cookbook. I noticed you seem to be the one maintaining it, and I thought I'd reach out. Can I really just start cranking out recipes from public domain cookbooks and my family recipes? It's that simple? I was also wondering about the featured recipes section. There's not very many in there, and I imagine there's not very many folks around to do reviews compared to GAR on Wikipedia. How do you handle content review? Thanks. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:51, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] and welcome! For some context, the Cookbook has been around since the very beginning of Wikibooks, but it had gotten into a bit of disarray over the course of about two decades by the time I found it. I started the long process of overhauling, standardizing, and expanding it just over four years ago—I finished standardizing the recipe formatting and quality a while back and am currently working my way through the ingredient pages before moving on to equipment, techniques, and cuisines. You can absolutely add any public domain recipes as well as your own recipes—they just need to conform to the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] and [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy overall]]. It's even better if you've made the recipe and can contribute a nice picture and specific guidance/instructions/notes! Please feel free to ask me any questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and regarding the featured recipes section, I actually haven't gotten around to looking into that yet—there's been a lot to do! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:28, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::That's great, thanks a lot for your response. This is just delightful. Maybe content review is something that we could collaborate on. There's a lot of recipes in here and it would be nice to know which ones are the best. Question for you, [[:Category:Brown sauces]] is really bothering me. How can I move that to Brown sauce recipes? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:29, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::Good catch on that category! It seems like it was created two decades ago and never got corrected—feel free to recategorize those recipes. Thank you also for introducing the hideprefix parameter to the category trees—I didn't realize that was an option, and it reduces the visual clutter! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::My pleasure! As I continue to look at the categories, this is actually worse than I thought. We have both [[:Category:Sauce recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes for condiments]] and I suspect that's just the beginning. I want to go through and categorize everything properly, but the bones aren't even there... How long do I have to be here before it'll let me create and move around categories? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Regarding the categories, the category overhauling is in progress, since I address the category when I overhaul the associated page. The variation in titling is actually somewhat deliberate—I started changing it from "____ recipes" in certain cases to solve a particular categorization problem. Sometimes, there is an item that is used in recipes as an ingredient but for which there are also recipes. For example, [[:Category:Recipes for bread]] versus [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]. The different naming scheme is necessary to properly delineate the categories, and I'm working on implementing it a bit more consistently as I go. While you're still getting started, it would be great if you could check with me when something looks odd or out of place—that way I can take a look and weigh in on whether that's normal or not and maybe provide some context. Just off the top of my head, I think you will have to wait for autoreview status to make move changes. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see what you're saying, I've been trying to wrap my head around that. Maybe it would be beneficial to try to put together some sort of a Cookbook MOS regarding category structure? It's kind of all over the place right now. Using your bread example, would it perhaps make more sense to have [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]? There would be no ambiguity with just those two categories, but when you add the extra [[:Category:Recipes for bread]], that's when things start getting a little whacky. What do you think? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::Either that or get rid of [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and keep the other two. But one of these categories gotta go, I reckon. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I see you already had the same thought as me. I think all categories should include "for" or "using". Take for example, [[:Category:Recipes for pancakes]] as opposed to [[:Category:Pancake recipes]]. Well obviously there's no recipes using pancakes. But for something like [[:Category:Recipes for gravy]], there may also be a need for [[:Category:Recipes using gravy]]. The lack of consistency in this regard means the only way to achieve consistency across the categories is by changing them over to that format. Sorry for clogging up your talk page! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:18, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Same heads-up as below—migrating this over to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:10, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :Also, on [[Cookbook:Table of Contents]], could you please add a wikilink for [[Cookbook:Breakfast]], and maybe add cooknav to the top for seamless navigation between all the top level articles? Can't edit that article yet. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == More Table of Content Edits == Hello again. I've been going through everything and this is my list of suggestions for edits to the table of contents. Unfortunately there's not much else I can do for now, because without autoconfirmed my ability to change anything is very limited. I was going to ask for someone to check off the confirmed box for me at RfP but I can't post there either, so I guess I'll be back in four days. * Fix Bread wikilink * Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing * [[Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Low-Carb]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] to [[Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine]] for parity * Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting * Create [[:Category:Lunch recipes]], wikilink to ToC * Wikilink [[Cookbook:Dessert]] under Meals * Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category * Create [[Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine]] so I can add the recipes from [[:Category:East Asian recipes]] to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC * Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction" * Appendix and Equipment sections switch places Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :I took the liberty of doing it myself in my userspace. You can just copy it over from [[User:MediaKyle/sandbox]]. Figured I'd save you the trouble of trying to figure out what I'm talking about. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 14:15, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Circling back to this! It seems like your suggestions are getting at a couple different things. I'll try to go through them point-by-point below: :* {{xt|Fix Bread wikilink}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing}} see below comments on TOC. :* {{xt|Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for now because I don't fully understand the urgency and I want to triage/prioritize things for you, but please feel free to make this change yourself once you can! :* {{xt|Cookbook:Low-Carb points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for same reason as above. :* {{xt|Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean to Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine for parity}} {{not done}} for now just because we do have a lot of cuisine pages that follow the form "Cuisine of ____". It could be good to standardize, and I had been planning to do that once I got around to the cuisines. :* {{xt|Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting}} {{not done}} for same reason as other redirects :* {{xt|Create Category:Lunch recipes, wikilink to ToC}} Not quite sure what you mean here, and I didn't see what it corresponded to in your linked sandbox page :* {{xt|Wikilink Cookbook:Dessert under Meals}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category}} I'm not sure about this—brunch is in many places considered a separate entity, and I don't necessarily think it would cause confusion. But, overall it's hard to determine whether it should have its own page and TOC link because I haven't actually gotten around to evaluating the meal pages and what role they should play. See also the TOC notes below. :* {{xt|Create Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine so I can add the recipes from Category:East Asian recipes to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC}} {{done}} for now; however, I'm not sure yet whether it will ultimately make sense to keep that as a content page. I think content pages should be reasonably focused, and it may not be the best to have a cuisine page that is so broad. This is something I planned to consider once I made my way around the overhauling the cuisines. :* {{xt|Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction"}} The reason I made it "Introductory Matter" instead of "Introduction" is because there's already a chapter itself titled "Introduction"—it felt odd to have the entire section titled that as well. Happy to discuss other header options (e.g. "Front Matter", which is a generally accepted book term) :* {{xt|Appendix and Equipment sections switch places}} see below comments on TOC. :* '''Comments on the TOC:''' So, I think a fundamental issue with the current TOC is that it somewhat arbitrarily picks and chooses individual pages to link. It also sometimes direct-links to categories and sometimes to content pages, which I don't think we should do. Because the cookbook is so expansive, it's been established that manual indices intending to capture detail in large areas don't really make sense and quickly get bulky and out-of-date. This is why categorytree is such a useful tool! After thinking on it for a while and making some small tweaks, I think I'd ultimately like to overhaul the TOC and come to a solution that keeps a few broad headers/links to the small handful of the primary content pages while perhaps stashing away more detailed and self-updating lists in a collapsible way to reduce clutter but allow for customizable user navigation. Much to think about, and I'll probably workshop some things on the side to see how they feel. :Let me know if I've misunderstood anything! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:24, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the notes! Here's my thoughts: ::* On the Cuisine titling, it actually seems like [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] and [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines]] are the only ones that don't follow the naming scheme, i.e. "[[Cookbook:African Cuisine]]", and I think that shorter titles are preferable where it makes sense. ::* On your note about East Asian Cuisine, I actually had the same thought after going through the cuisine pages. Having three separate pages for different kinds of Asian cuisine does seem a little silly, doesn't it? Do you think it might be better to combine all of them under one "Asian Cuisine", but put the different locales under separate headers? ::* On Brunch - I honestly think there's way too much ambiguity around what exactly constitutes as "brunch" to keep that in. I feel as though the term brunch more applies to the time you're eating, rather than the kind of food. I think it would be easier to keep meals that include commonly accepted breakfast foods in the Breakfast category, and things that don't fit neatly into that, into the Lunch category. This would prevent any dilemmas in the future where we can't decide whether something is breakfast or brunch. ::* You're right that it looks a little awkward to have the header as Introduction when there's a page called introduction. I still think that to say "Introductory Matter", or "Front Matter" as you mentioned, is a little long-winded and reflects a more academic tone than needed for a cookbook. Upon further reflection, I think maybe rather than worrying about the header at this point, we should perhaps think about trying to compile all of those short introductory type pages into one comprehensive introductory page. Then we likely won't even need a header for it on the ToC. ::* The ToC is definitely a bit cluttered, and it bothers me too that there's a real lack of consistency across whether the wikilinks lead to a page or a category. I'm not sure how I would feel about cutting away too much of the navigation from it, though, because just about every page on there does have a reason to be there, it's just that they're not presented very nicely. Some of it can certainly get nested or combined though. I'll play around with it over the next few days in my sandbox as well and let you know if I come up with anything. ::* As an aside, the first thing on my to-do list once my autoconfirmed comes through is to start subcategorizing all of the recipes so that they're all nicely sorted in the category trees. When you have a chance, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what we should use as the standard naming for categories. Once we determine this, I think we can also take the liberty of updating the cookbook MoS to reflect it. ::Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:33, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :::Note: After writing this, I realized what you were getting at about slashing away some of the subpages. Maybe we can come up with a system where all of those subpages are under their main subpage rather than on the ToC. For example, all the Cuisines are under [[Cookbook:Cuisines]], all techniques under [[Cookbook:Cooking Techniques]], to keep the subpages off the main ToC. Also, I wonder if maybe we should try to make a centralized discussion for this somewhere, in case anyone else wants to join in at some point? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:45, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::Heads-up: to make it easier to keep track of these and since I think they deserve their own discussions, I'm going to gradually migrate them over individually to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:52, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Good idea. Can you remove the semi-protection from that talk page? I see no reason why it should be protected. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:23, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook ToC == Hi [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]. I was just wondering why you didn't respond to my above message, and started a separate sandbox for the ToC instead? It seems as though you don't really want to collaborate. It would be nice if we could work on this together. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 22:43, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] thanks for the ping! I'm sorry you feel like I don't want to collaborate—the opposite is true, and please understand that this is good-faith editing. The reason I haven't responded to the above points is mostly since you've been modifying a bunch of content and adding suggestions lately, and I've been working my way through these while continuing with my routine contributions and real life as well—things happen a little more slowly here than on other projects, and I'm the one person dedicated to the cookbook right now. The reason I created that sandbox was because I saw [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Modernize the shelves|your comment]] at the reading room and wanted to play around and think about your suggestion without touching the actual TOC. You're right that it's not the best, and it's been something I've been thinking about for a bit now. Please understand also that it can be overwhelming when a new editor unfamiliar with the Cookbook begins making a high volume of edits and suggestions without having much experience with it or its history—this isn't to say that you don't have good ideas or things worth contributing. In fact, you have already made a few helpful changes, as I've mentioned. I just want to do this properly and take the time to evaluate your suggestions together with the current efforts that are underway, and that can take a bit. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:03, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for getting back to me. While I may be new to Wikibooks, I'm certainly not new to MediaWiki, and I've been working with small wiki projects for a number of years. Perhaps it's been a misunderstanding to some degree, but I've found my reception here to be unusually unwelcoming. The way to do this properly, as you said, would be to have discussions and form consensus. Yesterday, when you reached out to me about adding hideroot to the pages, I gave you my rationale and was more than happy to have a discussion about it, but you did not reply. I noticed a similar situation happened with [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Ottawahitech#Category_sorting Ottawahitech], regarding category sorting. I'm aware that you're the main person looking after the cookbook right now, which is why I reached out to you right from the get go. ::I understand why you would want to create your own sandbox to play around with options for the ToC, but I'm sure you can understand why it would draw my attention that you would do this without implementing any of the wikilink fixes I mentioned, or making an attempt to discuss it further. This came across to me as not wanting my help. ::I invite you to check out my page on Wikipedia. I've made contributions across quite a wide area of topics there, as well as the other Wikimedia projects, and this is the first time I've encountered any sort of resistance to my contributions. I think Wikibooks has enormous potential, and I'm very excited to contribute to helping it grow. On most projects, this would be something to be encouraged. I don't feel like "I'm sorry that you feel that way" was really an appropriate response. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:59, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :::I think you're right that this has been a mix of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and I think I can understand how things came across as unwelcoming! For whatever it's worth, I absolutely plan on circling back to the various discussions at hand (I have all the relevant pages open to return to), but it seems like the order I did things made it seem like I was ignoring you (if I'm understanding correctly). I am pretty busy, so sometimes items on my to-do list do get lost/shunted or it takes me a bit to get around to something—please don't hesitate to give me a ping if it seems like I'm taking a while to get back to something. Looking forward to more collaboration! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm glad you can understand where I'm coming from. To clarify, my intent is not to try to rush you, or to try to push you to make changes that you don't agree with. It's really easy to misinterpret things over the Internet, and I think a short message can go a long way. I apologize if I've caused you any undue stress by coming into the cookbook and unleashing a flurry of alterations, but do rest assured that I'm not married to any of my changes, I'm always open for discussion, and I want to see the cookbook improve just like you do. The great thing about wikis is that no change is permanent. I think we'll have it in tip-top shape in no time! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:19, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Polish Doughnuts (Paczki)]] == Do you see any reason not to just add this to Featured Recipes? At least we know this one works, and it seems like this is now one of the few recipes to have a picture that actually aligns with the recipe used. I was thinking later on we'll come up with a content review system where a couple editors will actually try the recipes nominated for FR, but in the absence of that I'd just add it to the list. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 12:25, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine with adding it to the featured recipes. You're right that we'll want to come up with a good system for this going forward, though it's lower down on my personal priority list at moment. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Cream Cheese American Buttercream]] == Hi! I am a wikiHow user and I am planning to adapt this recipe to wikiHow. Since you contributed to this recipe, I wanted to know if I can get permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 21:41, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] that's fine with me as long as proper attribution and linking back to the original recipe page here are included at the top. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[A Companion to Our Literary Journey]] == Hi! I feel that we have started to outline the scope in a clearer and more precise way and that’s the work we are going to do with the students this and for the next years, adding more sections and content. Do you think that would be enough? [[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]] ([[User talk:Ferdi2005|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ferdi2005|contribs]]) 22:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]]! Yes, this seems to be reasonably outlined. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:51, 7 March 2025 (UTC) == Exercising care with copyright == When deleting a page as a copyright violation, it is important that you '''do not quote any content from the deleted page'''. If you do, then your log entry is itself a copyright violation. I have redacted a recent deletion that you performed because of this. If you want to make sure that none of your past deletions have been problematic for this reason, you can [[quarry:query/90444|run this SQL query]] to get a list of every deletion that could be eligible for redaction. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:32, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and thank you for the message. In the most recent instance that I think you're referencing, I do not see any material in the edit summary that posed a significant risk—I don't believe the few listed words would be a copyright concern. However, I do understand your concern! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:31, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == Splitting Pages == Hi I have recently made the book on the [[History of the Nawabs of Bengal]] and you gave a notice on how you believe it should be split into smaller bits. As I am still new to wikibooks I don't know how to do this. Can you please assist me on renaming the page so I can split the page into multiple pages? @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 19:47, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]]: You did it. I've removed the tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:44, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :Like @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] said, you're all set! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 29 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 10:24, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == Minecraft book == Is it good creating pages like this, [[Minecraft#Husk]]? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 12:43, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::are we allowed to create pages like that? like for every mob [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:02, 11 May 2025 (UTC) :::To be honest, I don't think the structure and formatting of the book is very good. Several of the mob pages, for example, have very little information and aren't particularly helpful on their own. If I were working on it, I would restructure the book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:09, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I am planning to do that. [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 04:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Review Adjusted User Page (XoriantTeam) == Hello [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I hope you're well. I noticed that my user page ([[User:XoriantTeam]]) was recently deleted for appearing promotional or inappropriate for Wikibooks. Thank you for keeping the community standards in check. I’ve since revised the content with closer attention to neutrality and compliance with Wikibooks guidelines. My intent is to participate constructively, especially in areas related to digital engineering and educational content creation. If possible, I’d appreciate your help reviewing the revised version. I'm happy to share it or upload it as a file if there’s a preferred method. Please let me know how best to proceed. I welcome any suggestions and will gladly make further adjustments. Best regards, XoriantTeam [[User:XoriantTeam|XoriantTeam]] ([[User talk:XoriantTeam|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/XoriantTeam|contribs]]) 11:02, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi there—you can publish an updated user page, but I'd caution you against talking about your company. Keep it limited to your involvement with Wikibooks. You may contribute productively here, but further promotional materials are grounds for an indefinite block. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Planning to use AWB to update categories on the cookbook == Hello. I noticed in recent changes that you were moving some categories using HotCat (e.g. moving Category:Chile recipes to Category:Recipes using chile), which can be time-consuming. Therefore, I plan to help you with moving the cookbook categories by adding myself to enabledusers and enabledbots in [[Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]]. Would this be fine if I assist you and to add myself to the check page? I am familiar with using AWB after testing on a non-Wikimedia project. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:42, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—thank you for the tip! I just installed JWB, so this should make my mass cat changes much faster. Thanks again! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for the information. Also, is it okay if I change (for example) [[:Category:Vinegar recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes using vinegar]] (I can redirect the former category to the latter), given that we should move {{tq|Category:[ingredient] recipes}} to {{tq|Category:Recipes using [ingredient]}} for consistency? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sure thing—go ahead! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:53, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Tool for even faster category changes == See [[:c:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot#As_your_user_gadget]]. I just [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koavf/common.js&action=history installed it] and used it dozens of times in a click. Let me know if you need any help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:36, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Thanks! I'm having a little trouble activating it, but I'll keep trying. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:54, 19 June 2025 (UTC) ::A lot of times, a purge will do the trick. See [[:mw:Purge]]. Usually just <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+R</kbd> once or twice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:55, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :::Took several purges, but we're set now! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 19 June 2025 (UTC) == Advice on when I should run for adminship == Hi, I hope you are doing well. I am asking for some advice on when I should run for enwikibooks adminship, given the following below: Currently, I am doing some optimizations for dark mode on this project, and some of the message box/MediaWiki interface/template pages might be outdated, fully protected, or can use a little help using mw-parser-output. These unfortunately might hinder the process of updating these pages/templates for Vector 2022's dark mode.<br> Additionally, I have a solid expertise with edit filters, as I have requested some administrators to update deprecated filter variables, switching filters from warn and disallow to disallow only, and I can also monitor the filter log for potential false positives (from local or global filters). A fellow English Wikibooks administrator also said to me that they are willing to support me in a few months when I run for adminship, as I am generally trusted. I hold two advanced global permissions, and I hold an edit filter helper permission on the English Wikipedia, to be sure. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—good question! I agree that you are a trusted user, and I think it would be reasonable for you to run for adminship, especially given our need to fix up technical aspects of the project. If you don't plan to commit to Wikibooks long-term (i.e. you have some projects you'd like to take a few months to complete and then be done), you can always request temporary adminship. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:30, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for your feedback, but I also plan to monitor for vandalism/spam, and to commit to reduce the administrative assistance reading room backlog, should I be elected for adminship (and I forgot to mention those). Anyway, regarding your feedback, I might run by August or even July, given that I've lately started contributing more often to Wikibooks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:29, 23 June 2025 (UTC) ::: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am pinging you one more time to see if you have read my response above yours. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:34, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! I'm not sure what you mean—was there an additional question you had? Everything you've outlined seems quite reasonable. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::: Apologies for the confusion, I don't have any questions to ask. I was clarifying that I can help with implementing edit requests and to block obvious vandals and spammers, aside from the skills I mentioned earlier. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:32, 26 June 2025 (UTC) == how is it you feel able to interfere in my sandbox? == you deleted a page in my sandbox that was my way of providing my response to a request from an OpenSCAD dev team leader for a couple of text blurbs for use on a web page of the OpenSCAD site. now that you have deleted my page i have to recreate the texts from a screenshot to be able to offer the suggestions, which i will This kind of high handed treatment is what keeps me from being a wiki-anything contributor .. If it is Wiki policy to interfere in the documentation of an open source project because it is hosted on Wikibooks then i will take up the task of moving our online docs to a site where you cannot interfere. -- [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 21:56, 29 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]]—thanks for bringing this to my attention. I now understand that this was intended to be in your user namespace—I've undeleted it and moved it to the correct namespace for you. Let me know if anything else comes up! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::ah .. err .. umm .. well that is a gentle answer to my ire. Thanks for being so gracious [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:29, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::and .. isn't my sandbox in my namespace by default? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:30, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :::No worries—it looks like you didn't add the prefix "User:" before writing out the full page titles, so the pages you created were technically in the project's Main space with the official published materials. Going forward, you can just double-check that the page title starts with "'''User:'''VulcanWikiEdit/sandbox", and that should keep everything in the right place! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:36, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::::BTW .. i love the play on cat lover name [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 15:35, 1 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Thank you! That's very kind. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the user Codename Tameirao == Could this be Matthew again (the Unicode LTA)? I believe it might be him based on his usage of edit summaries, and his usual edits to [[Unicode/Versions]]. I just blocked his recent account, and then I protected and stabilized that Unicode book. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 23:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC) :I suspect you're right! That seems like a reasonable course of action. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:56, 13 August 2025 (UTC) :: I recently encountered another possible LTA, see [[Special:Contributions/~2025-55706-6]] (as well as [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]]). I can email you more details if you want. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:30, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::I think this is the same LTA, yes! I've protected [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]], but I think it would be a good idea if we could automate this monitoring somewhat using the edit filter. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:07, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::: I don't think that was Matthew, as he typically uses edit summaries. The deleted page was not protected, as it was protected before you deleted it; I salted it from creation for one year. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:22, 9 September 2025 (UTC) ::::: You might want to look at [[Special:Contributions/Freddy Fazbearing Others]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 26 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you! I went ahead and blocked them. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:54, 28 October 2025 (UTC) == IP block exempt == Hi Kitty, I currently have IP block exemption on enwiki, Commons and Wikidata as I use VPNs connected to my internet security software. Can you please grant me the right on wikibooks. I have a strong password and use two factor authentication. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 10:51, 22 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TarnishedPath|TarnishedPath]]! This doesn't sound unreasonable to me, but I think it would be good if you requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] so we can have a discussion—I have not granted this right before. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::Kitty, thanks for pointing me in the right direction. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#TarnishedPath_(discuss_·_contribs_·_count_·_logs_·_block_log_·_rfp_·_rights)_(IP_Block_Exemption)]] ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:35, 23 August 2025 (UTC) == You've got mail! == {{You've got mail|sig=<span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:20, 6 September 2025 (UTC)}} :Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:06, 6 September 2025 (UTC) == Are you able to import? == I made a few requests over at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import . [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 22:32, 4 October 2025 (UTC) : [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], I'll go ahead and start the imports. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 16:51, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::: My apologies for not doing this sooner, because some database error appears when I am trying to mass import. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:39, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::::I also tried to make this import earlier and ran into issues with the software. I was hoping it was a temporary bug, but it seems to be persisting. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::This seems like I should get involved. {{working}}... [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::: I believe there are five pages that have massive page histories they fail to import here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:13, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::::I backed up the XMLs of them locally but im unsure how much that'd do. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 15:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Just became an importer. The reason is prob understandable but I cannot upload the XML file to here locally. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 17:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == About the category parameter in the recipe summary template == When it uses a "recipe by type" category, should it use a "[type/food] recipes" name or "Recipes for [type/food]"? I recently operated JWB to change from [[:Category:Dessert recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes for dessert]] in multiple Cookbook recipes, and from what I've said before, I've changed to ''Recipes for dessert'' in the category parameter of Cookbook recipes. Hope you don't mind that this was over more than 250 changes (not counting the recent category changes after moving some recipe categories). Thanks. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:07, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—those JWB changes you made seem fine to me! I'm not quite sure what you're asking in your first sentence, though. Assuming I understand correctly: in general, I think the default format should be whatever the actual category name is. BUT if there is a redirect, it ultimately shouldn't matter too much. And, because I'm not convinced of the utility of that infobox parameter in the first place (thinking of removing it), I'm not hugely concerned about it for the time being. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:21, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :: Probably, but I will say the following below (for my first sentence) to clarify: :: On the <code>|category =</code> parameter, when placing a recipe category name, should it either be {{tq|Sandwich recipes}} or {{tq|Recipes for sandwiches}}? I hope this clears the confusion. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Please no more Unicode LTA == Please don't block me again. I promise I will edit Unicode stuff and add correct information. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30839-28|&#126;2025-30839-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-30839-28|talk]]) 20:54, 1 November 2025 (UTC) :<small>I am a bit out of the loop, so correct me if I'm wrong - I'm assuming here</small> I think the point is that they want you to ''not'' edit the Unicode stuff? Also hi kitty, it's been a ... very long time.. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:13, 5 November 2025 (UTC) ::Ok so apparently not as long as I thought, but it feels like I've been away for at least a year lol ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:23, 5 November 2025 (UTC) :::Nice to see you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:41, 5 November 2025 (UTC) == Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore == Given that administrators can review edits in addition to reviewers, I would suggest for you (and other administrators) to kindly remove the reviewer permission from (own) accounts. What I'm saying is that if one holds administrator and reviewer permissions together, they can remove the reviewer permission from their own account and retain their administrator permission. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:06, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :Gotcha—is there a reason it's bad for one user to have both these rights? If so, I can remove my reviewer right. Otherwise, it seems fairly harmless? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :: The thing is, administrators have the <code>review</code> user right, as well as some permissions in the reviewer user group in the administrator toolset. That means that having the reviewer user group together with the admin user group is redundant. Hope this explains it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 November 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] <s>I'll do this tomorrow morning, as well as to remove autoreviewed user permissions from users who are reviewers.</s> ({{doing}}) [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:24, 12 November 2025 (UTC) : I have removed the autoreviewed user permission from users who are reviewers. As for administrators, I will do so later today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:40, 13 November 2025 (UTC) == Nesting in Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities == Hi Kittycataclysm, I am editor of wikipedia since 2004. We have the habit if we have a concern using the talk page to clarify the case. I am not sure to delete meaningful content without previous notification and doing major redirection without agreeing the main contributor(s) is an adequate admin act and sign of good manner of host (see [[W:Wikipedia:Etiquette|Wikipedia:Etiquette]].) Yes, It will be not an average book but above the regular. This is the exact case: ''"this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content."'' ''for to establish good structural and stylistic practices'' I have a data management certification. If you asking it will have 4 nest level on strict purpose. If you saw the introduction of the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] is/will be a global collection making effective collaboration over borders and continents. One structured + categorized(!) page for each community willing to show up. The Postal addresses has also same or larger deepness, this is unavoidable (Country/Postal Code/Location/Street/House/floor/door). Here will looks like: '''Eco-comm/Continent/Regio code/Community name''' The goal of this system to open bridge + experience highway for the communities using the same permaculture technics what collected parallelly in [[Open Book of Permaculture]]. That is also part of this knowledge base please dont do simplification steps on that without discussion. I am kindly asking to revert your edits in this book. After that I will put a notification template about "This book is under construction with major changes. Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History. Common clarifications/ guides are on the primary talk page." Thanks: [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 02:22, 12 November 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], and thank you both for your contributions and for reaching out! Yes, I did make the following changes to [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]: :* I moved the pages from the [[Eco-comm]] namespace to the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] namespace, since the table of contents and pages for a given book should be under that book's namespace. :* I removed the links to Wikipedia that were on [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]], since outlinking has been discouraged at en.Wikibooks as a matter of practice. Compilations of links may not fall into WB scope as an instructional text, and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia|there is precedent for deleting them]]. But, I do see that the tool I used didn't just remove links to enWP, so I will restore the prior revision and ping the tool developer. :* I flagged it as needing denesting—you're right that nested entries can sometimes be appropriate. In this case, I was primarily flagging for a denest because the table of contents needs to be moved onto the main page, and it shouldn't have hidden navigation within the nested portions. :Could you clarify which of these edits you do not agree with so I can make sure they are individually addressed? As an aside, it could be helpful to create a [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]] for the book in order to clearly outline the expectations. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:59, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::My main concern not about moving and flagging but '''deleting''' [[Eco-comm]] against [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] and not mentioning in the clarification even after my notification. Should I note all administrators [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers]] - or will they do speedy deleting one by one until I make them individually addressed? :::The <u> local manual of style</u> development is ongoing together with the sample pages. ::'''MAIN PAGE''' ::The '''Main page''' and '''Namespace''' is the [[Eco-comm]]. The '''Full Title''' or '''Cover''' is [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]. Because of the high level of nesting the below extra-long-full-text-title to be avoided the Cover page is a redirection with preface/intro etc. ::'''NESTING ''' :::Featured book with 3 level nesting: [[Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Educational Change/Theory]] :::5 level nesting example: [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] ::'''Categories''' The [[:Category:Eco-comm]] will let the users make practical sub-categories e.g. [[:Category:Eco-comm/Project/numundo]] [[:Category:Eco-comm/]] ::: ::[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for elaborating! I'm unfortunately not sure what you mean about deleting [[Eco-comm]]—are you referring to the fact that I moved it without leaving a redirect? Regarding the nesting, I do honestly think those other books you linked should have their navigation denested since I find their format difficult to parse, and they have some navigation issues. Looping in some other active admins (@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] (@[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]) so they can get eyes on this and voice anything they think is important. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:12, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::It makes no sense to have some crazy abbreviation as a "main page" or "namespace" (whatever that means in this context) for a book in order to allow it to be deep nested. Nobody needs to type the whole name of the nesting because that's what navigation templates do, and it is a simple matter to override the page title. I also take issue with the statement, above, "Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History." Anybody can edit, and nobody gets to own and control any work. Taken together, this complaint looks like a case of attempting to assert ownership and to operate against the normal practices of Wikibooks. As such, I am completely aligned with the changes made. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::::That. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:59, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] for the contribution, btw the [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] also looks crazy long, is'nt it? Lets continue in the [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/General]] keeping this page for personal messages. [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 23:07, 20 November 2025 (UTC) == Deletions of Wikibook subpages == Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], regarding the [[Thesis Writing Guide]] subpage deletions, should I just recreate them when I keep working on them or was there an automatic deletion that we could undo? This document will grow, but really slowly. Best, Tim [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 11:37, 16 December 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]]! Since there was so little content on the deleted pages, my recommendation would just be for you to gradually recreate the chapters as you go. Does that make sense? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) ::Makes sense, not my ideal solution, but also not far from it :) The end result will be the same, the in-between will just feel a little bit weird from time to time. ::Thank you for taking time to curate and quality-control Wikibooks - wishing wonderful holidays and a happy new year! [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you, and happy holidays to you as well :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 17 December 2025 (UTC) == help with "Media Literacy and You" == {{re|Kittycataclysm}} What do I need to do to get a quality review of ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', or whatever is needed to remove <nowiki>{{Qr-em|not clear how this is to be structured as a book}}</nowiki>? I ask, because you added that flag just over 2 hours after I created it. I later found that I had accidentally created it as an anonymous user. I've since started using my standard Wikiname, and I tried to respond to the requests both by creating a discussion on the "Discussion" page associated with that book and by upgrading the content. The upgrades included adding the "Introduction" chapter by revising an article on Wikiversity that convinced me to start this Wikibook. I have other articles that I plan to rewrite to create 9 of the remaining 11 chapters in the current table of contents, as indicated in this table of contents. ??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:23, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]]! I removed the query flag, since this is clearly not a test page. I do have concerns about the suitability of this book for Wikibooks, since it seems to be more in line with essays and original research/analysis (which are [[Wikibooks:WIW|out of scope here]]). Wikiversity seems like a very suitable place for them—is there a specific reason you want to move them here? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 8 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::This book is intended to accelerate the diffusion of [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] by making it easier for humans to (a) access training materials and (b) connect with research on the most important issues that concern them and (c) discuss those issues with others who may believe differently in a nonthreatening context that encourages dialogue and a shared search for what can honestly be said about any particular issue. This is an extension of "The wisdom of polarized crowds" discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliability of Wikipedia]]. ::I don't know about you, but I'm frightened by the collapse of nuclear arms control agreements since the year 2000, by global warming, by the threats of the Trump administration to invade Canada and Greenland, etc. If this book project is successful, it will make a material contribution to reversing these trends -- unless this kind of dialogue is [[v:Responding to a nuclear attack|interrupted by a nuclear war]]. === Who is DavidMCEddy === ::I'm a [[w:Vietnam veteran|Vietnam-era veteran]] with a PhD in statistics and a publication record for which [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer-Graves-3 ReserchGate has found over 1,200 academic publications that have cited my work.] Since [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/DavidMCEddy 2010 I have logged] * 6,000+ edits in each of Wikipedia and Wikiversity, * 1,000+ in Wikimedia Commons, * 30,000+ in Wikidata, and * almost 1,000 in other Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikiquote and edits to the Spanish, French and German Wikipedias. This includes dozens of research reports posted to Wikiversity under [[v:Category:Freedom and abundance]] and 44 posts under [[v:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] that provide a platform for documenting and discussing 44 episodes of a fortnightly "Media & Democracy" series of 29:00 mm:ss podcasts syndicated for the [https://pacificanetwork.org/stations-2/ Pacifica Radio Network] featuring the opinions of leading experts on the increase in political polarization and violence and what those experts think should be done about this. I've just posted another chapter to [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. I hope you will agree that this book can make a positive contribution to Wikibooks and to [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [[w:Wikipedia:Prime objective|Prime Directive]] to create "a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge." Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 01:19, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Thank you and I understand this, but I am asking why you think this material is more suitable at Wikibooks rather than at Wikiversity. From what I can see, Wikiversity seems like the more appropriate home for it given our [[Wikibooks:WIW|scope]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::"Media Literacy and You" is textbook to support both self study and classes on media literacy. ::I have been posting content to Wikiversity since 2014 and have not encountered support there for books. A search just now turned up a hint of a book on Wikiversity, but I could not easily find anything on how to do it, etc. ::I think this "Media Literacy and You" project would lose the vast majority of its potential if it were not on Wikibooks. ::??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:22, 9 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{re|Kittycataclysm}} Will you please help me with the protocols of creating a book on Wikiversity? 1. I have found documentation that claims that Wikiversity supports such. However, the documentation seems incomplete, potentially out of date, etc. For example, I could not see how to follow the instructions for [[Wikiversity:Help:Books#Step 1: Enable the "Book creator" tool]]. So I posted a question to [[Wikiversity:Help talk:Books]]. 2. What do you suggest I do next? :I can create an article on Wikiversity titled, "Media Literacy and You", and port everything I've posted to Wikibooks there, then replace the pages on Wikibooks with redirects to [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You]], [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/Introduction]], and [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. :If you think that's the best way to build this book project, great. It would actually be easier for me, because there would be less translation between what I already have on Wikiversity and a version for Wikibooks. (Also, Wikiversity supports <nowiki>{{cite Q|...}}</nowiki>, which I have used extensively for years.) :Thanks for your help. [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 13:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the exact workings of Wikiversity, so I can't be much help there. My personal recommendation is that you ask there for help on how best to structure your materials to match the WV requirements. If you'd like some additional opinions/insight, please feel free to also check in at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|reading room]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I believe I have finished migrating all of ''Media Literacy and You'' to Wikiversity and replacing the parts of it on Wikibooks with redirects. Comments? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 17:32, 10 February 2026 (UTC) == Thank you! == Heya, thanks for reviewing my stuff! Just to note, the first lesson page was done and so that'll need moving. If you want to discuss anything with me, I am easily reachable on Discord @ xiluosi233. I can explain philosophy, approach, and so on from my teaching experience if you want anything regarding that. [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:48, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :It appears [[An Introduction to the Han Script]] was moved wrong - should it not be [[General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script]]? [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] good catch! I accidentally removed more of the title than intended. I've fixed this now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == A test request == Just to see whether a recent Luna update turned out as intended, could you briefly revert your [[User:Kittycataclysm/lunaoptions.json|Luna preferences page]] to the first revision? Since you don't appear to have any custom preferences in the first place, I don't think there should be any conflicts. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:49, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Done! But, it seems to have perhaps auto-updated again immediately afterwards. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:39, 10 April 2026 (UTC) == Linking == Hi,<br> For my edification, why is a link from [[Cookbook:nettle|nettle]] to [[w:Urtica_dioica|Urtica dioica]] not appropriate? The Wikipedia article has more information & seems relevant.<br> Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 01:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] good question! Wikibooks discourages outlinking, since books should be self-contained units. Instead of linking to [[w:Urtica dioica]], the correct approach would be to flesh out the actual chapter here at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC) ::Should all material in the Wikipedia article about Urtica dioica relevant to cooking be duplicated into the nettle article in the cookbook? Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 02:30, 2 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] you could do that, although you should only include information that is sourced. However, I recommend that you wait, because I am coincidentally working on the page right now and fleshing it out significantly. I should publish today. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:40, 2 May 2026 (UTC) ::::The nettle page is better now. Thanks. ::::I still wonder, given that the link to ''The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, ...'' is permitted, why not a link to the botanically oriented page in Wikipedia. What if someone reads the Cookbook article and is interested in the toxin for example? Seems that non-Wikimedia references are more privileged than Wikimedia references. ::::Also, by chance, just noticed the [[w:Nettle_soup|Nettle soup]] article in Wikipedia. Better in the Cookbook? ::::Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:10, 5 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Another good question. The reason those books are linked is because they are reputable and topical sources for the subject matter (nettles as used in cooking from an instructional perspective), and the links are part of the citations—this makes it different from a simple outlink to a Wikipedia page. Wikipedia pages should also not be cited themselves as sources. Regarding nettle soup, I don't think it makes sense to have that as a standalone page here in the cookbook due to its encyclopedic tone, and I don't see any recipes there. Does this make sense? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::Somewhat. Certainly a recipe wouldn't be incongruous in a cookbook. Still seems unhelpful that relevant information in Wikipedia is inaccessible from a Wikibook. In effect there's a "Berlin Wall" between two Wikimedia projects. Would a "See also" section be permissible? ::::::Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 14:00, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> == Undeletion request == Hello, I am writing to request an undeletion of the page Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad. You stated you are a frequent visitor of the Lentis page and are thus familiar with it. This page was part of a class assignment and was in progress at the time of deletion. The work deleted is what we will be graded on for our class, so we would appreciate the restoration. [[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] ([[User talk:Yqj3km|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yqj3km|contribs]]) 19:36, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] see my response below regarding undeletion. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Undeletion request == About the page on Lentis called Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad: I, too, request undeletion, please. If the authors made any msitakes, the fault is 100 percent mine, for failing to guide them correctly. Like all chapters in this book, this team's chapter is a class assignment. I will be interested also in the reason for deletion so that I can guide authors better. I want to help my students be constructive contributors. Many thanks! [[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 20:03, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Norton|Norton]] and thanks for the ping! I deleted it because it was not titled/filed correctly, so I didn't realize it was part of [[Lentis]]. I have undeleted it and moved it to [[Lentis/Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:14, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many, many thanks, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am very grateful as always for everything you do for Wikibooks! ::[[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Log in issues == Hi, messaging you as you seem to be the most active admin at the moment. I can't log in (as posted at <bdi>[[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] and also on my WP page at</bdi> [[w:User_talk:Xania]]). Seems to be an issue with extra security for admins? I am asked to use my authenticator app (which I can't as I have never set it up for Wikibooks) or a recovery code (which I don't have). Any idea what I should do in this situation? Xania [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28255-89|&#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:21, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :Apologies for missing this yesterday! It seems like we have a few people working on it over in the reading room, and I'll keep track there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC) == Splitting pages == FYI, I untagged [[Art Print Production Methods]] as for splitting: the page is rather small with its 20 KB and does not need splitting, in my view. Ideally, there would be an operationalized, fairly detailed policy on the matter, but I do not know of one. Single-page books are in [[:Category:One-page books]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:45, 20 May 2026 (UTC) == <s>Slander</s> == <S>Your tag is slanderous and very easily proven wrong.</s>[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654455] Given you likely didn't bother to look at the edit history, I would remind you that your given reason that you think it was AI is because you see the chapter is "numbered". That however was 100% my own personal decision after I reviewed my work and thought to myself that I later wrote in the introduction that there is a first to fourth chapter. However I thought to myself that the readers would not be easily made aware of what is meant by first to fourth as I didn't number them - so is why I dedicated an entire edit to make it less ambiguous [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654328]. I should not have to be falsely penalized because I wanted to be more considerate and ensure better clarity. I do however request AI to help me figure out coding like this - [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654329] as I don't know how to link. But I intentionally take great efforts to not rely on AI to write that book and find your wrongful presumptions troubling. [[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 06:00, 15 July 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] thank you for clarifying! I flagged it for review because it matched a common pattern we see associated with LLM use here. If that is not the case, then nothing needs to happen in that respect; however, you will likely want to fix the lists so that they are correctly formatted in the Wikitext and not hard-written—let me know if you have any questions about that. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:14, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::Yeah, I don't instantly understand what you mean by "correctly formatted" list. At first, I assumed you were referring to chapter 4 - (''Further reading'')? But I think I know what you mean. I made this edit here [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654738] to align with how I see wikibooks typically do lists. Did I fix it? If not, feel free to clarify.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 18:35, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::I thought about how I responded earlier. Even tho I still disagree, I probably shouldn't have used such a tone. I imagine admins like yourself do a lot of work overseeing wiki and the project owes a lot to you guys. So I take back my harsh words, and I hope we're good.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 03:38, 17 July 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] I appreciate that—thank you! And thank you for [[Special:Diff/4654738|making those changes to the lists]], which was indeed what I was referring to. Happy editing! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:31, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == The Geoguide == I literally wrote all of this myself I used no AI if you want to you can highlight the areas that seem way too formal and ill fix them [[User:Kayden Swanson|Kayden Swanson]] ([[User talk:Kayden Swanson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kayden Swanson|contribs]]) 04:22, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I have removed the flag. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:41, 20 July 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism == your recent changes may not be constructive. {{Warning}} [[User:Duodeca 12|Duodeca 12]] ([[User talk:Duodeca 12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Duodeca 12|contribs]]) 20:39, 2 August 2026 (UTC) == Your recent revert == Could you explain [[Special:Diff/4670314]]? This seems to be you ''restoring'' vandalism, which was originally introduced by [[Special:Diff/4669920]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 20:06, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :Good catch! Somehow I didn't have the most recent version of a page loaded, and it seems like Luna reverts the most recent edit of a page and not the specific edit you're viewing. The edit in question should be fixed now. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:11, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry {{PAGENAME}} for butting in here, I hope you don't mind. ::Just wanted to mention that I have had a few similar experiences when editing (not having the most recent version of a page loaded). Once this caused me friction with an admin who was convinced I was willfully undoing their edit. This happened years ago on another wikimedia project. ::Ottawahitech [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 01:18, 16 September 2026 (UTC) == Confirmed user == <s>If this is one, could I perhaps be a confirmed user? The software has not granted me autoconfirmed, despite me having the requirements.</s> [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:50, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :This is not needed anymore, thank you! [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism on Unicode/Character reference/1F000-1FFFF == I caught the LTA adding Unicode characters which aren't even approved, I undid it, and they reverted. Please semi-protect this page.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 15:33, 27 September 2026 (UTC) == Pages by [[User:Ruth Bulyaba M]] == Hello Kittycataclysm, I would like to bring to your attention the pages created by this user. I have used AI checkers to check if the page was created by AI, and it turned out to be positive. I have reached out to the user, to no response. Could you perhaps verify if their pages were created by AI? Thank you. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:26, 29 September 2026 (UTC) :Could you perhaps also check [[User:Matovu_Trevor/sandbox|this page]]? Many thanks. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:28, 29 September 2026 (UTC) 07x1m95yyt9lj1uvvf1y9k3glmn6i5i 0 446845 4672759 4669618 2026-09-28T14:02:20Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Naming | next = Licenses }} <br> The Oberon system runs directly on several machine architectures and as a subsystem in several host [[w:Operating system|operating systems]]. Order of rows is approximately chronological. For each variant (row), a link in the second column leads to additional information. <div id="VariantsTable"></div> ==Source Texts in [[Oberon/oreport|Oberon]]<ref name="Oberon"/>== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- | [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A preserved Ceres]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 preserved Ceres]<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102722173 photo of Ceres 1]<br> [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based [https://www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&CategoryNo=165&No=830#contents Cyclone V GX]. | [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]]<br>[[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]] | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres]<!-- <br>by Udo M&ouml;ller, 2023-25. --><ref name="VCFE2024"/><ref name="Ceres"/><br>[https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]<br>[https://bitsavers.org/ETH https://bitsavers.org/ETH] |- | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]] | [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/ Sourceforge]<br>[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon Github] | align="center" | README.TXT for System&#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge],<br>and at [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github] |- | Any system compatible with the included PAL library<ref name="PAL"/> | Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&#160;3<ref name="Oberon"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ github]<ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon"/> |- | Any system providing [[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] capabilities, including [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspi 2B, 3b & Zero2]].<ref name="ARM"/> |QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github]. |} {{:Oberon/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} {{:Oberon/ThreeBoxes |[[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres workstation]].<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Preserved Ceres].<br> [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102674736 Preserved Ceres]. |[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)|The Oberon System]],<br> [[Oberon/The Oberon System, V1 and V2|V1 and V2]]. |[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Notes about Oberon] and [http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html implementation of Ceres].<ref name="VCFE2024"/><ref name="Ceres"/><br> [https://github.com/pcayuela/Project-Oberon/tree/main/CERES%20Oberon%20V4/ASCII Project-Oberon at Sourceforge]. |77px}} {{:Oberon/ThreeBoxes |[[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]]. |[https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/68911 ''Oberon for PC on an MS-DOS Base''](PDF), [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]. |README.TXT for System&#160;3, Release 2.0 at [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ Sourceforge].<br> At [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github]. |75px}} {{:Oberon/ThreeBoxes |Any system compatible with the included PAL library.<ref name="PAL"/> |Cross-platform ETH Oberon, System&#160;3.<ref name="Oberon"/> |[https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3/ Github].<ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon"/> |46px}} {{:Oberon/ThreeBoxes | Any system providing [[w:ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture|ARMv7]] capabilities, including [[w:Raspberry_Pi#Flagship_series|Raspi 2B, 3b & Zero2]].<ref name="ARM"/> | QEMU image and software operable on various Raspberry Pi machines. | [https://github.com/rochus-keller/OberonSystem3Native/releases/tag/2026-04-02 Github]. | 68px}} ==Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! colspan="4" align="center" <!-- style="border-top: solid 2px" --> | Source Texts in [https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/CSE131B/oberon2.htm Oberon-2] |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- <!-- id="ETHO" --> |Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]<ref name="Transmeta"/> | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon.<br />[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon| Wikipedia]] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge] | align="left" | [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/install|ETHZ, actual diskettes]]<br> [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor using diskette images]].<br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials] at YouTube<ref name="YouTube"/> |- | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS_DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible OS]] | DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]<ref name="DOS"/> | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge]<br />[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github] | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/README.TXT/download SourceForge]<br />[https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/blob/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0/README.TXT Github] |- | X86 PC with MS Windows | ETH Oberon for Windows<ref name="Windows"/> | align="center" | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]<ref name="Win95NT"/> | align="center" | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt] |- | HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS | [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | align="center" | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com] | align="center" | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ OpenVMS Alpha] |- | X86, ARM, ARMv7,<br>[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]<ref name="OLR"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] |- | X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon] | colspan="2" align="center" | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads |- <!-- id="V4" --> | X86 PC with various operating systems<ref name="Linz"/> | [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | align="center" | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]<ref name="olymp"/> and [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge] | align="center" | [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]<br>[https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]. [https://github.com/btreut/Oberon4Linux-Bootstrap Update for the x86-64 PC]. |- | X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine | [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]] <!-- | [[/BB/]] --> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download]. |- | [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI<ref name="GPCP"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] |- | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM<ref name="GPCP"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]] | Ofront Oberon to C translator | colspan="2" align="center" | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite] | align="center" | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] | align="center" | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual] |- | Subsystem for Blackbox | Ofront+ Oberon to C translator | align="center" | various Oberon dialects | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ github] |} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} <div id="ETHO">{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |1=Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]<ref name="Transmeta"/> |2=[[Oberon/ETH Oberon|ETH Oberon]], formerly System 3, PC-Native Oberon. [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Native_Oberon|Wikipedia]]&#160; |3=[https://sourceforge.net/projects/nativeoberon/files/nativeoberon/ SourceForge]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/install|ETHZ, real diskettes]]. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/QEMUinstall|Hypervisor with diskette images]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do2O1yFrnos Oberon Tutorials at YouTube]<ref name="YouTube"/> |4=90px}}</div> {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:X86|X86 PC]] with [[w:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]] or [[w:FreeDOS|compatible&#160;OS]] | DOS Oberon System3, Version 2.0, [[Oberon/Bibliography#Dis93|Dis93]]<ref name="DOS"/> | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/dosoberon/files/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Version%202.0/ SourceForge] and [https://github.com/Classic-Tools/DOSOberon/tree/master/DOSOberon-S3R2.0 Github] | 50px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with MS Windows | ETH Oberon for Windows<ref name="Windows"/> | [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT Github]<ref name="Win95NT"/> including [https://github.com/pcayuela/oldftpETHZOberon/tree/master/System3/Win95NT/PlugIn readme.txt]. | 50px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | HP Alpha [aka DEC AXP] with OpenVMS | [http://www.modulaware.com/mwovms.htm 64 bit (Linz-)Oberon System], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | [http://www.modulaware.com/zel/aos/ modulaware.com, OpenVMS Alpha] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86, ARM, ARMv7,<br>[[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] with Linux | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/oberon-linux-revival-olr Oberon Linux Revival, OLR]<ref name="OLR"/> | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Linux, UltraSPARC with Solaris or Sun3 with SunOS | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ Ulm Oberon] | [http://www.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/oberon/ulm.html HTML page] and manual pages in the downloads | 45px}} <div id="V4">{{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with various operating systems<ref name="Linz"/> | [http://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html Linz-Oberon], [[Oberon/Linz Oberon, V4|V4]] | [http://olymp.idle.at/tanis/oberon.linux.html olymp.idle.at]<ref name="olymp"/>. [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/files/ SourceForge]. [http://olymp.idle.at/~tanis/INSTALL INSTALL at olymp.idle.at]. [https://sourceforge.net/p/oberon/wiki/Home/ Wiki at Sourceforge]. [https://github.com/btreut/Oberon4Linux-Bootstrap Update for the x86-64 PC]. | 85px}}</div> {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Windows or with *nix and Wine | [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]], an [[w:Integrated_development_environment|IDE]] for [[w:Component_Pascal|Component Pascal]]. | [https://github.com/BlackBoxCenter BB Component Builder download]. | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Common Language Infrastructure|.NET and CLI]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal, GPCP]] application for .NET and CLI<ref name="GPCP"/> | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github]<br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] | 65px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [[w:Component_Pascal|Gardens Point Component Pascal]] application for JVM<ref name="GPCP"/> | [https://github.com/k-john-gough/gpcp Current project at github] <br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911105411/http://plas.fit.qut.edu.au/gpcp/ Original site from Archive.org] | 45px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]]-[[w:IA-32|386]], [[w:Raspberry_Pi_OS|Rasbian]], [[w:Microsoft_Windows|Windows]] | Ofront Oberon to C translator | Josef Templ, [https://github.com/jtempl/ofront/ github] | 25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/ Eigen Compiler Suite] | [https://ecs.openbrace.org/releases/ Releases] and [https://ecs.openbrace.org/manual User Manual]. | 25px}} {{b:User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Subsystem for Blackbox | Ofront+ Oberon to C translator | [https://github.com/Oleg-N-Cher/OfrontPlus/ OfrontPlus at github] for various Oberon dialects. | 45px}} ==Source Texts in [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon/-/tree/main/docu Active Oberon]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- <!-- id="A2" --> | Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]. | [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]],<br />[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]. | align="center" | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge]. | align="center" | [[Oberon/A2#The_A2_Repository|Contemporary instructions]].<ref name="portability"/> |- | X86 PC with Solaris,<br>Linux or MacOSX (Darwin). | [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]. | align="center" | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/ Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. | align="center" | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt]. |- | X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2. | [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]. | colspan="2" align="center" | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2. |- |} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} <div id="A2">{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Bare [[w:X86|X86 PC]]. | [[Oberon/A2|A2 = AOS = Bluebottle]].<br>[[w:Bluebottle_OS|Bluebottle in Wikipedia]]. | [https://sourceforge.net/projects/a2oberon/files/ SourceForge].<br>[[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|Contemporary instructions]].<ref name="portability"/> | 50px}}</div> {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with Solaris,<br>Linux or MacOSX (Darwin). | [[Oberon/A2#Installing_and_Running_UnixAOS|UnixAos = UnixA2]]. | [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos Uni-Bremen, G. Feldmann]. [http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~fld/UnixAos/Readme.txt Readme.txt]. | 50px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | X86 PC with A2 or UnixA2 or WinA2. | [[Oberon/A2#Oberon_Subsystem|Oberon subsystem of A2]]. | Included in A2, UnixA2 and WinA2. | 50px}} ==Source Texts in [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/index.html Oberon-07]== {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | colspan="4" align="center" | Presentation as a table&#160; |- ! style="width: 15em" | Host Environment<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> ! style="width: 15em" | Software ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>archive ! style="width: 15em" | Installation<br>Instructions |- | <!-- id="V5" --> | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] | [[Oberon/V5|V5]],<br>[[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&#160;Wirth]<br>[http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&#160;Reed] |- | <!-- id="RISCemu" --> | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]],<br> [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]], [[w:Unix|Unix]] or<br> [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]] on a wide variety of machines<ref name="RISCemuRequirements"/> | RISC Emulator written in C. | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter] |- | Unix command line | Norebo<ref name="norebo"/> <!-- | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] --> |- | <!-- id="ExtendedOberon" --> | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it<ref name="ExtOberonFootnote"/> | [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]] | colspan="2" align="center" | A. Pirklbauer<br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README] [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation]<br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]<ref name="ExtOberonName"/><br>[https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler] |- | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. | rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. |- | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]]. |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]] | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]]. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] |- | <!-- id="POL" --> | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on Sipeed M1s, Linux 32bit and Linux 64bit. | Project Oberon Linux, POL;<br>Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions. | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] |- | rowspan="2" | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso <!-- | colspan="2" |P. Matthias --> |- | [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.<ref name="TypeRules"/> | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso] |- | Any system capable of running QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins]. |- | Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder] | Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2. | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] | align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg] |- | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine. | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv] <!-- | colspan="2" align="center" | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] --> |} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes |'''Host Environment'''<ref name="HostEnvironment"/> |'''Software''' |'''Installation''' |25px}} <div id="V5">{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] | [[Oberon/V5|V5]] and [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Project_Oberon_2013|Oberon V5]] in Wikipedia. | [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ N.&#160;Wirth], [http://www.projectoberon.net/ P.&#160;Reed]. | 25px}}</div> <div id="RISCemu">{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[Oberon/Android]], [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:Windows_NT|MS Windows]], [[w:MacOS|Mac OS X]] or [[w:Unix|Unix]] on a wide variety of machines<ref name="RISCemuRequirements"/> | RISC Emulator written in C. | [https://github.com/pdewacht/oberon-risc-emu P. De Wachter] | 70px}}</div> {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Unix command line | Norebo<ref name="norebo"/> | [https://github.com/pdewacht/project-norebo P. De Wachter] | 25px}} <div id="ExtendedOberon">{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Oberon [[w:Reduced_instruction_set_computer|RISC]] processor or emulation of it<ref name="ExtOberonFootnote"/> | [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon|Extended Oberon]] | A. Pirklbauer, [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/README.md README], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended/blob/master/Documentation/ Documentation], [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-extended Oberon{{nbhyph}}extended]<ref name="ExtOberonName"/> and [https://github.com/andreaspirklbauer/Oberon-retro-compiler Oberon-retro-compiler]. | 90px}}</div> {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:JavaScript|JavaScript]]. | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Web_browser|Web browser]] | Emulator written in [[w:Java_(programming language)|Java]]. | [https://github.com/schierlm/OberonEmulator/ Michael Schierl]. | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]] or [[w:MacOS|Mac OS]] | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Integrated Oberon] with an emulator written in the [[w:Go_(programming_language)|Go programming language]]. | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ Charles Perkins] | 67px}} <div id="POL">{{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | ARMv7, [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] or [[w:MIPS_architecture|MIPS]] running Linux. [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] running [[w:FreeRTOS|FreeRTOS]] on [https://dl.sipeed.com/fileList/MAIX/HDK/Sipeed-M1&M1W/Specifications/Sipeed%20M1%20Datasheet%20EN%20V1.12.pdf Sipeed M1s] and Linux 32bit or Linux 64bit.<ref name="POV"/> | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/project-oberon-v Project Oberon Linux, POL];<br>Using native compiler and Linux Kernel functions. | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 90px}}</div> {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | Project Oberon using oberonc compiler from L. Boasso | [http://oberon.wikidot.com/ P. Matthias] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Java Virtual Machine|JVM]] | [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc Oberonc] compiler for Oberon-07.<ref name="TypeRules"/> | [https://github.com/io-core/io/ L. Boasso] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Any system capable of running QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/qemu-risc6 qemu-risc6] fork of QEMU | [https://github.com/io-core/ Charles Perkins]. | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | Any system capable of running [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox BlackBox Component Builder] | Oberon-07 compiler written in Oberon-2. | [https://github.com/aixp/ProjectOberon-BlackBox Alexander V. Shiryaev] | 45px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu Rikke Solbjørg] | 25px}} {{User:PeterEasthope/ThreeBoxes | [[w:Linux|Linux]], [[w:OS X|OS X]] or [[w:MS Windows|MS Windows]] with [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv-emu oberon-riscv-emu] or a bare [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]] machine. | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv oberon-riscv] | [https://github.com/solbjorg/oberon-riscv Rikke Solbjørg] | 67px}} ==Footnotes== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Oberon">The Oberon language evolved through several variations including [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Oberon/Oberon.Report.pdf Oberon-90] in which Cross-platform Oberon is written. The differences between the latest 1990 version of Oberon and the 1991 superset, Oberon-2, are explained in bibliography references [[Oberon/authors#M|Moe91]] and [[Oberon/authors#M|MoW91a]].</ref> <ref name="HostEnvironment">In some cases the host environment is a bare machine. Otherwise it is a machine running another system.</ref> <ref name="VCFE2024">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEdHiE-HoGE&t=2145s Presentation at VCFE 23.0], September 2024. Jump to 35:46.</ref> <ref name="Ceres">Hypothetically a Ceres can also be built with [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Gilbert.html wire wrap].</ref> <ref name="PrecompiledCrossPlatformOberon">Links to precompiled images for MS Windows, Linux and MacOS are at the bottom of the Github page.</ref> <ref name="PAL">PAL = Platform Abstraction Layer written by Rochus Keller and included with Cross-platform Oberon. Precompiled systems are currently available for Linux x86 & x64, Mac M1 & x64 and Windows x86 & x64. Porting to another system is primarily porting the PAL library.</ref> <ref name="ARM">ARMv8 processors are backward compatible to v7.</ref> <ref name="Transmeta">Including the [[w:Transmeta_Crusoe|Transmeta Crusoe 5400]] and the [[w:StrongARM|StrongARM SA 110 and SA 1110]].</ref> <ref name="YouTube">A PC can boot from an Oberon0 diskette in an internal drive. In that case installation of ETH Oberon can proceed directly without involvement of DOS. Part 2 in the series includes a helpful explanation of the user interface.</ref> <ref name="DOS">Sources for [https://github.com/Project-Oberon/Source-Code/tree/main/DOS%20Oberon%20System%203%20Release%202.0 Release 2.0] are available. ASCII sources can be read with any contemporary editor. The Text sources should be read in an Oberon system; otherwise display by Linux gedit may be tolerable.</ref> <ref name="Windows">Also referred to as "ETH Oberon Plugin for Windows" and "Spirit of Oberon System3 for Windows".</ref> <ref name="Win95NT">A server at ftp&#58;//ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/ remains accessible to an FTP client and installation archives can be retrieved. The Firefox browser is unable to navigate into the subdirectories.</ref> <ref name="OLR">Sources following ETH Oberon closely. Note "Current state ... network not working."</ref> <ref name="Linz">V4 can also execute on obsolete systems [[w:Motorola_68000_series|680x0 MacIntosh]] and [[w:PowerMac|PowerMac]] with [[w:MacOS|MacOS]] to version 9 inclusive, [[w:Amiga|Amiga]], [[w:Atari_ST|Atari ST]], [[w:DECstation|DECstation]], [[w:HPUX|HP-UX]], [[w:IBM_RISC_Dystem/6000|IBM RS/6000]], [[w:SGI_IRIS|SGI IRIS]] and [[w:Sparc|SPARC]] with [[w:Solaris_(operating_system)|Solaris]]. Refer to [https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/ https://sourceforge.net/projects/oberon/] and [https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html https://ssw.jku.at/Research/Projects/Oberon.html]. A native version has not been produced.</ref> <ref name="olymp">olymp.idle.at has version 1.7.02. The last version at JKU Linz is 1.5.</ref> <ref name="GPCP">GPCP provides a compiler for Component Pascal; not a full Oberon subsystem.</ref> <ref name="portability">During the summer of 2019 work was underway at the ETHZ to improve portability and other aspects. Until the work is completed, the user may encounter difficulties with the native variant of A2. The Oberon subsystem remains available in UnixA2 and WinA2. A notice was in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list at 2019-07-03]. Patience is advised.</ref> <ref name="RISCemuRequirements">The SDL2 library and a C99 capable C compiler are required. GCC or Clang suffice for compiling the emulator.</ref> <ref name="norebo">A software allowing execution of an Oberon command without the Oberon system and interface. The Oberon compiler, for example, can be executed at the Unix command line.</ref> <ref name="ExtOberonFootnote">Extended Oberon does not modify the RISC processor; it modifies only the Oberon system which runs on it.</ref> <ref name="ExtOberonName">Nomenclature explained in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2023/016552.html Oberon mailing list at 2023-01-18].</ref> <ref name="POV"><!-- <[https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2026/??.html Reply from Peter Mathias to the Oberon list at 2026.07.02.]</ref> --> <ref name="TypeRules">The [https://github.com/lboasso/oberonc/blob/master/doc/TypeRules.md TypeRules document] is noteworthy. Specific aspects of [[w:Data_type|types]] are discussed in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ mailing list] beginning at 2019-12-07.</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Naming | next = Licenses }} {{BookCat}} r97luwm363cgsyt0jv8fdndwegtgn62 0 446846 4672761 4665245 2026-09-28T14:06:50Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = System Variants | next = The Oberon System, V1 and V2 }}<br> {{:Oberon/ETH Oberon/License}} ==ETH Bluebottle/Aos/A2 License== {{TextBox|BG=#F0FFF0| [https://svn-dept.inf.ethz.ch/svn/lecturers/a2/trunk/source/License.Text https://svn-dept.inf.ethz.ch/svn/lecturers/a2/trunk/source/License.Text] ETH Bluebottle/Aos/A2<br /> Copyright (c) 2002-2016, Computer Systems Institute, ETH Zurich<br /> All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: o Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. o Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. o Neither the name of the ETH Zurich nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. }} ==Project Oberon, Revised Edition 2013== {{TextBox|BG=#F0FFF0| [http://www.projectoberon.net/wirth/ProjectOberon/license.txt http://www.projectoberon.net/wirth/ProjectOberon/license.txt] Book copyright (C)2013 Niklaus Wirth and Juerg Gutknecht; software copyright (C)2013 Niklaus Wirth (NW), Juerg Gutknecht (JG), Paul Reed (PR[/PDR]). Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software and its accompanying documentation (the "Software") for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHORS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES OR LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE DEALINGS IN OR USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = System Variants | next = The Oberon System, V1 and V2 }} {{BookCat}} tisa2ee83hyph1k8x9gaa8r0y1mff98 0 446847 4672784 4665117 2026-09-28T14:55:27Z PeterEasthope 660399 Separated Navigation template from content. 4672784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Historical Perspective | next = Glossary }} <br> [[File:OberonScreen.PNG|thumb|OberonScreen]] The user interface of the Oberon System is quite surprising on the first sight.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAOjWJ9EIm8 Video Tutorial 2], produced by Andres Ramos, illustrates salient features of the interface in a readily digestible manner.</ref> It is a so called [[w:Text-based_user_interface#Oberon|text based user interface (TUI)]] and combines the point-and-click convenience of a [[w:Graphical user interface|graphical user interface (GUI)]] with the linguistic strength of a [[w:Command line interface|command line interface (CLI)]]. It is closely tied to the naming conventions of the Oberon language. Any text appearing (almost) anywhere on the screen can be edited and can be used as command input. Commands are activated by a [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|mouse-middle, MM, click]] on a text fragment of the form '''''Module.Command''''' (optionally followed by parameters, which are terminated by ~). A command is defined by a procedure, which has an empty argument list. Parameters to the command have to be defined before executing the middle click and must be explicitly scanned and retrieved by the procedure. There are no checks nor any questions asked during command execution. The interface is sometimes described as a "non-modal" [[w:User interface|user interface (UI)]]. Nothing like a [[w:Command-line interface#Command prompt|command prompt]] is required. Although radically different from a command line, the TUI is very efficient and powerful.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Franz | first = Michael | title = Oberon - The Overlooked Jewel | citeseerx = 10.1.1.90.7173 | editor1-first = Lászlo | editor1-last = Böszörmény | editor2-first = Jürg | editor2-last = Gutknecht | editor3-first = Gustav | editor3-last = Pomberger | encyclopedia = The School Niklaus Wirth - The Art of Simplicity | publisher = Morgan Kaufmann Publishers | year = 2000 | pages = 41–53 | isbn = 1-55860-723-4 | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d48b/ecdaf5c3d962e2778f804e8c64d292de408b.pdf | accessdate=2017-12-14 }}</ref> Active elements can be embedded in Oberon texts: a clock showing the current time, push buttons, or graphical elements visualizing data. Most user interface elements are realized with the help of documents. [[File:XO.A2.Oberon.jpg|thumb|The Oberon subsystem in UnixAos on an XO-1.5.]] A steep ascent in the early learning curve can be somewhat challenging. No questions are asked: this is a deliberate design decision, which needs getting used to. For example, most familiar editors ask the user when closing a modified text: this is not the case in the Oberon System. The usage of the [[w:Text_user_interface#Other uses|TUI]] and programming interface is fully documented in Martin Reiser's book "The Oberon System".<ref name="OS">Reiser, Martin: "The Oberon System - User Guide and Programmer's Manual" - Out-of-print - Addison-Wesley/ACM Press (1991) {{ISBN|0-201-54422-9}}</ref> A short introduction to the user interface can be found on [[w:Niklaus Wirth|Niklaus Wirth]]'s home [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/UsingOberon.pdf page].<!-- ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/UsingOberon.pdf|title = How to use the Oberon System|date = 2015|access-date = 24 November 2016|last = Wirth|first = Niklaus}}</ref --> The later Versions of System Oberon, ''Oberon V4'' (or V4 in short, sometimes also referred to as Linz-Oberon) and ''ETH-Oberon'' (sometimes also called Oberon System 3, S3 or Spirit of Oberon), enhanced the basic interface with different but incompatible implementations for buttons, drop down menus, and other active elements. V4 used for that purpose a dedicated control character embedded in normal text in contrast to System 3, which extended the kernel by introducing persistent objects. Both extensions include a large set of user interface elements. Mastering the Oberon user interface, both the purely textual and also the so called Gadgets System (under ETH Oberon), is absolutely non-trivial. Therefore it is recommended to proceed after a successful installation of ETH Oberon to André Fischer's [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial|Oberon System 3 (ETH Oberon) Tutorial]]. An expanded version of this tutorial is [[Oberon/Bibliography#FiM98|published as a book]],<ref>André Fischer & Hannes Marais: The Oberon Companion. A Guide to Using and Programming Oberon System 3. vdf Hochschulverlag AG (1997). {{ISBN|978-3728124937}}, out of print, for a personal copy, see notes in text</ref> which is now out of print. Although the book has a standard copyright, it is available in electronic form under a single user license in every installed version of System 3 (Windows, Linux or Native, i.e. also with the Gadgets toolkit of OLR<ref name="OLR2">{{Cite web|url=http://oberon.wikidot.com/|title=Oberon Linux Revival|last=Matthias|first=Peter|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>). If you try to read it in System 3, you are confronted with the classical [[w:Chicken or the egg|chicken and egg]] problem: You have to master the user interface to have access to the documentation of the user interface. Read on. [[File:Oberon.Book.Tool1.png|thumb|A screen shot of Book.Tool in Oberon.]] After a successful installation of the Oberon System, detailed instructions for reading "The Oberon Companion" – can be found by opening the file Book.Tool with the command Desktops.OpenDoc. If this command is not present in any of the windows/viewers, which are opened by default when you start the Oberon System, you can click anywhere with the left-mouse button (ML) in any viewer and type the command <code>Desktops.OpenDoc Book.Tool ~</code>. Then move the mouse over <code>Desktops.OpenDoc</code> and do a middle-mouse button (MM) click. This will open an new viewer with a table of contents of "The Oberon Companion". All lines with blue text are hyperlinks to the chapters of the book, which in turn can be clicked with the MM button so that the chapter will open in a new viewer. The license in Book.Tool gives the user the right to print a single copy for personal use. Good results in printing were obtained with a [[w:GhostScript|GhostScript]] based free [http://www.bullzip.com/products/pdf/info.php PDF converter] under MS Windows using PluginOberon but that should not be a prerequisite. If you want to print an open document in Oberon, i.e., the contents of a window (or viewer in Oberon terminology), you have to set the star shaped mark by hitting the F1 key (see [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse#Marker|Tutorial]]) and then issue the command <code>Desktops.PrintDoc Default * ~ </code> by a MM click on <code>Desktops.PrintDoc</code>. In an Oberon command the * is not a wildcard, but symbolizes the marked viewer. ==References== {{Reflist|refs= }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Historical Perspective | next = Glossary }} {{BookCat}} bfcrc6ky1uyz2eksknu3uwwh3um3q43 0 446848 4672783 4665255 2026-09-28T14:52:09Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Comparing | next = Contributing}} <br> <span id="HardwareTable"></span> {| class="wikitable" <!-- |+ Oberon Hardware --> |- ! Machine,<br />Oberon variant !! Image !! Processor !! Boot Store !! Memory !! Persistent<br>Store !! Approximate<br>Price, US$ !! Notes |- | align="center" | [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres]],<br />V2 | | align="center" | [[w:NS320xx|NS320xx]] | align="center" | 32 kB [[w:Read-only_memory|ROM]] | align="center" | 2 MB [[w:Dynamic_random-access_memory|DRAM]] | align="center" | 40 MB [[w:Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive]] | align="center" | Rare and collectable; price unpredictable | <ref>[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html Photo at the ETHZ] and the [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Oberon system].</ref> <ref>[https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Ceres-1] and [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102674736 Ceres-3] at the [[w:Computer_History_Museum|Computer History Museum]]</ref> |- | align="center" | [[w:Intel_80386|Intel 80386]] [[w:Personal_computer|PC]] and descendants,<br />ETH Oberon | align="center" | [[File:TatungTWN5213Oberon.png|thumb]]<br>ETH Oberon on a Tatung TWN-5213 CU tablet. | [[w:Intel_80386|i386]]<ref>ETH Oberon includes floating point calculations in software, allowing full functionality in absence of a [[w:X87#80387|80387 coprocessor]]</ref>, [[w:Intel_80486|i486]], [[w:P5_(microarchitecture)|P5]] and [[w:List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures|various successors]] | [[w:Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive]] | [[w:Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory|SDRAM]] | [[w:Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive]] | align="center" | Negligible for a disused machine | [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon|ETH Oberon]] is installed and used routinely. |- | align="center" | A2 Swiss Industry Controller [[http://www.radiar.ch/index.html de]], [[http://www.radiar.ch/page_en.html en]] | align="center" | | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based A2CPU | [[w:|16 MB flash]] | [[w:Random-access_memory|1 MB battery-buffered RAM]],<br>[[w:DDR3_SDRAM|128 MB DDR3]] | align="center" | | align="center" | | Oberon mailing list at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/016118.html 2021-11-11] |- | align="center" | Digilent Xilinx Spartan 3 Starter Board,<br />Oberon V5 | | [[w:Xilinx|Xilinx]] Spartan 3 | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]]<ref>Visible in vertical orientation adjacent to the green PS/2 adapter, in the photo on page 5 of [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon/PO.System.pdf Project Oberon]</ref> | align="center" | 1 MiB SRAM | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 100 | Used and NOS boards on the market |- | align="center" | Digilent Arty A7-100T FPGA Development Board,<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | XC7A100TCSG324-1 | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 512 KiB BRAM | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 300 | &#160; |- | align="center" | Digilent Nexys A7-100T FPGA Trainer board,<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | XC7A100T-1CSG324C | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 512 KiB BRAM | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 350 | &#160; |- | align="center" | [http://saanlima.com/store/index.php?route=product/product&path=62&product_id=64 Pepino LX9],<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA | 128 MB SPI | 1 MB SRAM | | align="center" | 100 | Discontinued |- | align="center" | [http://oberonstation.x10.mx/ OberonStation],<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | Xilinx XC3S700AN FPGA | microSD | 1 MB SRAM | microSD | | Website unreachable September 2018. |- | align="center" | [http://riskfive.com/ RiskZero] | &#160; | Spartan-6 FPGA | full size SD, microSD | 4 MB ZBT | full size SD, microSD | align="center" | refer to [http://riskfive.com/ Design files and cost]. | Prototyping. |- | align="center" | [http://riskfive.com/ RiskFive] | &#160; | Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA | 16-32 MB SPI Flash | 4 MB ZBT | microSD | align="center" | "expensive" | Motherboard plus FPGA module. Available. |- | align="center" | [http://radiona.org/ulx3s Radiona ULX3S],<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | [https://www.latticesemi.com/Products/FPGAandCPLD/ECP5 Lattice ECP5 LFE5U-85F-6BG381C (85K LUT)] FPGA | 4–16 MB Quad-SPI Flash | 32 MB SDRAM 166 MHz | microSD | align="center" | 60-140 | Boards with 12K LUT also available. <ref>[https://github.com/emard/Oberon Installation data and instructions]</ref> |- | align="center" | [[w:SPARC_T_series|Sun Fire T2000]] | &#160; | SPARC T-series processor | &#160; | &#160; | &#160; | align="center" | ?? | &#160; |} {{Reflist|refs= }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Comparing | next = Contributing}} {{BookCat}} 1m5lpk31kr0l3g0416s4zb7wndeyj1s 4672797 4672783 2026-09-28T15:30:45Z PeterEasthope 660399 Changed Navigation to established format. 4672797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Comparing | next = Contributing }} <br> <span id="HardwareTable"></span> {| class="wikitable" <!-- |+ Oberon Hardware --> |- ! Machine,<br />Oberon variant !! Image !! Processor !! Boot Store !! Memory !! Persistent<br>Store !! Approximate<br>Price, US$ !! Notes |- | align="center" | [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres]],<br />V2 | | align="center" | [[w:NS320xx|NS320xx]] | align="center" | 32 kB [[w:Read-only_memory|ROM]] | align="center" | 2 MB [[w:Dynamic_random-access_memory|DRAM]] | align="center" | 40 MB [[w:Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive]] | align="center" | Rare and collectable; price unpredictable | <ref>[http://www.cpu-ns32k.net/Ceres.html Photo at the ETHZ] and the [http://cpu-ns32k.net/Oberon.html Oberon system].</ref> <ref>[https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X2321.2002A Ceres-1] and [http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102674736 Ceres-3] at the [[w:Computer_History_Museum|Computer History Museum]]</ref> |- | align="center" | [[w:Intel_80386|Intel 80386]] [[w:Personal_computer|PC]] and descendants,<br />ETH Oberon | align="center" | [[File:TatungTWN5213Oberon.png|thumb]]<br>ETH Oberon on a Tatung TWN-5213 CU tablet. | [[w:Intel_80386|i386]]<ref>ETH Oberon includes floating point calculations in software, allowing full functionality in absence of a [[w:X87#80387|80387 coprocessor]]</ref>, [[w:Intel_80486|i486]], [[w:P5_(microarchitecture)|P5]] and [[w:List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures|various successors]] | [[w:Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive]] | [[w:Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory|SDRAM]] | [[w:Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive]] | align="center" | Negligible for a disused machine | [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon|ETH Oberon]] is installed and used routinely. |- | align="center" | A2 Swiss Industry Controller [[http://www.radiar.ch/index.html de]], [[http://www.radiar.ch/page_en.html en]] | align="center" | | [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] based A2CPU | [[w:|16 MB flash]] | [[w:Random-access_memory|1 MB battery-buffered RAM]],<br>[[w:DDR3_SDRAM|128 MB DDR3]] | align="center" | | align="center" | | Oberon mailing list at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/016118.html 2021-11-11] |- | align="center" | Digilent Xilinx Spartan 3 Starter Board,<br />Oberon V5 | | [[w:Xilinx|Xilinx]] Spartan 3 | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]]<ref>Visible in vertical orientation adjacent to the green PS/2 adapter, in the photo on page 5 of [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ProjectOberon/PO.System.pdf Project Oberon]</ref> | align="center" | 1 MiB SRAM | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 100 | Used and NOS boards on the market |- | align="center" | Digilent Arty A7-100T FPGA Development Board,<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | XC7A100TCSG324-1 | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 512 KiB BRAM | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 300 | &#160; |- | align="center" | Digilent Nexys A7-100T FPGA Trainer board,<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | XC7A100T-1CSG324C | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 512 KiB BRAM | align="center" | [[w:Sd card|SD]] | align="center" | 350 | &#160; |- | align="center" | [http://saanlima.com/store/index.php?route=product/product&path=62&product_id=64 Pepino LX9],<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA | 128 MB SPI | 1 MB SRAM | | align="center" | 100 | Discontinued |- | align="center" | [http://oberonstation.x10.mx/ OberonStation],<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | Xilinx XC3S700AN FPGA | microSD | 1 MB SRAM | microSD | | Website unreachable September 2018. |- | align="center" | [http://riskfive.com/ RiskZero] | &#160; | Spartan-6 FPGA | full size SD, microSD | 4 MB ZBT | full size SD, microSD | align="center" | refer to [http://riskfive.com/ Design files and cost]. | Prototyping. |- | align="center" | [http://riskfive.com/ RiskFive] | &#160; | Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA | 16-32 MB SPI Flash | 4 MB ZBT | microSD | align="center" | "expensive" | Motherboard plus FPGA module. Available. |- | align="center" | [http://radiona.org/ulx3s Radiona ULX3S],<br />Oberon V5 | &#160; | [https://www.latticesemi.com/Products/FPGAandCPLD/ECP5 Lattice ECP5 LFE5U-85F-6BG381C (85K LUT)] FPGA | 4–16 MB Quad-SPI Flash | 32 MB SDRAM 166 MHz | microSD | align="center" | 60-140 | Boards with 12K LUT also available. <ref>[https://github.com/emard/Oberon Installation data and instructions]</ref> |- | align="center" | [[w:SPARC_T_series|Sun Fire T2000]] | &#160; | SPARC T-series processor | &#160; | &#160; | &#160; | align="center" | ?? | &#160; |} {{Reflist|refs= }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Comparing | next = Contributing }} {{BookCat}} 8z37qq1lsmcqrarc6dn367bf3rk887x 0 446849 4672795 4665246 2026-09-28T15:21:42Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Contributing | next = Support }} <br> Also refer to the [[Oberon/ETH Oberon/faq|ETH Oberon FAQ]]. ; Q0. Why do some Oberon systems have a flat file system? Isn't a tree structured file system indispensable in highly productive (=8~/) contemporary environments? : A. The tree structured file system came into prominence during the 1950s and '60s when computer memories were miniscule. The tree structure helped with organization of the operating system. Typical memory access is far faster than file access. With current hardware, a data structure can be composed and used in memory with much faster performance than a data structure in a file system. With some focus on choice of meaningful names for files, most users will find the flat file system entirely adequate. Also, an emulated Oberon subsystem can have access to a tree structured file system of the host. Additionally, ETH Oberon running on a bare PC supports the [[w:File_Allocation_Table|FAT]] and [[w:ISO_9660|ISO 9660:1988]] file systems, which are tree structured. In reality, a flat file system in Oberon is a benefit rather than detriment. ; Q1. Are Oberon and A2 fundamentally the same while having different interfaces? : A. Both systems respect the "simple as possible" principle. Otherwise they differ widely. : Central in Oberon is the task loop implemented in procedure [[Oberon/V2/Oberon|Oberon.Loop]]. A procedure installed in the loop without [[w:Background_process|backgrounding]] executes to completion in one pass of the loop. A long-running procedure can appear to the user as a [[w:Queuing_delay|queuing delay]]. During the long-running procedure, the only activity visible to the user will be output which the programmer has deliberately arranged. To avoid queuing delay, the programmer has the responsibility of implementing background execution. Backgrounding is achieved by dividing a large task into smaller portions which are inserted between other tasks in the loop. Therefore two levels of execution priority exist in Oberon: foreground and background. : Central in A2 is the [[w:Object-oriented_programming|active objects]] system (Aos). Processor time is allocated to active objects by [[w:Preemption_(computing)#Time_slice|time-slicing]]. This avoids queuing delay by limiting the time interval which a processor devotes to an active object. Time-slicing removes the responsibility for backgrounding from the programmer. Refer to [[w:A2_(operating_system)|Wikipedia]] and the [https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/147091 thesis of P.J. Muller], section 4.2.3, page 35. : A2 has many aspects and capabilities not in preceding Oberons. Refer to the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2022/016163.html mailing list] at 2022-01-07. ; Q2. In ETH Oberon (or A2O) [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM+MR]] opens a viewer with Edit whereas I prefer ET. How can that be fixed? : A. In ETH Oberon open TextFrames.Mod. [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on Edit.Open. Edit.Open TextFrames.Mod : In the Oberon sub-system of A2. Edit.Open Oberon.TextFrames.Mod : Change OpenCmd = "Edit.Open" : to OpenCmd = "ET.Open" : , [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on Edit.Store, recompile the module (TextFrames.Mod or Oberon.TextFrames.Mod) and reboot. TextFrames and all modules which import it could be reloaded but rebooting is simpler. <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Contributing | next = Support }} {{BookCat}} 7jhigxmkjqcjvpkieltxetc6i3m3iin 0 446851 4672785 4665120 2026-09-28T14:56:16Z PeterEasthope 660399 Separated Navigation template from content. 4672785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Beginning as a Novice | next = Text }} <br> Also refer to the [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Glossary|glossary in the Wikipedia article]].<br> '''2.3.6''', '''2.3.7''', release numbers of the last releases of ETH Oberon from the ETHZ.<ref name="ETHOrelease" /><br> <span id="A2"></span>[[Oberon/A2|'''A2''']] – Formerly ''Active Object System'' (AOS) in 2002,<ref name="AOSthesis"/> renamed Bluebottle in 2005 due to rumored copyright issues, renamed A2 in 2008.<br> '''ALO''', ARM Linux Oberon; in LNO family and for ARM CPU.<br> '''AOS''', see ''A2'' entry above.<br> '''Active Oberon''', the dialect appearing in system A2. Ref. [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/news/2 Active Oberon].<br> '''BB''', [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]]. Component Pascal IDE from [https://web.archive.org/web/20100726132147/http://www.oberon.ch/blackbox.html Oberon Microsystems].<br> '''Bluebottle''', see A2 entry above.<br> '''BRAM''', Block Addressable Random Access Memory, as used in the [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] machine<ref name="bram"/>.<br> '''Columbus''', a software tool in ETH Oberon used to inspect and modify gadget attributes and to add a new attribute to a gadget. Usage described in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Columbus|tutorial]].<br> '''CP''', [[w:Component Pascal|Component Pascal]]. A dialect in the Oberon family most similar to Oberon-2.<br> '''Definition''' ( or '''Module Definition'''), a summary of a module presenting constant declarations, type declarations, variable declarations and procedure headings.<br> <span id="fixup">'''fixup'''</span>, the conversion from [[w:Memory_address|address]] relative to the base address of a module, to absolute address. Refer to [[Oberon/V5#Fixup|V5#Fixup]] and [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon#Fixup|Extended Oberon#Fixup]].<br> '''fold''', a functionality of Text in V4 and BlackBox documents similar to [https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_js_collapsible.asp collapsible] in HTML. Several folds in a file can be grouped by name and their state can switched together; this allows for maintaining multiple source versions in one file.<br> '''Gadgets''', software infrastructure in ETH Oberon providing graphical entities and a [[w:Graphical_user_interface|graphical user interface]]. Usage described in the Gadgets [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial#GadgetsIntro|tutorial]] pages.<br> '''GofU''', for A2, the file name extension denoting "Generic [[w:Object_file|object file]], Unix, x86, 32 bit". Refer to the [[Oberon/A2#Target_Systems_and_File_Name_Extensions|A2 page]].<br> '''gadget''', an end-user object in the Gadgets system. A button is a simple instance of a gadget. A text gadget is a more complex instance.<br> '''Inner core''', a significant architectural entity in an Oberon system. Refer to [[#System_Startup|System Startup]].<br> '''INTEGER''', an integer [[w:Data_type|type]] in most Oberon systems.<br> '''Interclick''', a click of a mouse button while holding another button. MM+MR below is an example. The [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|mouse tutorial]] has additional details. When editing a Text at least [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse#interclicks|six interclick combinations]] are meaningful.<br> <span id="Juice">'''Juice'''</span>, an alternative to [[w:Java (software platform)|Java]] based on a portable representation of the abstract syntax tree and on-the-fly compilation also known as OMI (see below). The source code can be found at [https://github.com/berkus/Juice/blob/master/Juice%201.1%20Sources%20(x86)/Juice.Build Github] and three forks of it (as of 11.Aug.2021). Ref. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061125105032/http://www.oberon.ws/UCI/juice/ Juice].<br> '''Lola-2''', a [[w:Hardware_description_language|hardware description language]] developed by Niklaus Wirth. Ref. [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Lola/index.html Lola-2].<br> <!-- '''LB''', in V5, the base address of the link table.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> --> '''LDPSR''', Load Processor Status Register, allows software to establish whether the processor can handle interrupts. Refer to https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/FPGA-relatedWork/RISC-Arch.pdf , Section 5, Interrupts. Discussion in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/date.html mailing list] begins at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015711.html 2021-03-30].<br> '''LinzOberon''', an implementation of V4. Ref. [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015189.html mailing list, 2020-11-28].<br> '''LONGINT''', an integer type in ETH Oberon. Synonymized to INTEGER in the current V5.<br> '''LUT''', look up table of [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]]. Referenced when quantifying the size of a FPGA device.<br> <span id="glossaryMouseButtons" /><span id="MouseButtons">'''ML'''</span>, the left button of the mouse or a click of that button, depending on context. Ref. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse|Mouse support]] and [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|Mouse tutorial]]. Abstract meaning: specify a location. Example: locate an insertion point in a Text.<br> '''MM''', the middle button or the wheel of the mouse, or a click of the button or wheel, depending on context. Abstract meaning: invoke an action. Example: execute a command.<br> '''MR''', the right button of the mouse or a click of that button, depending on context. Abstract meaning: select an extent. Example: select a character sequence in a Text.<br> '''MM+MR''', a click of the right button while holding the middle button or the wheel of the mouse. MR here is termed an "[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse#interclicks|interclick]]". In a Text, take the word under the mouse pointer as the name of a file and open the text editor on it.<br> '''MR+ML''', a click of the right button while holding the left button of the mouse. When editing a Text, select characters and delete them.<ref name="MR+ML"/><br> '''ML+MM+MR''', nullification of an inadvertent mouse click.<br> '''MT''', in ETH Oberon, the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/WebConfig#MT|mouse type configuration string]].<br> '''MT''', in V5, the constant address of the module table.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> '''native''', modifies the name of an Oberon system to indicate that it is installed on bare hardware; distinguishing from a subsystem such as UnixA2 installed atop a host system.<br> '''OP2''', a compiler with a 1-pass recursive descent parser. It generates an intermediate parse tree. See [[Oberon/compilers|Oberon/compilers]].<br> '''Oberon.Text''', a file in ETH Oberon and in A2O specifying system configuration.<br> '''Oberon Trilogy''', the three books ''Programming in Oberon'', ''The Oberon System'' and ''Project Oberon''; the first three books in the [[Oberon/Bibliography|bibliography]].<br> '''OMI/Slim binary''' (Oberon Module Interchange), a mechanism created by Michael Franz and Thomas Kistler allowing efficient portability of any module between differing systems. The language from this work was named Juice. Compare with Apple [[w:Fat binary|Fat binary]]. Slim binaries are mentioned in [[Oberon/compilers#OMI|compilers page]] in the section "Compiler deployment in ports no longer updated".<br> '''Outer core''', a significant architectural entity in an Oberon system. Refer to [[#System_Startup|System Startup]].<br> '''.odc''', the conventional file name extension for a [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox/Oberon-F]] file (short for Oberon DoCument) quite similar internally to Oberon Text format.<br /> <!-- '''PB''', in V5, the procedure base address. The base address of the procedure section of the current module.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> --> '''(** <em>any comment</em> *)''', appears in some module sources. It means that <em>any comment</em> is an exported comment. A tool named Def produces a module interface file with this comment included, thus enhancing internal documentation.<br> '''PACO''' PArallel COmpiler. Appears in ''A2''. Compiles each scope in an independent thread.<br> '''PICL''', a programming language for the [[w:PIC_microcontrollers|PIC microcontrollers]]. Ref. [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/PICL/index.html PICL].<br /> '''(** portable *)''', this comment in ETH Oberon marked a module where OMI/Slim binary code was portable across platforms. More generally, it means there were no SYSTEM dependencies or machine specificities. This exported comment appears in the documentation created by the above mentioned browser, Def, which was integrated into a tool called Watson in ETH Oberon.<br> '''Registry''', the content of Oberon.Text specifying file system aliases, sound adapter parameters, LinkSchemes, MIME types and etc.<br> '''SB''', in V5, the static base address. The base address for variables in the current module.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> '''SHORTINT''', an integer type in ETH Oberon. Not in V5.<br> '''SIZE''', a signed integer type pertaining to memory address in A2. The difference of two addresses can be negative. New numeric types appeared in rev.9475.<ref>[http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/news/1 Renaming of numeric types in A2]</ref><br> '''SP''', in V5, the stack pointer address.<ref name="storageLayout" /><br> <span id="Symbol">'''Symbol file'''</span>, a linearized excerpt of the symbol table of the compiler. The file contains descriptions of all exported objects. Ref. section 12.6.2 of [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ ''Project Oberon''], 2013 Edition. See also [[w:Symbol table|Symbol table]] in the Wikipedia.<br> '''Watson''', a tool capable of extracting a module definition from a definition file, module file, module Text or object file. Usage described in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Watson|tutorial]].<br> '''WTS''', Write To Script, refers to Write and Script variants of Text document and conversion of a Write Text to a Script Text. Write is in V4 and Script is in ETH Oberon.<br /> =Footnotes= {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="ETHOrelease">2.3.6 and 2.3.7 were the most frequently cited release numbers. [https://semver.org/ Semantic numbering] is hypothesized. The interpretation is Major.Minor.Patch. In this interpretation Ceres Oberon would be Major 1 and ETH Oberon, Major 2. Apparently Minor releases preceding 3 were limited to the ETH. 2.3.7 patches bugs in and is backward compatible to 2.3.6. Patch releases prior to 6 were also limited to ETH.</ref> <ref name="AOSthesis">{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Muller |first=Pieter Johannes |date=2002 |title=The active object system design and multiprocessor implementation |url=http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:26082/eth-26082-02.pdf |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich ([[w:ETH Zurich|ETH Zurich]])}}</ref> <ref name="bram">Explained further in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon Oberon mailing list] at 2019-02-09.</ref> <ref name="MR+ML">A Text can include non-character objects. Any object in the selection is also deleted.</ref> <ref name="storageLayout">Refer to section 8.1 , page 104 in [[#References|''Project Oberon'', 2013]].</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Beginning as a Novice | next = Text }} {{BookCat}} 8sba8dv4ipfq89dptpuzun5ozubx7hz 0 446877 4672780 4665254 2026-09-28T14:46:43Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Bibliography | next = Comparing }}<br> Following power-up a computer executes [[w:Bootloader|bootloader]] software. Details are specific to the system. == V2 == For V2 running on a [[w:Ceres_(workstation)|Ceres Workstation]], system startup and the core are described in sections 14.1 and 14.2 of [https://inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon1992.pdf ''Project Oberon'', 1992](PDF). == ETH Oberon == In ETH Oberon, the inner core comprises basic operating system functions including storage management, file system, loader, compiler and etc. The outer core comprises management of display, keyboard and mouse. Inner and outer cores together are somewhat comparable to the kernel of a Unix-like system. Structure of the sytem can be understood from the system building tool, [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/Native.Tool|Native.Tool]]. == V4 == == V5 == From Joerg Straube in [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015938.html http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015938.html],<br> "The functionality of UEFI is somewhat comparable to BootLoad.Mod in FPGA Oberon. BootLoad resides in ROM and is the first code the RISC-5 CPU executes after power up. It loads the inner core from disk to address 0000 and jumps to 0000. The inner core then loads the outer core. And the outer core loads the Oberon system." In V5, Project Oberon, the inner core comprises only the modules Kernel (memory mgmt, disk storage mgmt, traps, timer), FileDir (directory handling), Files (File handling) and Modules (module loading). The authoritative exposition is in sections 14.1 and 14.2 of [https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/ProjectOberon/index.html ''Project Oberon'', 2013 Edition](PDF). ==Multi-booting== [[w:Multi-boot|Multi-booting]] is an arrangement of storage allowing more than one operating system to be used on one machine. For example, a machine can allow use of ETH Oberon or Linux or MS Windows by a simple choice following power-up. Such arrangement requires [[w:Bootloader|boot management]]. Early IBM-compatible personal computers had a [[w:BIOS|BIOS]]. Beginning around 2006, machines with a [[w:UEFI|UEFI]] rather than BIOS began to appear. The boot process and Boot management involve the BIOS or UEFI. ==Multi-booting with MBR and BIOS== [[File:OberonBootManagerMenu.png|thumb|Boot Manager runs on the PC hardware independent of the operating system. In this case Boot Manager ran on a virtual guest machine provided by [[w:QEMU|QEMU]]. The screenshot was grabbed by the host of QEMU.]] Development of ETH Oberon, V4, A2 and some other systems working directly on a [[w:x86|x86]] personal computer began when the computer had a BIOS and [[w:Master Boot Record|Master Boot Record]] (MBR). For this context, Andr&#233; Fischer wrote Boot Manager according to Oberon principles. Boot Manager is now maintained in the [[Oberon/A2#Sources,_Tools_and_Configuration_Texts_in_A2|Git repository at ETH]]. These pages have additional information. * [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/bootman|Using a boot manager, with application to ETH Oberon]], predating Boot Manager. * [[Oberon/BootManager|Andr&#233; Fischer's instructions for Boot Manager]]. ==Multi-booting with UEFI== In contemporary PCs [[w:UEFI|UEFI]] has replaced the BIOS. Booting an Oberon system on a machine with UEFI is hypothetically possible but not yet documented. Contributions welcome. {{clear}} {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Bibliography | next = Comparing }} {{BookCat}} s0395d8to8cxupwbt7f8i4v1nnaa8c4 0 446881 4672796 4658513 2026-09-28T15:24:57Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = FAQ | next = Introduction }} <br> * [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/felixf/oberon GitLab Oberon A2 at ETHZ] ** [[w:GitLab|GitLab in Wikipedia]] ** [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/help Gitlab Docs at ETHZ] ** [https://gitlab.inf.ethz.ch/help/user/ssh.md Use SSH keys to communicate with GitLab at ETHZ] * The foregoing [https://web.archive.org/web/20180829070621/http://www.ocp.inf.ethz.ch/wiki/OCP/Home http://www.ocp.inf.ethz.ch/wiki/OCP/Home] was decommissioned. <!-- [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/ http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/]: bug tracker, language documentation and etc. primarily for A2. --> * [[Oberon/hall|ETH Hall of Fame and additional contributors]]. * [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/sitemap|ETH Oberon Site Map]]. Formerly hosted at ETHZ and primarily addressing ETH Oberon and preceding systems. * [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon The Oberon mailing list at https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon]. <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = FAQ | next = Introduction }} {{BookCat}} qzn3n9xfd5lxj0z2fovu0u8vpwtc8uy 0 446894 4672793 4665253 2026-09-28T15:14:57Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Computers | next = FAQ }} <br> All progress is welcome. Correct errors in grammar and in algorithms. Present unrefined ideas in the talk pages. A source in the wikibook can be edited directly using a browser capable of [[w:HTTPS|HTTPS]]. Alternatively it can be edited on an Oberon system, translated using MediaWiki.Markup and applied to replace the existing version, as when adding a new module. If replacing, take care to avoid over-writing a previous edit. The latest version of the page should be retrieved to a working Oberon system and compared using Diff.Do. Alternatively, a registered user can put a new version in the user sandbox and apply the MediaWiki comparison facility. Be aware that the non-zero time interval between retrieval from the book and installation of the new version allows [[Help:Editing#Potential_problems|edit conflict]]. * Initialize a Module or Tool page from a published release. Preferably the latest. Oberon.Sort.Mod, for example, is taken from the Oberon subsystem in UnixA2. Indicate the source in the wiki edit subject line. * Use [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/faqlang#name|Oberon naming conventions]]. * Avoid page duplication. If two systems share a source module, a page redirect is preferable to duplicate pages. * If an edit conflict is inadvertently created, fix it, please. * Avoid breaking compilation. * Avoid breaking interfaces. If an interface is changed, adjust all modules which connect to it. An idea clearly expressed in a discussion page is preferable to broken interfaces. * Avoid breaking functionality. * Avoid introducing a bug. If a bug is introduced, the change might be reverted, however brilliant the intended improvement. * Prefer more recent syntax over older syntax. Remove LOOP. Where possible remove RETURN. <!-- * Optionally, color changed text, green; text disabled by commenting, red. --> Addition of a Text is the first two steps in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon#Text_Dataflow_in_ETH_Oberon|dataflow diagram for a Text]]. The first step is performed by the contributor. The second is performed automatically by the MediaWiki server. Retrieve the MediaWiki module ([[Oberon/ETH_Oberon#Module_Sources_and_Tools_in_ETH_Oberon,_PC-Native|ETH Oberon]], [[Oberon/A2#Sources_in_A2|Oberon subsystem of A2]]) to your Oberon system and compile it. Open a viewer with the module to be contributed and * mark the Text. Translate to MediaWiki markup with "MediaWiki.Markup * " and save the <Module>.Mod.mw with Edit.StoreAscii or ET.StoreAscii. To add the page to the book, a browser capable of HTTPS is necessary; Desktops.OpenDoc in ETH Oberon is inadequate. Being logged in to a Wikimedia account is advisable. Somewhere in an existing page add the name of the intended page, preview and "Publish change". The new entry will be colored red. Click on it to open the new page. Initialize the new page, preview and "Publish change". ==Formatting a Source Text== Various formatting conventions and preferences exist. Refer to the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ Oberon Mailing List], 2017-07-22 through 2017-07-26, and search for "indentation?". No particular format is essential. Any reasonable format preferred by a contributor is welcome. ==Styling a Source Text== Various stylistic conventions also exist. Refer to the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/ Oberon Mailing List], 2017-07-29 through 2017-07-30, and search for "Italicization". Editors such as PET in A2 and the "pretty printers" mentioned in the list automatically style a source Text to highlight syntax. Therefore direct syntax styling can be unnecessary. Color to distinguish a revision is optional and relatively harmless.<br> <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Computers | next = FAQ }} {{BookCat}} gjjytmcfmkrbdo4bl660c1syslcyc6c 0 446896 4672781 4665252 2026-09-28T14:48:51Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Booting | next = Computers }} <br> == Comparing Texts == Oberon has module Diff. Two pages or Texts can be retrieved to files TextFile1 and TextFile2. [[Oberon/Glossary#glossaryMouseButtons|MM]] on <code>Diff.Do TextFile1 TextFile2</code> will produce a side by side comparison. A2 has Tools > Diff in the menu at the bottom of the display. == Comparing Wikibook Pages == To compare versions of a wiki page, open the page history using the button at the top of the page. Choose two versions and click on "Compare selected versions". Any two wiki pages can be compared by specifying URLs. In the [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Oberon/ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/HTML.Mod&action=history page history of ETH_Oberon/2.3.7/HTML.Mod], when the mouse pointer is hovered over the date in the entry for the original version, ID 3495065 is reported by the browser. A more recent version is 4068966. The URL https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/?oldid=3495065&diff=4068966&diffonly=1 produces a side by side comparison. {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Booting | next = Computers }} {{BookCat}} o1ymo8vlezxqdwx62pp5oe63t3bh505 0 447153 4672756 4665244 2026-09-28T13:52:46Z PeterEasthope 660399 Switched to the Navigation template. 4672756 wikitext text/x-wiki ''{{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Text | next = System Variants }} <br> Conventions for names of constants, variables, types, procedures, functions and modules are in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/faqlang#name|Oberon language FAQ]]. ==Files, Servers and Viewers== In [[Oberon/Bibliography#Rei92|''The Oberon System; User Guide and Programmer's Manual'']], p. 42, Martin Reiser stated,<blockquote> '''2.7 Naming'''<br> :Oberon provides structured names to identify objects such as files, servers and viewers. The syntax of names is: :: Name = NamePart { "." NamePart } :: NamePart = Letter { Letter | Digit } </blockquote> Why such primitive syntax? Readability an obvious factor. Security an intrepid actor. Linux file names [https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/file-names.html illustrate]. ETH Oberon and the Oberon subsystem in A2 allocate 32 characters for a file name. That includes a [[w:List_of_Unicode_characters#Control_codes|null character]] terminating the name. ==Naming in A2== To identify target hardware, A2 has adopted conventions for [[Oberon/A2#Target_Systems_and_File_Name_Extensions|file name extensions]]. Within software, A2 has the Oberon subsystem. Distinction of the name of a module of the subsystem from the name of a module of A2 was addressed in "Proposal for Modules Contexts" by F. Friedrich and F. Negele. The syntax to prevent name conflict is in Active Oberon<ref name="Modules"/>. Module := 'MODULE' [TemplateParameters] Identifier ['IN' Identifier] ';' ... Hence this example. MODULE System IN Oberon; By convention only, the file may be named with the identifiers separated by ".". Hence the file name associated with the preceding example is "Oberon.System.Mod". ==Context in General== In a syntax lacking context, an identifier in a comment may help to explain module usage. Module := 'MODULE' Identifier '(* IN' Identifier '*);' ... The Oberon filesystem does not support folders but the name of a file containing a module source can differ from the name of the module. Therefore file name conflict can be avoided by prefixing. NameOfModuleFile := Identifier Identifier '.Mod' In ETH Oberon for example, jdEdit.Mod would suggest that J. Doe had revised the Edit module from a release. <br> {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Modules">Refer to the [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/repository/raw/trunk/LanguageReport/OberonLanguageReport.pdf Oberon (2019) Language Report](PDF), section 5 Modules.</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Text | next = System Variants }} {{BookCat}} ha4gfcw0d17ffko4uqo396h9lbeg9gf 4672758 4672756 2026-09-28T13:57:35Z PeterEasthope 660399 Removed stray apostrophes. 4672758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Text | next = System Variants }} <br> Conventions for names of constants, variables, types, procedures, functions and modules are in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/faqlang#name|Oberon language FAQ]]. ==Files, Servers and Viewers== In [[Oberon/Bibliography#Rei92|''The Oberon System; User Guide and Programmer's Manual'']], p. 42, Martin Reiser stated,<blockquote> '''2.7 Naming'''<br> :Oberon provides structured names to identify objects such as files, servers and viewers. The syntax of names is: :: Name = NamePart { "." NamePart } :: NamePart = Letter { Letter | Digit } </blockquote> Why such primitive syntax? Readability an obvious factor. Security an intrepid actor. Linux file names [https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/file-names.html illustrate]. ETH Oberon and the Oberon subsystem in A2 allocate 32 characters for a file name. That includes a [[w:List_of_Unicode_characters#Control_codes|null character]] terminating the name. ==Naming in A2== To identify target hardware, A2 has adopted conventions for [[Oberon/A2#Target_Systems_and_File_Name_Extensions|file name extensions]]. Within software, A2 has the Oberon subsystem. Distinction of the name of a module of the subsystem from the name of a module of A2 was addressed in "Proposal for Modules Contexts" by F. Friedrich and F. Negele. The syntax to prevent name conflict is in Active Oberon<ref name="Modules"/>. Module := 'MODULE' [TemplateParameters] Identifier ['IN' Identifier] ';' ... Hence this example. MODULE System IN Oberon; By convention only, the file may be named with the identifiers separated by ".". Hence the file name associated with the preceding example is "Oberon.System.Mod". ==Context in General== In a syntax lacking context, an identifier in a comment may help to explain module usage. Module := 'MODULE' Identifier '(* IN' Identifier '*);' ... The Oberon filesystem does not support folders but the name of a file containing a module source can differ from the name of the module. Therefore file name conflict can be avoided by prefixing. NameOfModuleFile := Identifier Identifier '.Mod' In ETH Oberon for example, jdEdit.Mod would suggest that J. Doe had revised the Edit module from a release. <br> {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Modules">Refer to the [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/projects/a2/repository/raw/trunk/LanguageReport/OberonLanguageReport.pdf Oberon (2019) Language Report](PDF), section 5 Modules.</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Text | next = System Variants }} {{BookCat}} swz36bgoha2a3dn7gt2x42nk6erb61m 0 450091 4672902 4217934 2026-09-29T11:05:26Z TechVindicator 3626296 typos fixed: acommodate > accommodate 4672902 wikitext text/x-wiki Zoning is the process of a governmental body dividing the land it controls into various zones with intended uses.<ref>Kenton, W. (2022). ''Zoning: What it is, how it works, classification examples''. Investopedia. <nowiki>https://www.investopedia.com/terms/z/zoning.asp</nowiki></ref> These zones can restrict restrict construction by building size, use case, aesthetic or density.<ref>[https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/zoning-definition-meaning/ Rodrigue, J.-P. (2022). ''Types of land use zoning: The Geography of Transport Systems''. The Geography of Transport Systems | The spatial organization of transportation and mobility. https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter8/urban-land-use-transportation/land-use-zoning/]</ref> Zoning laws in the United States grew to prominence in the early 20th century, and have since become controversial due to issues resulting from their implementation.<ref name=":9">Trounstine, J. (2018). ''Segregation by Design: Local Politics and Inequality in American Cities''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108555722</ref> This Chapter will provide an overview of U.S. Zoning law, analyze issues that have resulted from it, and discuss proposed solutions to these issues. = Overview of Zoning = === Origins of United States Zoning Law === [[File:GUP Skopje 2002 mal.jpg|alt=An Example of Euclidean Zoning, as employed by the City of Skopje, North Macedonia.|thumb|233x233px|An Example of Euclidean Zoning regions in the City of Skopje, North Macedonia. ]] The first modern zoning code was written for New York City in 1916, regulating the placement of factories and maximum size of buildings.<ref>Barr, J. (2019). ''Revisiting 1916 (part I): The history of New York City's first Zoning Resolution - Skynomics blog''. Building the Skyline. <nowiki>https://buildingtheskyline.org/revisiting-1916-i/</nowiki></ref><ref>Erickson, A. (2012). ''The birth of zoning codes, a history''. Bloomberg.com. <nowiki>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-19/the-birth-of-zoning-codes-a-history</nowiki></ref> These laws would begin to be emulated by many other jurisdictions in the following years, culminating in the passage of the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, a model law that enabled the creation of zoning regulations by cities, towns, and states. <ref>Reed, T. H. (1923). City Planning. ''The American Political Science Review'', ''17''(3), 430–432. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/1944054</nowiki></ref> These zones would often manifest as Exclusionary laws that only permitted the construction of specific types of buildings. This style of zoning would become known as Euclidean zoning, after the court case [https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/272us365 Euclid V. Ambler] enshrined the right of municipalities to zone land.<ref>Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company. (n.d.). ''Oyez''. <nowiki>https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/272us365</nowiki></ref> === Euclidean Zoning === Euclidean zoning separates land areas into specific use cases, such as residential, commercial, or industrial. These zones can be restricted further to tailor land usage, such as single family residential districts that prohibit the construction of townhomes and apartment buildings. Zones can also feature additional requirements, such as maximum building heights, minimum parking amounts, or green space requirements. It is viewed as the default zoning method in the United States.<ref>Caves, R. W. (Ed.). (2005). ''Encyclopedia of the city''. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 536. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0415252256</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":2">Hirt, S.A. (2015). ''Zoned in the USA'': ''The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</ref> Euclidean Zones can be flat, in which only the specified use is allowed, or hierarchical, wherein use cases are tiered and higher tier use cases can be built in any lower tiered zone (such as building residential buildings in a commercial zone). In practice this distinction is often meaningless, as hierarchical zones are usually dominated by whichever tier of use case is found to be most profitable.<ref>Asabere, P.K. and Huffman, F.E. (1997), Hierarchical Zoning, Incompatible Uses and Price Discounts. Real Estate Economics, 25: 439-451. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00722</nowiki></ref> Euclidean zoning gained popularity due to its ease of implementation, as zones are static, clearly defined, and easily applied to existing construction.<ref name=":2" /> Many of the issues that cities and towns struggle with in the United States are caused by poor use of Euclidean Zoning.<ref>Watsky, R. (2018). ''The problems with Euclidean Zoning''. Dome. <nowiki>https://sites.bu.edu/dome/2018/07/19/the-problems-with-euclidean-zoning/</nowiki></ref> = Issues That Arise From Modern Zoning Law = === The Housing Crisis === [[File:Median housing price by metro area.webp|thumb|466x466px|Median housing price trends by metro area in the United States]] The current housing crisis in the United States is caused by a severe imbalance between demand and supply of housing, which has drastically increased housing prices.<ref name=":6">Betancourt, K., Gardner, S., & Palim, M. (2022, October 28). ''Housing Insights: The U.S. Housing Shortage from a Local Perspective''. Fannie Mae. <nowiki>https://www.fanniemae.com/media/document/pdf/local-solutions-housing-shortage.pdf</nowiki></ref> Zoning and building restrictions are one contributing factor to the housing crisis.<ref name=":0">Winston, R. (2020). The Takings Are Coming: How Federal Courts Can Protect Regulatory Efforts to Address California’s Housing Crisis. ''Ecology Law Quarterly'', ''47''(2), 625–671. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38052FD56</nowiki></ref> Policies that municipalities take that limit the growth of housing include setting limits on building heights, building densities, minimum lot sizes, minimum parking requirements, and the number of housing units that can be built per year.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Many municipalities also simply zone a vast majority of their land for single-family housing, leaving very little for multi-family housing.<ref name=":0" /> For example, in California less than 25 percent of land in cities is available for multi-family dwellings, while about 75 percent of land in cities is zoned specifically for single-family dwellings.<ref name=":0" /> The solution to the housing crisis requires increased construction of multifamily housing units,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":1" /> but this requires easing zoning restrictions where only single-family housing is allowed.<ref name=":1" /> Little medium-density, or "missing middle", housing is being developed, which is also touted as a way to alleviate the housing crisis.<ref name=":1" /> Medium-density housing are units that fall between large apartment complexes and single-family detached housing.<ref name=":1" /> Examples of missing middle housing include duplexes and triplexes, and low-rise apartment complexes.<ref name=":1" /> === Urban Sprawl and Car Dependency === [[File:URBAN SPRAWL OUTSIDE RENO - NARA - 553125.jpg|thumb|323x323px|Low-density sprawl outside Reno, Nevada]] Urban sprawl is defined as "any development pattern characterized by poor accessibility and automobile dependence."<ref name=":3">Hamidi, S., Ewing, R., Preuss, I., & Dodds, A. (2015). Measuring sprawl and its impacts: an update. ''Journal of Planning Education and Research'', ''35''(1), 35–50.</ref> Common metrics for measuring sprawl include density of development, how land use is mixed, as well as how "centered" development is around some hub.<ref name=":3" /> Many negative impacts have been associated with urban sprawl. Sprawl causes massive environmental costs, such as increased air pollution and fossil fuel consumption due to complete reliance on cars as a form of transportation.<ref name=":4">Gallagher, P. (2001). The Environmental, Social, and Cultural Impacts of Sprawl. ''Natural Resources & Environment'', ''15''(4), 219–267. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/40924406</nowiki></ref><ref name=":7">Squires, G. D. (2002). The Environmental Impacts of Sprawl. In G. D. Squires (Ed.), ''Urban sprawl: Causes, consequences, & policy responses'' (pp. 23–38). essay, Urban Institute Press.</ref> Sprawling development also requires large amounts of water to sustain and can cause collapses of biodiversity and the disruption of biospheres.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" />Sprawling development is also a drain on municipal resources, since low-density development often generates a tax base insufficient to pay for the maintenance of infrastructure.<ref name=":4" /> Sprawl has also been linked with urban decay in city centers when people left city centers to settle in low-density suburbs.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">Jargowsky, P. A. (2002). Sprawl, Concentration of Poverty, and Urban Inequality. In G. D. Squires (Ed.), ''Urban sprawl: Causes, consequences, & policy responses'' (pp. 39–71). essay, Urban Institute Press.</ref> This drain of people from city centers and impoverished neighborhoods has caused social and economic isolation for people who could not afford to move, which historically are racial minorities.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /> This concentration of poverty is also linked to historical zoning practices, which were deliberately designed to prevent minorities from inhabiting the same neighborhoods as whites.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Related to the issue of urban sprawl is the emergence of car dependency in the United States. Low density, single-family zoning has been linked to increased automobile usage.<ref name=":1">Wegmann, J. (2020). Death to Single-Family Zoning...and New Life to the Missing Middle. ''Journal of the American Planning Association'', ''86''(1), 113–119. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1651217</nowiki></ref> Since single-family zoning causes urban sprawl and people have to move further away from centers of commerce and culture, they must travel, almost exclusively by car, to access various amenities.<ref name=":3" /> This is seen in studies showing that "proximity of a housing unit to a region’s central business district is the most potent factor in reducing its occupants’ driving."<ref name=":1" /> There is a high correlation between sprawl and car dependency: the lower the density, the more car-dependent it becomes.<ref name=":3" /> The issue of Urban Sprawl is much more common in the United States compared to other developed nations.<ref>Lewyn, M. (2008). Sprawl in Europe and America. <nowiki>https://ssrn.com/abstract=1194862</nowiki> or <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1194862</nowiki></ref> This is driven by U.S. zoning laws, which heavily limit denser forms of construction, prioritize low density single-family housing, and increase the distance between residential and commercial space.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> See also: [[Lentis/Car Dependency in the U.S.]] = Attempts to Change or Fix Zoning Laws = Due to the issues caused by modern Euclidean Zoning laws, a push for zoning reform has occurred throughout the United States.<ref>Pasi, E. (2021). ''Advocating for Zoning Reform''. American Planning Association. <nowiki>https://www.planning.org/blog/9216478/advocating-for-zoning-reform/</nowiki></ref> This has resulted in local, state and federal efforts to improve and reform modern zoning laws. <ref>Kendall, M. (2021). ''Gov. Newsom abolishes most single-family zoning in California''. The Mercury News. <nowiki>https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/09/16/gov-newsom-abolishes-single-family-zoning-in-california/</nowiki></ref><ref name=":5" /> === '''Elimination of Single-Family Housing in Minneapolis''' === In 2018, the city of Minneapolis adopted a proposal to eliminate single-family zoning, allowing higher density housing on previous single-family lots.<ref name=":5">Herman, J. (2022, March 15). ''How Minneapolis Ended Single-Family Zoning''. The Century Foundation. <nowiki>https://tcf.org/content/report/minneapolis-ended-single-family-zoning/</nowiki></ref> Along with ending single-family zoning, the proposal contained four additional policy changes to mend the housing affordability crisis in the city. These included allowing the development of three-to-six story buildings near transit infrastructure, phasing out off-street parking minimums, a requirement for apartment developments to reserve 10 percent of units for moderate-income housing, and increased funding for affordable housing.<ref name=":5" /> Elements of this proposal are set to be achieved by 2040. Proponents of this plan contended it a key mechanism towards "increasing housing construction, reducing costs of living, and easing residential segregation"<ref>Freemark, & Lo. (2022, May 24). ''Effective Zoning Reform Isn’t as Simple as It Seems''. Bloomberg. <nowiki>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-24/the-limits-of-ending-single-family-zoning</nowiki></ref> while laying the groundwork for similar plans across the country. === Federal Zoning Reform Incentives === In May of 2022, the White House announced the Housing Supply Action Plan with the goal of closing the housing supply gap within the next 5 years.<ref>House, T. W. (2022, May 16). ''President Biden Announces New Actions to Ease the Burden of Housing Costs''. The White House. <nowiki>https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/16/president-biden-announces-new-actions-to-ease-the-burden-of-housing-costs/</nowiki></ref> Under this plan, the Administration outlined incentives for jurisdictions that have reformed zoning and land use policies with higher scores in certain federal grant processes. Through investments passed by Congress, the incentives will be financed through the expansion of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program and the HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME).<ref>Brasuell. (2022, May 16). ''New White House Housing Initiative Includes Zoning Reform Incentives''. Planetizen. <nowiki>https://www.planetizen.com/news/2022/05/117184-new-white-house-housing-initiative-includes-zoning-reform-incentives</nowiki></ref> The LIHTC program provides credits to private investors to encourage development of affordable rental housing for low-income households<ref>''What is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and how does it work?'' (n.d.). Tax Policy Center. <nowiki>https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/what-low-income-housing-tax-credit-and-how-does-it-work</nowiki></ref> while the HOME program allocates grants to fund building, buying, rehabilitating affordable housing, or providing rental assistance to low-income families.<ref>''HOME Investment Partnerships Program''. (n.d.). U.S. Department of Housing And Urban Development. <nowiki>https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/comm_planning/home</nowiki></ref> === Form-Based Codes === Unlike traditional zoning, form-based codes (FBCs) focus less on land use and more on achieving better-quality urbanism through the forms of buildings.<ref name=":10">Talen, E. (2013). Zoning For and Against Sprawl: The Case for Form-Based Codes. ''Journal of Urban Design'', ''18''(2), 175–200. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2013.772883</nowiki></ref> While the concept of FBCs has been around for centuries, dating back to urban planning in Ancient Greece, China, and Rome, they became of modern public interest at the end of the 20th century as a reformative alternative for Euclidean zoning.<ref name=":11">[https://www.planetizen.com/definition/form-based-codes ''What Is a Form-Based Code?'' (n.d.). Planetizen. https://www.planetizen.com/definition/form-based-codes]</ref> Form-based codes consist of 5 main elements: 1. Regulating Plan, 2. Public Standards, 3. Building Standards, 4. Administration, 5. Definitions.<ref name=":12">Form-Based Codes Institute. (2016, April 13). ''Form-Based Codes Defined''. Form-Based Codes Institute at Smart Growth America. <nowiki>https://formbasedcodes.org/definition/</nowiki></ref> The regulating plan is a map of the designated area highlighting locations where different building form standards apply. Public standards are public realm amenities such as sidewalks and furniture. Building standards are regulations that "control the features, configurations, and functions of buildings that define and shape the public realm."<ref name=":12" /> The administration element details guidelines for a streamlined application and project review process. The definitions component of a FBC plan is a glossary of technical terms to be used during the project development process.<ref name=":12" /> This is included to ensure precise use of necessary terminology. Fundamental benefits of form-based codes include fostering a stronger sense of community, promoting walkability, and aiding transit-friendly development.<ref name=":11" /> FBCs are an attractive alternative to contentious zoning reforms, such as the elimination of single family housing, because they are regulations that can accommodate small units and compact urbansim.<ref name=":10" /> Implementation of FBCs is flexible to ease the transition from traditional zoning ordinances. Cities across the United States have incorporated FBC regulations through three approaches of varying compliance: mandatory codes, parallel codes, and floating-zone codes or planned unit developments (PUDs).<ref>''Property Topics and Concepts''. (n.d.). American Planning Association. <nowiki>https://www.planning.org/divisions/planningandlaw/propertytopics.htm</nowiki></ref> Per the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), form-based codes are a revolutionary opportunity to curtail conventional zoning regulations since they integrate historical character into development rather than necessitating strict separation of land use.<ref>''Tools''. (2022, May 4). CNU. <nowiki>https://www.cnu.org/resources/tools</nowiki></ref> = Conclusion = As they currently stand, zoning laws in the United States harm the quality of life for many Americans. Their overly strict nature has caused increased car dependency and urban sprawl, reduced housing equity and availability, and limited the utility of public transit. Many of these issues have been recognized in recent years, and work is being done to improve zoning by utilizing alternative zoning methods, reducing the strictness of existing zoning, and providing incentives that encourage municipalities to re-evaluate zoning practices. There is still much to do to improve zoning throughout the United States, but current efforts are a good starting point. = References = <references /> {{BookCat}} auwvhg0b7vakwvuxeyhybyijww6mvsb 0 450432 4672768 4669939 2026-09-28T14:39:18Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary */ 4672768 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yoongala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yaongala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to some of the above words to derive a noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yoonguna, yoongun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yaonguna, yaongun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yagekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunknnid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yoonyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yaonyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yeon-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yion'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yuon'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : *Note: The '''-n''' or '''-on''' can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The '''-n''' (but NOT the '''-yn''') in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted. : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar e''' (''squared'') and '''gar i''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> c6y3sm4b33k6aceip1n6qxiv5oilbps 4672779 4672768 2026-09-28T14:45:17Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple */ 4672779 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yoonguna, yoongun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yaonguna, yaongun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yagekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunknnid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yoonyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yaonyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yeon-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yion'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yuon'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : *Note: The '''-n''' or '''-on''' can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The '''-n''' (but NOT the '''-yn''') in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted. : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar e''' (''squared'') and '''gar i''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> c0ioxb2rjsvdebtm134inua2m4629ot 4672782 4672779 2026-09-28T14:51:39Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes */ 4672782 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yoonyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yaonyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yeon-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yion'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yuon'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : *Note: The '''-n''' or '''-on''' can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The '''-n''' (but NOT the '''-yn''') in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted. : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar e''' (''squared'') and '''gar i''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> tk0g9ag5rhnh1byzzxyilber2se3m3l 4672792 4672782 2026-09-28T15:14:27Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Number Words Referring to Groups of People */ 4672792 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yoonyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yaonyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yeon-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yion'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yuon'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : *Note: The '''-n''' or '''-on''' can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The '''-n''' (but NOT the '''-yn''') in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted. : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar e''' (''squared'') and '''gar i''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> pwqr0n5uogvlfdeq32fz7r4iwxsj6tp 4672794 4672792 2026-09-28T15:16:36Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Number Words Referring to Sets of Things */ 4672794 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yeon-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yion'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yuon'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : *Note: The '''-n''' or '''-on''' can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The '''-n''' (but NOT the '''-yn''') in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted. : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar e''' (''squared'') and '''gar i''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> 1hwqejbpe1u23hlde4dedfaynovhw2b 4672798 4672794 2026-09-28T15:33:13Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* SI Macro and Micro Prefixes */ 4672798 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar e''' (''squared'') and '''gar i''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> neyx27me7wtz1byi1y8x5479xwq18p1 4672799 4672798 2026-09-28T15:33:53Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* SI Macro and Micro Prefixes */ 4672799 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar e''' (''squared'') and '''gar i''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> m7t7f0r1enbm7ofhyrod6lwisvzn7qs 4672800 4672799 2026-09-28T15:34:52Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols */ 4672800 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: : :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar e''' (''squared'') and '''gar i''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> 0l09zrq1o2zc9ox86upn0mdrpwl7mkr 4672801 4672800 2026-09-28T15:35:42Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols */ 4672801 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: : :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTK?'') | '''Batokin''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> n3lnokjcag01lqe0v0e2slbx05788ua 4672809 4672801 2026-09-28T16:53:25Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Currency Nomenclature */ 4672809 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: : :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTC'') | '''Batocan''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as '''Batokin (for BTK)'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batokin-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''syagnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''syagnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> 30gsg66rv3igaev7y606bcld9fsipta 4672810 4672809 2026-09-28T16:58:06Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Currency Nomenclature */ 4672810 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: : :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTC'') | '''Batocan''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has the ISO code BTC, so it is translated into Mirad as '''Batocan'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batocan-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' :::* '''ilnas'''....''cash (liquid money)'' ::::* '''ilnasuer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''ejnux'''....''debit, cash'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' ::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' ::* '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' ::* '''nun'''....''merchandise, product'' ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' ::* '''nier'''....''to demand'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to save'' ::* '''nyexer'''....''to stock'' ::* '''noxer'''....''to spend'' ::* '''nyoxer'''....''to waste'' ::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' ::* '''nunuien'''....''trade'' ::* '''nunuiem'''....''market'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> jwkylki6iz6gwnp1au3cwuqpllpehlo 4672836 4672810 2026-09-28T18:54:28Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Currency Nomenclature */ 4672836 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: : :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTC'') | '''Batocan''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has the ISO code BTC, so it is translated into Mirad as '''Batocan'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batocan-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' :::* '''nasnexam'''....''savings bank'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' ::::* '''biner nases av'''....''to get change for'' :::* '''nasbol'''....''subsidy'' :::* '''nasbyok'''....''fine, penalty'' :::* '''nasdab'''....''plutocracy'' :::* '''nasdref'''....''check'' ::::* '''drer nasdref'''....''to write a check'' ::::* '''ilnasaxer nasdref'''....''to cash a check'' ::::* '''nyember nasdref''''....''to deposit a check'' :::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' :::* '''nasdim'''....''fund'' :::* '''nasgab'''....''tip'' :::* '''nasgon'''....''stock, share'' ::::* '''nasgon ebkyaxam'''....''stock exchange'' ::::* '''nasgon ebkyaxut'''....''stock broker'' ::::* '''nasgon nunuiem'''....''stock market'' ::::* '''nasgon buiut'''....''stock broker ::::* '''nasgonbexut'''....''shareholder'' ::::* '''nasgonuer'''....''to invest'' :::* '''nasilp'''....''cash flow'' :::* '''nastun'''....''finance'' :::* '''nasvek'''....''bet'' ::::* '''nasvekiam'''....''gambling casino'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' ::::* '''nasmug exwa'''....''coin-operated'' ::::* '''nasmugxer'''....''to mint'' ::::* '''nasmugyeb'''....''coin purse'' :::* '''nasok'''....''deficit'' ::::* '''nasokya'''....''bankrupt'' ::::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' :::* '''nasak'''....''profit'' ::::* '''nasaker'''....''to profit'' ::::* '''nasakgon'''....''dividend'' ::::* '''nasakyaker'''....''to speculate'' :::* '''nasnyaxun'''....''nest-egg'' :::* '''nasyeb'''....''wallet'' :::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::::* '''nasyef draf'''....''debit card'' :::* '''nasyuv'''....''bond'' :::* '''ilnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''ilnasuer'''....''to dispense cash'' :::::* '''ilnasuir'''....''ATM'' ::::* '''ilnasaxer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' :::* '''nayxer'''....''to cost'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' :::* '''nampen zen'''....''shopping center'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' :::* '''nayxer'''....''to cost'' ::* '''naz'''....''value'' :::* '''nazier'''....''to be worth'' :::* '''nazder'''....''to appraise'' <hr> ::* '''nyaxer'''....''to accumulate, to amass'' :::* nyaxun'''....''pile, stack, heap'' ::* '''nyaz'''....''wealth, luxury'' :::* '''nyaza'''....''wealthy, rich'' ::::* '''nyazaser'''....''to get rich'' <hr> ::* '''nexer'''....''to save, to economize'' :::* '''nexyea'''....''thifty'' :::* '''donex'''....''economy'' <hr> ::* '''nyexer'''....''to store, to stock'' :::* '''nyexam'''....''storehouse, warehouse'' :::* '''nyexim'''....''stock room'' :::* '''nyexwa'''....''stocked, in stock'' :::* '''nyexundrer'''....''to inventory'' :::* '''nyexunyeb'''....''storage bin'' :::* '''nyexuun'''....''consignment'' :::* '''nyexun'''....''stocked item'' ::::* '''nyexunyan'''....''inventory'' :::* '''nyeb'''....''container'' :::* '''nyem'''....''box'' <hr> ::* '''nier'''....''to demand, to consume'' :::* '''niut'''....''consumer'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' :::* '''nixun'''....''earnings'' <hr> ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order, to requisition'' :::* '''nyixwa'''....''ordered, on order'' :::* '''nyixdref'''....''order form'' :::* '''nyixut'''....''client'' ::::* '''nyixutyan'''....''clientele'' <hr> ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply, to procure, to equip, to furnish'' ::* '''nuier'''....''to merchandize'' :::* '''nuien'''....''supply and demand, merchandizing'' :::* '''nuix'''....''budget'' ::::* '''nuixer'''....''to budget'' <hr> ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' :::* '''nuxut'''....''payer'' :::* '''nuxun'''....''payment'' :::* '''nuxuer'''....''to charge'' :::* '''nuxbier'''....'to buy, to purchase'' ::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' :::* '''ojnux draf'''....''credit card'' <hr> :: '''nyuer'''....''to produce'' :::* '''nyun'''....''commodity'' :::* '''nyuun'''....''product'' :::* '''nyuut'''....''producer'' :::* '''nyuf'''....''package, parcel'' ::::* '''nyufber'''....''to package'' ::::* '''nyuyf'''....''packet'' :::* '''nyus'''....''freight, shipment, cargo'' :::* '''nyuv'''....''wrap'' ::::* '''nyuvber'''....''to wrap up'' <hr> ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver, to ship'' :::* '''nyuxun'''....''delivery, shipment'' :::* '''nyuxdraf'''....''shipping invoice'' :::* '''nyuxen boy nax'''....''FOB'' :::* '''nyuxier'''....''to take delivery of'' :::* '''nyuxyofwa'''....''undeliverable, out of stock'' <hr> ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' :::* '''ebkyaxem'''....''stock market'' :::* '''ebkyaxder'''....''to bargain, to negotiate'' <br> ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' :::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' <br> ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' :::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' :::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' :::* '''buier'''....''to barter'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> mql8sjaqi0zbdwfqx20kdrgnamnbvyv 4672840 4672836 2026-09-28T18:58:16Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Currency Nomenclature */ 4672840 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == Types of Numbers == : Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral ''two'' is how the number ''2'' is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages. : Numerals can be various parts of speech: ::* '''''numeric nouns''''' (''The score was <u>six</u> to <u>four</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric pronouns''''' (''I want <u>two</u>. Give me the <u>fifth one</u>.'') ::* '''''numeric determiners''''' (''<u>Five</u> days ago. The <u>fifth</u> day. A <u>double</u> dose.'') ::* '''''prefixes''''' (''<u>mono</u>chrome'', ''<u>bi</u>centennial'', ''<u>tri</u>angle'') ::* '''''rootwords''''' ('''<u>an</u>xer'''....''to unite'', '''<u>on</u>xer'''....''to annihilate'') : Number-based words include: ::* '''''cardinal numbers''''' (''one, two, three...'' used in counting and arithmetic) ::* '''''ordinal numbers''''' (''first, second...'' indicating ordered position) ::* '''''multiplicative numbers''''' (''double, triple, foursome...'') ::* '''''fractional numbers''''' (''half, third, hundredth...'') ::* '''''frequency numbers''''' (''once, twice, thrice...'') ::* '''''miscellaneous number-based words''''' (''only, percentage, annihilate'') == Cardinal Numbers == [[File:Waehlscheibe-kurzwahlnummern.jpg|thumb|]] : The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation|the chapter on Vocabulary Formation]]. === Units === :* The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-'''y'''-glided vowels. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;" |+ Units |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- | '''o''' || '''a''' || '''e''' || '''i''' || '''u''' || '''yo''' || '''ya''' || '''ye''' || '''yi''' || '''yu''' |- | ''zero'' || ''one'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''four'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''eight'' || ''nine'' |} ::* '''Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190''' (pronounced: '''ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).'''....''My telephone number is...''. ::* '''At tambese <u>114</u>''' (pronounced: '''a-a-u''') ''Maple Street.'' ::* '''<u>E</u> gab <u>e</u> se <u>u</u>.'''....''<u>Two</u> plus <u>two</u> is <u>four</u>.'' === Decades === ::* The decade formant '''-l-''' is used to form the '''''decades'''''. Followed by '''-o'''....''zero'', we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decades with the -l- Formant |- ! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90 |- | '''alo''' || '''elo''' || '''ilo''' || '''ulo''' || '''yolo''' || '''yalo''' || '''yelo''' || '''yilo''' || '''yulo''' |- | ''ten'' || ''twenty'' || ''thirty'' || ''forty'' || ''fifty'' || ''sixty'' || ''seventy'' || ''eighty'' || ''ninety'' |} :: By changing the '''o'''....''zero'' in '''lo''' to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Decadal Counting |- | '''ala'''....''11'' || '''ela'''....''21'' || '''ila'''....''31'' || '''ula'''....''41'' || '''yola'''....''51'' || '''yala'''....''61'' || '''yela'''....''71'' || '''yila'''....''81'' || '''yula'''....''91'' |- | '''ale'''....''12'' || '''ele'''....''22'' || '''ile'''....''32'' || '''ule'''....''42'' || '''yole'''....''52'' || '''yale'''....''62'' || '''yele'''....''72'' || '''yile'''....''82'' || '''yule'''....''92'' |- | ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... |- | '''alyu'''....''19'' || '''elyu'''....''29'' || '''ilyu'''....''39'' || '''ulyu'''....''49'' || '''yolyu'''....''59'' || '''yalyu'''....''69'' || '''yelyu'''....''79'' || '''yilyu'''....''89'' || '''yulyu'''....''99'' |} ::* '''At ayse <u>alo</u> dati.'''....''I have <u>ten</u> friends.'' ::* '''It yafe sagder byu <u>alyo</u>.'''....''He can count up to <u>fifteen</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Yulyu</u> gob <u>alo</u> gese <u>yilyu</u>.'''....''<u>Ninety-nine</u> minus <u>ten</u> equals <u>eighty-nine</u>.'' === Hundreds === ::* By adding the hundreds formant '''s''', you get the '''''hundreds''''': ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant |- ! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900 |- | '''aso''' || '''eso''' || '''iso''' || '''uso''' || '''yoso''' || '''yaso''' || '''yeso''' || '''yiso''' || '''yuso''' |} :: All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the '''so''' ending with the units and decades: :::* '''asa'''....''101'' :::* '''asale'''....''112'' :::* '''yosyulyi'''....''598'' :::* '''yusyulyu'''....''999'' === Thousands === ::* The '''''thousands''''' are generated with the formant '''r''': : :: Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in '''-o''' and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Thousands |- ! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000 |- | '''aro''' || '''ero''' || '''iro''' || '''uro''' || '''yoro''' || '''yaro''' || '''yero''' || '''yiro''' || '''yuro''' |} :::* '''aro'''....''1,000'' :::* '''aro a'''....''1,001'' :::* '''ero isi'''....''2,300'' :::* '''yoro yasula'''....''5,641'' === Millions === ::* The '''''millions''''' are generated with the formant '''ml'''. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Millions with the -ml- Formant |- ! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000 |- | '''amlo''' || '''emlo''' || '''imlo''' || '''umlo''' || '''yomlo''' || '''yamlo''' || '''yemlo''' || '''yimlo''' || '''yumlo''' |} :::* '''emlo yala'''....''2,000,051'' :::* '''umlo esu'''....''4,000,204'' :::* '''yumlo usyoro isyala'''....''9,405,361'' === Billions === ::* The '''''billions''''' are generated with the formant '''mr'''; ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Billions |- ! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000 |- | '''amro''' || '''emro''' || '''imro''' || '''umro''' || '''yomro''' || '''yamro''' || '''yemro''' || '''yimro''' || '''yumro''' |} : In numerals ending in '''-ro''' (''thousand''), '''-mlo''' (''million''), and '''-mro''' (''billion''), these numerals keep the '''-o''' and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral. :::* '''imro emlo yoro asyula'''....''three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one'' :::* '''iro asyulyo'''....''3,195'' :::* '''yamlo asyulyo'''....''6,000,195'' :::* '''alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele'''....''10,075,186,922'' === Trillions etc. === : The '''''trillions''''' are generated with the word '''garale''', which means ''10 to the positive power of 12 or 10¹².'' : These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals. ::* '''i garale'''....''3,000,000,000'' (''three trillion'') ::* '''eso garale'''....''200,000,000,000'' (''two hundred trillion'') : Even higher numerals are shown in the [[Mirad_Grammar/Numbers#Number_Chart|Number Chart later in this chapter]]. == Numeric Determiners == : Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun. === Integers === : The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant '''wa'''. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The '''wa''' formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (''zero box'' vs. ''zero boxes''. Think of it as ''not a single box''). ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners |- ! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami |- | ''no/zero houses'' || ''one house'' || ''two houses'' || ''three houses'' || ''four houses''|| ''five houses'' || ''six houses'' || ''seven houses'' || ''eight houses'' || ''nine houses'' |} : <small>If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no '''wa''' is used.</small> :: In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg: ::* '''Ata <u>iwa</u> gajaga twidi bese bay at.'''....''My <u>three</u> older brothers live with me.'' ::* '''Hia <u>uwa</u> tomi losexwo.'''....''These <u>four</u> buildings will be destroyed.'' ::* '''At fu <u>ewa ey iwa</u> gouni.'''....''I would like <u>two or three</u> pieces.'' : The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the '''-wa''' suffix. For example, '''ala tami'''....''eleven houses''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun |- ! Mirad !! English !! '''Wa''' Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior |- | '''o<u>wa</u> tam''' || ''no houses, zero houses'' || The numeral is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, <br>so the noun is singular. |- | '''awa tam''' || ''one house, a house''|| " || " |- | '''ewa tam<u>i</u>''' || ''two houses''|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, <br>so the noun is plural. |- | '''iwa tami''' || ''three houses''|| " || " |- | '''uwa tami''' || ''four houses'' || " || " |- | '''yowa tami''' || ''five houses'' || " || " |- | '''yawa tami''' || ''six houses''|| " || " |- | '''yewa tami''' || ''seven houses'' || " || " |- | '''yiwa tami''' || ''eight houses'' || " || " |- | '''yuwa tami''' || ''nine houses'' || " || " |- | '''alo tami''' || ''ten houses'' || The numeral is not a unit <br>so no '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''ase tami''' || ''a hundred two houses'' || " || " |- | '''ero iwa tami''' || ''two thousand three houses'' || The numeral '''i''' is a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is suffixed. || " |- | '''iro alo tami''' || ''three thousand ten houses'' || The numeral '''alo''' is not a unit, <br>so '''wa''' is not suffixed. || " |} : Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing '''s''' or '''t''', respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing '''i'''. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a '''y''' before the '''t'''. The '''s''' suffix is short for '''sun'''....''thing'' or '''suni'''....''things''. The '''t''' ending is short for '''aot'''....''person'' or '''aoti'''....''persons.'' For example: ::* '''Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse <u>awas</u>.''' (singular inanimate pronoun)....''You have one house. I have <u>one</u> too.'' ::* '''At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay <u>ewasi</u> (plural inanimate pronoun).'''....''I had ten pencils. Now I only have <u>two</u>.'' ::* '''Esa <u>asoti</u> yeb be ha duzam.''' (plural animate pronoun).... '''There were <u>a hundred people</u> in the concert hall.''' ::* '''Yat yefe kebier <u>awoyt</u> bi huti.''' (singular animate female pronoun)....''We must choose <u>one female person</u> from those people.'' === Ordinals === : Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like ''first'', ''second'', etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending '''a''' to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word '''nap''' (''order'') inserted: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with '''nap''' (''order'') |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oa'''....''zeroth'' || '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aa'''....''first'' || '''anapa'''....''first'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''ea'''....''second'' || '''enapa'''....''second'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ia'''....''third'' || '''inapa'''....''third'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloa'''....''tenth'' || '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' |- | '''asu'''....''104'' || '''asua'''....''104th'' || '''asunapa'''....''104th'' |- | '''garale'''....''trillion'' || '''garalea'''....''trillionth'' || '''garalenapa'''....''trillionth'' |} : Note: '''ana''' is an adjective meaning ''only, single'', eg. '''Iyt se ana tud.'''....''She is an only child''. As an adverb, '''anay''' means ''only'', eg. '''At yexe anay be tam.'''....''I work only at home.'' : There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers |- ! Root Word !! Ordinal Word |- |'''ij'''....''beginning'' || '''ijna''' or '''ijnapa'''....''first'' |- |'''uj'''....''end'' || '''ujna''' or '''ujnapa'''....''last'' |- |'''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajna''' or '''ajnapa'''....''ex-, former, previous'' |- |'''oj'''....''future'' || '''ojna''' or '''ojnapa'''....''future, upcoming'' |- |'''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejna''' or '''ejnapa'''....''current, new, present'' |- |'''ja'''....''before'' || '''jana''' or '''janapa'''....''previous, last, foregoing'' |- |'''jo'''....''after'' || '''jona''' or '''jonapa'''....''next, following'' |- |'''za'''....''in front of''|| '''zana''' or '''zanapa'''....''next'' |- |'''zo'''....''behind''|| '''zona''' or '''zonapa'''....''last (previous, foregoing)'' |} : Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix '''y''' to the adjectival counterparts: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Ordinal Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | '''aa'''....''first'' || '''aay'''....''firstly'' |- | '''anapa'''....''first'' || '''anapay'''....''primarily'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' || '''eay'''....''secondly'' |- | '''ujna'''....''last'' || '''ujnay'''....''finally'' |} : Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix '''t''' and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix '''s'''. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix '''i'''. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing '''at''' to '''wat''' for the former, and to '''ayt''' for the latter: ::* '''ha aas'''....''the first thing'' ::* '''ha aat'''....''the first person'' ::* '''ha aati'''....''the first people'' ::* '''hua aayt'''....''that first female'' ::* '''ha enapas'''....''the second thing'' ::* '''ewat'''....''another guy'' ::* '''Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.'''....''The last shall be first.'' ::* '''ha zanapat'''....''the next fellow'' : Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective> ::* '''hua <u>uwa</u> aga tami'''....''those <u>four</u> big houses'' ::* '''ha <u>aa</u> alo oga tami'''....''the <u>first</u> ten little houses'' ::* '''ata <u>anapa</u> ewa oga tudi'''....''my <u>first</u> two little children'' Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with '''''ordinal vowels''''', which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.: ::* '''d<u>o</u>b'''....''state'' (1st level) ::* '''d<u>a</u>b'''....''government'' (2nd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>e</u>b'''....''leader'' (3rd level derivative) ::* '''d<u>i</u>b'''....''administration'' (4th " " ) ::* '''d<u>u</u>b'''....''minister'' (5th " " ) === Fractions === : Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like ''half'' and ''quarter'' are formed by adding '''-yn''' for those functioning as nouns, '''-yna''' for adjectives, '''-ynay''' for adverbs, or '''-yn''' for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:1.6em;font-size:smaller;" |+ Fractional Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Fraction as Noun !! As Adjective !! As Adverb || As Prefix || As Verb |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oyn'''....''a void, vacuum, null'' || '''oyna'''....''null, nil'' || -- || '''oyn-'''....''devoid of'' || '''oynxer'''....''annihilate, nullify'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''ayn'''....''whole'' || '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' || '''aynay'''....''entirely'' || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, whole-, all-'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eyn'''....''a half'' || '''eyna'''....''half'' || '''eynay'''....''halfway'' || '''eyn-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-, demi-'' || '''eynxer'''....''halve'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''iyn'''....''a third'' || '''iyna'''....''third'' || '''iynay'''....''by a third'' || '''iyn-'''....''terci''- || '''iynxer'''....''cut in third'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' || '''uyna'''....''quarter'' || '''uynay'''....''quarterly'' || '''uyn-'''....''quadri''- || '''uynxer'''....''quarter'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' || '''aloyna'''....''tenth'' || '''aloynay'''....''by a tenth'' || '''aloyn-'''....''deci''- || '''aloynxer'''....''decimate'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''asoyn'''....''hundredth, percent'' || '''asoyna'''....''hundredth'' || '''asoynay'''....''by a hundredth'' || '''asoyn-'''....''centi-'' || '''asoynxer'''....''cut by a hundred'' |} : Here are some examples: :* '''His uxo ha <u>oynxen</u> bi yata mir.'''....''This will cause the <u>anihilation</u> of our world.'' :* '''Ha <u>ayna</u> mir te ayv et.'''....''The <u>whole</u> world knows about you.'' :* '''Is se gas vyel ha <u>ayn</u> bi isa goni.'''....''It is more than the <u>whole</u> of its parts.'' :* '''Ferad se <u>ayn</u>dyana dalzeyn.'''....''French is a <u>holo</u>phrastic language.'' :* '''Et yafe bier <u>eyn</u> bi is.'''....''You can take <u>half</u> of it.'' :* '''Yat yefo <u>eynxer</u> eta yexnix.'''....''We will have to <u>halve</u> your salary.'' :* '''Hus sa <u>eyn</u>vyan.'''....''That was a <u>half-</u>truth.'' :* '''Eso <u>eyn</u>zyunida dropek.'''....''There is going to be a <u>hemi</u>spheric war.'' :* '''Duven his se <u>eyn</u>utexea dopar?'''....''Is this a <u>semi-</u>automatic weapon?'' :* '''<u>Iynxu</u> hua absakpovel.'''....''<u>Cut</u> that pie <u>in thirds</u>.'' :* '''It yeyfe bixwer ay <u>uynxwer</u>.'''....''He should be drawn and <u>quartered</u>.'' :* '''Hia nas se <u>aloyn</u> bi hos yat nixa zojab.'''....''This money is a <u>tenth</u> of what we earned last year.'' :* '''Ha dep <u>aloynxwu</u>.'''....''The army <u>would be decimated.</u>'' :* '''Ewa <u>asoyni</u> bi ha dityan baksa.'''....''Two <u>percent (=hundredths)</u> of the citizenry got sick.'' :* '''Hia tom se anay <u>asoyn</u> ge aga vyel hua tom.'''....''This building is only <u>a hundredth</u> as big as that building.'' :* '''Hwut se <u>oyntofa</u>.'''....''That guy is naked.'' : The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples: :* '''Et so <u>aynay</u> dudyefa av eta xeyni.'''....'''You will be <u>wholly</u> accountable for your actions.''' :* '''Iyt <u>eynay</u> tikabeloka.'''....''She <u>almost</u> (= halfway) threw up.'' : Pronominalizations like ''half of it, a third of them'': ::* '''<u>Eynas</u> sa fia.'''....''<u>Half of it</u> was good.'' ::* '''<u>Eynasi</u> sa fua.'''....''<u>Half of them</u> (things) were bad.'' ::* '''Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. <u>Eynati</u> toja.'''....''There were four people in that accident. <u>Half (of them)</u> died.'' ::* '''<u>Iynati</u> bi yet se vyaka.'''....''<u>A third</u> of you are right.'' ::* '''<u>Uynati</u> bi yat yantexe.'''....''<u>A quarter</u> of us agree.'' ::* '''<u>Alo asoyni</u> bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.'''....''<u>Ten percent</u> of these books were ruined.'' === Multiples === : Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like ''double'', ''triple'' can be formed by adding '''-on''' to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is '''''monosyllabic''''', otherwise just '''-n'''. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix '''-a'''. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners |- ! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker |- | '''o'''....''zero'' || '''oon'''....''null'' || '''oona'''....''nil'' || || '''on-'''....''zero-'' || '''onxer'''....''cancel, zero out'' |- | '''a'''....''one'' || '''aon'''....''single'' || '''aona'''....''single'' || '''aonay'''....''singly'' || '''an-'''....''uni-/mono-'' || '''anxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''e'''....''two'' || '''eon'''....''twosome, double'' || '''eona'''....''double'' || '''eonay'''....''doubly'' || '''en-'''....''di-/bi-'' || '''enxer'''....''double'' |- | '''i'''....''three'' || '''ion'''....''threesome, triplet'' || '''iona'''....''triple'' || '''ionay'''....''triply'' || '''in-'''....''tri-''- || '''inxer'''....''triple'' |- | '''u'''....''four'' || '''uon'''....''quartet'' || '''uona'''....''quadruple'' || '''uonay'''....''quadruply'' || '''un-'''....''quadri-/tetra-'' || '''unxer'''....''quadruple'' |- | '''yo'''....''five'' || '''yoon'''....''quintet'' || '''yoona'''....''quintuple'' || '''yoonay'''....''quintuply'' || '''yoon-*'''....''quinti-/penta-'' || '''yoonxer*'''....''quintuple'' |- | '''ya'''....''six'' || '''yaon'''....''sextet'' || '''yaona'''....''sextuple'' || '''yaonay'''....''sextuply'' || '''yaon-*'''....''sexi-/hexa-'' || '''yaonxer*'''....''sextuple'' |- | '''alo'''....''ten'' || '''alon'''....''decade'' || '''alona'''....''decadic'' || '''alonay'''....''by a multiple of ten'' || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || '''alonxer'''....''multiply by ten'' |- | '''aso'''....''hundred'' || '''ason'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asona'''....''hundredfold'' || '''asonay'''....''by a hundredfold'' || '''ason-'''....''hecato-'' || '''asonxer'''....''multiply by a hundred'' |} :: * <small>An extra ''o'' is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with '''yan''' meaning ''together'' and '''yon''' meaning ''apart.''</small> : The multiplicative noun ''dozen'' is expressed by '''aleon'''. :* '''<u>Aleoni</u> bi pati yizpapa.'''....''<u>Dozens</u> of birds flew by.'' : By adding the suffix '''-at''' to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The '''-na-''' in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words: :* '''aonat''' or '''aot''' ....''solo, single, person'' ::* '''aonatser''' of '''aotser'''....''become single, become a person'' ::* '''aonawat'''....''singleton'' :* '''eonat''' or '''eot'''....''duo, pair, twosome, couple'' ::* '''eotxer'''....''to copulate'' ::* '''eontajat'''....''twin'' :* '''ionat''' or '''iot'''....''trio, threesome, trinity'' ::* '''iotxer'''....''to do a threesome'' ::* '''Ionatin'''....''Trinitarianism'' ::* '''iontajati'''....''triplets'' :* '''uonat''' or '''uot''' ....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''uontajat'''....''quadruplet'' :* '''yoonat''' or '''yoot'''....''quintet, group of five people'' ::* '''yoontajati'''....''quintuplets'' ::* '''yoonati'''....''quintets'' : By adding the suffix '''-un''' instead of '''-on''', we get the following: :* '''aun'''....''unit'' ::* '''auna'''....''unitary, individual'' ::* '''aunser'''....''unite'' ::* '''aunyan'''....''series'' :::* '''aunyana'''....''serial'' :* '''eun'''....''pair'' ::* '''euna'''....''even, paired, binary'' ::* '''oleuna'''....''odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired'' :::* '''oleunat'''....''odd man out'' :::* '''eunxer'''....''even out'' : Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used: ::* '''Yat naptyopa be <u>eo(na)ti</u> yez bi ha mep.'''....''We marched in <u>twos (= pairs)</u> down the street.'' ::* '''<u>Asonati</u> upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.'''....''<u>Hundreds (of people)</u> will come with us to this protest.'' ::* '''Hia ivxel xwe <u>en</u>jabay.'''....''This celebration happens <u>bi</u>ennially.'' ::* '''Iyt se <u>un</u>tupokyat.'''....''She is a <u>quadri</u>plegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)'' ::* '''Diwe sagu ha <u>auni</u>.'''....''Please count the <u>units</u>.'' ::* '''Yet gafisa <u>aronay</u>!'''....''You all have improved <u>a thousandfold</u>!'' ::* '''Tob se <u>en</u>tyoyaba sat.'''....''Man is a <u>bi</u>pedal creature.'' : Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in '''-on''' in the numbers below ten is shortened to '''-n''' in common words: ::* '''<u>an</u>zyuk'''....''<u>mono</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>en</u>zyuk'''....''<u>bi</u>cycle'' ::* '''<u>in</u>gun'''....''<u>tri</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>un</u>gun'''....''<u>quadr</u>angle'' ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gon'''....''<u>penta</u>gon'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gon'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon'' : Note: The prefixes for ''penta-/quinti-'' and ''hexa-/sext-'' must keep the '''-on''' so as to distinguish them from the prefixes '''yon'''....''apart'' and '''yan'''....''together''. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See [[Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation#Coding Chemical Elements|Coding Chemical Elements]]). ::* '''<u>yoon</u>gona'''....''<u>quinti</u>partite''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yon</u>per'''....''separate, go <u>apart</u>'' ::* '''<u>yaon</u>gun'''....''<u>hexa</u>gon''&nbsp;&nbsp;BUT: '''<u>yan</u>uper'''....''meet, come <u>together</u>'' : Note: ::* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, pair'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet'' === Distributives === : The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; font-style:smaller;" |- ! number ! Latinate ! Grecian ! Mirad |- | 0 | ''nullary'' | ''niladic'', ''medadic'' | '''onsuna''' |- | 1 | ''unary'' |'' monadic'' | '''ansuna''' |- | 2 | ''binary'' | ''dyadic'' | '''ensuna''' |- | 3 | ''ternary'' | ''triadic'' | '''insuna''' |- | 4 | ''quaternary'' | tetradic | '''unsuna''' |- | 5 | ''quinary'' | ''pentadic'' | '''yoonsuna''' |- | 6 | ''senary'' | ''hexadic'' | '''yaonsuna''' |- | 7 | ''septenary'' | ''heptadic'' | '''yensuna''' |- | 8 | ''octonary'' | ''octadic'' | '''yinsuna''' |- | 9 | ''novenary'' |'' enneadic'' | '''yunsuna''' |- | 10 | ''denary, decimal'' | ''decadic'' | '''alonsuna''' |- | 11 | ''undenary, undecimal'' | ''endecadic'' | '''alansuna''' |- | 12 | ''duodenary, duodecimal'' | ''dodecadic'' | '''alensuna''' |- | 16 | ''sedecimal'' | ''hexadecimal'' | '''alyansuna''' |- | 20 | ''vigenary, vicenary'' | ''icosadic'' | '''elonsuna''' |} === Frequentatives === : Words related to frequency are formed in various ways: :: With '''-xag''' (''frequency'') ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how many times?, how often?'' ::* '''oxag'''....''never (zero times)'' ::* '''axag'''....''once'' ::* '''exag'''....''twice'' ::* '''ixag'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''aloxag'''....''ten times'' ::* '''glaxag'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''hexag''' ....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyaxag'''....''at all times'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''not a single time'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''grexag'''....''frequently enough'' ::* '''groxag'''.....''not often enough'' ::* '''gwaxag'''.....''most often'' ::* '''gwoxag'''.....''least often'' :: Or, with '''-jod(i)'''....''times, instances'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times?'' ::* '''owa jod'''....''zero times, not a single time'' ::* '''awa jod'''....''one time'' ::* '''ewa jodi'''....''two time, twice'' ::* '''iwa jodi'''....''three times, thrice'' ::* '''ge jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' ::* '''ga jodi vyel'''....''more times than, more often than'' ::* '''gla jodi'''....''many times, often'' ::* '''glo jodi'''....''seldom'' :: Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized: ::* '''axaga kyes'''....''a one-time occurrence'' ::* '''ajoda akut'''....''a one-time winner'' ::* '''glaxaga teaput'''....''a frequent visitor'' ::* '''glojoda pat'''....''a rare bird'' :* 1 :** ''daily, every day, once a day''....'''juba / hyajub''' :** ''weekly, every week, once a week''....'''yejuba / hyayejub''' :** ''monthly, every month, once a month''....'''jiba / hyajib''' :** ''yearly/annually, every year, once a year''....'''jaba / hyajab''' :* 2 :** ''twice a day''....'''exag hyajub''' :** ''twice a week/biweekly''....'''exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba''' :** ''twice a month/bimensual''....'''exag hyajib / eynjiba''' :** ''twice a year/biannial/semiannual''....'''exag hyajab / eynjaba''' :* 2 :** ''every other day''....'''hya enapa jub''' (= '''every second day''') :** ''every other week''....'''hya enapa yeyub''' :** ''every other month''....'''hya enapa jib''' :** ''every other year/biennial''....'''hya enapa jab / enjaba''' :* 3 :** ''every three months/trimestral/trimonthly''....'''hya enapa jib / enjiba''' :* 4 :** ''quarterly''....'''hya enapa jib / uynjaba''' :* 6 ::* ''every semester''....'''hya yaonjib / hya eynjab''' === Sequentials === : Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways: :* With the adjectival ending '''-a''': ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''aa'''....''first'' (as a prefix, means ''arch-'') ::* '''ea'''....''second'' ::* '''ia'''....''third'' ::* '''aloa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''asea'''....''one hundred and second'' :* Or with the ending '''napa''', where '''nap''' means ''order'': ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''anapa'''....''first'' ::* '''enapa'''....''second'' ::* '''inapa'''....''third'' ::* '''alonapa'''....''tenth'' ::* '''aronapa'''....''thousandth'' === Temporals === : Aggregates of days are formed with '''jub''' (''day''): ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' (''seven day'') : Aggregates of months are formed with '''jib''' (''month''): ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' (''three month'') ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (''six month'') : Aggregates of years are formed with '''jab''' (''year''): ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium'' ::* '''lojab'''....''decade'' ('''lo''' is short for '''alo''') ::* '''sojab'''....''century'' ('''so''' is short for '''aso''') ::* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' ('''ro''' is short for '''aro''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennial'' ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' === Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary === : Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix '''-suna''' in Mirad: ::* '''onsuna'''....''nullary'' ::* '''ansuna'''....''unary'' ::* '''ensuna'''....''binary'' ::* '''insuna'''....''ternary, trinary'' ::* '''unsuna'''....''quaternary'' ::* '''yownsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yawnsuna^*'''....''quinary'' ::* '''yensuna'''....''senary, septenary'' ::* '''yinsuna'''....''octonary'' ::* '''yunsuna'''....''novenary'' ::* '''alonsuna'''....''denary'' ::* '''alansuna'''....''undenary'' ::* '''alensuna'''....''duodenary'' : * A '''w''' is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from '''yan-''' (''together'') and '''yon-''' (''apart''). === Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple === :* Number words in English ending in ''-fold'', ''-ple'', or ''-ploid'' are translated with '''-gala''' (''-fold, multiple'') in Mirad: ::* '''angala'''....''unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary'' ::* '''engala'''....''double, ducplicate, twofold'' ::* '''ingala'''....''triple,triplicate, threefold'' ::* '''ungala'''....''quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold'' ::* '''yowngala'''....''quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate'' ::* '''yawngala'''....''sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold'' ::* '''yengala'''....''septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate'' ::* '''yingala'''....''octuple, octuplicate, eightfold'' ::* '''yungala'''....''nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold'' ::* '''alongala'''....''tenfold'' ::* '''asongala'''....''hundredfold, centuplicate'' ::* '''arongala'''....''thousandfold'' ::* '''amlongala'''....''millionfold'' ::* '''amrongala'''....''billionfold'' : Add a final '''-s''' to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form: ::* '''angalas'''....''singleton'' ::* '''engalas'''....''duplicate'' ::* '''ingalas'''....''triplicate'' ::* '''ungalas'''....''quadruplicate'' ::* '''yowngalas'''....''quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet'' ::* '''yawngalas'''....''sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet'' ::* '''yengalas'''....''septuplet, helptuplet'' ::* '''yingalas'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yungalas'''....''nonuplet'' ::* '''alongalas'''....''decuplet'' : Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly: ::* '''galer'''....''to multiply'' ::* '''engaler'''....''to duplicate, to double'' ::* '''ingaler'''....''to triple'' ::* '''ungaler'''....''to quadruple'' : The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change '''gal''' to '''gol''': ::* '''goler'''....''to divide'' ::* '''engoler'''....''to divide by two, to halve, to disect'' ::* '''ingoler'''....''to divide by three, to trisect'' ::* '''ungoler'''....''to divide by four, to quarter'' ::* '''alongoler'''....''to divide by ten, to decimate'' : Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a '''y''' before the '''n''' in the numeric prefix: ::* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''eyn'''....''a half'' ::* '''iyn'''....''a third'' ::* '''uyn'''....''a quarter'' ::* '''yoyn'''....''a fifth'' ::* '''yayn'''....''a sixth'' ::* '''yeyn'''....''a seventh'' ::* '''yiyn'''....''an eighth'' ::* '''yuyn'''....''a ninth'' ::* '''aloyn'''....''a tenth'' ::* '''asoyn'''....''a hundredth, percent'' ::* '''aroyn'''....''a thousandth'' : Verbs can be derived from the above: ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' ::* '''eynxer'''....''to halve, to dissect'' ::* '''iynxer'''....''to trisect'' ::* '''uynxer'''....''to quarter'' ::* '''aloynxer'''....''to decimate'' === Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base === : Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in '''-syoba''': ::* '''ensyoba'''....''binary, base 2'' ::* '''insyoba'''....''ternary, base 3'' ::* '''alonsyoba'''....''decimal, base 10'' ::* '''alyansyoba'''....''hexadecimal, base 16'' ::* '''elonsyoba'''....''vigesimal, base 20'' === Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications === : Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in '''-izona''': ::* '''anizona'''....''simplex, unidirectional, one-way'' ::* '''enizona'''....''duplex, bidirectional, two-way'' === Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes === : Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in '''-guna''': ::* '''inguna, ingun(san)'''....''triangular, triangle'' ::* '''unguna, ungun(san)'''....''quadrangular, quadrangle, square'' ::* '''yownguna, yowngun(san)'''....''pentagonal, pentagon'' ::* '''yawnguna, yawngun(san)'''....''hexagonal, hexagon'' ::* '''yinguna, yingun(san)'''....''octagonal, octogon'' ::* '''alanguna, alangun(san)'''....''hendecagonal, hendecagon'' : Some number words relating to volumes (ending in '''-nid'''): ::* '''yawngekunid'''....''cube, hexahedron'' ::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' ::* '''elunkunid'''....''icositetrahedron'' ::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' ::* '''yinkunid'''....''octahedron'' ::* '''yunkunid'''....''nonahedron'' === Number Words Pertaining to Meter === : Number words pertaining to meter ending in '''-deup'''. ::* '''indeup'''....''trimeter'' ::* '''undeup'''....''tetrameter'' ::* '''yoondeup'''....''pentameter'' ::* '''yaondeup'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yendeup'''....''heptameter'' ::* '''yindeup'''....''octameter'' === Number Words for Feet on an Animal === : Numbers words for feet on an animal end in '''tyoyaba'''. ::* '''entyoyaba'''....''bipedal'' ::* '''untyoyaba'''....''quadrupedal'' === List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad === : Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based. ::* '''o(n)-'''....''zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-'' ::* '''oyn-'''....''no-'' ::* '''a(n)-'''....''uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-'' ::* '''ayn-'''....''whole-, holo-, sol-'' ::* '''e(n)-'''....''two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second'' ::* '''ey(n)-'''....''half-, semi-, hemi-'' ::* '''eo(n)-'''....''double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-'' ::* '''i(n)-'''....''three-, tri-, trito-'' ::* '''io(n)-'''....''triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-'' ::* '''iy(n)-'''....''third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-'' ::* '''u(n)-'''....''four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-'' ::* '''uo(n)-'''....''quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-'' ::* '''uy(n)-'''....''quarter, quart-, quadru-'' ::* '''yo(wn)-*'''....''five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop'' ::* '''yoy(n)-'''....''fifth, quint-, pentaplo-'' ::* '''ya(wn)-*'''....''six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-'' ::* '''yay(n)-'''....''sixth, hect-, octo-'' ::* '''yaon-'''....''sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-'' ::* '''ye(n)-'''....''seven, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yey(n)-'''....''seventh, sept-, hept-'' ::* '''yeon-'''....''seven-fold, heptad-, septim-'' ::* '''yi(n)-'''....''eight, oct-, ogdoo-'' ::* '''yion-'''....''octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold'' ::* '''yu(n)-'''....''nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-'' ::* '''yuyn-'''....''nineth'' ::* '''yuon-'''....''ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold'' ::* '''alo-'''....''ten, deci-, deca-'' ::* '''aloyn-'''....''tenth, dec-, decad-'' ::* '''elo-'''....''twenty, viginti-, icos-'' ::* '''aso-'''....''hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-'' ::* '''asoyn-'''....''hundredth, cent-, hectad-'' ::* '''aro-'''....''thousand, milli-, kilo-'' ::* '''aroyn-'''....''thousandth, millen-, chiliad-'' : * A '''w''' is added to these words to avoid confusion with '''yan''' (''together'') and '''yon''' (''apart''). === Number Words Referring to Groups of People === : Number words referring to groups of people end in '''-ot''': ::* '''oot'''....''nobody, zero group'' ::* '''aot'''....''person, individual, solo'' ::* '''eot'''....''couple, duo, pair, twosome'' ::* '''iot'''....''trio, threesome'' ::* '''uot'''....''quartet, foursome'' ::* '''yoot'''....''quintet, fivesome'' ::* '''yaot'''....''sextet'' ::* '''yeot'''....''septet'' ::* '''yiot'''....''octet'' ::* '''yuot'''....''nonet'' ::* '''alot'''....''decet'' === Number Words Referring to Groups of Years === ::* '''ejab'''....''biennium'' ::* '''ijab'''....''triennium, triennial'' ::* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' ::* '''yojab'''....''quinquennium, lustrum'' ::* '''yajab'''....''sexennium'' ::* '''yejab'''....''septennial'' ::* '''yijab'''....''octennial'' ::* '''yujab'''....''novennium'' ::* '''alojab'''....''decade, decennary, decennial, decennium'' (usu. abbreviated to '''lojab''') ::* '''elojab'''....''vicennium, vicennial, score'' ::* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee, fifty years'' ::* '''asojab'''....''century'' (usu. abbreviated to '''sojab'') ::* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''arojab'''....''millennium, chiliad'' === Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year === ::* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' === Number Words Referring to Sets of Things === : Number words referring to sets of things end in '''-yan'''. The corresponding words in English may end in ''-ad'' or ''-ile'': ::* '''onyan'''....''nilad, empty set'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series, monad'' ::* '''enyan'''....''dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median'' ::* '''inyan'''....''triad, set of three, tercile, tertile'' ::* '''unyan'''....''tetrad, set of four, quartile'' ::* '''yownyan'''....''pentad, set of five, quintile'' ::* '''yawnyan'''....''hexad, set of six, sextile'' ::* '''yenyan'''....''heptad, set of seven, septile'' ::* '''yinyan'''....''octad, set of eight, octile'' ::* '''yunyan'''....''nonad, set of nine'' ::* '''alonyan'''....''decad, set of ten, decile'' ::* '''alanyan'''....''baker's dozen, set of eleven'' ::* '''alenyan'''....''dozen, set of twelve'' ::* '''alyanyan'''....''hexadecile'' ::* '''elonyan'''....''ventile, vigintile'' ::* '''asonyan'''....''centile, percentile'' ::* '''aronyan'''....''millile'' === Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.=== :* Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word '''-tid''', meaning ''sibling'': ::* '''eontid'''....''twin, fraternal twin'' :::* '''eontwid'''....''twin brother, male twin'' :::* '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister, female twin'' :::* '''geta eontiyd'''...''identical twin'' ::* '''iontid'''....''triplet'' ::* '''uontid'''....''quadruplet'' ::* '''yowntid'''....''quintuplet'' (Note the '''w''', used to avoid confusion with '''yon''' ::* '''yawntid'''....''sextuplet'' (" " ") ::* '''yentid'''....''septuplet'' ::* '''yintid'''....''octuplet'' ::* '''yuntid'''....''nonuplet'' == Number Chart == : The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs: {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Number Chart |- ! colspan=5| Multiple !! colspan=4 |Fraction |- ! Numeral !! Adjective !! Noun !! Prefix¹ !! Verb !!leftmargin=10px| Numeral !! Noun !! Prefix !! Verb |- | 0 || '''owa'''<br>''zero '' || '''oon'''<br>''nonentity, null''<br>'''oot'''<br>''nobody '' || '''on-'''<br>''zero- '' || '''onxer'''<br>''nullify '' ||1/0 || '''oyn'''<br>''zeroth'' || '''oyn-'''<br>''nihil- '' || '''oynxer'''<br>anihilate |- | 1 || '''awa'''<br>''one''<br>'''aa'''<br>''first''<br>'''ana'''<br>''single, lone''<br>'''aona'''<br>''whole'' || '''aon'''<br>''entity''<br>'''aot'''<br>''solo, individual '' || '''an-'''<br>''uni-, mono- '' || '''anxer'''<br>''unify''|| 1/1 || '''ayn'''<br>''whole '' || '''ayn-'''<br>''holo- '' || '''aynxer'''<br>integrate |- | 2 || '''ewa'''<br>''two''<br>'''ea'''<br>''second''<br>'''ena'''<br>''dual''<br>'''ensuana'''<br>''binary'' || '''eon'''<br>''double''<br>'''eot'''<br>''duo, pair, couple '' <br>'''eontid'''<br>''twin''|| '''en-'''<br>''bi-, di- '' || '''eonxer'''<br>double<br>'''eotxer'''<br>''copulate '' || 1/2|| '''eyn'''<br>''half '' || '''eyn-'''<br>''semi- '' || '''eyxner'''<br>''halve, disect'' |- | 3 || '''iwa'''<br>''three''<br>'''ia'''<br>''third''<br>'''insuana'''<br>''ternary'' || '''ion'''<br>''triple''<br>'''iot'''<br>''trio, threesome''<br>'''iontid'''<br>''triplet'' || '''in-'''<br>''tri- '' || '''ionxer'''<br>''triple '' || 1/3|| '''iyn'''<br>''third '' || '''iyn-'''<br>''terci- '' || '''iynxer'''<br>''trisect'' |- | 4 || '''uwa'''<br>''four''<br>'''ua'''<br>''fourth'' || '''uon'''<br>''quadruple''<br>'''uot'''<br>''quartet, foursome''<br>'''uontid'''<br>''quadruplet'' || '''un-'''<br>''tetra- '' || '''uonxer'''<br>''quadruple '' ||1/4|| '''uyn'''<br>''fourth ''<br>'''uynjab'''<br>''quarter'' || '''uyn-'''<br>''quadri- '' || '''uynxer'''<br>''quarter'' |- | 5 || '''yowa'''<br>''five ''<br>'''yoa'''<br>''fifth''|| '''yoon'''<br>''quintuple''<br>'''yoot'''<br>''quintet ''<br>'''yoontid'''<br>''quintuplet'' || '''yown-'''²<br>''penta- '' || '''yoonxer'''<br>''quintuple '' || 1/5|| '''yoyn'''<br>''fifth '' || '''yoyn-'''<br>''quint- '' || '''yoynxer'''<br>''cut in fifths'' |- | 6 || '''yawa'''<br>''six ''<br>'''yaa'''<br>''sixth'' || '''yaon'''<br>sextuple<br>'''yaot'''<br>''sextet ''<br>'''yaontid'''<br>''sextuplet'' || '''yawn-'''³<br>''hecto- '' || '''yaonxer'''<br>''sextuple '' || 1/6|| '''yayn'''<br>''sixth '' || '''yayn-'''<br>''hexi- '' || '''yaynxer'''<br>''cut in sixths'' |- | 7 || '''yewa'''<br>''seven ''<br>'''yea'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeon'''<br>''septuple''<br>'''yeot'''<br>''septet ''<br>'''yeontid'''<br>''septuplet''<br>'''yejub'''<br>''week'' || '''yen-'''<br>''hepto- '' || '''yeonxer'''<br>mult<br>'' seven'' || 1/7|| '''yeyn'''<br>''seventh'' || '''yeyn-'''<br>''hepti- '' || '''yeyxner'''<br>''cut in sevenths'' |- | 8 || '''yiwa'''<br>''eight ''<br>'''yia'''<br>''eighth'' || '''yion'''<br>''octuple''<br>'''yiot'''<br>''octet ''<br>'''yiontid'''<br>''octuplet'' || '''yin-'''<br>''octo- '' || '''yionxer'''<br>mult<br>'' eight '' || 1/8|| '''yiyn'''<br>''eighth '' || '''yiyn-'''<br>''octi- '' || '''yiynxer'''<br>''cut in eighths'' |- | 9 || '''yuwa'''<br>''nine ''<br>'''yua'''<br>''ninth'' || '''yuon'''<br>''nonuple''<br>'''yuot'''<br>''set of nine ''<br>'''yuontid'''<br>''nonuplet'' || '''yun-'''<br>''nona- '' || '''yuonxer'''<br>''multiply by nine '' || 1/9|| '''yuyn'''<br>''nineth '' || '''yuyn-'''<br>''novi- '' || '''yuynxer'''<br>''cut in ninths'' |- | 10 || '''alo'''<br>''ten ''<br>'''aloa'''<br>''tenth''<br>'''alosuana'''<br>''decimal'' ||'''alon'''<br>''tenfold ''<br>'''alojab'''...''decade'' || '''alon-'''<br>''deca- '' || '''alonxer'''<br>''increase by a<br>factor of ten '' || 1/10|| '''aloyn'''<br>''tenth '' || '''aloy-'''<br>''deci- '' || '''aloynxer'''<br>''decimate'' |- | 100<br>10⁴ || '''aso'''<br>''hundred''<br>'''asoa'''<br>''hundredth'' || '''ason'''<br>''hundredfold ''<br>'''asojab'''<br>''century''|| '''aso-'''<br>''heca- '' || '''asonxer'''<br>''increase a<br>hundredfold'' || 1/100<br>10^-2|| '''asoyn'''<br>''hundredth<br> percentage<br>cent '' || '''asoy-'''<br>''centi- '' || '''asoynxer'''<br>''cut into hundredths'' |- | 1,000<br>10³ || '''aro'''<br>''thousand ''<br>'''aroa'''<br>''thousanth'' || '''aron'''<br>''thousandfold ''<br>'''arojab'''<br>''millennium''|| '''aro-'''<br>''kilo- '' || '''aronxer'''<br>''multiply by a<br>thousand'' || 1/1000<br>10^-3|| '''aroyn'''<br>''thousandth '' || '''aroy-'''<br>''milli- '' || '''aroynxer'''<br>''divide by a thousand'' |- | 1,000,000<br>10⁶ || '''amlo'''<br>''million ''<br>'''amloa'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amlon'''<br>''millionfold '' || '''amlo-'''<br>''mega-'' || || 10^-6|| '''amloyn'''<br>''millionth'' || '''amloy-'''<br>''micro-'' || |- | 10⁹ || '''amro'''<br>''billion ''<br>'''amroa'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amron'''<br>''billionfold '' || '''amro-'''<br>''giga- '' || || 10^-9|| '''amroyn'''<br>''billionth'' || '''amroy-'''<br>''nano-'' || |- |10¹² || '''garale'''³<br>''trillion ''<br>'''garalea'''<br>''trillianth'' || '''garalen'''<br>''trillionfold '' || '''garale-'''<br>''tera-'' || || 10^-12|| '''goralen'''<br>''trillionth'' || '''gorale-'''<br>''pico-'' || |- |10¹⁵ || '''garalyo'''<br>''quadrillion ''<br>'''garalyoa'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionfold '' || '''garalyo-'''<br>''peta-'' || ||10^-15|| '''garalyon'''<br>''quadrillionth'' || '''goralyo-'''<br>''femto-'' || |- |10¹⁸ || '''garalyi'''<br>''quintillion ''<br>'''garalyia'''<br>''quintillionth'' || '''garalyin'''<br>''quintillionfold '' || '''garalyi-'''<br>''exa-'' || ||10^-18|| '''goralyin'''<br>''quintillianth'' || '''goralyi-'''<br>''atto-'' || |- |10²¹ || '''garela'''<br>''sextillion ''<br>'''garelaa'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''garelan'''<br>''sextillionfold '' || '''garela-'''<br>''zetta-'' || ||10^-21|| '''gorelan'''<br>''sextillionth'' || '''gorela-'''<br>''zepto-'' || |- |10²⁴ || '''garelu'''<br>''septillion ''<br>'''garelua'''<br>''septillionth'' || '''garelun'''<br>''eptillionfold '' || '''garelu-'''<br>''yotta-'' || ||10^-24|| '''gorelun'''<br>''septillianth'' || '''gorelu-'''<br>''yocto-'' || |- | 10²⁷ || '''garelye'''<br>''octillion ''<br>'''garelyea'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''garelyen'''<br>''octillionfold '' || '''garelye-'''<br>''ronna-'' || ||10^-27|| '''gorelyen'''<br>''octillionth'' || '''gorelyen'''<br>''ronto-'' || |- | 10³⁰ || '''garilo'''<br>''nonillion ''<br>'''gariloa'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''garilon'''<br>''nonillionfold '' || '''garilo-'''<br>''quetta-'' || ||10^-30|| '''gorilon'''<br>''nonillionth'' || '''gorilo-'''<br>''quecto-'' || |} <div style=";font-size:smaller;"> ::* Note 1: Sometimes the final '''-n''' on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. '''anapa'''<br>''first'', '''atistam'''<br>''elementary school''. ::* Note 2: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yon-'''<br>''dis-, apart'' ::* Note 3: An extra '''o''' is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from '''yan-'''<br>''con-, together'' ::* Note 4: '''Garale''' is short for '''alo gar ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of 12''. By the same token, '''gorale''' is short for '''alo gor ale'''<br>''ten to-the-power-of-minus 12'' </div> = Metric Units = : Mirad uses the [[wikipedia:International System of Units|International System of Units (SI)]] for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see [[Mirad Grammar/Phonology and Orthography#Alphabet|the alphabet]]. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word '''ag-''' (''big''). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = ''omega'', Ω = ''agomega''). The measurement unit names are followed by '''nak''' (''measurement unit''). == SI Base Units == ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI base units</big> |- !English<br>Unit<br>Name !Symbolic<br>Abbreviation !Quantity<br>Unit !Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- !second |style="text-align:center" |s |time |style="text-align:center" |'''sonak''' |- !meter |style="text-align:center" |m |length |style="text-align:center" |'''minak''' |- !kilogram |style="text-align:center" |kg |mass |style="text-align:center" |'''kigenak''' |- !ampere |style="text-align:center" |A |electric current |style="text-align:center" |'''aganak''' |- !kelvin |style="text-align:center" |K |thermodynamic temperature |style="text-align:center" |'''agkinak''' |- !Mole |style="text-align:center" |mol |amount of substance |style="text-align:center" |'''miolinak''' |- !candela |style="text-align:center" |cd |luminous intensity |style="text-align:center" |'''cadanak''' |} == SI Derived Units == : Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>SI derived units with special names and symbols</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbeviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''radian''' | align="center" | rad | plane angle | align="center" |'''roadanak''' |- |'''steradian''' | align="center" | sr | solid angle | align="center" |'''soronak''' |- |'''hertz''' | align="center" | Hz | frequency | align="center" |'''aghezunak''' |- |'''newton''' | align="center" | N | force, weight | align="center" |'''agninak''' |- | '''pascal''' | align="center" | Pa | pressure, stress | align="center" | '''agpoanak''' |- | '''joule''' | align="center" | J | energy | align="center" | '''agjinak''' |- | '''watt''' | align="center" | W | power | align="center" | '''agwunak''' |- | '''coulomb''' | align="center" | C | electric charge | align="center" |'''agcanak''' |- | '''volt''' | align="center" | V | electrical potential difference | align="center" | '''agvunak''' |- | '''farad''' | align="center" | F | capacitance | align="center" | '''agfenak''' |- | '''ohm''' | align="center" | Ω | electrical resistance | align="center" | '''agomeganak''' |- | '''Siemens''' | align="center" | S | electrical conductance | align="center" | '''agsonak''' |- | '''Weber''' | align="center" | Wb | magnetic flux | align="center" | '''agwubanak''' |- | '''tesla''' | align="center" | T | magnetic flux density | align="center" | '''agtonak''' |- | '''henry''' | align="center" | H | inductance | align="center" | '''aghenak''' |- | '''degree Celsius''' | align="center" | °C | temperature | align="center" | '''nogagcanak''' |- | '''lumen''' | align="center" | lm | luminous flux | align="center" | '''liminak''' |- | '''lux''' | align="center" | lx | illuminance | align="center" | '''lixunak''' |- | '''becquerel''' | align="center" | Bq | radioactivity | align="center" | '''agbakonak''' |- | '''gray''' | align="center" | Gy | absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''aggeyunak''' |- | '''sievert''' | align="center" | Sv | equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) | align="center" | '''agsovunak''' |- | '''katal''' | align="center" | kat | catalytic activity | align="center" | '''kiatonak''' |- | '''byte''' | align="center" | b | 8 bits of information | align="center" | '''banak''' |} == Convenient Non-SI Units == : Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Convenient non-SI units</big> |- ! English<br>Name ! Symbolic<br>Written<br>Abbreviation ! Quantity<br>Unit ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- |'''litre''' | align="center" | L | volume | align="center" |'''aglonak''' |- |'''hectare''' | align="center" | ha | area | align="center" |'''heanak''' |- |'''ton''' | align="center" | t | area | align="center" |'''tonak''' |- |'''decibel''' | align="center" | dB | loudness | align="center" |'''daagbanak''' |- |'''fathom''' | align="center" | ftm | depth of water | align="center" |'''fetominak''' |} == Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae == : The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means ''per'' or ''divided by'' and is pronounced '''gol'''. The symbol x means ''times'' and is pronounced '''gal'''. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced '''gar''' plus the number (with '''-wa''', if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced '''gor''' plus the number (again, with '''-wa''' if a unit number). See [[Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Arithmetical Expressions|Arithmetical Expressions]] for further information on these terms. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ <big>Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units</big> |- ! Name ! Symbolic<br>Formula ! Derived<br>Quantity ! Typical<br>Symbol ! Mirad<br>Pronunciation |- | '''square meter''' | align="center" | m² | area | align="center" |{{math|''A''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter''' | align="center" | m³ | volume | align="center" | {{math|''V''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''meter per second''' | align="center" | m/s | speed, velocity | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak''' |- | '''meter per second squared''' | align="center" | m/s² | acceleration | align="center" | {{math|''a''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa''' |- |rowspan=2| '''reciprocal meter''' |rowspan=2 align="center" | m⁻¹ | wavenumber | align="center" | {{math|''σ''}}, {{math|''ṽ''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gor-awa''' |- | vergence (optics) | align="center" | {{math|''V''}}, 1/{{math|''f''}} |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}} | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per square meter''' | align="center" | kg/m² | surface density | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}_A | align="center" | '''kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | '''cubic meter per kilogram''' | align="center" | m³/kg | specific volume | align="center" | {{math|''v''}} | align="center" | '''minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge''' |- | '''ampere per square meter''' | align="center" | A/m² | current density | align="center" | {{math|''j''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |- | Amperes per meter|'''ampere per meter''' | align="center" | A/m | magnetic field strength | align="center" | {{math|''H''}} | align="center" | '''aganak-gol-minak''' |- | '''mole per cubic meter''' | align="center" | mol/m³ | concentration | align="center" |{{math|''c''}} | align="center" | '''minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''kilogram per cubic meter''' | align="center" | kg/m³ | Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration | align="center" | {{math|''ρ''}}, {{math|''γ'' }} | align="center" | '''kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa''' |- | '''candela per square meter''' | align="center" | cd/m² | luminance | align="center" | {{math|''L''}}_v | align="center" | '''canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa''' |} == SI Macro and Micro Prefixes == : The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a ''kilometer'' is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). '''Agbanak''' means '''byte''', so '''garale-agbanak''' is ''terabyte''. This breaks down to ''10¹² bytes''. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Scalar Metrics |- ! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro |- ! Base<br>10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base<br>10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol |- | 1 || one || '''an-''' *... ''mono-, uni-'' || ||1/1 ||whole || '''ayn-'''....''holo-, uni-'' || |- | 2 ||two || '''en-'''....''bi-'' || || 1/2 ||half||'''eyn-'''....''demi-, di-''|| |- | 3 ||three || '''in-'''....''tri-'' || || 1/3 ||third ||'''iyn-'''....''terci-''|| |- | 4 ||four || '''un-'''....''tetra-'' || || 1/4 ||fourth || '''uyn-'''....''quadri-''|| |- | 5 ||five || '''yown-''' ....''penta-'' || || 1/5 ||fifth ||'''yoyn'''....''quinti-''|| |- | 6 ||six || '''yawn-'''....''hexa-'' || || 1/6 ||sixth ||'''yayn'''....''sexti-''|| |- | 7 ||seven || '''yen-'''....''hepta-'' || || 1/7 ||seventh || '''yeyn'''....''septi-''|| |- | 8 ||eight || '''yin'''....''octo-'' || || 1/8 ||eighth || '''yiyn'''....''octi-''|| |- | 9 ||nine || '''yun'''....''nona-'' || || 1/9 ||ninth || '''yuyn'''....''novi-''|| |- | 10 ||ten || '''alon-'''....''deca-'' || ''da'' || 1/10 ||tenth || '''aloy-'''....''deci-''|| ''d'' |- | 10² ||hundred || '''aso-'''....''hecto-'' **|| ''h'' || 10^-2 ||hundredth || '''asoy-'''....''centi-''|| ''c'' |- | 10³ ||thousand || '''amso-'''....''kilo-'' ||''k'' || 10^-3 ||thousandth)|| '''amsoy-'''....''milli-''|| ''m'' |- | 10⁶ ||million || '''amlo-'''....''mega-'' || ''M'' || 10^-6 ||millionth || '''amloy-'''....''micro-''|| ''r'' |- | 10⁹ ||billion /milliard || '''amro-'''....''giga-'' || ''G'' || 10^-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || '''amroy-'''....''nano-''|| ''n'' |- | 10¹² ||trillion /billion || '''garale-'''....''tera-'' || ''T'' || 10^-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| '''gorale-'''....''pico-''|| ''p'' |- | 10¹⁵ ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| '''garalyo-'''....''peta-'' || ''P''||10^-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || '''goralyo-'''....''femto-''||''f'' |- | 10¹⁸ ||quintillion / trillion || '''garalyu-'''....''exa-'' || ''E''||10^-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || '''goralyu'''....''atto-''||''a'' |- | 10²¹ ||sextillion)/ trilliard || '''garela-'''....''zetta-'' || ''Z''||10^-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || '''gorela'''....''zepto-''||''z'' |- | 10²⁴ ||septillion)/ quadrillion || '''garelu-'''....''yotta-'' || '' Y'' ||10^-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| '''gorelu'''....''yocto-''||''y'' |} : : **Note: The '''gar''' (''to a plus power'') and '''gor''' (''to a minus power'') forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, ''billion'' (10⁹) could be expressed as '''garyu-'''(ten) to the 9th power'', while ''billionth'' could be expressed by '''goryu''' (''(ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix '''garya-''' is composed of the positive exponential operator '''gar''' (''to the power of''), followed by the number ''6''. The prefix '''gorale-''' is composed of the negative exponential operator '''gor''' (''to the root of''), followed by the number ''12''. == Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols == : The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with '''ag-'''. Here is a table showing grams: : :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols |- ! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO |- ! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation |- | ''dag'' (decagram)|| '''daagenak''' || ''dg'' |(decigram)||'''dagenak''' |- | ''hg'' (hectogram)|| '''hegenak''' || ''cg'' (centigram)||'''cagenak''' |- | ''kg'' (kilogram) || '''kogenak''' || ''mg'' (milligram)||'''migenak''' |- | ''Mg'' (macrogram)|| '''agmigenak''' ||''μg'' (microgram)|| '''mugenak''' |- | ''Gg'' (gigagram)|| '''aggegenak''' || ''ng'' (nanogram)|| '''nigenak''' |- | ''Tg'' (teragram)|| '''agtogenak''' || ''pg'' (picagram)|| '''pogenak''' |- | ''Pg'' ( petagram)|| '''agpogenak''' || ''fg'' (femtogram)|| '''fegenak''' |- | ''Eg'' (exagram)|| '''agegenak''' || ''ag'' (attogram)|| '''agenak''' |- | ''Zg'' (zettagram)|| '''agzegenak''' || ''zg'' (zeptogram) || '''zegenak''' |- | ''Yg'' (yottagram)|| '''agyugenak''' || ''yg'' (yoctogram) || '''yugenak''' |} : The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by '''gar ewa''' (''squared'') and '''gar iwa''' (''cubed''), respectively: ::* ''10 km²''....(pronounced as:) '''alo kominaki gar ewa''' ::* ''12 mm³''....(pronounced as:) '''ale miminaki gar iwa''' = Expressing Frequency = : There are two ways to form determiners of frequency: ::* Using '''jod(i)''' meaning ''occasion(s), instance(s), time(s)'', or ::* Using '''xag''' meaning ''frequency'' : Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Determiners |- ! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning |- | '''duhogla jodi?''' || '''duhoxag?''' || ''how often?, how many times?'' |- | '''hogla jodi''' || '''hoxag''' || ''how often, how frequently'' |- | '''hagla jodi''' || '''haxag''' || ''the frequency'' |- | '''hegla jodi''' || '''hexag''' || ''sometimes, on some occasions'' |- | '''higla jodi''' || '''hixag''' || ''this often, this many times'' |- | '''hugla jodi''' || '''huxag''' || ''that often, that many times, so many times'' |- | '''huugla jodi''' || '''huuxag''' || ''so often, so many times'' |- | '''hyogla jodi''' || '''hyoxag''' || ''never'' |- | '''hyagla jodi''' || '''hyaxag''' || ''always, at all times'' |- | '''hyegla jodi''' || '''hyexag''' || ''any number of times, however often'' |- | '''hyigla jodi''' || '''hyixag''' || ''as often, the same number of times'' |- | '''hyugla jodi''' || '''hyuxag''' || ''not as often, some other number of times'' |- | '''ga jodi''' || '''gaxag (vyel)''' || ''more often (than)'' |- | '''ge jodi''' || '''gexag (vyel)''' || ''as many times (as), as often (as)'' |- | '''go jodi''' || '''goxag (vyel)''' || ''less often (than)'' |- | '''gla jodi''' || '''glaxag''' || ''many times, often'' |- | '''gle jodi''' || '''glexag''' || ''quite a few times, quite often'' |- | '''glo jodi''' || '''gloxag''' || ''not so many times, seldom'' |- | '''gra jodi''' || '''graxag''' || ''too often'' |- | '''gre jodi''' || '''grexag''' || ''often enough'' |- | '''gro jodi''' || '''groxag''' || ''too seldom'' |- | '''gwa jodi''' || '''gwaxag''' || ''as often as possible, most often, most times'' |- | '''gwe jodi''' || '''gwexag''' || ''an average number of times'' |- | '''gwo jodi''' || '''gwoxag''' || ''least often, as seldom as possible'' |- | '''owa jod''' || '''oxag''' || ''never, at no time, zero times'' |- | '''awa jod''' || '''axag''' || ''once, one time'' |- | '''awa ga jod''' || '''ga axag''' || ''again, once more'' |- | '''ewa jodi''' || '''exag''' || ''twice, two times'' |- | '''iwa jodi''' || '''ixag''' || ''thrice, three times'' |- | '''alo jodi''' || '''aloxag''' || ''ten times'' |- |- '''asoni bi jodi''' || -- || ''hundreds of times'' |- |- '''yowa gal haxag vyel zojab''' || '''yoxag vyel zojab''' || ''five times as often as last year'' |} : Examples: ::* '''<u>Duhoxag</u> et pe ha tayegoblam?'''....''<u>How often</u> do you go to the barber shop?'' ::* '''<u>Duhogla jodi</u> et akaye hia ekun?'''....''<u>How many times</u> have you won this game?'' ::* '''At teataye hua dyezun <u>iwa ey uwa jodi</u>.'''....''I have seen that film <u>three or four times</u>.'' ::* '''At teataye is <u>huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van</u> at bokseye.'''....''I have seen it <u>so many times that</u> I am getting sick.'' ::* '''Hus xwaye <u>gaxag vyel</u> et te.'''....''That has happened <u>more often than</u> you know.'' = Mathematical Expressions = [[File:Arithmetic symbols2.svg|90px|thumb|none]] : Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word '''ga'''....''more''. == Chart of Arithmetical Operations == : The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; margin-left:3.2em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary |- ! Verb !! Operation !! Patient !! Subject !! Operator !! Sign !! Result |- | '''gaber'''....''add'' || '''gaben'''....''addition'' || '''gabwas'''....''addend, summand'' || '''gabus'''....''augend'' || '''gab'''....''plus'' || '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' (<big>+</big>) || '''gabix'''....''sum'' |- | '''galer'''....''multiply'' || '''galen'''....''multiplication'' || '''galwas'''....''multiplicand'' || '''galus'''....''multiplier, factor'' || '''gal'''....''times'' || '''galsiyn'''....''times sign'' (<big>x</big>) || '''galix'''....''product'' |- | '''garer'''....''raise to the power of''<br>'''egarer'''....''to square''<br>'''igarer'''....''to cube'' || '''garen'''....''exponentiation'' || '''garwas'''....''base'' || '''garus'''....''exponent'' || '''gar'''....''raised to the power of'' || || '''garix'''....''power'' |- | '''gazer'''....''logarithmize'' || '''gazen'''....''logarithmization'' || '''gazwas'''....''base''||'''gazus'''....''antilogarithm'' ||'''gaz'''....''the log of'' || ||'''gazix'''....''logarithm'' |- | '''gober'''....''subtract'' || '''goben'''....''subtraction'' || '''gobwas'''....''minuend'' || '''gobus'''....''subtrahend'' || '''gob'''....''minus'' || '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' (<big>-</big>) || '''gobix'''....''difference'' |- | '''goler'''....''divide'' || '''golen'''....''division.... fraction'' || '''golwas'''....''dividend'', ''numerator''|| '''golus'''....''divisor, denominator'' || '''gol'''....''divided by'' || '''golsiyn'''....''division sign'' (<big>÷</big>) || '''golix'''....''quotient'' |- | '''gorer'''....''derive the nth root of'' || '''goren'''....''root extraction'' || '''gorwas'''....''radicand'' || '''gorus'''....''degree'' || '''gor'''....''the nth root of'' || '''gorsiyn'''....''radical sign'' (<big>√</big>) || '''gorix'''....''root'' |- | '''gexer'''....''equal'' || '''gexen'''....''equation'' || '''gexwas'''....''thing being equated'' || '''gexus'''....''equator'' || '''ge'''....''equal to'' || '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' (<big>=</big>) || |} {{small/end}} == How to Verbalize Math Expressions == ::* ''1 + 1 = 2.''....'''Awa gab awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''3 - 1 = 2.''....'''Iwa gob awa gese ewa.''' ::* ''2 x 4 = 8.''....'''Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''10 % 2 = 5.''....'''Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.''' ::* ''5² = 25.''....'''Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.''' ::* ''2³ = 8.''....'''Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.''' ::* ''4 √2 = 2 = 2.''....'''Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.''' ::* ''log₁₀ 1000 = 3.''....'''Aro gaz alo gese iwa.''' : Note 1: '''gese''' (''equals'') can be substituted with '''se''' (''is''), eg.: ::* '''Ewa gab ewa se uwa.'''....''Two plus two is four.'' : Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix '''-wa''', eg.: ::* '''E<u>wa</u> sicirufebi gab a<u>wa</u> marofeb gese yanmul.'''....''Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.'' : Examples of mathematical expressions: ::* '''Ewa <u>gab</u> ewa gese uwa.'''....''Two <u>plus</u> two equals four.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gal</u> iwa gese yawa.'''....''Two <u>times</u> three equals six.'' ::* '''Iwa <u>gar</u> ewa gese yuwa.'''....''Three <u>to the second power</u> equals nine.'' ::* '''Ewa <u>gob</u> ewa gese owa.'''....''Two <u>minus</u> two equals zero.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gol</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>divided by</u> three equals three.'' ::* '''Yuwa <u>gor</u> iwa gese iwa.'''....''Nine <u>cubed</u> equals three.'' ::* '''Aso <u>gor</u> ewa gese alo.'''....''One hundred <u>squared</u> equals ten.'' ::* '''Aro <u>gaz</u> alo gese iwa.'''....''Log₁₀(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three'') == Decimal Expressions == : Decimal expressions like ''2.5'' use the word '''nod'''....''point'' as in English. ::* '''Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.'''....''This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.'' = Calendar and Time Expressions = :: The word for calendar is '''judar'''. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used: === Basic Calendar Units === [[File:Calendar (PSF).png|thumb|none]] : Time is divided using the following basic terms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''job''' || ''time'' |- | '''jab''' || ''year'' |- | '''jeb''' || ''season'' |- | '''jib''' || ''month'' |- | '''jub''' || ''day'' |- | '''jwob*''' || ''hour'' |- | '''jwab*''' ('''jwap''') || ''minute'' (''moment'') |- | '''jweb*''' ('''jwep''') || ''second'' (''instant'') |} * Note: These would ordinarily be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''' respectively, but the '''w''' glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter '''j''', and is therefore substituted. == Other Calendar Units == : Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Other Calendar Units |- ! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula |- | '''rojab''' || ''millenium'' || year x 1,000 |- | '''sojab''' || ''century'' || year x 100 |- | '''lojab''' || ''decade'' || year x 10 |- | '''eynjab''' || ''half year'' || year x 1/2 |- | '''uynjab''' || ''quarter'' || year x 1/4 |- | '''yajib''' || ''semester'' || month x 6 |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' || day x 7 |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' || day x 7 end |- | '''eynjwob''' || ''half hour'' || hour x 1/2 |} : ''This'', ''next'', ''last'', etc. are expressed as follows: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Pointers |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''hijub'''<br>'''hiyejub'''<br>'''hijab''' || ''today''<br>''this week''<br>''this year'' |- | '''zojub'''<br>'''zoyejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''yesterday''<br>''last week''<br>''last year'' |- | '''zajub'''<br>'''zayejub'''<br>'''zajab''' || ''tomorrow''<br>''next week''<br>''next year'' |- | '''hujub'''<br>'''huyejub'''<br>'''hujab''' || ''that day''<br>''that week''<br>''that year'' |- | '''jazojub'''<br>'''ja ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jazojab''' || ''the day before yesterday''<br>''two weeks ago''<br>''the year before last'' |- | '''jozajub'''<br>'''jo ewa yejubi'''<br>'''jozajab''' || ''the day after tomorrow''<br>''two weeks from now''<br>''the year after next'' |- | '''Duhojub?'''|| ''Which day?'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day''¹ |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hejubi''' || ''some days'' |- | '''bi jub bu jub''' || ''from day to day'' |- | '''e jubi jay''' || ''two days ago'' |- | '''gla jubi joy''' || ''many days later'' |} : ¹ ''All day'' is expressed by '''ha ayna jub''' or '''hya ha jub'''. == Seasons of the Year == [[File:Seasons gijinka.png|thumb|]] : Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for ''season'' '''jeb''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Seasons of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jeab''' || ''spring'' |- | '''jeeb''' || ''summer'' |- | '''jeib''' || ''autumn, Fall'' |- | '''jeub''' || ''winter'' |} : Examples of usage: ::* '''be jeab'''....''in spring'' ::* '''ja jeeb'''....''before summer'' ::* '''ju jeib'''....''until autumn'' ::* '''ji jeub'''....''since winter'' ::* '''je ha jeb'''....''during the season'' ::* '''ub ha uj bi jeeb'''....''toward the end of summer'' ::* '''eb jeab ay jeeb'''....''between spring and summer'' ::* '''jeeba gemoj'''....''vernal equinox'' ::* '''jeiba fayebi'''....''autumn leaves'' ::* '''jeba til'''....''seasonal drink'' ::* '''jeubyena jebmalyen'''....''wintry climate'' ::* '''jeabyena malyen'''....''spring-like weather'' ::* '''jeuben'''....''hibernation'' ::* '''hijeab'''....''this season'' ::* '''zajeab'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeab'''....''last season'' ::* '''hyajeab'''....''every season'' == Months of the Year == : Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month '''jib'''. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Months of the Year |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jiab''' || ''January'' |- | '''jieb''' || ''February'' |- | '''jiib''' || ''March'' |- | '''jiub''' || ''April'' |- | '''jiyob''' || ''May'' |- | '''jiyab''' || ''June'' |- | '''jiyeb''' || ''July'' |- | '''jiyib''' || ''August'' |- | '''jiyub''' || ''September'' |- | '''jilob''' || ''October'' |- | '''jilab''' || ''November'' |- | '''jileb''' || ''December'' |} : Some expressions using the months: ::* '''be jilob'''....''in October'' ::* '''ja jiyab'''....''before June'' ::* '''lojo zajiyeb'''....''by next July'' ('''lojo''' = ''not after'') ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis'''....''month-to-month rent'' ::* '''jibay'''....''monthly'' ::* '''jibi joy'''....''months later'' ::* '''jiba sindrurun'''....''monthly magazine'' ::* '''hujiba jobnis'''....''that month's rent'' ::* '''hya ionjib'''....''every trimester'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''to menstruate'' ::* '''byi zojilob'''....''since last October'' ::* '''ub zejib'''....''toward mid-month'' == Days of the Week == : Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day '''jub''': :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Days of the Week |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''juab''' || ''Monday'' |- | '''jueb''' || ''Tuesday'' |- | '''juib''' || ''Wednesday'' |- | '''juub''' || ''Thursday'' |- | '''juyob''' || ''Friday'' |- | '''juyab''' || ''Saturday'' |- | '''juyeb''' || ''Sunday'' |} : Here are some common terms relating to days of the week: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Day Expressions |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''Duhojub?''' || ''Which day?'' |- | '''hojub...''' || ''the day that...'' |- | '''hejub''' || ''someday'' |- | '''hijub''' || ''today'' |- | '''hujub''' || ''that day'' |- | '''hyijub''' || ''(on) the same day'' |- | '''hyajub''' || ''every day'' |- | '''hyejub''' || ''any day'' |- | '''zajub''' || ''yesterday'' |- | '''zojub''' || ''tomorrow'' |- | '''ha jajub'''<br>'''be ha jana jub''' || ''the day before, (on) the previous day'' |- | '''ha jojub'''<br>'''be ha jona jub''' || ''the day after, (on) the following day'' |- | '''jazojub''' || ''the day before yesterday'' |- | '''jozajub''' || ''the day after tomorrow'' |- | '''hya ea jub''' || ''every other/second day'' |- | '''hyajub boy juyeb''' || ''every day except Sunday'' |- | '''yejub''' || ''week'' |- | '''hiyejeb''' || ''this week'' |- | '''yejubuj''' || ''weekend'' |- | '''yexjub''' (or) '''zeyejub''' || ''weekday'' |- | '''enyejuba(y)''' || ''bi-weekly'' |- | '''zoyejub''' || ''last week'' |} : Examples of Usage: ::* '''(be) juyob'''....''on Friday'' ::* '''ju juib'''....''until Wednesday'' ::* '''ji zojub'''....''since yesterday'' ::* '''lojo jubuj'''....''by [Lit: not after] day's end'' ::* '''jo zajub'''....''after tomorrow'' ::* '''je ha jub'''....''during the day'' ::* '''bi juab bu juub'''....''from Monday to Friday'' ::* '''yejubuja ponpop'''....''a weekend getaway'' == Parts of the Day == : Here are the principal parts of a day: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Parts of the Day |- ! Daytime !! Nighttime |- | '''maj'''....''daytime, day'' ||'''moj'''....''nighttime, night'' |- | '''bi maj'''....''A.M.'' ||'''bi moj'''....''P.M.'' |- | '''jamajij'''....''pre-dawn'' || '''jamojij'''....''pre-dusk'' |- | '''majij'''....''daybreak, dawn''|| '''mojij'''....''dusk'' |- | '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup''||'''amaryop'''....''sunset, sundown'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning''<br>'''zajwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning''<br>'''hijwamaj'''....''this morning''<br>'''zojwamaj'''....''yesterday morning''<br>'''hujwamaj'''....''that morning''<br>'''hyajwamaj'''....''every morning''||'''jwamoj'''....''evening''<br>'''zajwamoj'''....''tomorrow evening''<br>'''hijwamoj'''....''this evening''<br>'''zojwamoj'''....''yesterday evening''<br>'''hujwamoj'''....''that evening''<br>'''hyajwamoj'''....''every evening'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon''||'''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon''||'''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |- | '''majuj'''....''twilight''|| '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' |} ::* Examples of Usage: ::* '''At tijpa <u>ja majij</u>.'''....''I woke up <u>before dawn</u>.'' ::* '''At iyfe tuyjer <u>be ha jwoa jozemaj</u>.'''....''I like to nap <u>in the late afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''It yexe bi <u>amaryap bu amaryop</u>.'''....''He works from <u>sunup to sundown</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Be gwa jwamoji</u>, at teaxe yibsin.'''....''<u>Most evenings</u>, I watch television.'' == Expressing Dates == : The following is a how a date ('''jud''') is normally expressed: ::* '''be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.'''....''on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.'' :A date like 2018 can be expressed as ''twenty eighteen'' ('''elo alyi''') or ''two thousand eighteen'' ('''ero alyi'''). : The day ''11'' in the above expression is pronounced '''ala'''. : The acronym for ''B.C.'' is '''jaK''', short for '''ja Krist''' (''before Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning ''Before the Common/Current Era'' is expressed in Mirad with '''jaEJ''' ('''ja ha Eja Joeb'''). : The acronym for ''A.D.'' is '''joK''', short for '''jo Krist''' (''after Christ''). : The acronym for the de-Christianized ''C.E.'' is '''EJ''', short for '''ha Eja Joeb''' (''the Current Era''). : Other date expressions follow: ::* '''be <u>ha 1800 jabi</u> (alyi aso jabi)'''....''In <u>the 1800's</u> (eighteen hundreds)'' ::* '''ja <u>ha 20a (eloa)</u> asojab'''....''before <u>the 20th (twentieth)</u> century'' ::* '''eb <u>1920 (yulo elo)</u> ay 2001 (emso awa)'''....''between <u>1920 (nineteen twenty)</u> and (two thousand one)'' ::* '''<u>hyaje</u> hua alojab'''....''<u>throughout</u> that decade'' ::* '''At yexa hum <u>je gla jabi</u>.'''....''I worked there <u>for [Lit: during] many years</u>.'' ::* '''Ujbu his <u>lojo</u> jiyab.'''....''Finish this <u>by</u> [Lit: not after] May.'' ::* '''Iyt so him <u>ub ha uj bi</u> 2 (ewa) jiab.'''....''She will be here <u>toward the end of</u> January 2nd.'' ::* '''At taja je ha Podea <u>Eloni</u>.'''....''I was born in the Roaring <u>Twenties</u>.'' == Telling Time == [[File:Old Clock DSCN4746.jpg|thumb|]] : Clock time expressions use mostly the word '''jwob''' (''hour'') or '''jwobi''' (''hours''). : Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as ''15 hours'' ('''ulo jwobi'''), which is the same as ''15:00'' or ''15 hundred hours''. : The usual time-of-day question is '''Se duhojwob?'''....''What time is it?'' [Lit: is what-hour?] : The typical answer is in the format '''Se alo (jwobi) yuwa.''' (Lit: ''(It) is ten hours five''). The use of '''jwobi''' is optional, but if '''jwobi''' is modified by '''awa'''....''one'', then the singular form '''jwob''' is used. : Here are some typical answers: ::* '''Se awa jwob.'''....''It is one o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is one hour.''] ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It is two o'clock AM'' [Lit: ''It is two hours.''] ::* '''Se ale jwobi.'''....''It is twelve o'clock AM.'' ::* '''Se alyu jwobi elo.'''....''It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).'' ::* '''Se eli jwobi ali.'''....''It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).'' ::* '''Se elu jwobi.'''....''It is 24:00 (12 PM).'' : The words '''jwob''' and '''jwobi''' can be abbreviated as '''j.'''. ::* '''be elo j.'''....''At 8:00 PM'' : The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system: ::* '''bi maj'''....(''AM'') ::* '''bi moj'''.... (''PM'') ::* '''Se <u>vyavay</u> 15:10 (= alu alo).'''....''It is exactly 7:10 P.M..''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''It is <u>exactly</u> fifteen ten.''] ::* '''Et sa jwoa <u>bey</u> alo jwabi.'''....''You were late by 10 minutes.''&nbsp;&nbsp;[Lit: ''You were late <u>by</u> ten minutes.''] ::* '''Has ijo <u>yuz</u> 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).'''....''It will begin <u>around</u> 10:30 PM.'' ::* '''Puu him <u>lojo vyel</u> 15:00 j.'''....''Get here <u>no later than</u> 3 PM.'' ::* '''Ha yuzpar puo hum <u>yeb</u> 10 jwabi.'''....''The bus will arrive there <u>within</u> 10 minutes.'' ::* '''Ha jwobar <u>izeade</u>¹ 17:00.'''....''The clock says [Lit. ''indicates''] 5 PM.'' ::* '''Yit pua be 3 j. <u>be ha nod</u>.'''....''They arrived at 3 <u>on the dot</u>''. :::<small>Note 1: '''izeade''' (''indicates'') can be substituted with '''de''' (''says'').</small> : Note the following clock time idioms: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Clock Idioms |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''jwa''' || ''early'' |- | '''jwe''' || ''on time'' |- | '''jwo''' || ''late'' |- | '''Se <u>vyavay</u> elo j.''' || ''It is <u>exactly</u> 8 PM.'' |- | '''<u>yub bi</u> zemaj'''<br>or '''<u>yuz bi</u> zemaj.''' || ''<u>around</u> noon'' |- | '''<u>ub</u> zemoj''' || ''<u>toward</u> midnight'' |- | '''<u>yeb bi</u> jwebi''' || ''<u>within</u> seconds'' |- | '''alo jwabi <u>ja hij</u>''' || ''ten minutes <u>ago</u> [= before now]'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 3 j.''' || ''<u>no later than / by</u> 3 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''jwobay''' || ''hourly / by the hour / on the hour'' |- | '''Hia pop <u>efxe</u> 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.''' || ''This trip <u>takes (Lit: necessitates) </u> 2 1/2 hours.'' |- | '''<u>ju</u> awa jwob bi hij''' || ''<u>until</u> one hour from now'' |- | '''<u>ji</u> zojub be 10a j.''' || ''<u>since</u> yesterday at 10 o'clock.'' |- | '''<u>je</u> ha jana 12 jwabi''' || ''<u>for/during/over</u> the last 12 minutes'' |- | '''<u>ja</u> ojo 10 j.''' || ''<u>before / by</u> 10 AM.'' |- | '''<u>lojo</u> 10 jwobi.''' || ''<u>by / in / within</u> 10 hours.'' |- | '''<u>jo</u> 10 j.''' || ''<u>after</u> 10 o'clock AM.'' |- | '''At saye him <u>ji</u> ewa jwobi.''' || ''I have been here <u>for [= since]</u> two hours.'' |} = Expressing Age = [[File:Russian Age Rating System.svg|thumb|]] : Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for ''age'': '''jag'''. : The typical question is: ::* '''<u>Duhojaga</u> et se?'''....''<u>How old</u> are you?'' (Lit. ''what-aged'') : A typical answer is one of the following. ::* '''At se <u>eli jabi jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three years old.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli jaga.</u>'''....''I am <u>age twenty-three.</u>'' ::* '''At se <u>eli.</u>'''....''I am <u>twenty-three.</u>'' : Here are some ways to compare age: ::* '''gejaga vyel et'''....''as old as you, the same age as you'' ::* '''gajaga vyel et'''....''older than you'' ::* '''gojaga vyel et'''....''not as old as you'' ::* '''gajoga vyel et'''....''younger than you'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' ::* '''grejaga'''....''old enough'' ::* '''grojagat'''....''a minor (an underaged person)'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle aged'' ::* '''gwajogat'''....''the youngest one'' ::* '''gwajagat'''....''the oldest one'' ::* '''ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.'''....''the oldest one in (= of) the class.'' ::* '''Fiyzuu eta gajagati.'''....''Respect your elders.'' ::* '''iwa jabi gajaga vyel et'''....''three years older than you'' : Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter '''y''' is added to the number. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; |+ People of different ages |- ! Mirad !! English |- | '''awajubjagat''' || ''one day old baby'' |- | '''awajagat''' || ''one-year-old'' |- | '''alojagat''' || ''ten-year-old'' |- | '''aloyjagat''' || ''teenager'' |- | '''eloyjagat''' || ''vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old'' |- | '''iloyjagat''' || ''tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old'' |- | '''uloyjagat''' || ''quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yoloyjagat''' || ''quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yaloyjagat''' || ''sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yeloyjagat''' || ''octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old'' |- | '''yiloyjagat''' || ''nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old'' |- | '''asoyjagat''' || ''centenarian, hundred-something-year-old'' |- | '''aybasoyjagat''' || ''supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old'' |} : Here is a list of important age expressions and categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> * '''duhojaga?'''....''how old?'' * '''hojoga'''....''of the age (that...)'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hejaga'''....''of some age'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hujaga'''....''that old'' * '''huujaga'''....''so old'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyejaga'''....''of any age'' * '''hyijaga / gejaga'''....''of the same age, as old'' * '''hyujaga / ogejaga'''....''of a different age, not as old'' * '''zejaga''' .... ''middle-aged'' * '''jaga'''....''old'' * '''jayga'''....''oldish'' * '''joga'''....''young'' * '''joyga''' .... ''youngish'' * '''gle jaga'''....''rather old, oldish'' * '''gla jaga'''....''very old'' * '''glo jaga'''....''not very old'' * '''gra jaga'''....''too old, super-aged'' * '''gro jaga'''....''under-aged, minor'' * '''ge jaga'''....''as old, of the same age'' * '''awa (<u>jab</u>) jaga'''....''one <u>year</u> old'' * '''ewa (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''two <u>years</u> old'' * '''alo (<u>jabi</u>) jaga'''....''ten <u>years</u> old'' * '''ga jaga <u>vyel</u> et'''....''older <u>than</u> you'' * '''ga joga <u>vyel</u> at'''....''younger <u>than</u> me'' * '''go jaga <u>vyel</u> wit'''....''less old <u>than</u> him'' * '''ge joga <u>vyel</u> iyt'''....''as young <u>as</u> her'' * '''ha gwa jagat <u>bi</u> ata tidetyan'''....''the youngest <u>of</u> my siblings'' * '''gajagat''' .... ''an elder'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' * '''jagat''' .... ''old person, elder, senior'' * '''jagwat''' .... ''old man'' * '''jagayt''' .... ''old woman'' * '''jogat'''....''a youth'' * '''jogwat'''....''a boy, a male youth'' * '''jogayt'''....''a girl, m female youth'' * '''grejagat'''....''an adult, someone of age'' * '''grojagat'''....''a minor'' (''one insufficiently old'') * '''jagseat'''....''an adolescent'' * '''jagsyat'''/'''agsyat'''....''a grownup'' * '''tud''' .... ''child, offspring'' * '''twud''' .... ''male child, son'' * '''tuyd''' .... ''female child, daughter'' * '''tudet''' .... ''baby, infant'' * '''tobet''' .... ''youth, young person'' * '''twobet''' .... ''boy, young man'' * '''toybet''' .... ''girl, young woman, maiden'' </div> : Some other examples of usage: ::* '''Et <u>jagseye</u> fi.'''....''You <u>are aging</u> well.'' ::* '''At voy <u>jogseye</u> hyegla.'''....''I am not <u>getting</u> any <u>younger</u>.'' ::* '''His se taam av <u>ha jagati</u>.'''....''This is a home for <u>the elderly</u>.'' ::* '''Gawaku eta <u>jogan</u>!'''....''Regain your <u>youth</u>!'' ::* '''At se <u>ga jaga vyel</u> ha memyazi.'''....''I am <u>older than</u> the hills.'' ::* '''Teaxu ata <u>gwa joga</u> tud.'''....''Look at my <u>youngest</u> child.'' ::* '''Yat ife yata <u>awajagat</u>.'''....''We love our <u>one-year-old</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Jagseatan</u> se yika joob bi tej.'''....''<u>Adolescence</u> is a difficult period of life.'' ::* '''<u>Agsu</u>!'''....''<u>Grow up!</u>'' : Note the difference: ::* '''agaser'''....''to get bigger'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' = Currency Nomenclature = [[File:Mon argent.jpg|thumb]] : The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter '''n''' is suffixed (mnemonic for '''nas'''....''money''). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.: ::* The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD". ::* Lowercase is "usd" ::* Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is '''u so da'''. ::* This, with '''n''' suffixed, results in '''usodan'''. ::* Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving '''Usodan'''. ::* Pluralized, '''Usodan''' becomes '''Usodani''' (''= U.S. dollars''). ::* The Euro is therefore '''Euron'''. ::* The Thai baht is '''Toheban'''. ::* The Russian ruble is '''Rouban'''. : The ISO codes can be found at [[Wikipedia: List_of_circulating_currencies|List of circulating currencies]]. A portion of that file is replicated here: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Currencies ! English Currency Name ! Currency<br>symbol ! ISO 4217|ISO code ! Mirad Name |- |Jordanian dinar |JD |JOD |'''Jiodan''' |- |Moroccan dirham |DH |MAD |'''Miadan''' |- |Australian dollar |$ |AUD |'''Audan''' |- | Bitcoin | '''₿''' | data-sort-value="" | (''BTC'') | '''Batocan''' |- |Brunei dollar |$ |BND |'''Banidan''' |- |Eastern Caribbean dollar |$ |XCD |'''Xucadan''' |- |Hong Kong dollar |$ |HKD |'''Hekidan''' |- |New Zealand dollar |$ |NZD |'''Nizudan''' |- |Singapore dollar |$ |SGD |'''Sogedan''' |- |United States dollar |$ |USD |'''Usodan''' |- |Armenian dram |֏ |AMD |'''Amidan''' |- |Euro |€ |EUR |'''Euron''' |- |Central African CFA franc |Fr |XAF |'''Xuafen''' |- |CFP franc |Fr |XPF |'''Xupofen''' |- |Swiss franc |Fr |CFN |'''Cufenin''' |- |West African CFA franc |Fr |XOF |'''Xuofen''' |- |Netherlands Antillean guilder |ƒ |ANG |'''Anigen''' |- |Danish krone |kr |DKK |'''Dakikin''' |- |Turkish lira |₺ |TRY |'''Toroyun''' |- |Mauritanian ouguiya |UM |MRU |'''Miroun''' |- |Pound sterling|Sterling |£ |GBP |'''Gebapon''' |- |Saint Helena pound |£ |SHP |'''Sohepon''' |- |South African rand |R |ZAR |'''Zuaron''' |- |Russian rouble |₽ |RUB |'''Rouban''' |- |Indian rupee |₹ |INR |'''Iniron''' |- |Israeli new shekel |₪ |ILS |'''Ilison''' |} :The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word '''-asoyn''' to the end of the Mirad name of the currency. : For example: ::* The American cent is '''Usodan-asoyn'''. ::* The Euro cent is '''Euron-asoyn'''. ::* The British penny is '''Gebapon-asoyn'''. : In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to '''asoyn'''. :The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example: ::* ''Five point six Euros'' ==> '''Yowa nod yawa Euroni''' ==> '''€5.6''' ::* ''Two thousand nine dollars'' ==> '''Emro yuwa Usodani''' ==> '''$2,009''' : Note: : The bitcoin has the ISO code BTC, so it is translated into Mirad as '''Batocan'''. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as '''Batocan-amroyn'''. : Other monetary vocabulary: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''nas'''....''money'' :::* '''nasa'''....''monetary'' :::* '''kyaxler nas'''....''convert money'' ::* '''nasam'''....''bank'' :::* '''nasnexam'''....''savings bank'' :::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' :::* '''nases'''....''change'' ::::* '''biner nases av'''....''to get change for'' :::* '''nasbol'''....''subsidy'' :::* '''nasbyok'''....''fine, penalty'' :::* '''nasdab'''....''plutocracy'' :::* '''nasdref'''....''check'' ::::* '''drer nasdref'''....''to write a check'' ::::* '''ilnasaxer nasdref'''....''to cash a check'' ::::* '''nyember nasdref''''....''to deposit a check'' :::* '''nasdrev'''....''bill, note, banknote'' :::* '''drefnas'''....''paper money'' ::::* '''alo Usodan nasdrev'''....''ten dollar bill'' :::* '''nasdim'''....''fund'' :::* '''nasgab'''....''tip'' :::* '''nasgon'''....''stock, share'' ::::* '''nasgon ebkyaxam'''....''stock exchange'' ::::* '''nasgon ebkyaxut'''....''stock broker'' ::::* '''nasgon nunuiem'''....''stock market'' ::::* '''nasgon buiut'''....''stock broker ::::* '''nasgonbexut'''....''shareholder'' ::::* '''nasgonuer'''....''to invest'' :::* '''nasilp'''....''cash flow'' :::* '''nastun'''....''finance'' :::* '''nasvek'''....''bet'' ::::* '''nasvekiam'''....''gambling casino'' :::* '''nasmug'''....''coin'' ::::* '''nasmug exwa'''....''coin-operated'' ::::* '''nasmugxer'''....''to mint'' ::::* '''nasmugyeb'''....''coin purse'' :::* '''nasok'''....''deficit'' ::::* '''nasokya'''....''bankrupt'' ::::* '''nasokrer'''....''go bankrupt'' :::* '''nasak'''....''profit'' ::::* '''nasaker'''....''to profit'' ::::* '''nasakgon'''....''dividend'' ::::* '''nasakyaker'''....''to speculate'' :::* '''nasnyaxun'''....''nest-egg'' :::* '''nasyeb'''....''wallet'' :::* '''nasyef'''....''debt'' ::::* '''nasyef draf'''....''debit card'' :::* '''nasyuv'''....''bond'' :::* '''ilnas'''....''cash'' ::::* '''ilnasuer'''....''to dispense cash'' :::::* '''ilnasuir'''....''ATM'' ::::* '''ilnasaxer'''....''to cash'' ::* '''nax'''....''price'' ::* '''nayx'''....''cost'' :::* '''nayxer'''....''to cost'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' ::* '''namper'''....''to shop'' :::* '''nampen zen'''....''shopping center'' :::* '''nayxer'''....''to cost'' ::* '''naz'''....''value'' :::* '''nazier'''....''to be worth'' :::* '''nazder'''....''to appraise'' <hr> ::* '''nyaxer'''....''to accumulate, to amass'' :::* '''nyaxun'''....''pile, stack, heap'' ::* '''nyaz'''....''wealth, luxury'' :::* '''nyaza'''....''wealthy, rich'' ::::* '''nyazaser'''....''to get rich'' <hr> ::* '''nexer'''....''to save, to economize'' :::* '''nexyea'''....''thifty'' :::* '''donex'''....''economy'' <hr> ::* '''nyexer'''....''to store, to stock'' :::* '''nyexam'''....''storehouse, warehouse'' :::* '''nyexim'''....''stock room'' :::* '''nyexwa'''....''stocked, in stock'' :::* '''nyexundrer'''....''to inventory'' :::* '''nyexunyeb'''....''storage bin'' :::* '''nyexuun'''....''consignment'' :::* '''nyexun'''....''stocked item'' ::::* '''nyexunyan'''....''inventory'' :::* '''nyeb'''....''container'' :::* '''nyem'''....''box'' <hr> ::* '''nier'''....''to demand, to consume'' :::* '''niut'''....''consumer'' ::* '''nixer'''....''to earn'' :::* '''nixun'''....''earnings'' <hr> ::* '''nyixer'''....''to order, to requisition'' :::* '''nyixwa'''....''ordered, on order'' :::* '''nyixdref'''....''order form'' :::* '''nyixut'''....''client'' ::::* '''nyixutyan'''....''clientele'' <hr> ::* '''nuer'''....''to supply, to procure, to equip, to furnish'' ::* '''nuier'''....''to merchandize'' :::* '''nuien'''....''supply and demand, merchandizing'' :::* '''nuix'''....''budget'' ::::* '''nuixer'''....''to budget'' <hr> ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' :::* '''nuxut'''....''payer'' :::* '''nuxun'''....''payment'' :::* '''nuxuer'''....''to charge'' :::* '''nuxbier'''....'to buy, to purchase'' :::* '''ojnux'''....''credit'' ::::* '''ojnux draf'''....''credit card'' <hr> ::* '''nyuer'''....''to produce'' :::* '''nyun'''....''commodity'' :::* '''nyuun'''....''product'' :::* '''nyuut'''....''producer'' :::* '''nyuf'''....''package, parcel'' ::::* '''nyufber'''....''to package'' ::::* '''nyuyf'''....''packet'' :::* '''nyus'''....''freight, shipment, cargo'' :::* '''nyuv'''....''wrap'' ::::* '''nyuvber'''....''to wrap up'' <hr> ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver, to ship'' :::* '''nyuxun'''....''delivery, shipment'' :::* '''nyuxdraf'''....''shipping invoice'' :::* '''nyuxen boy nax'''....''FOB'' :::* '''nyuxier'''....''to take delivery of'' :::* '''nyuxyofwa'''....''undeliverable, out of stock'' <hr> ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' :::* '''ebkyaxem'''....''stock market'' :::* '''ebkyaxder'''....''to bargain, to negotiate'' <br> ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' :::* '''ojbier'''....''to borrow'' <br> ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' :::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' :::* '''ojbuer'''....''to lend'' :::* '''buier'''....''to barter'' </div> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Determiners|Pronouns}}</noinclude> lxlwmod4m93s7rmag8k5xgsmm3rb4k9 4 455830 4672887 4665469 2026-09-29T08:10:53Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]] 4672887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == 205.118.123.63 == ;Username : {{user|205.118.123.63}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:205.118.123.63}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:47, 21 February 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 205.118.123.63 == ;Username : {{user|205.118.123.63}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:205.118.123.63}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:49, 21 February 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Abid Sidiq Ahanger == ;Username : {{user|Abid Sidiq Ahanger}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Abid Sidiq Ahanger}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 16:00, 25 February 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Aadit6 == ;Username : {{user|Aadit6}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Aadit6}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/AS2023]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/AS2023}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I am trying to insert the full skeleton code into the wikibooks page. This is the original code supplied by AQA available for computer science students but it will not allow me to insert it. ;Date and time : 09:18, 3 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 94.204.59.111 == ;Username : {{user|94.204.59.111}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:94.204.59.111}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess Opening Theory/1.e4/b5]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Chess Opening Theory/1.e4/b5}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I just wanted to correct grammar. The part that I wanted to correct said the the rook, while my edit changed it to the rook. ;Date and time : 09:41, 3 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{done}} – see [[Special:Diff/4240955]]. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:22, 4 March 2023 (UTC) == David Allencourt == ;Username : {{user|David Allencourt}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:David Allencourt}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[The History of the Armenians (Movses Khorenatsi)]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:The History of the Armenians (Movses Khorenatsi)}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Hello! I am attempting to add my translation of Movses Khorenatsi's work The History of the Armeniansp, which has long been used as a textbook of Armenian history. However it is getting caught in the filter. ;Date and time : 03:32, 6 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}}. {{re|David Allencourt}}, you are likely to face difficulty editing your text for a while, as you're being hit by a filter we have no control over. Feel free to continue submitting false positive requests for a while. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:58, 6 March 2023 (UTC) == 99.209.41.18 == ;Username : {{user|99.209.41.18}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:99.209.41.18}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 17:39, 7 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 99.209.41.18 == ;Username : {{user|99.209.41.18}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:99.209.41.18}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 17:43, 7 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == UhLukas 90 == ;Username : {{user|UhLukas 90}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:UhLukas 90}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Publishing error ;Date and time : 22:02, 8 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :You were correctly blocked. Your attempt to paste a set of Discord copyright material onto your user page was rightly detected as unconstructive. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:08, 9 March 2023 (UTC) == Andrewdav == ;Username : {{user|Andrewdav}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Andrewdav}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[page about Stephen William Grimsley]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:page about Stephen William Grimsley}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding factual data, including year of death ;Date and time : 10:11, 9 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Lachlan Peterson == ;Username : {{user|Lachlan Peterson}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Lachlan Peterson}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023/Vancouver SkyTrain]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023/Vancouver SkyTrain}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to create a page for an assignment, it started by not letting me upload images then it assused me of creating "Cannibis/CBD Spam" when I was writing about the Vancouver Skytrain. ;Date and time : 07:36, 11 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments * Wikibooks has several automated filters meant to prevent spam and vandals; sometimes these inadvertently catch non-spammers, especially very new users. I recommend making smaller edits at a time until you are eventually autoconfirmed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:57, 13 March 2023 (UTC) == Yunchenli == ;Username : {{user|Yunchenli}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Yunchenli}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 01:49, 13 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments * Wikibooks has several automated filters meant to prevent spam and vandals; sometimes these inadvertently catch non-spammers, especially very new users. I recommend making smaller edits at a time until you are eventually autoconfirmed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 13 March 2023 (UTC) * I took a look at all of [[User:Yunchenli|your]] edits, but most of them are more or less irrelevant to the page you were trying to create. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 06:44, 22 March 2023 (UTC) == Robertbenjmin00 == ;Username : {{user|Robertbenjmin00}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Robertbenjmin00}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 05:53, 27 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{not done}} – you tried to fill your talk page with irrelevant self-promotional spam, which was rightly detected by the edit filter. Further attempts to spam your talk page may result in a loss of editing privileges. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 06:31, 27 March 2023 (UTC) == SomethingForDeletion == ;Username : {{user|SomethingForDeletion}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:SomethingForDeletion}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[360_Assembly/360_Family]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:360_Assembly/360_Family}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to add a link to wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/Platforms/S390X – this is information about how to use the QEMU open source package to emulate z/Architecture IBM mainframes, and hence is relevant to the topic of the book and its readers. The edit filter won't even let me put the URL on this page! ;Date and time : 20:05, 21 February 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> BTW, I realise someone is probably going to say "you can't because you are a new user please wait a few days". Can someone add the link for me? Also, wouldn't this edit filter be better if it took into account one's global contributions? A new user which has already made significant contributions on Wikipedia/etc is probably not a spammer. [[User:SomethingForDeletion|SomethingForDeletion]] ([[User talk:SomethingForDeletion|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SomethingForDeletion|contribs]]) 23:28, 21 February 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] I'm not savvy enough to know this, but is there any way to take into account someone's global edits in the edit filter? My guess is no, but you would know better. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 15 April 2023 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} Unless the filter itself is global, no. It is however possible to take into account global user groups, but that won't apply for the vast majority of users (it's useful for groups such as [[meta:GR|global rollback]] who can then use their rights here without being hit by the filter). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:03, 15 April 2023 (UTC) == 110.224.130.225 == ;Username : {{user|110.224.130.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:110.224.130.225}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Was adding one important guide about intellectual property ;Date and time : 11:03, 14 April 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{not done}}. You tried to add a link to a blog. That is not a reliable or useful source. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 21:09, 16 April 2023 (UTC) == 58.169.215.204 == ;Username : {{user|58.169.215.204}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:58.169.215.204}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 09:14, 21 April 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> Adding external links as required by my assignment and computer said no :For reference to other admins, this IP tried to paste the following under a "See also" section on [[Transportation Planning Casebook/Fast(er) Rail in NSW]]. I'll leave it to others as to whether these links are appropriate or not, as I'm a sysop primarily for anti-vandalism purposes. * Hawker Britton - Australia’s High-Speed Rail Network (History of High Speed Rail in Australia) (www.hawkerbritton.com/blog/2022/10/17/australias-high-speed-rail-network/) * A Profile of High Speed Railways - Internal Australian Government Brief (www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/other_001_a_profile_of_high-speed_railways.pdf) * The Story of (non-existent) High-Speed Rail in Australia - Railways Explained (www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rjvnpeqaj5s&ab_channel=RailwaysExplained) :--[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:21, 21 April 2023 (UTC) :Thanks @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]! For the IP, what is the purpose of including these external links as is? If it is for the purpose of references/citations, I'd recommend using the dedicated reference tool for that. I'm curious what the actual requirement in the assignment is. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:02, 21 April 2023 (UTC) ::Me too – and if these do have to be linked, is the YouTube link really necessary? (as someone who follows NSW HSR off-wiki, I also question if it's the one of the best off-wiki links) --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 12:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC) == Беспечная крыса == ;Username : {{user|Беспечная крыса}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Беспечная крыса}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Ada_Style_Guide/Programming_Practices]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ada_Style_Guide/Programming_Practices}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : A big part of section 5 is missing. I'm appending the lost part. The part contains external links to Ada Reference Manual as adahome site. ;Date and time : 11:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 78.3.89.31 == ;Username : {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[False Friends of the Slavist/Croatian-Bosnian]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:False Friends of the Slavist/Croatian-Bosnian}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I'm trying to remove "sedmica" as Croatian translation of week, this word is never used for "week" in Croatian, only "tjedan". This is a false friend between Croatian and Serbian (and maybe Bosnian, no idea if Bosnian uses sedmica for week. ;Date and time : 21:12, 13 May 2023 (UTC) ;Comments See my response below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == 78.3.89.31 == ;Username : {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[False Friends of the Slavist/Polish-Croatian]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:False Friends of the Slavist/Polish-Croatian}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to fix the "droga" false friend, current translation for Croatian is wrong. This should be placed instead: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/FalseFriends|ff77 |Pol. '''''droga''''' |1. ''cesta'' ‘road’<br>2. ''put'' ‘way (of doing things)’ |Cr. '''''droga''''' |Pol. ''używka'' ‘illegal drug, narcotic’ |doba}} ;Date and time : 21:30, 13 May 2023 (UTC) ;Comments See my response below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == 78.3.89.31 == ;Username : {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Can't report error while trying to add the meaning of "arch" for luk/łuk in Polish-Croatian false friends ;Date and time : 21:41, 13 May 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Well I'm done trying. If you fix this filter bump this thread. :Hello! My best guess about what happened is that you unwittingly tripped a global anti-vandalism filter since one of your edits contained profanity, and then repeated editing attempts tripped wikibooks-specific repeated vandalism filters. I'm not an expert on the edit filters, so someone with more experience may correct me. If you'd like to do more significant editing without the risk of tripping filters designed for IP vandals, you may wish to create an account. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:26, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == The Yennefer == ;Username : {{user|The Yennefer}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:The Yennefer}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Reading room/General}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to add link needed for deciding if the linked book can be added to wikibooks. ;Date and time : 16:34, 14 May 2023 (UTC) ;Comments :Hello! It looks like the filter caught you since there are restrictions on new users posting links in order to prevent vandalism. I will note that when I investigated the link you were trying to post, it was broken and didn't link to anything. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == Richard Vinke == ;Username : {{user|Richard Vinke}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Richard Vinke}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[<link to translate manual>]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:<link to translate manual>}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I try to add the following line, with external link to the end of the section "translate". To align an element to another element, the function align() can be used. See <external link>. ;Date and time : 13:46, 7 June 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Hello! It looks like you were trying to add a raw link to that page. To prevent link spamming, very new users are not permitted to do so; additionally, in that context, you may wish to use a citation instead. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:41, 7 June 2023 (UTC) == Gieyan81 == ;Username : {{user|Gieyan81}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Gieyan81}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 21:53, 15 June 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :this happens as you are a new editor trying to insert URLs (hyperlinks). Save the edit with no URLs initially. You can come back and add them, one or two at a time, and after a few days the system will recognise that you are not trying to spam. By the way, one of the links you tried to insert was to Wikipedia. There is a way of doing this without a URL: enter '''<nowiki>[[w:the wikipedia page name|a description]]</nowiki>''' [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 07:53, 16 June 2023 (UTC). == EP426 == ;Username : {{user|EP426}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:EP426}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Themes_in_Literature%2FIsolation_and_Community%2FThe_Deluded_Self&veswitched=1&oldid=0&veaction=edit]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Themes_in_Literature%2FIsolation_and_Community%2FThe_Deluded_Self&veswitched=1&oldid=0&veaction=edit}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Copy pasting sandbox wikibook into a blank and new wikibook provided by the professor, yet the system won't let me as it considers it a large edit. IP Large Edits ;Date and time : 09:18, 17 June 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Hello! My guess is that this is happening because you're a new user trying to make a large edit. I recommend breaking it up into multiple smaller edits to resolve the issue. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:45, 17 June 2023 (UTC) == 2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66 == ;Username : {{user|2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 11:51, 29 June 2023 (UTC) ;Comments I am filling in my chapter for a wiki book and I am unable to publish changes due to an editing filter :Hello—contributors who are not logged in are restricted in the size of their edits. I recommend making multiple smaller edits. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:04, 29 June 2023 (UTC) == 2A01:7C8:AAB2:30E:5054:FF:FE9A:5545 == ;Username : {{user|%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%7Ctimestamp%3D%7B%7Bsubst%3ACURRENTTIMESTAMP%7D%7D}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%7Ctimestamp%3D%7B%7Bsubst%3ACURRENTTIMESTAMP%7D%7D}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 07:29, 4 August 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> I thinking ever link need alternative some of countries pastebin.com didn't work.}} == Amirx324 == ;Username : {{user|Amirx324}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Amirx324}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 14:57, 14 August 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :Thanks for drawing our attention to your spamming; you are now blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:29, 14 August 2023 (UTC) == Teuxe == ;Username : {{user|Teuxe}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Teuxe}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[X86_Disassembly/Analysis_Tools]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:X86_Disassembly/Analysis_Tools}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I wanted to add a reference to ImHex which is a must-know free and open-source hex editor with lots of tools. ;Date and time : 13:54, 3 August 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{ping|Teuxe}} try writing the reference without the link (just remove the "https://" bit), then you or another user can add it back in sometime later. You will need to be autoconfirmed to add links to most pages. {{User:L10nM4st3r/sig.css}} 18:23, 3 August 2023 (UTC) :Done (but too quick, I wasn't logged in...). Thanks. [[User:Teuxe|Teuxe]] ([[User talk:Teuxe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Teuxe|contribs]]) 15:50, 18 August 2023 (UTC) == Aletheajohnn == ;Username : {{user|Aletheajohnn}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Aletheajohnn}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 05:34, 30 August 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Promotion like this is prohibited on Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:31, 30 August 2023 (UTC) == Tanbiruzzaman == ;Username : {{user|Tanbiruzzaman}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tanbiruzzaman}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Bob Baker Vs Rocky Marciano 2.3.56]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Bob Baker Vs Rocky Marciano 2.3.56}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was just reverting vandalism on the page, but triggered by the Filter description: Abuse 23 ;Date and time : 13:39, 3 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == to upper case method for c# == ;Username : {{user|212.219.48.125}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:212.219.48.125}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/202 4]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/202 4}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to put a method to convert to upper case for c# ;Date and time : 13:41, 15 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Tony Rose Orge-Monzales == ;Username : {{user|Tony Rose Orge-Monzales}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tony Rose Orge-Monzales}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[= '''Educational Developments in the Philippines''' =]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:= '''Educational Developments in the Philippines''' =}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Published my work with no external links ;Date and time : 09:46, 17 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 87.58.32.132 == ;Username : {{user|87.58.32.132}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:87.58.32.132}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : A few months after Elizabeth II died, I copied and repurposed some material about Charles III from this article into the article [[Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/The House of Windsor]]. When I tried deleting the now redundant Charles biography on "Future monarchs", it kept warning me that I was deleting large amounts of material. I wrote a message on the [[Wikijunior talk:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs|"Future monarchs" talk page]] asking someone else to delete the Charles bio, but no one has done so. I probably should have come here and asked for help back then, and I apologize for not doing that. I would appreciate if someone who is authorized to do so deleted the Charles bio at "Future monarchs". Thank you. ;Date and time : 06:56, 20 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments {{done}} Thanks for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:32, 20 September 2023 (UTC) == Fabrickator == ;Username : {{user|Fabrickator}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Fabrickator}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[[[Professionalism/Boston's Big Dig Project]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[Professionalism/Boston's Big Dig Project]]}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : rescue broken "boston.com" link with Wayback link ;Date and time : 16:43, 29 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Heads-up: I went to look at the wayback link in order to add it in manually for you, but it was broken. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == Adolfo Martin Fuentes == ;Username : {{user|Adolfo Martin Fuentes}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Adolfo Martin Fuentes}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[BASIC Programming]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:BASIC Programming}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was adding two links to normative documents ;Date and time : 15:23, 7 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Adolfo Martin Fuentes == ;Username : {{user|Adolfo Martin Fuentes}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Adolfo Martin Fuentes}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[BASIC_Programming/Introduction]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:BASIC_Programming/Introduction}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was creating a new page as a framework for subsequent editing ;Date and time : 18:59, 7 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Mikedavid.1525 == ;Username : {{user|Mikedavid.1525}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mikedavid.1525}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I've made a slight modification to the text to enhance clarity and flow: here my updated text online Python editor and compiler that allows you to run your Python code without the need for any installation. With this convenient web-based tool, you can write, test, and execute Python code instantly. ;Date and time : 09:18, 8 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 92.17.242.176 == ;Username : {{user|92.17.242.176}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:92.17.242.176}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Ohio_7th_Grade_World_History/Spread_and_Impact_of_the_Black_Death]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ohio_7th_Grade_World_History/Spread_and_Impact_of_the_Black_Death}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : orthographic and grammatical corrections. Also, plague is caused by a bacterium, not by a virus as wrongly stated in one of the sections of this article ;Date and time : 07:21, 18 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :What were you doing when you made the edit? ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 08:00, 18 October 2023 (UTC) ::This was a good edit that fell foul of an edit filter because your account (or IP address in this case) is new. It was triggered by including the word "suck" which is a common word for vandals to insert. I have made the edit for you. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:16, 18 October 2023 (UTC) == Kdmz == ;Username : {{user|Kdmz}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kdmz}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Arabic/Online_resources]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Arabic/Online_resources}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Tried to add a new Arabic resource which presents an Arabic keyboard with a unique automatic diacritization feature and comprehensive Arabic grammar lessons from beginner to advanced levels but the edit triggered an automated throttle. ;Date and time : 18:45, 15 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments :{{ping|Kdmz}} Post a link that isnt the actual link, so like this: '''example.com/example''' instead of '''https://example.com/example'''. Then another user who can post external links will/should come along and make it a link. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 08:08, 17 October 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Kdmz}} My original ping didnt work, now the issue has been fixed ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 08:34, 17 October 2023 (UTC) :::Ok done [[User:Kdmz|Kdmz]] ([[User talk:Kdmz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kdmz|contribs]]) 19:14, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Daeraxa == ;Username : {{user|Daeraxa}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Daeraxa}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_an_external_Editor_with_OpenSCAD]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_an_external_Editor_with_OpenSCAD}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Attempting to add links to the "Support of external editors" section in order to add the link to both the Pulsar editor homepage and the relevant package - particularly relevant as Pulsar is the only actively maintained and developed fork of Atom and has nearly all of Atom's original packages. No commercial link spamming here as Pulsar is completely FOSS and has no monetisation other than a few donation links on the webpage in order to try and offset hosting costs. (Unrelated but this page keeps prompting to hit a "Save page" button which does not appear to exist? This is in the instructions banner as well as in the acceptance for ToS and Privacy Policy). ;Date and time : 18:33, 12 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Sorry this got missed! I made the edit for you since there are restrictions on new/inexperienced users adding external links due to spam. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:35, 21 November 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for sorting that, part of the URL got missed (probably by me initially) so I've added it in and it seems to have let me do it. [[User:Daeraxa|Daeraxa]] ([[User talk:Daeraxa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Daeraxa|contribs]]) 03:06, 21 November 2023 (UTC) == 204.116.105.26 == ;Username : {{user|204.116.105.26}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:204.116.105.26}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Ancient History/Greece/Mycenaean Civilization]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ancient History/Greece/Mycenaean Civilization}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : My friend tried to make a joke and put "I AM A DINOSAUR" on my other friend's computer and I was trying to change it back to "The Iliad" ;Date and time : 20:13, 4 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == O andras == ;Username : {{user|O andras}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:O andras}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/What_is_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/Legal_Perspective]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/What_is_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/Legal_Perspective}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : An external URL now results in HTTP 404, so I was replacing it with an archive.org version instead. ;Date and time : 18:52, 6 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Joris Darlington Quarshie == ;Username : {{user|Joris Darlington Quarshie}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Joris Darlington Quarshie}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Creating User:Joris Darlington Quarshie/Userscript/Chapter Progress Tracker]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Creating User:Joris Darlington Quarshie/Userscript/Chapter Progress Tracker}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was creating a page for a userscript i just created for wikibooks. ;Date and time : 11:42, 13 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments @[[User:Joris Darlington Quarshie]] It looks like you were flagged due to the presence of links in your edit, since new users have restrictions on adding links to pages. Would you like me to add the content for you? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:55, 16 December 2023 (UTC) == RandomEditin == ;Username : {{user|RandomEditin}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:RandomEditin}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=OpenSCAD_User_Manual/DXF_Extrusion]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_the_2D_Subsystem}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to fix link rot by replacing the link with a archived version. ;Date and time : 04:43, 20 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments I've fixed it for you. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Helrasincke == ;Username : {{user|Helrasincke}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Helrasincke}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[LaTeX/Special_Characters#External_links]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:LaTeX/Special_Characters#External_links}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Triggered throttle whilst attempting to replace dead URLs with archived versions. Please rectify. Cheers ;Date and time : 11:19, 26 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments {{done}} cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:07, 26 December 2023 (UTC) == 213.175.171.242 == ;Username : {{user|213.175.171.242}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:213.175.171.242}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Ke2/3...Qe4]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Ke2/3...Qe4}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to add some content about the last move, but I got blocked by 'repeated vandalism attempts'. But, I was trying to add content to it! ;Date and time : 16:10, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 139.130.241.224 == ;Username : {{user|139.130.241.224}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:139.130.241.224}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Sandbox}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to experiment with the sandbox, but a filter said that my edit will not be published as it is considers it as vandalism. ;Date and time : 08:19, 3 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == SociableFish == ;Username : {{user|SociableFish}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:SociableFish}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[More C++ Idioms/Curiously Recurring Template Pattern]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:More C++ Idioms/Curiously Recurring Template Pattern}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to edit the CRTP page to add a simpler way you can do it in C++23 using explicit this parameter. Because people might not know what those 3 words mean, I wanted to make the 3 words link to the cppreference page about it. cppreference is the C++ reference wiki that most people use. ;Date and time : 19:24, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Hi {{ping|SociableFish}} New users are restricted in their ability to add links in order to prevent spam. I'd recommend adding everything but the link, and then someone else can help you. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:08, 6 January 2024 (UTC) == 49.187.16.86 == ;Username : {{user|49.187.16.86}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:49.187.16.86}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Sandbox}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I wanted to edit the Sandbox, isn't it a page for experimenting? Because it said that I am making unconstructive edits. Can you please fix this? ;Date and time : 03:05, 10 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]]:</span> do you know why this pinged a filter? It does seem like a reasonable use of the sandbox. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:22, 10 January 2024 (UTC) :{{re|Kittycataclysm}}, the IP hit filter 18 - that's a simple rate filter. Seemed like the user was trying to make (to the filter) quick edits; we should improve this. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:40, 12 January 2024 (UTC) ::Got it, thanks! Unfortunately, I'm not sure how to go about making this kind of change. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:23, 15 January 2024 (UTC) == Spindown == ;Username : {{user|Spindown}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Spindown}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[[[How to Solve the Rubik's Cube]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[How to Solve the Rubik's Cube]]}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was fleshing out part of the beginner methods section, since it had some material that was still in raw point form, and the instructions were incomplete. The link I provided, which triggered the spam filter, is a tutorial with diagrams that do a better job of explaining these steps. I would have added it as a citation, but I used a link to follow the style of the rest of the section. ;Date and time : 18:25, 12 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments Hi {{ping|Spindown}}! I'd recommend using citations over simply inserting links. I believe it is more appropriate for the book format and the way the link is being used. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:28, 15 January 2024 (UTC) :I agree that citations would be better, however that clashes with the format of the existing text. [[User:Spindown|Spindown]] ([[User talk:Spindown|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Spindown|contribs]]) 21:35, 5 April 2024 (UTC) == 110.54.146.208 == --[[Special:Contributions/110.54.146.208|110.54.146.208]] ([[User talk:110.54.146.208|discuss]])media<math><math></math>~ ;Username : {{user|110.54.146.208}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:110.54.146.208}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 07:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Zoetanya == ;Username : {{user|Zoetanya}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Zoetanya}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Creating About the DAReS project]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Creating About the DAReS project}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : insert an external link to the project to provide more information on it for incoming Hackathon participants ;Date and time : 05:02, 26 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Fabrickator == ;Username : {{user|Fabrickator}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Fabrickator}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Replace link for "European Dream of Progress and Enlightenment" with wayback link : Sadly, it wouldn't allow including the url I was adding so had to delete it ... now I try to add it : : web.archive.org/web/20080410041858/http://history-world.org/age_of_enlightenment.htm ;Date and time : 03:16, 9 February 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 96.230.237.221 == ;Username : {{user|96.230.237.221}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:96.230.237.221}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was adding clarification about a calculator program that caused my class and I confusion. I was editing the "Editing TI-Basic 84 Programming/ A Basic Program for clarity in using quotation marks/ string markers to enclose the message and make the program function. ;Date and time : 01:24, 28 February 2024 (UTC) ;Comments I added the clarification for you. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 February 2024 (UTC) == TomKeane03 == ;Username : {{user|TomKeane03}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TomKeane03}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Uploading my univeristy assignment as required. will not let me save. all my own work with appropriate in text referencing and bibliography. ;Date and time : 09:59, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ;Comments I believe this occurred because you are a new editor trying to make a large edit. Try making smaller edits. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:44, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == 223.24.187.153 == [[Special:Contributions/223.24.187.153|223.24.187.153]] ([[User talk:223.24.187.153|discuss]]) 16:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC) ;Username : {{user|223.24.187.153}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:223.24.187.153}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 16:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 172.59.218.11 == ;Username : {{user|172.59.218.11}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:172.59.218.11}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : change lbs-ft to ft-lbs for every torque setting listed. ;Date and time : 12:30, 18 March 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Dmlsjournal == ;Username : {{user|Dmlsjournal}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Dmlsjournal}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 01:56, 1 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Raidarr == ;Username : {{user|Raidarr}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Raidarr}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[User_talk:Kittycataclysm]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:Kittycataclysm}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Attempted notification that KC's impersonator on miraheze is locked and recommending a usurption request if there is an interest in claiming that name on miraheze in the future. ;Date and time : 14:39, 11 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Rodejong == ;Username : {{user|Rodejong}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Rodejong}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[User_talk:Kittycataclysm]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:Kittycataclysm}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to notify Kittycataclysm, that the impersonator at Miraheze now has been globally locked, but what ever message I try to send, the message is blocked by Operator873's Filter. - The message is: →I am a MH Volunteer. FYI, this user requested a new wiki, Global permissions and Stewardship within a day. And He/She referred to this account. So by coincident [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] confirmed my suspicion. Said user account is now disabled. I hope this takes away the awkward feeling it must give to have an imposter using your on-wiki presence. Kind regards<nowiki>, ~~~~</nowiki>← Not even "This user has been globally locked at MH." can be posted in that topic. Don't know what goes on, but this is weird. ;Date and time : 14:17, 11 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments {{ping|Leaderboard}} Do you know why this user and the user below encountered this issue with my talk page? The filter it tripped doesn't seem to be local. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:33, 11 April 2024 (UTC) :{{re|Kittycataclysm}}, it's a global filter maintained by {{re|Operator873}} - you probably can't see it because it's a hidden global filter. To Operator873: the filter message says that you intended to disable it, but you enabled it later. Can you adjust the filter to make use of global edit counts at least? Also, Kittycataclysm, you may want to apply for [[meta:AFH|abuse filter helper]] as that will allow you to view these global filters if this helps you in diagnosing these issues better (but it's optional). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC) ::{{re|Rodejong|Raidarr}} - pinging you with the explanation above. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC) :::Thank you very much. At least @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] was notified. And a problem discovered that can be dealt with. All in all "2 flies in one smack" [[User:Rodejong|Rodejong]] ([[User talk:Rodejong|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodejong|contribs]]) 08:19, 12 April 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] I cannot. I'm no longer a steward, nor meta sysop. I'd suggest requesting that filter be disabled on [[meta:Steward_requests/Miscellaneous|Meta:SRM]] for assistance. [[User:Operator873|Operator873]] ([[User talk:Operator873|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Operator873|contribs]]) 04:05, 12 April 2024 (UTC) == 114.77.81.207 == ;Username : {{user|114.77.81.207}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:114.77.81.207}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Transportation Planning Casebook/Cross River Rail]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Transportation Planning Casebook/Cross River Rail}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to edit my university assignment, the error is claiming I am adding a link, although I have not added any link in the main body, only using the cite/reference tool. If I attempt to submit with the reference removed, it claims I am adding unconstructive information. ;Date and time : 07:42, 26 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments I'm not sure why this is getting flagged by the filter. {{ping|Leaderboard}} do you know what's going on here? My only recommendation would be to make an account. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:32, 26 April 2024 (UTC) :{{re|Kittycataclysm}} The links are the issue. I recommend the user to create an account, and reference properly (i.e, don't just put a bunch of links at the end). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:11, 26 April 2024 (UTC) == 108.35.187.110 == ;Username : {{user|108.35.187.110}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:108.35.187.110}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Arab]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Arab}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Since this page had a lot of content removed (the boy’s name and most of the girl’s name section), I was trying to bring it back, but for some reason, it kept giving me an error. Can you bring the removed content back? ;Date and time : 14:44, 25 May 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Bkil == ;Username : {{user|Bkil}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[JavaScript/Bookmarklets]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:JavaScript/Bookmarklets}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Replace a broken link with a web.archive.org version ;Date and time : 23:54, 6 June 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Gberkolaiko == ;Username : {{user|Gberkolaiko}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Gberkolaiko}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Quantum Graphs]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Quantum Graphs}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding a reference to a published article. ;Date and time : 20:39, 19 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} Already done by the user. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) == Hordes222 == ;Username : {{user|Hordes222}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Hordes222}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[User_talk:SHB2000]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:SHB2000}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I am trying to ask about creating a short page for the Irish Gambit (which would be Chess Opening Theory/1. e4 e5 2. Nf6 Nc6 3. Nxe5??). The page had been previously protected for vandalism, which triggered the filter, but my proposed edit is unrelated to said vandalism (see [[User:Hordes222/sandbox|my sandbox]] for what I would add). ;Date and time : 22:52, 6 May 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} Appears to now exist at [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nxe5]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) == 92.29.137.45 == ;Username : {{user|92.29.137.45}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:92.29.137.45}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:14, 15 May 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{Not done}} Doesn't appear constructive, and you don't appear to have provided any summary to explain the edit. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) == Bkil == ;Username : {{user|Bkil}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[User:Bkil]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : tried to link to Wikipedia ;Date and time : 23:57, 6 June 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) == TheMonkeyEatsBananas == ;Username : {{user|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TheMonkeyEatsBananas}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:SHB2000]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:SHB2000}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was seeking to add a new message to SHB2000's unarchived discussion page to discuss the false report that I filed above. However, this resulted in this new message also being automatically removed. ;Date and time : 06:16, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{re|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} - can you try your previous edit on Physics again? Regarding the issue with {{re|SHB2000}}, the problem is that she (alongside a few other contributors) has been the target of harassment, which is why that edit was blocked. This will no longer happen once you get some experience. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:43, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :I've amended the abuse filter to set this wiki as an exception (in addition to enwikivoyage), but Leaderboard has said everything that you [TheMonkeyEatsBananas] need to know. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] Thank you for your reply. :Unfortunately with the Physics project, I didn't back up my work immediately before saving it. However, with about 20-30 minutes of spare time, I'll probably be able to attempt my edit again on the Unit 1 subpage of the project. I'll try this after I send this reply. :Also, regarding harassment of any user on Wikimedia, that's particularly awful, and I hope the broader community is seeking to find a solution to further limit and prevent such activity. [[User:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|TheMonkeyEatsBananas]] ([[User talk:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheMonkeyEatsBananas|contribs]]) 08:22, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::You can usually check the content of what you wrote before it was blocked on <span class="plainlinks>[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser=TheMonkeyEatsBananas Special:AbuseLog]</span>. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 09:06, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::Thank you. To note, I don't yet have the permissions for that as my account is still under four days old. I was able to rewrite what I had from the back-up and I ran into the same error, specifically "IP Large Edits." Would the best approach for transferring the content be to simply wait until I'm a confirmed user? [[User:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|TheMonkeyEatsBananas]] ([[User talk:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheMonkeyEatsBananas|contribs]]) 09:23, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Yeah, I would say just wait till July 9 and then you'll become an autoconfirmed user. Unfortunately, we don't have any bureaucrats on this wiki to manually confirm you. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 09:43, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::{{re|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} A steward has overridden this for you - try now. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:15, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == LKreissig == ;Username : {{user|LKreissig}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:LKreissig}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Polyomino]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Polyomino}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Publishing has just been denied only because I mentioned the reputable online integer encyclopedia oeis.org. That is not any kind of commercial advertisement! ;Date and time : 23:53, 14 August 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :Just make the edit again with the URL omitted. Before doing so, make sure you name the page properly - it should be in a book, not a standalone page. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:34, 16 August 2024 (UTC) == TheMonkeyEatsBananas == ;Username : {{user|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TheMonkeyEatsBananas}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Physics Explained Through a Video Game]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Physics Explained Through a Video Game}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : An introduction to classical mechanics with visual content from the website Bonk.io, a multiplayer physics game with a freely licensed policy for user-generated content. Although it uses examples from a video game as visual aids, the textbook only discusses real-world physics. The filtered edit was a transfer of Unit 1 of the textbook from the Bonk.io Wiki, a wiki under Fandom, Inc., to Wikibooks. To note, I am the only contributor of the original textbook content. My intention was to move the content from the Bonk.io Wiki to a more appropriate location and continue my work on the project here. Thank you for your consideration. ;Date and time : 22:06, 5 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{not done}} {{ping|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} The edit needs attribution. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == Kamui Kazi == ;Username : {{user|Kamui Kazi}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kamui Kazi}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[PSP/Translation_Projects]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:PSP/Translation_Projects}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Add my translation project to the list of active projects ;Date and time : 16:34, 24 September 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:57, 25 September 2024 (UTC) == 24.183.148.225 == ;Username : {{user|24.183.148.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:24.183.148.225}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:34, 23 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:52, 25 September 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Ternera|Ternera]] help block @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9]] ([[User talk:2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|discuss]]) 22:06, 12 October 2024 (UTC) ::Bring it up with them, not me. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 22:08, 12 October 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) This IP has a global block in /64. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:33, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :Hi [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 17:58, 5 November 2024 (UTC) == 75.172.52.200 == ;Username : {{user|75.172.52.200}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:75.172.52.200}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:38, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{not done}} Please do not try to blank articles without a reason. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:35, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Why you are not done😭😭😭😭 [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 18:00, 5 November 2024 (UTC) == Mdhor123 == ;Username : {{user|Mdhor123}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mdhor123}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Added a bunch of shortcuts to the list, but wasn't allowed to add the source. ;Date and time : 09:28, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :As a new editor, adding an external link can trigger the edit filter like this. It wasn't the shortcuts that caused the problem, it was the URL. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:01, 4 November 2024 (UTC) == Tres Libras == ;Username : {{user|Tres Libras}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tres Libras}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Anti-spam filter. ;Date and time : 00:22, 19 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> I understand that this abuse filter is in place to protect enwikibooks from spam. I was only trying to revert a problematic edit on XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial. I’m not a regular contributor here; I mainly focus on combating cross-wiki vandalism and monitoring small wikis. Best regards. : Looks like this was taken care of—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:51, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == Ab12gu == ;Username : {{user|Ab12gu}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Ab12gu}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[OpenJSCAD_User_Guide]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:OpenJSCAD_User_Guide}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : want to add openjscad link ;Date and time : 22:54, 10 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> * It does not look like you triggered any filters on that page? [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 01:51, 3 January 2025 (UTC) == 108.35.187.110 == ;Username : {{user|108.35.187.110}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:108.35.187.110}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I am trying to add a link to a page on this very wiki I was about to revise for the false positive, but the filter flagged me for using an external link. The page in question is the Arab names section of Writing Adolescent Fiction, which had a lot of names removed by a vandal. ;Date and time : 04:18, 21 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:10, 16 January 2025 (UTC) == 58.145.184.218 == ;Username : {{user|58.145.184.218}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:58.145.184.218}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 21:11, 17 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|ndefm}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:41, 16 January 2025 (UTC) == 192.0.217.147 == ;Username : {{user|192.0.217.147}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:192.0.217.147}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Chess_Opening_Theory/1._c4/1…c5/2._b4 I was trying to write a page about the Queen's Wing Gambit. That's it, hopefully I'm not an idiot. ;Date and time : 07:29, 22 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|alreadydone}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:49, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == 89.164.23.10 ah ffs, I was just trying to correct my spelling, but if wiki objects, whatever == ;Username : {{user|89.164.23.10}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:89.164.23.10}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 23:03, 2 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments I've fixed this for you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 3 January 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E == ;Username : {{user|2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Huh? ;Date and time : 16:56, 30 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 204.100.235.104 == ;Username : {{user|204.100.235.104}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:204.100.235.104}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding updated information about modems ;Date and time : 22:01, 11 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == AidenPrydeJF == ;Username : {{user|AidenPrydeJF}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:AidenPrydeJF}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Haskell/Getting set up]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Haskell/Getting set up}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Eliminated verbosity. Added links to Haskell Discord and IRC for Haskell environment installation assistance ;Date and time : 17:55, 1 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Jacobdgm == ;Username : {{user|Jacobdgm}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Jacobdgm}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[[[User:Jacobdgm]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[User:Jacobdgm]]}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to add a link to my Wikipedia User page. I also tried to add a link to my personal website, similar to the link present on my Wikipedia User page, but even when I removed it, I continued to get the error message upon clicking "Publish". (Notably, I'm not even able to add a link to my Wikipedia User page [or, for that matter, my Wikibooks User page via URL] here. It's the same username, just in the Wikipedia domain.) I'm guessing the main reason I'm getting an error message is because my Wikibooks account wasn't activated until a few minutes ago, when I made an edit to a recipe. But it does seem a bit silly that I should not be able to link to other Wikipedia/Wikibooks pages... ;Date and time : 17:01, 31 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|defm}} The problem here is that you wrote the link to Wikipedia as https://..., which falls under the [[w:regular expression|regular expression]] for external links. I will look into the possibility of exempting links to Wikimedia projects from the filter. – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:49, 31 January 2025 (UTC) :We would rather prefer ''not'' using bare links and rather use relative URLs (i.e, [[wikipedia:]]) [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:30, 1 February 2025 (UTC) ::I do think we should allow bare links, since those are often used when linking to diffs or log entries (including on the local project). [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:34, 1 February 2025 (UTC) :::OK fair but that's not usually the case from my experience. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 03:02, 1 February 2025 (UTC) :::Are there not ways to link to these without bare linking? Like [[Special:Diff]]? It seems like unambiguously valid cases of bare-linking are rare, and discouraging bare-linking seems like a useful way to help reduce spamming. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 1 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Those options do exist, however it took me quite a while to learn about them when I was new to the Wikimedia movement, and new users are precisely those users to whom this filter applies. Equally, users might not be aware of interwiki links ([[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Archives/2024/December#Can_one_publish_single_articles_on_Wikibooks?|example]]), or the <code><nowiki>[{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} edit]</nowiki></code> trick to link to a page's edit box (generally, only relatively advanced MediaWiki users are familiar with that one). Also, I find it hard to understand how exactly you could spam by linking to a Wikimedia project. Most spammers that we attempt to catch with this filter are attempting to use Wikimedia for [[w:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]] purposes, and linking to other Wikimedia projects seems like a very poor way of doing that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:05, 1 February 2025 (UTC) == 1.46.150.177 == ;Username : {{user|1.46.150.177}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:1.46.150.177}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : [[User:JJPMaster|I]] did not attempt to make this edit, but I found it while patrolling [[Special:AbuseLog]], and the "Repeated vandalism attempts" filter should not have applied. The user previously made two legitimate edits that were not caught by the filter a minute prior, but the RVA filter disallowed it. ;Date and time : 00:30, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Backofficeaccountant == ;Username : {{user|Backofficeaccountant}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Backofficeaccountant}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : i want a edit a external link on my main page as a reference . please allow my page to do it it is necessary because of copyrights. ;Date and time : 11:25, 15 February 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> i want a edit a external link on my main page as a reference . please allow my page to do it it is necessary because of copyrights. :You are trying to spam a link to your website, which isn't allowed. And now you are blocked, goodbye. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:30, 17 February 2025 (UTC) == Ujumrfr == ;Username : {{user|Ujumrfr}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Ujumrfr}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:42, 11 March 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:35, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == CBID2 == ;Username : {{user|CBID2}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:CBID2}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Open Source Wikibooks]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Open Source Wikibooks}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to add a section about Christine Peterson(she came up with the name "open source" and I felt that it was important to add this information to give her proper acknowledgment because she and other women in the open source community are often not acknowledged for their efforts). Unfortunately, I keep getting an error message anytime I try to publish it. Can anyone help me solve it? ;Date and time : 17:12, 11 April 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : The link you've included aside, I don't think the quote you tried to add about the origin of the term "open source" is particularly useful. Also, the page you attempted to edit is [[Open Source]], not [[Open Source Wikibooks]] (which doesn't exist). [[User:TTWIDEE|TTWIDEE]] ([[User talk:TTWIDEE|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TTWIDEE|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Locahox603 == ;Username : {{user|Locahox603}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Locahox603}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 16:07, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:33, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == Kcapoor == ;Username : {{user|Kcapoor}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kcapoor}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 03:37, 28 April 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:02, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8 == ;Username : {{user|2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[[[OpenSCAD User Manual/Input Devices]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[OpenSCAD User Manual/Input Devices]]}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to improve the OpenSCAD input device manual, and added some links to the Debian and Arch linux wikis. Nothing too objectionable. I did spend some time making sure I was improving that page, so it'd be nice if those changes are accepted. ;Date and time : 11:00, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|d}} Note that I removed the last sentence, which is unnecessary. Otherwise, your edit looked fine to implement. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:56, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 38.211.149.56 == ;Username : {{user|38.211.149.56}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:38.211.149.56}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 10:52, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:56, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 176.1.132.105 == ;Username : {{user|176.1.132.105}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:176.1.132.105}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : trying to add a source with a link via doi . org ;Date and time : 22:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|d|https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice&diff=prev&oldid=4519425}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 13:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) == {{subst:136472 Makemake}} == ;Username : {{user|2601:2C6:580:1960:9DF8:EF8C:BD2D:E975}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2601:2C6:580:1960:9DF8:EF8C:BD2D:E975}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[(1364720 Makemake]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:(1364720 Makemake}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was editing it but it said "We are sorry, your edit can not be completed at this time. Your recent edits have repeatedly triggered the edit filter. To prevent users from repeatedly attempting to make unconstructive edits, your edit has been disallowed. If this is not your intention, we apologize for the inconvenience but please report this error and try your edit again later." ;Date and time : 21:58, 20 June 2025 (UTC) ;Comments The edit was blocked as likely vandalism. While you weren't attempting to vandalise, you were copying and pasting text from Wikipedia which is a breach of the site license. If you wish to import text from Wikipedia, please request an import at [[WB:RFI]] [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:35, 23 June 2025 (UTC) : Per the response above, I am marking as {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:00, 29 June 2025 (UTC) == Makerofjacket == Hello, I attempted to add an external link to makerofjacket.com as a relevant reference for leather fashion and design. The brand is mentioned in the context of leather skirt styles and is directly related to the subject. This is not promotional or spam content the link supports the topic and gives readers a source for further exploration. :It is spam, as is your username, so you are now blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:21, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == 185.164.156.170 == ;Username : {{user|185.164.156.170}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:185.164.156.170}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 18:53, 27 June 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|d}} Though I'll put in a separate edit to fix your link, since it appears to be dead, and I've found a working one online. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:45, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == ValWinter == ;Username : {{user|ValWinter}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:ValWinter}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Swedish]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Swedish}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I wanted to add the Swedish Phrasebook from Wikivoyage in the See Also section. Other WikiMedia sites related to the Swedish language were linked and I wanted to add this as well. My reason is through researching language acquisition people recommend using phrasebooks as a good starting place for learning essential grammar/words. If this is inappropriate I apologize and won't do it again. ;Date and time : 20:14, 1 July 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nd}} {{ping|ValWinter}} I don't think this needs to be in there, as the Swedish language sites are probably enough, but thank you for your contribution! [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:48, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :: For filter 7, this shouldn’t have tripped on Wikipedia URLs which are disallowed by another filter. I'll try to fix that filter later, and perhaps filter 44. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])</span> 03:51, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::{{ping|Codename Noreste}} I might suggest, by the way, that [[Special:AbuseLog/305229]] should not have been disallowed on this page, in the interests of allowing a user to report a perceived false positive to the noticeboard. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 04:12, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::Implementing a fix right now… <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])</span> 04:15, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::: [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]]: {{EFFP|fixed|Codename Noreste}} I tested this, and the false positive hit did not match. I also excluded some Wikimedia domains in addition to <code><ref</code>. The filter should now trip if http is in added_lines then added_links. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])</span> 04:24, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == MooseGooseTruce == ;Username : {{user|MooseGooseTruce}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:MooseGooseTruce}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[LaTeX/Installation]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:LaTeX/Installation}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding a link to the popular and well-maintained LaTeX plugin VimTeX to the Vim section. ;Date and time : 08:53, 17 July 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|nd|The filter is working correctly as it prevents new users from adding external links, but I am not sure if Github is considered acceptable to add such links to books}} <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:04, 21 July 2025 (UTC) == Kristien86 == ;Username : {{user|Kristien86}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kristien86}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Liberty/Suspension/Shocks_%26_Struts&veaction=edit&section=9]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Liberty/Suspension/Shocks_%26_Struts&veaction=edit&section=9}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Add an external link to Freedom Offroad USA - https://freedomoffroadusa.com/ ;Date and time : 20:53, 10 July 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :That was correctly blocked as probable spam. Please discuss on the page's talk page if you think there is value in adding the link [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:39, 11 July 2025 (UTC) : {{EFFP|nd}} <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:03, 11 July 2025 (UTC) :Freedom Offroad USA is a similar/competitor company with the others listed/linked to. We added a valuable section on the topic of the page. Can we please have the link added? [[User:Kristien86|Kristien86]] ([[User talk:Kristien86|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kristien86|contribs]]) 22:25, 29 July 2025 (UTC) == Tonyroberts2 == ;Username : [[:b:User:Tonyroberts2|Tonyroberts2]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Tonyroberts2|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Tonyroberts2|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Tonyroberts2|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Tonyroberts2}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Tonyroberts2}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Tonyroberts2}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Python_Programming/Excel]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPython_Programming%2FExcel}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPython_Programming%2FExcel&wpSearchUser=Tonyroberts2}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Adding a section for PyXLL (and Excel add-in mentioned on this page with no further information). Added a link to the PyXLL website (pyxll.com), which is consistent with other sections on this page. ;Date and time : 11:55, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Qbancoffee == ;Username : [[:b:User:Qbancoffee|Qbancoffee]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Qbancoffee|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Qbancoffee|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Qbancoffee|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Qbancoffee}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Qbancoffee}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Qbancoffee}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=DriveWire_4]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDriveWire_4}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDriveWire_4&wpSearchUser=Qbancoffee}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I'm trying to add content in the way of links and citations to a manual I am putting together for DriveWire 4 ;Date and time : 19:19, 11 October 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|f|Codename Noreste}} I went ahead and excluded a legitimate link, so it should not trigger the filter anymore. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:29, 12 October 2025 (UTC) == ~2025-60584-5 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2025-60584-5|~2025-60584-5]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2025-60584-5|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2025-60584-5|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2025-60584-5|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2025-60584-5}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2025-60584-5}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2025-60584-5}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonian/Alphabet]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMacedonian%2FAlphabet}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMacedonian%2FAlphabet&wpSearchUser=%7E2025-60584-5}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Corrected the confusion between phonemic transcription (using the IPA standard and square brackets) and graphemic transcription (using local or international standards and angled brackets). Shortened and clarified some examples in the "notes" section as to not confuse the reader on sounds that cannot be approximated in the English language ;Date and time : 22:11, 13 September 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|f|Codename Noreste}} '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:28, 26 October 2025 (UTC) == NigoraJurayeva == ;Username : [[:b:User:NigoraJurayeva|NigoraJurayeva]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:NigoraJurayeva|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/NigoraJurayeva|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/NigoraJurayeva|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:NigoraJurayeva}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:NigoraJurayeva}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=NigoraJurayeva}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 18:41, 13 November 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:01, 15 November 2025 (UTC) == Imona61 == ;Username : [[:b:User:Imona61|Imona61]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Imona61|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Imona61|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Imona61|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Imona61}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Imona61}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Imona61}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:07, 13 November 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:54, 15 November 2025 (UTC) == Blogger-booster == ;Username : [[:b:User:Blogger-booster|Blogger-booster]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Blogger-booster|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Blogger-booster|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Blogger-booster|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Blogger-booster}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Blogger-booster}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Blogger-booster}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 12:24, 16 November 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 23:51, 16 November 2025 (UTC) == Aroaceattorney == ;Username : [[:b:User:Aroaceattorney|Aroaceattorney]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Aroaceattorney|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Aroaceattorney|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Aroaceattorney|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Aroaceattorney}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Aroaceattorney}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Aroaceattorney}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[canadian refugee procedure]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=canadian+refugee+procedure}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=canadian+refugee+procedure&wpSearchUser=Aroaceattorney}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to add links of IRCC and CBSA's operational instructions and guidelines to the Home page of Canadian Refugee Procedure because I think it's useful for the readers to know how could the IRCC and/or CBSA handles an application. ;Date and time : 00:05, 21 December 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:29, 21 December 2025 (UTC) == ~2025-37703-14 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2025-37703-14|~2025-37703-14]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2025-37703-14|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2025-37703-14|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2025-37703-14|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2025-37703-14}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2025-37703-14}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2025-37703-14}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming/Platform/POSIX]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAda_Programming%2FPlatform%2FPOSIX}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAda_Programming%2FPlatform%2FPOSIX&wpSearchUser=%7E2025-37703-14}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Just trying to update a dead link. My last edit removed the old link, but soon afterward I found the new link. The new link is https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1003.5b/1429/ ;Date and time : 03:04, 3 December 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|d|4605219}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:09, 21 December 2025 (UTC) == ~2026-96124 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-96124|~2026-96124]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-96124|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-96124|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-96124|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-96124}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-96124}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-96124}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Limit_of_functions]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Math_for_Non-Geeks%2F_Limit_of_functions}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Math_for_Non-Geeks%2F_Limit_of_functions&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-96124}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : The article is an English translation of this article: https://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Serlo%3A_EN%3A_Limit_of_functions&uselang=en One of my collaborators translated it on de.wikibooks.org, while erroneously leaving a large proportion of German text at the bottom:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Limit_of_functions I copied the article here: https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks:_Grenzwert_von_Funktionen and I tried to remove the excess text, so the content is in sync with the original German article. ;Date and time : 17:49, 5 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|ad|Sascha Lill 95}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:55, 5 January 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-30281-5 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-30281-5|~2026-30281-5]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-30281-5|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-30281-5|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-30281-5|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-30281-5}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-30281-5}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-30281-5}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 21:12, 14 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:47, 18 January 2026 (UTC) == KT1234pro == ;Username : [[:b:User:KT1234pro|KT1234pro]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:KT1234pro|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/KT1234pro|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/KT1234pro|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:KT1234pro}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:KT1234pro}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=KT1234pro}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 06:54, 23 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:28, 24 January 2026 (UTC) == Standing Alone == ;Username : [[:b:User:Standing Alone|Standing Alone]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Standing Alone|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Standing Alone|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Standing Alone|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Standing Alone}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Standing Alone}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Standing+Alone}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[[[Python_Programming/Getting_Python|Python Programming]]]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BPython_Programming%2FGetting_Python%7CPython+Programming%5D%5D}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BPython_Programming%2FGetting_Python%7CPython+Programming%5D%5D&wpSearchUser=Standing+Alone}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Python_Programming/Getting_Python&diff=prev&oldid=4613227 change]] I was adding PyPy to the other distributions, and at the end, it mentioned the link to get the distribution. However, it seems that, due to spam prevention, the addition of external links is disabled. Could you please add this [[https://pypy.org/ link]] to that table? ;Date and time : 07:04, 23 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|d|diff}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:29, 26 January 2026 (UTC) == Davidlovechess == ;Username : [[:b:User:Davidlovechess|Davidlovechess]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Davidlovechess|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Davidlovechess|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Davidlovechess|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Davidlovechess}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Davidlovechess}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Pinyin]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Pinyin}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Pinyin&wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : deleting what i personally think is usless to the topic ;Date and time : 14:08, 4 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments :The edit was correctly blocked. A new editor deleting more than half the page because you "think is usless"[sic] was correctly identified as likely vandalism. I suggest you make smaller edits, and learn more about this project, before wading in to make large changes like this. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) </small> 17:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC) == Engmark == ;Username : [[:b:User:Engmark|Engmark]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Engmark|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Engmark|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Engmark|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Engmark}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Engmark}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Engmark}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[QEMU/Monitor]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=QEMU%2FMonitor}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=QEMU%2FMonitor&wpSearchUser=Engmark}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Update keys for QEMU 10.1.2 ;Date and time : 14:21, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|done|4618023}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:07, 7 February 2026 (UTC) == X5DragonFire == ;Username : [[:b:User:X5DragonFire|X5DragonFire]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:X5DragonFire|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/X5DragonFire|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/X5DragonFire|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:X5DragonFire}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:X5DragonFire}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=X5DragonFire}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Print version]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Animals%2FPrint+version}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Animals%2FPrint+version&wpSearchUser=X5DragonFire}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was editng the print version of the Anatomy and Physiology of Animals page to be more print friendly, and in doing so copied the image from Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Cardiovascular System into that page in order to replace a non-print-friendly template. The description of that image has a link to what I assume is the original creator of that image on Flickr. My guess is that's what is getting flagged. ;Date and time : 22:49, 5 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|done|4618018}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:01, 7 February 2026 (UTC) == Davidlovechess == ;Username : [[:b:User:Davidlovechess|Davidlovechess]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Davidlovechess|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Davidlovechess|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Davidlovechess|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Davidlovechess}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Davidlovechess}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Classical_Chinese/Lesson_6]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Classical_Chinese%2FLesson_6}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Classical_Chinese%2FLesson_6&wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : i was trying to replace the text ;Date and time : 10:06, 5 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments :{{EFFP|note}} I can verify that they are indeed making huge modifications to the lessons in [[Classical Chinese]], as the original texts were harder and longer, and many of the explanations for the original texts were incomplete. The texts that they use are simpler and are more useful as an introductory guide to Classical Chinese. [[Classical Chinese/Lesson 6]]'s text (“喜雨亭记”) was long and there is a huge table on the page; they are trying to replace the table with their own text. [[User:Jianhui67|'''<span style="color:#0E0">Jianhui67</span>''']]^{[[User talk:Jianhui67|<span style="color:#1E90FF">'''talk'''</span>]]<span style="color:red">★</span>[[Special:Contributions/Jianhui67|<span style="color:#1E90FF">'''contribs'''</span>]]} 11:12, 5 February 2026 (UTC) :{{EFFP|d|4618085}} Consider it done, as there seems to be no objections to the content replacement, though you might want to see what you can do with the original text 喜雨亭记. [[User:Jianhui67|'''<span style="color:#0E0">Jianhui67</span>''']]^{[[User talk:Jianhui67|<span style="color:#1E90FF">'''talk'''</span>]]<span style="color:red">★</span>[[Special:Contributions/Jianhui67|<span style="color:#1E90FF">'''contribs'''</span>]]} 17:07, 7 February 2026 (UTC) == WestenM86 == ;Username : [[:b:User:WestenM86|WestenM86]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:WestenM86|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/WestenM86|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/WestenM86|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:WestenM86}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:WestenM86}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=WestenM86}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Infrastructure+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Casebook%2FWashington+Metro}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Infrastructure+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Casebook%2FWashington+Metro&wpSearchUser=WestenM86}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : We are students who are just trying to figure out this system and make our start for this project made by our professor. We are allowed to do this by George Mason University. ;Date and time : 18:20, 20 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done|4620689}} I have added the text for you and moved the page to [[User:WestenM86/Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro]], but please do not try to remove {{tl|delete}} templates. – [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:42, 26 February 2026 (UTC) == VarastadDB == ;Username : [[:b:User:VarastadDB|VarastadDB]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:VarastadDB|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/VarastadDB|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/VarastadDB|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:VarastadDB}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:VarastadDB}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=VarastadDB}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[User:VarastadDerBedrosian]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3AVarastadDerBedrosian}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3AVarastadDerBedrosian&wpSearchUser=VarastadDB}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I am a new editor attempting to establish a biographical record for Varastad DerBedrosian, a computer scientist and founder of SecureUp Corp and GadgetWide Solutions. The initial "out of scope" flag likely triggered due to placeholder data from the account's setup phase. I am currently transitioning the content to a neutral, encyclopedic tone (WP:NPOV) and adding third-party citations to technical archives to verify the subject's historical impact on the cybersecurity and mobile utility sectors. I request the removal of the deletion tag to allow for these improvements in the Draft space. ;Date and time : 08:12, 28 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:28, 11 March 2026 (UTC) == Jon Peli Oleaga == ;Username : [[:b:User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Jon Peli Oleaga|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Jon Peli Oleaga}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Jon Peli Oleaga}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Jon+Peli+Oleaga}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=FORTRAN+program+for+calculating+representative+parameters+and+operating+conditions+of+AC+overhead+transmission+lines}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=FORTRAN+program+for+calculating+representative+parameters+and+operating+conditions+of+AC+overhead+transmission+lines&wpSearchUser=Jon+Peli+Oleaga}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I want to insert the code of the program and the input and output data of some examples; to show how data is entered and the coincidence of the results with what was said in the book of the Electric Power Researh Institute published 1n 1975 "Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kv and Above". I have generated all that information; directly or using the program.--[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 11:54, 11 March 2026 (UTC) ;Date and time : 11:54, 11 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Kingofnuthin == ;Username : [[:b:User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Kingofnuthin|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Kingofnuthin|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Kingofnuthin}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Kingofnuthin}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Kingofnuthin}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[America's voice]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=America%27s+voice}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=America%27s+voice&wpSearchUser=Kingofnuthin}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Needs removal of other deletion templates as i did a second CSD for previously deleted page. ;Date and time : 16:56, 25 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|fixed}} I changed a line of the filter so that certain user groups with <code>autoreview</code> are exempt. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:18, 27 March 2026 (UTC) == Dom32628 == ;Username : [[:b:User:Dom32628|Dom32628]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Dom32628|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Dom32628|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Dom32628|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Dom32628}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Dom32628}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Dom32628}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._c4/1...g5]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess_Opening_Theory%2F1._c4%2F1...g5}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess_Opening_Theory%2F1._c4%2F1...g5&wpSearchUser=Dom32628}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Added a link to Lichess.org in References. Lichess is free, open source and well regarded by the wiki community, showing the English Opening: Zilbermints Gambit. If there is a preferred referencing style to not reference lichess here, even if it is free & open source, let me know :) ;Date and time : 23:46, 27 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-21344-85 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-21344-85|~2026-21344-85]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-21344-85|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-21344-85|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-21344-85|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[I am looking to link the youtube videos corresponding to each episode]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=I+am+looking+to+link+the+youtube+videos+corresponding+to+each+episode}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=I+am+looking+to+link+the+youtube+videos+corresponding+to+each+episode&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : ;Date and time : 04:47, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-21344-85 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-21344-85|~2026-21344-85]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-21344-85|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-21344-85|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-21344-85|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[SJMFTVF/sandbox (keep as sandbox, is for Screen Junkies Movie Fights & TV Fights)]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=SJMFTVF%2Fsandbox+%28keep+as+sandbox%2C+is+for+Screen+Junkies+Movie+Fights+%26+TV+Fights%29}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=SJMFTVF%2Fsandbox+%28keep+as+sandbox%2C+is+for+Screen+Junkies+Movie+Fights+%26+TV+Fights%29&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Looking to update info for about 80 episodes, including links to the associated youtube videos. This has been done for previous episode summaries. Also, I have no way to prove this, but I am the creator of the page. I don't have access to the email associated with the SJMFTVF account anymore. ;Date and time : 06:56, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-22598-75 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-22598-75|~2026-22598-75]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-22598-75|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-22598-75|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-22598-75|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-22598-75}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-22598-75}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-22598-75}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=History+Books%2FWho+Was+Alexander+the+Great%2FIntroduction}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=History+Books%2FWho+Was+Alexander+the+Great%2FIntroduction&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-22598-75}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : The page was tagged for speedy deletion due to being a subpage of a nonexistent book, but I have since created the parent books. However, it won’t let me remove the tag, now that the problem has been addressed. Leave the rest of this page intact. --> ;Date and time : 17:39, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:15, 12 April 2026 (UTC) == Idavidmiller == ;Username : [[:b:User:Idavidmiller|Idavidmiller]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Idavidmiller|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Idavidmiller|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Idavidmiller|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Idavidmiller}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Idavidmiller}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Idavidmiller}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Maxima/Installation]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Maxima%2FInstallation}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Maxima%2FInstallation&wpSearchUser=Idavidmiller}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Revising this page as it is way too complex for the intended audience. The external links prevent copying extensive sections from project installation instruction pages. ;Date and time : 15:10, 20 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Idavidmiller|Idavidmiller]]:</span> I temporarily granted you confirmed user access so that the filter should not prevent you. It's in effect until Thursday, 10:14 AM CDT/15:14 UTC. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:16, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == Usp4pg == ;Username : [[:b:User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Usp4pg|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Usp4pg|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Usp4pg|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Usp4pg}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Usp4pg}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Usp4pg}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Lentis/AI: More Human Than You Think]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Lentis%2FAI%3A+More+Human+Than+You+Think}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Lentis%2FAI%3A+More+Human+Than+You+Think&wpSearchUser=Usp4pg}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : It is saying the edits I am making are unconstructive even though I added actual content to prevent it from falsely deleting the page. It will not allow me to publish changes. This is for a class project, and I am just starting to get the skeleton done. ;Date and time : 14:56, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]]:</span> I removed the tag as it was not a test page. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:12, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == LeventBulut == ;Username : [[:b:User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/LeventBulut|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:LeventBulut}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:LeventBulut}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=LeventBulut}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Objective+Projection%3A+Why+the+Brain+Never+Forgets+Some+Stories}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Objective+Projection%3A+Why+the+Brain+Never+Forgets+Some+Stories&wpSearchUser=LeventBulut}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I am the author of the Objective Projection methodology. I was trying to add a legitimate educational book to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. The filter blocked my edits twice — once for external links, once for content volume. All content is my own original work written specifically for Wikibooks. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on tr.wikibooks.org Open license declaration at leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ ;Date and time : 06:35, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]], the filters were working as intended, but I can adjust them. However, I've temporarily given you confirmed user access until 2026-04-29. Please note that this will exclude you from some commonly-hit filters, but not all of them to be exact. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:07, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == SHE-LOVES-BRIAN == ;Username : [[:b:User:SHE-LOVES-BRIAN|SHE-LOVES-BRIAN]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:SHE-LOVES-BRIAN|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/SHE-LOVES-BRIAN|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/SHE-LOVES-BRIAN|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:SHE-LOVES-BRIAN}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:SHE-LOVES-BRIAN}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=SHE-LOVES-BRIAN}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 14:35, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|note}} You are autoconfirmed, which means the filter shouldn't trigger on you anymore, but not all of them to be exact. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:58, 15 June 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-32360-90 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-32360-90|~2026-32360-90]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-32360-90|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-32360-90|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-32360-90|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-32360-90}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-32360-90}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-32360-90}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5/3. Qh5/3...Qe7]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess+Opening+Theory%2F1.+e4%2F1...e5%2F2.+Bc4%2F2...Bc5%2F3.+Qh5%2F3...Qe7}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess+Opening+Theory%2F1.+e4%2F1...e5%2F2.+Bc4%2F2...Bc5%2F3.+Qh5%2F3...Qe7&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-32360-90}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Trying to add a language ([[:fi:Shakki/rnb1k1nr;ppppqppp;8;2b1p2Q;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNB1K1NR w KQkq]]) was being flagged as unconstructive by the edit filter. ;Date and time : 15:57, 15 June 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|rf}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:57, 15 June 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-35089-83 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-35089-83|~2026-35089-83]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-35089-83|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-35089-83|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-35089-83|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-35089-83}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-35089-83}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-35089-83}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[[[Japanese/Kana]]]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BJapanese%2FKana%5D%5D}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BJapanese%2FKana%5D%5D&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-35089-83}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Tried replacing a dead link with a working version I found when I plugged the link into webarchive, since that's what I presumed I was meant to do when I found a dead link. ;Date and time : 01:27, 15 June 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:54, 15 July 2026 (UTC) mc3lpi2w47f80imaj0zpcbb7c6j7u8r 0 467768 4672852 4504473 2026-09-28T22:31:54Z Greenman 7490 /* King's Indian Defence: Orthodox Variation, 6...e5 */ ce 4672852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|King's Indian Defence: Orthodox Variation| |rd|nd|bd|qd| |rd|kd| |pd|pd|pd| | |pd|bd|pd| | | |pd| |nd|pd| | | | | |pd| | | | | |pl|pl|pl| | | | | |nl| | |nl| | |pl|pl| | |bl|pl|pl|pl|rl| |bl|ql|kl| | |rl}} ==King's Indian Defence: Orthodox Variation, 6...e5== The move e5 from Black attacks the center and gains space. The main line continues by White castling kingside to get the king away from the center, then Black plays Nc6 to gain space and develop a piece, which White immediately kicks with d5, forcing it to e7. From there, the game can branch off in several different ways. b4 makes a pawn storm on the queenside, with the rooks developing to support in the attack. In some games, Black's kingside knight goes to h5 then back to f6 on its own volition to push the f-pawn to f5 to destabilize the center and prepare g4. Ne1 eventually rotates the knight to the center after Nd3 where it can defend better against Black's counterattack, be protected from g4 as well as attack in the future. Black's kingside knight also moves to allow f5. d5 immediately locks the center, reaching a thematic position from the King's Indian Defense mainlines, with black trying to continue with the pawn storm using f5, h6, g5, and so on, whereas white tries to go for a similar pawn storm on the queenside, seeking to dislodge Black's attack. Castling is not a bad move, preserving the tension in the center, however black can later equalize with exd4, so white will have to show their cards soon. == Theory Table == '''1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3 O-O 6. Be2 e5''' {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" ! ! align="left" |7 ! align="left" |8 !9 !10 |- ! align="right" | |O-O Nc6 |d5 Ne7 |Ne1 Nd7 |Be3 f5 | +/= |- ! |... ... |... Nd4 |Nxd4 exd4 |Qxd4 Nd7 | +/= |} {{ChessMid}} 3w3r8yrean6v7w68ti3luiiimazga3x 0 470009 4672807 4669578 2026-09-28T16:27:30Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 introduce new page for copying content 4672807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shelves|Applied mathematics|University level mathematics books}}{{status|50%}}{{Under construction}} [[File:Titelbild MFNF mit Serlo-Logo.jpg|thumb|Title image of the German version by [[commons:User:Olivier Vidal|Olivier Vidal]] |center]] = Books = <div style="column-width: 50em;"> {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|buecher}} </div> = Important note = This book is a translated version of the book project [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks “Mathe für Nicht-Freaks”] on the German version of Wikibooks. Templates and modules do not yet work completely and are in the process of being adjusted. = Table of Contents = This page lists all chapters of the project “Math for Non-Geeks”. This page serves as an overview and the complete navigation and the tables of contents of the individual books are generated from it. {| class="wikitable" |+Legend !Symbol !Meaning |- |red link |Link to a chapter that does not yet exist and has yet to be written. |- |blue link |Chapter has already been created and contains content. |- |{{stage|0%}} |Progress 0% – Chapter has little or no content. The chapter must be rewritten or supplemented and revised. |- |{{stage|25%}} |Progress 25% – Chapter is currently under development, but still needs to be significantly expanded. |- |{{stage|50%}} |Progress 50% – Essential content is available, but important content still needs to be added (there are often ToDo notes on the page that still need to be added). |- |{{stage|75%}} |Progress 75% – Chapter is finished in terms of content, but still needs to be revised (correct spelling mistakes, change wording so that it is easier to understand or sounds better. Remove redundant expressions). |- |{{stage|100%}} |Progress 100% – The chapter is complete and has been proofread at least once. But you can also proofread again. In other words: correct spelling mistakes and improve the wording. These chapters (like all others) can also be supplemented content-wise. |} == Real Analysis == === Help === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Translating chapters|Translating chapters]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Guidelines for translation|Guidelines for translation]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sitemap|Sitemap]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Copy our content|Copy our content]] === Introduction === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/What is analysis?|What is analysis?]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Why studying analysis?|Why studying analysis?]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Propositional logic|Propositional logic]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Mathematical induction|Mathematical induction]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Real numbers|Real numbers]] {{stage|50%}} === Complex numbers === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction and motivation|Introduction and motivation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Definition of complex numbers|Definition of complex numbers]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Absolute value and conjugation|Absolute value and conjugation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Polar representation|Polar representation]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Drawing complex-valued functions|Drawing complex-valued functions]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Complex numbers|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Suprema and infima === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Supremum and infimum|Supremum and infimum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The infinite case|The infinite case]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove existence of a supremum or infimum|How to prove existence of a supremum or infimum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Properties of supremum and infimum|Properties of supremum and infimum]] {{stage|50%}} === Sequences === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequences|Sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Explicit and recursive description|Explicit and recursive description]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Examples and properties of sequences|Examples and properties of sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Sequences|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Convergence and divergence === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Limit: Convergence and divergence|Limit: Convergence and divergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove convergence and divergence|How to prove convergence and divergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Examples for limits|Examples for limits]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Unbounded sequences diverge|Unbounded sequences diverge]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Limit theorems|Limit theorems]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The squeeze theorem|The squeeze theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Monotonicity criterion|Monotonicity criterion]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove convergence for recursive sequences|How to prove convergence for recursive sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Convergence and divergence|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Subsequences, Accumulation points and Cauchy sequences === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subsequences|Subsequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Accumulation points of sequences|Accumulation points of sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Accumulation points of sets|Accumulation points of sets]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem|The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Divergence to infinity|Divergence to infinity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Divergence to infinity/Rules|Divergence to infinity: Rules]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Superior and inferior limit|Superior and inferior limit]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cauchy sequences|Cauchy sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Subsequences, Accumulation points, and Cauchy sequences|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Series === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Series|Series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Computation rules for series|Computation rules for series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Telescoping sums and series|Telescoping sums and series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Geometric series|Geometric series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Harmonic series|Harmonic series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exponential series|Exponential series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Absolute convergence of a series|Absolute convergence of a series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Rearrangement theorem for series|Rearrangement theorem for series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Series|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Convergence criteria for series === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Overview: Convergence criteria|Overview: Convergence criteria]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cauchy criterion|Cauchy criterion]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Term test|Term test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Bounded series and convergence|Bounded series and convergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Direct comparison test|Direct comparison test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Root test|Root test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Ratio test|Ratio test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Alternating series test|Alternating series test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Cauchy condensation test|Cauchy condensation test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Application of convergence criteria|Application of convergence criteria]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Convergence criteria for series|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Exponential and Logarithm functions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivation and definition of the exponential series|Derivation and definition of the exponential series]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Properties of the exponential series|Properties of the exponential series]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Logarithmic function|Logarithmic function]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Real exponents|Real exponents]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exp and log functions for complex numbers|Exp and log functions for complex numbers]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Exponential and Logarithm functions|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Trigonometric and Hyperbolic functions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Sine and cosine|Sine and cosine]] {{stage|50%}} === Continuity === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of functions|Continuity of functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Epsilon-delta definition of continuity|Epsilon-delta definition of continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Sequential definition of continuity|Sequential definition of continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Limit of functions|Limit of functions]] {{stage|25%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Proving continuity|Proving continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Proving discontinuity|Proving discontinuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Composition of continuous functions|Composition of continuous functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Extreme value theorem|Extreme value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Intermediate value theorem|Intermediate value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of the inverse function|Continuity of the inverse function]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Uniform continuity|Uniform continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Lipschitz continuity|Lipschitz continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Continuity|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Differential Calculus === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivatives|Derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Computing derivatives|Computing derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Computing derivatives - special|Computing derivatives - special]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivative - inverse function|Derivative - inverse function]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Examples for derivatives|Examples for derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivatives of higher order|Derivatives of higher order]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Rolle's theorem|Rolle's theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Mean value theorem|Mean value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Constant functions|Constant functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Monotonic functions|Monotonic functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivative and local extrema|Derivative and local extrema]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ L'Hôspital's rule|L'Hôspital's rule]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Overview: continuity and differentiability|Overview: continuity and differentiability]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 1|Exercises 1]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 2|Exercises 2]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 3|Exercises 3]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 4|Exercises 4]] {{stage|50%}} == [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear algebra|Linear algebra]] == === Vector spaces === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Vector space|Introduction: Vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space|Vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space: properties|Vector space: properties]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for vector spaces|Proofs for vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Field as a vector space|Field as a vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Coordinate spaces|Coordinate spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequence spaces|Sequence spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Function spaces|Function spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|Subspace]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces|Union and intersection of vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|Sum of subspaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum|Inner direct sum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Complements of vector spaces|Complements of vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cosets of a subspace|Cosets of a subspace]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Quotient space|Quotient space]] {{stage|50%}} === Linear combinations, generators and bases === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear combinations|Linear combinations]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span|Span]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generators|Generators]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear independence|Linear independence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|Basis]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Steinitz's theorem|Steinitz's theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|Dimension]] {{stage|50%}} === Linear maps === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear map|Linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Properties of linear maps|Properties of linear maps]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear continuation|Linear continuation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for linear maps|Proofs for linear maps]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Monomorphisms|Monomorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Epimorphisms|Epimorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Isomorphisms|Isomorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Endomorphism and Automorphism|Endomorphism and Automorphism]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Image of a linear map|Image of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Kernel of a linear map|Kernel of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space of a linear map|Vector space of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dual space|Dual space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises Linear Maps|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Matrices === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Matrices|Introduction: Matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Matrix of a linear map|Matrix of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Definition of a matrix|Definition of a matrix]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear systems and matrices|Linear systems and matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space structure on matrices|Vector space structure on matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Matrix multiplication|Matrix multiplication]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis change via matrices|Basis change via matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Matrices|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} == [[Math for Non-Geeks/Measure theory|Measure theory]] == === Introduction, basic definitions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Overview: Objects in Measure Theory|Overview: Objects in Measure Theory]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Volumes on rings|Volumes on rings]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Continuity of volumes on rings|Continuity of volumes on rings]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Pre-measures and measures|Pre-measures and measures]] {{stage|50%}} === Constructing measures === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Constructing measures: overview|Constructing measures: overview]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generated sigma-algebras|Generated sigma-algebras]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Existence of a measure continuation|Existence of a measure continuation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Uniqueness of a continuation|Uniqueness of a continuation]] {{stage|50%}} __NOINDEX__ __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ h3pe99nub5ioag2a91b4ang8m7xvw2r 4672816 4672807 2026-09-28T17:13:06Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 updated stage info 4672816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shelves|Applied mathematics|University level mathematics books}}{{status|50%}}{{Under construction}} [[File:Titelbild MFNF mit Serlo-Logo.jpg|thumb|Title image of the German version by [[commons:User:Olivier Vidal|Olivier Vidal]] |center]] = Books = <div style="column-width: 50em;"> {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|buecher}} </div> = Important note = This book is a translated version of the book project [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks “Mathe für Nicht-Freaks”] on the German version of Wikibooks. Templates and modules do not yet work completely and are in the process of being adjusted. = Table of Contents = This page lists all chapters of the project “Math for Non-Geeks”. This page serves as an overview and the complete navigation and the tables of contents of the individual books are generated from it. {| class="wikitable" |+Legend !Symbol !Meaning |- |red link |Link to a chapter that does not yet exist and has yet to be written. |- |blue link |Chapter has already been created and contains content. |- |{{stage|0%}} |Progress 0% – Chapter has little or no content. The chapter must be rewritten or supplemented and revised. |- |{{stage|25%}} |Progress 25% – Chapter is currently under development, but still needs to be significantly expanded. |- |{{stage|50%}} |Progress 50% – Essential content is available, but important content still needs to be added (there are often ToDo notes on the page that still need to be added). |- |{{stage|75%}} |Progress 75% – Chapter is finished in terms of content, but still needs to be revised (correct spelling mistakes, change wording so that it is easier to understand or sounds better. Remove redundant expressions). |- |{{stage|100%}} |Progress 100% – The chapter is complete and has been proofread at least once. But you can also proofread again. In other words: correct spelling mistakes and improve the wording. These chapters (like all others) can also be supplemented content-wise. |} == Real Analysis == === Help === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Translating chapters|Translating chapters]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Guidelines for translation|Guidelines for translation]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sitemap|Sitemap]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Copy our content|Copy our content]] === Introduction === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/What is analysis?|What is analysis?]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Why studying analysis?|Why studying analysis?]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Propositional logic|Propositional logic]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Mathematical induction|Mathematical induction]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Real numbers|Real numbers]] {{stage|75%}} === Complex numbers === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction and motivation|Introduction and motivation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Definition of complex numbers|Definition of complex numbers]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Absolute value and conjugation|Absolute value and conjugation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Polar representation|Polar representation]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Drawing complex-valued functions|Drawing complex-valued functions]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Complex numbers|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Suprema and infima === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Supremum and infimum|Supremum and infimum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The infinite case|The infinite case]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove existence of a supremum or infimum|How to prove existence of a supremum or infimum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Properties of supremum and infimum|Properties of supremum and infimum]] {{stage|50%}} === Sequences === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequences|Sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Explicit and recursive description|Explicit and recursive description]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Examples and properties of sequences|Examples and properties of sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Sequences|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Convergence and divergence === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Limit: Convergence and divergence|Limit: Convergence and divergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove convergence and divergence|How to prove convergence and divergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Examples for limits|Examples for limits]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Unbounded sequences diverge|Unbounded sequences diverge]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Limit theorems|Limit theorems]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The squeeze theorem|The squeeze theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Monotonicity criterion|Monotonicity criterion]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove convergence for recursive sequences|How to prove convergence for recursive sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Convergence and divergence|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Subsequences, Accumulation points and Cauchy sequences === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subsequences|Subsequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Accumulation points of sequences|Accumulation points of sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Accumulation points of sets|Accumulation points of sets]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem|The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Divergence to infinity|Divergence to infinity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Divergence to infinity/Rules|Divergence to infinity: Rules]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Superior and inferior limit|Superior and inferior limit]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cauchy sequences|Cauchy sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Subsequences, Accumulation points, and Cauchy sequences|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Series === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Series|Series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Computation rules for series|Computation rules for series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Telescoping sums and series|Telescoping sums and series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Geometric series|Geometric series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Harmonic series|Harmonic series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exponential series|Exponential series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Absolute convergence of a series|Absolute convergence of a series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Rearrangement theorem for series|Rearrangement theorem for series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Series|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Convergence criteria for series === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Overview: Convergence criteria|Overview: Convergence criteria]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cauchy criterion|Cauchy criterion]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Term test|Term test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Bounded series and convergence|Bounded series and convergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Direct comparison test|Direct comparison test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Root test|Root test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Ratio test|Ratio test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Alternating series test|Alternating series test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Cauchy condensation test|Cauchy condensation test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Application of convergence criteria|Application of convergence criteria]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Convergence criteria for series|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Exponential and Logarithm functions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivation and definition of the exponential series|Derivation and definition of the exponential series]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Properties of the exponential series|Properties of the exponential series]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Logarithmic function|Logarithmic function]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Real exponents|Real exponents]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exp and log functions for complex numbers|Exp and log functions for complex numbers]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Exponential and Logarithm functions|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Trigonometric and Hyperbolic functions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Sine and cosine|Sine and cosine]] {{stage|50%}} === Continuity === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of functions|Continuity of functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Epsilon-delta definition of continuity|Epsilon-delta definition of continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Sequential definition of continuity|Sequential definition of continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Limit of functions|Limit of functions]] {{stage|25%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Proving continuity|Proving continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Proving discontinuity|Proving discontinuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Composition of continuous functions|Composition of continuous functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Extreme value theorem|Extreme value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Intermediate value theorem|Intermediate value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of the inverse function|Continuity of the inverse function]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Uniform continuity|Uniform continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Lipschitz continuity|Lipschitz continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Continuity|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Differential Calculus === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivatives|Derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Computing derivatives|Computing derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Computing derivatives - special|Computing derivatives - special]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivative - inverse function|Derivative - inverse function]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Examples for derivatives|Examples for derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivatives of higher order|Derivatives of higher order]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Rolle's theorem|Rolle's theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Mean value theorem|Mean value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Constant functions|Constant functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Monotonic functions|Monotonic functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivative and local extrema|Derivative and local extrema]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ L'Hôspital's rule|L'Hôspital's rule]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Overview: continuity and differentiability|Overview: continuity and differentiability]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 1|Exercises 1]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 2|Exercises 2]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 3|Exercises 3]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 4|Exercises 4]] {{stage|50%}} == [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear algebra|Linear algebra]] == === Vector spaces === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Vector space|Introduction: Vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space|Vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space: properties|Vector space: properties]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for vector spaces|Proofs for vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Field as a vector space|Field as a vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Coordinate spaces|Coordinate spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequence spaces|Sequence spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Function spaces|Function spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|Subspace]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces|Union and intersection of vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|Sum of subspaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum|Inner direct sum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Complements of vector spaces|Complements of vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cosets of a subspace|Cosets of a subspace]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Quotient space|Quotient space]] {{stage|50%}} === Linear combinations, generators and bases === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear combinations|Linear combinations]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span|Span]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generators|Generators]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear independence|Linear independence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|Basis]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Steinitz's theorem|Steinitz's theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|Dimension]] {{stage|50%}} === Linear maps === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear map|Linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Properties of linear maps|Properties of linear maps]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear continuation|Linear continuation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for linear maps|Proofs for linear maps]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Monomorphisms|Monomorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Epimorphisms|Epimorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Isomorphisms|Isomorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Endomorphism and Automorphism|Endomorphism and Automorphism]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Image of a linear map|Image of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Kernel of a linear map|Kernel of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space of a linear map|Vector space of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dual space|Dual space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises Linear Maps|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Matrices === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Matrices|Introduction: Matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Matrix of a linear map|Matrix of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Definition of a matrix|Definition of a matrix]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear systems and matrices|Linear systems and matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space structure on matrices|Vector space structure on matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Matrix multiplication|Matrix multiplication]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis change via matrices|Basis change via matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Matrices|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} == [[Math for Non-Geeks/Measure theory|Measure theory]] == === Introduction, basic definitions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Overview: Objects in Measure Theory|Overview: Objects in Measure Theory]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Volumes on rings|Volumes on rings]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Continuity of volumes on rings|Continuity of volumes on rings]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Pre-measures and measures|Pre-measures and measures]] {{stage|50%}} === Constructing measures === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Constructing measures: overview|Constructing measures: overview]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generated sigma-algebras|Generated sigma-algebras]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Existence of a measure continuation|Existence of a measure continuation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Uniqueness of a continuation|Uniqueness of a continuation]] {{stage|50%}} __NOINDEX__ __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ qhbwezyscwcgz1r56vpssx766m2xvzb 4672822 4672816 2026-09-28T17:33:53Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 updated stage info 4672822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shelves|Applied mathematics|University level mathematics books}}{{status|50%}}{{Under construction}} [[File:Titelbild MFNF mit Serlo-Logo.jpg|thumb|Title image of the German version by [[commons:User:Olivier Vidal|Olivier Vidal]] |center]] = Books = <div style="column-width: 50em;"> {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|buecher}} </div> = Important note = This book is a translated version of the book project [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks “Mathe für Nicht-Freaks”] on the German version of Wikibooks. Templates and modules do not yet work completely and are in the process of being adjusted. = Table of Contents = This page lists all chapters of the project “Math for Non-Geeks”. This page serves as an overview and the complete navigation and the tables of contents of the individual books are generated from it. {| class="wikitable" |+Legend !Symbol !Meaning |- |red link |Link to a chapter that does not yet exist and has yet to be written. |- |blue link |Chapter has already been created and contains content. |- |{{stage|0%}} |Progress 0% – Chapter has little or no content. The chapter must be rewritten or supplemented and revised. |- |{{stage|25%}} |Progress 25% – Chapter is currently under development, but still needs to be significantly expanded. |- |{{stage|50%}} |Progress 50% – Essential content is available, but important content still needs to be added (there are often ToDo notes on the page that still need to be added). |- |{{stage|75%}} |Progress 75% – Chapter is finished in terms of content, but still needs to be revised (correct spelling mistakes, change wording so that it is easier to understand or sounds better. Remove redundant expressions). |- |{{stage|100%}} |Progress 100% – The chapter is complete and has been proofread at least once. But you can also proofread again. In other words: correct spelling mistakes and improve the wording. These chapters (like all others) can also be supplemented content-wise. |} == Real Analysis == === Help === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Translating chapters|Translating chapters]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Guidelines for translation|Guidelines for translation]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sitemap|Sitemap]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Copy our content|Copy our content]] === Introduction === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/What is analysis?|What is analysis?]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Why studying analysis?|Why studying analysis?]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Propositional logic|Propositional logic]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Mathematical induction|Mathematical induction]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Real numbers|Real numbers]] {{stage|75%}} === Complex numbers === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction and motivation|Introduction and motivation]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Definition of complex numbers|Definition of complex numbers]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Absolute value and conjugation|Absolute value and conjugation]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Polar representation|Polar representation]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Drawing complex-valued functions|Drawing complex-valued functions]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Complex numbers|Exercises]] {{stage|75%}} === Suprema and infima === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Supremum and infimum|Supremum and infimum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The infinite case|The infinite case]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove existence of a supremum or infimum|How to prove existence of a supremum or infimum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Properties of supremum and infimum|Properties of supremum and infimum]] {{stage|50%}} === Sequences === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequences|Sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Explicit and recursive description|Explicit and recursive description]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Examples and properties of sequences|Examples and properties of sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Sequences|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Convergence and divergence === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Limit: Convergence and divergence|Limit: Convergence and divergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove convergence and divergence|How to prove convergence and divergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Examples for limits|Examples for limits]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Unbounded sequences diverge|Unbounded sequences diverge]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Limit theorems|Limit theorems]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The squeeze theorem|The squeeze theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Monotonicity criterion|Monotonicity criterion]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove convergence for recursive sequences|How to prove convergence for recursive sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Convergence and divergence|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Subsequences, Accumulation points and Cauchy sequences === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subsequences|Subsequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Accumulation points of sequences|Accumulation points of sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Accumulation points of sets|Accumulation points of sets]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem|The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Divergence to infinity|Divergence to infinity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Divergence to infinity/Rules|Divergence to infinity: Rules]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Superior and inferior limit|Superior and inferior limit]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cauchy sequences|Cauchy sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Subsequences, Accumulation points, and Cauchy sequences|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Series === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Series|Series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Computation rules for series|Computation rules for series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Telescoping sums and series|Telescoping sums and series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Geometric series|Geometric series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Harmonic series|Harmonic series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exponential series|Exponential series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Absolute convergence of a series|Absolute convergence of a series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Rearrangement theorem for series|Rearrangement theorem for series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Series|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Convergence criteria for series === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Overview: Convergence criteria|Overview: Convergence criteria]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cauchy criterion|Cauchy criterion]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Term test|Term test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Bounded series and convergence|Bounded series and convergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Direct comparison test|Direct comparison test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Root test|Root test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Ratio test|Ratio test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Alternating series test|Alternating series test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Cauchy condensation test|Cauchy condensation test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Application of convergence criteria|Application of convergence criteria]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Convergence criteria for series|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Exponential and Logarithm functions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivation and definition of the exponential series|Derivation and definition of the exponential series]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Properties of the exponential series|Properties of the exponential series]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Logarithmic function|Logarithmic function]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Real exponents|Real exponents]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exp and log functions for complex numbers|Exp and log functions for complex numbers]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Exponential and Logarithm functions|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Trigonometric and Hyperbolic functions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Sine and cosine|Sine and cosine]] {{stage|50%}} === Continuity === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of functions|Continuity of functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Epsilon-delta definition of continuity|Epsilon-delta definition of continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Sequential definition of continuity|Sequential definition of continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Limit of functions|Limit of functions]] {{stage|25%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Proving continuity|Proving continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Proving discontinuity|Proving discontinuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Composition of continuous functions|Composition of continuous functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Extreme value theorem|Extreme value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Intermediate value theorem|Intermediate value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of the inverse function|Continuity of the inverse function]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Uniform continuity|Uniform continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Lipschitz continuity|Lipschitz continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Continuity|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Differential Calculus === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivatives|Derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Computing derivatives|Computing derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Computing derivatives - special|Computing derivatives - special]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivative - inverse function|Derivative - inverse function]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Examples for derivatives|Examples for derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivatives of higher order|Derivatives of higher order]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Rolle's theorem|Rolle's theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Mean value theorem|Mean value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Constant functions|Constant functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Monotonic functions|Monotonic functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivative and local extrema|Derivative and local extrema]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ L'Hôspital's rule|L'Hôspital's rule]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Overview: continuity and differentiability|Overview: continuity and differentiability]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 1|Exercises 1]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 2|Exercises 2]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 3|Exercises 3]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 4|Exercises 4]] {{stage|50%}} == [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear algebra|Linear algebra]] == === Vector spaces === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Vector space|Introduction: Vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space|Vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space: properties|Vector space: properties]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for vector spaces|Proofs for vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Field as a vector space|Field as a vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Coordinate spaces|Coordinate spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequence spaces|Sequence spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Function spaces|Function spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|Subspace]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces|Union and intersection of vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|Sum of subspaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum|Inner direct sum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Complements of vector spaces|Complements of vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cosets of a subspace|Cosets of a subspace]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Quotient space|Quotient space]] {{stage|50%}} === Linear combinations, generators and bases === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear combinations|Linear combinations]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span|Span]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generators|Generators]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear independence|Linear independence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|Basis]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Steinitz's theorem|Steinitz's theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|Dimension]] {{stage|50%}} === Linear maps === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear map|Linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Properties of linear maps|Properties of linear maps]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear continuation|Linear continuation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for linear maps|Proofs for linear maps]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Monomorphisms|Monomorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Epimorphisms|Epimorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Isomorphisms|Isomorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Endomorphism and Automorphism|Endomorphism and Automorphism]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Image of a linear map|Image of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Kernel of a linear map|Kernel of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space of a linear map|Vector space of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dual space|Dual space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises Linear Maps|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Matrices === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Matrices|Introduction: Matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Matrix of a linear map|Matrix of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Definition of a matrix|Definition of a matrix]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear systems and matrices|Linear systems and matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space structure on matrices|Vector space structure on matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Matrix multiplication|Matrix multiplication]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis change via matrices|Basis change via matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Matrices|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} == [[Math for Non-Geeks/Measure theory|Measure theory]] == === Introduction, basic definitions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Overview: Objects in Measure Theory|Overview: Objects in Measure Theory]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Volumes on rings|Volumes on rings]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Continuity of volumes on rings|Continuity of volumes on rings]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Pre-measures and measures|Pre-measures and measures]] {{stage|50%}} === Constructing measures === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Constructing measures: overview|Constructing measures: overview]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generated sigma-algebras|Generated sigma-algebras]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Existence of a measure continuation|Existence of a measure continuation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Uniqueness of a continuation|Uniqueness of a continuation]] {{stage|50%}} __NOINDEX__ __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ ph66vmrzat1gv9h80ncnasiow9vyo15 4672829 4672822 2026-09-28T17:49:22Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 updated stage info 4672829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shelves|Applied mathematics|University level mathematics books}}{{status|50%}}{{Under construction}} [[File:Titelbild MFNF mit Serlo-Logo.jpg|thumb|Title image of the German version by [[commons:User:Olivier Vidal|Olivier Vidal]] |center]] = Books = <div style="column-width: 50em;"> {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|buecher}} </div> = Important note = This book is a translated version of the book project [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks “Mathe für Nicht-Freaks”] on the German version of Wikibooks. Templates and modules do not yet work completely and are in the process of being adjusted. = Table of Contents = This page lists all chapters of the project “Math for Non-Geeks”. This page serves as an overview and the complete navigation and the tables of contents of the individual books are generated from it. {| class="wikitable" |+Legend !Symbol !Meaning |- |red link |Link to a chapter that does not yet exist and has yet to be written. |- |blue link |Chapter has already been created and contains content. |- |{{stage|0%}} |Progress 0% – Chapter has little or no content. The chapter must be rewritten or supplemented and revised. |- |{{stage|25%}} |Progress 25% – Chapter is currently under development, but still needs to be significantly expanded. |- |{{stage|50%}} |Progress 50% – Essential content is available, but important content still needs to be added (there are often ToDo notes on the page that still need to be added). |- |{{stage|75%}} |Progress 75% – Chapter is finished in terms of content, but still needs to be revised (correct spelling mistakes, change wording so that it is easier to understand or sounds better. Remove redundant expressions). |- |{{stage|100%}} |Progress 100% – The chapter is complete and has been proofread at least once. But you can also proofread again. In other words: correct spelling mistakes and improve the wording. These chapters (like all others) can also be supplemented content-wise. |} == Real Analysis == === Help === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Translating chapters|Translating chapters]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Guidelines for translation|Guidelines for translation]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sitemap|Sitemap]] * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Copy our content|Copy our content]] === Introduction === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/What is analysis?|What is analysis?]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Why studying analysis?|Why studying analysis?]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Propositional logic|Propositional logic]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Mathematical induction|Mathematical induction]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Real numbers|Real numbers]] {{stage|75%}} === Complex numbers === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction and motivation|Introduction and motivation]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Definition of complex numbers|Definition of complex numbers]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Absolute value and conjugation|Absolute value and conjugation]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Polar representation|Polar representation]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Drawing complex-valued functions|Drawing complex-valued functions]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Complex numbers|Exercises]] {{stage|75%}} === Suprema and infima === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Supremum and infimum|Supremum and infimum]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The infinite case|The infinite case]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove existence of a supremum or infimum|How to prove existence of a supremum or infimum]] {{stage|75%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Properties of supremum and infimum|Properties of supremum and infimum]] {{stage|75%}} === Sequences === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequences|Sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Explicit and recursive description|Explicit and recursive description]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Examples and properties of sequences|Examples and properties of sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Sequences|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Convergence and divergence === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Limit: Convergence and divergence|Limit: Convergence and divergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove convergence and divergence|How to prove convergence and divergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Examples for limits|Examples for limits]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Unbounded sequences diverge|Unbounded sequences diverge]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Limit theorems|Limit theorems]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The squeeze theorem|The squeeze theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Monotonicity criterion|Monotonicity criterion]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/How to prove convergence for recursive sequences|How to prove convergence for recursive sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Convergence and divergence|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Subsequences, Accumulation points and Cauchy sequences === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subsequences|Subsequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Accumulation points of sequences|Accumulation points of sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Accumulation points of sets|Accumulation points of sets]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem|The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Divergence to infinity|Divergence to infinity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Divergence to infinity/Rules|Divergence to infinity: Rules]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Superior and inferior limit|Superior and inferior limit]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cauchy sequences|Cauchy sequences]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Subsequences, Accumulation points, and Cauchy sequences|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Series === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Series|Series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Computation rules for series|Computation rules for series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Telescoping sums and series|Telescoping sums and series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Geometric series|Geometric series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Harmonic series|Harmonic series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exponential series|Exponential series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Absolute convergence of a series|Absolute convergence of a series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Rearrangement theorem for series|Rearrangement theorem for series]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Series|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Convergence criteria for series === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Overview: Convergence criteria|Overview: Convergence criteria]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cauchy criterion|Cauchy criterion]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Term test|Term test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Bounded series and convergence|Bounded series and convergence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Direct comparison test|Direct comparison test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Root test|Root test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Ratio test|Ratio test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Alternating series test|Alternating series test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Cauchy condensation test|Cauchy condensation test]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Application of convergence criteria|Application of convergence criteria]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Convergence criteria for series|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Exponential and Logarithm functions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivation and definition of the exponential series|Derivation and definition of the exponential series]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Properties of the exponential series|Properties of the exponential series]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Logarithmic function|Logarithmic function]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Real exponents|Real exponents]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exp and log functions for complex numbers|Exp and log functions for complex numbers]] {{stage|0%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Exponential and Logarithm functions|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Trigonometric and Hyperbolic functions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Sine and cosine|Sine and cosine]] {{stage|50%}} === Continuity === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of functions|Continuity of functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Epsilon-delta definition of continuity|Epsilon-delta definition of continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Sequential definition of continuity|Sequential definition of continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Limit of functions|Limit of functions]] {{stage|25%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Proving continuity|Proving continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Proving discontinuity|Proving discontinuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Composition of continuous functions|Composition of continuous functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Extreme value theorem|Extreme value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Intermediate value theorem|Intermediate value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Continuity of the inverse function|Continuity of the inverse function]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Uniform continuity|Uniform continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Lipschitz continuity|Lipschitz continuity]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Continuity|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Differential Calculus === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivatives|Derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Computing derivatives|Computing derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Computing derivatives - special|Computing derivatives - special]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivative - inverse function|Derivative - inverse function]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Examples for derivatives|Examples for derivatives]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivatives of higher order|Derivatives of higher order]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Rolle's theorem|Rolle's theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Mean value theorem|Mean value theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Constant functions|Constant functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Monotonic functions|Monotonic functions]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Derivative and local extrema|Derivative and local extrema]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ L'Hôspital's rule|L'Hôspital's rule]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Overview: continuity and differentiability|Overview: continuity and differentiability]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 1|Exercises 1]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 2|Exercises 2]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 3|Exercises 3]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/ Exercises: Derivatives 4|Exercises 4]] {{stage|50%}} == [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear algebra|Linear algebra]] == === Vector spaces === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Vector space|Introduction: Vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space|Vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space: properties|Vector space: properties]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for vector spaces|Proofs for vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Field as a vector space|Field as a vector space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Coordinate spaces|Coordinate spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sequence spaces|Sequence spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Function spaces|Function spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Subspace|Subspace]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Union and intersection of vector spaces|Union and intersection of vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Sum of subspaces|Sum of subspaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Inner direct sum|Inner direct sum]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Complements of vector spaces|Complements of vector spaces]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Cosets of a subspace|Cosets of a subspace]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Quotient space|Quotient space]] {{stage|50%}} === Linear combinations, generators and bases === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear combinations|Linear combinations]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Span|Span]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generators|Generators]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear independence|Linear independence]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis|Basis]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Steinitz's theorem|Steinitz's theorem]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dimension|Dimension]] {{stage|50%}} === Linear maps === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear map|Linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Properties of linear maps|Properties of linear maps]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear continuation|Linear continuation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Proofs for linear maps|Proofs for linear maps]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Monomorphisms|Monomorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Epimorphisms|Epimorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Isomorphisms|Isomorphisms]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Endomorphism and Automorphism|Endomorphism and Automorphism]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Image of a linear map|Image of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Kernel of a linear map|Kernel of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space of a linear map|Vector space of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Dual space|Dual space]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises Linear Maps|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} === Matrices === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Introduction: Matrices|Introduction: Matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Matrix of a linear map|Matrix of a linear map]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Definition of a matrix|Definition of a matrix]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Linear systems and matrices|Linear systems and matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Vector space structure on matrices|Vector space structure on matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Matrix multiplication|Matrix multiplication]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Basis change via matrices|Basis change via matrices]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Exercises: Matrices|Exercises]] {{stage|50%}} == [[Math for Non-Geeks/Measure theory|Measure theory]] == === Introduction, basic definitions === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Overview: Objects in Measure Theory|Overview: Objects in Measure Theory]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Volumes on rings|Volumes on rings]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Continuity of volumes on rings|Continuity of volumes on rings]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Pre-measures and measures|Pre-measures and measures]] {{stage|50%}} === Constructing measures === * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Constructing measures: overview|Constructing measures: overview]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Generated sigma-algebras|Generated sigma-algebras]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Existence of a measure continuation|Existence of a measure continuation]] {{stage|50%}} * [[Math for Non-Geeks/Uniqueness of a continuation|Uniqueness of a continuation]] {{stage|50%}} __NOINDEX__ __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ 4es7whi569hs08ki3yzm6yfnb42qis1 0 470122 4672811 4660634 2026-09-28T17:02:07Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == What is analysis? == The first higher-level courses usually taken in university mathematics are the lectures ''Analysis'' and ''Linear Algebra'' (linear algebra is a part of the field of studies known as ''Algebra''). Both analysis and algebra lay the groundwork of modern mathematics, and they themselves are both built upon set theory. To start off studying math on the right foot, it's important that future students become well-trained and comfortable in these two fields. Hence, we will dedicate most of our time and energy in this project to analysis and algebra. But what are these two lectures about? What do mathematicians in the fields of analysis and algebra ''do''? What questions do they try to answer? Before we answer this question in full detail, it would be wise to start off by giving a small sample of what each field investigates. Algebra, or rather ''an algebra'', is a kind of "space of numbers," much like the rational or real numbers. In an algebra, elements can be added and multiplied. Therefore, algebra also for the most part deals with transformations and operations that arise from addition and multiplication, e.g. the square root function, which is the inverse of the squaring function on the nonnegative real numbers. In the field of algebra, one often wants to answer the question of how equations can be transformed to obtain a solution, and whether an equation even has a solution. Generally, algebra deals with ''equations'' and rarely with inequalities. In ''linear algebra'', a central topic is ''first-degree'' (or ''linear'') equations, meaning that each equation has a total polynomial degree of at most one in its variables. A classical question in linear algebra is whether a system of equations written in the following form has a solution and, if so, what that solution is: {{Math|<math> \begin{array}{ccccccccccc} a_{11} \cdot x_1 & + & a_{12} \cdot x_2 & + & a_{13} \cdot x_3 & + & \ldots & + & a_{1n} \cdot x_n & = & b_1 \\ a_{21} \cdot x_1 & + & a_{22} \cdot x_2 & + & a_{23} \cdot x_3 & + & \ldots & + & a_{2n} \cdot x_n & = & b_2 \\ \vdots & & \vdots & & \vdots & & \ddots & & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ a_{m1} \cdot x_1 & + & a_{m2} \cdot x_2 & + & a_{m3} \cdot x_3 & + & \ldots & + & a_{mn} \cdot x_n & = & b_m \end{array} </math>}} Note that all <math>x_i</math> in the above equation have a polynomial degree of one (meaning they are all variables "to the power of one"). ''Analysis'', on the other hand, deals with continuity of functions, limits, and calculus (calculating derivatives and integrals). For example, if we consider the function {{Math|<math> f\ :\ \R\setminus\{-3,3\} \rightarrow \R, x \mapsto f(x) = \frac{x^2 - x + 1}{x^2 - 9}, </math>}} trying to find its roots would be an algebraic objective. However, if we are interested in describing the behavior of the function near its poles or the behavior as <math>x \rightarrow \pm \infty</math>, this would be an analytic objective. Similarly, investigating the slope or curvature of the function would also be analytic. A further question in the field of analysis is whether there are functions that are discontinuous but never have a "jump point" in their graph (the answer to this question is "yes"). Furthermore, we could ask the question whether a differentiable function can have a discontinuous derivative (the answer to this question is also "yes") or if its derivative can manifest one of the aforementioned "jump points" (in this case, the answer to the question is "no"). From the very last assertion, we can conclude that a function with a jump point can never be the derivative of another function. However, this function could be integrable. Calculating the integral of such a function would also be an objective of analysis. Analysis lends us concepts describing how functions are currently changing at any given point. Such concepts are useful in the natural sciences to generate laws of nature or formulas for scientific models. This is also why analysis is such an important tool in the natural sciences. An analytic mathematician investigates how changes to a system can be predicted, and exactly how these predictions are specified. Given this crude overview of the foundations of mathematics, we now know what to expect when studying analysis and algebra. Mathematicians often prefer ''one of these sides'' - they are either more of an analytic mathematician or an algebraic mathematician. In reality, though, each field cannot really be fully investigated without involving the other field. Both fields are equally interesting, broad, and important. In this project, however, we will focus primarily on analysis. {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} rueck4ac4vygoljq63d84y7ya5q25jp 0 470494 4672813 4610602 2026-09-28T17:04:02Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == Why is logic used in mathematics? == Logic, being the study of reasonable conclusions, is the primary language of mathematics. Using this language, we can construct mathematical theorems and their proofs. This language satisfies the most basic tenet of mathematics - namely, that all expressions (claims, theorems, proofs) contained within this language have a clear, precise meaning. Because of this precision, it is not always as easy to draw the correct conclusions from logical expressions as one might initially think. Often, conclusions that are drawn from intuition are actually formally incorrect within mathematical logic. In order to understand and master mathematics, it is essential to be able to correctly interpret logical expressions. For this reason, in this article, we will lay down the groundwork concerning logical expressions and how to recognize and interpret them. === Ambiguity of Natural Language === We use the term "natural language" to describe any language intuitively spoken by some group of people for everyday communication. Oftentimes, natural language isn't suitable for mathematical discourse due to the lack of absolute clarity in certain phrases and sentences. We will see some examples in English of why everyday English doesn't capture the mathematical precision we desire. ''Question:'' What do the following claims mean? ''Claim:'' Every man loves a woman. # Every man loves at least one woman. # Every man loves exactly one woman. # Every man loves the same woman. ''Claim:'' You can find your address or your phone number in the list. # You can find your address and/or your phone number in the list. # You can find either your address or your phone number in the list. ''Claim:'' I can see Robert on the roof with the binoculars. # I'm on the roof and can see Robert by using my binoculars. # I can see Robert while I am on the roof, and Robert is using binoculars. # I can see Robert and Robert is on the roof with a pair of binoculars. # I can see Robert by using my binoculars and Robert is on the roof. With the examples above, you can see that many sentences in everyday language are ambiguous, whether this is intentional or not. Surely you can also find examples of sentences that are ambiguous, and you probably have had miscommunications with people in the past that resulted from ambiguous statements. Because of ambiguity, natural languages should not be used as the regulated language of mathematics. Otherwise, each individual mathematician could have a different understanding of the same mathematical object. This means that mathematical interpretations and conclusions would be both individual-dependent and language-dependent, which would make a practical mathematical effort amongst an international community impossible. Therefore, it is vital to have a toolkit in which only clearly defined claims can be formulated and there are explicit rules for how one can derive new claims from extant ones. For mathematics, this system is the study of logic, which we will investigate further in the rest of the chapter. == Classical logic == There are multiple systems of logic in use today. The most important one for our purposes is called "classical logic". The word "classical" is not used in a context with time here. Classical logic is definitely not obsolete and should rather be seen as the "default". Two important properties of classical propositional logic are: * The principle of binarity: A statement is either true or false. * Truth-functionality of propositional connectives: The truth value of a statement formed with propositional connectives is determined by the truth values of its component statements. Logical systems that depart from these principles include [[w:en:Non-classical logic|non-classical logics]]. An example is [[w:en:Many-valued logic|many-valued logic]] which has more than two truth values. However, classical logic is used in most areas of mathematics. Classical logic is also separated into two parts: * logic of statements - statements and their combinations, producing new statements. * logic of predicates - the inner structure of statements. == Basic Definitions == === Statements {{Anchor|Statement}} === The most basic concept of the logic of statements is - you guessed it - the statement. {{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition |titel=Statement |definition= A statement is an expression consisting of words and/or mathematical symbols. It has a definite truth value, even if we do not know that value.}} Statements are expressions that can be assigned a meaningful truth-value. This means you can use them to replace the dots in the following sentence: :: "Is it true that ... ?" The expression "5 is prime" for example is a statement because the question "Is it true that 5 is a prime number?" is meaningful and can be answered. The expression "Is 5 prime?" is not a statement, because the question "Is it true that is 5 prime? ?" doesn't make sense. Questions, instructions and sentences that aren't complete are not statements. Expressions that include free variables like <math>x \ge 5</math> aren't statements either, because whether it is true or not depends on the value assigned to the variable. <math>x \ge 5</math> for example is true for <math>x=42</math>, but not for <math>x=1</math>. Expressions like this that contain free variables are not called statements, even if the expression is always true. <math>x+x=2x</math> for example is not a statement, even though it holds true for any value of x. Later on, we will learn about "predicates" for expressions that contain free variables. Sadly, not every expression that contains one or more variables is a predicate. The expression " <math>x \ge 5</math> is true for all real numbers <math>x</math> " for example is a statement and not a predicate. This is because <math>x</math> is bound by the so-called quantifier "for all" and not free. What exactly free and bound variables are will be explained in the chapter "Predicates And Substitution" Note that the definition from above is not very precise. It doesn't, for example, describe exactly what a meaningful expression is. Intuition works fine in most cases, but a certain subjectivity can't be ruled out like this. But this definition is completely adequate for the purposes of this book. You will probably be using a more precise definition of "statement" in your lectures. A statement can only be assigned the truth values "true" or "false". This is called the "Law of Bivalence". {{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition |titel=Law of Bivalence |definition= A statement is either "true" or "false". }} The symbols <math>\mathrm W</math>, <math>w</math> or <math>1</math> are often used for the truth-value "true", the symbols <math>\mathrm F</math>, <math>f</math> or <math>0</math> for "false". {| class="wikitable" ! Expression !! Is this expression a statement? !! Comment |- | 10 is an even number. | Statement | True statement |- | 5 is divisible by 3 without remainder | Statement | False statement |- | There is always at least one prime between the squares of two consecutive positive integers. | Statement | This statement is called Legendre's conjecture. It's still unknown whether it is true or not. |- | Are you asleep? | Not a statement | — |- | Go to school! | Not a statement | — |- | <math>5+4-7x=0</math> | Not a statement | Without a value for x, this expression has no truth value. |- | <math>x>0</math> or <math>x=0</math> or <math>x<0</math> | Not a statement | Although this is true for every real number x, the free variable x makes the expression a predicate rather than a statement. |- | Whoa, dude.... | Not a statement | — |} You will always come into contact with statements while studying maths. All axioms, theorems and helping theorems (lemmas) are formulated as true statements. A proof is a series of statements that build on one another and have some (logical) connection. A statement can be a conclusion made from a different statement, for example. In short, it is important for everyone who is interested in mathematics to have a good grasp of statements. {{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Frage |einrückung=nein |frage=Which of the following expressions are statements? # All ravens are white. # <math>5 + 7</math> # <math>5 \ge 7</math> # <math>5+7=6</math> # Is <math>5+7=12</math>? |antwort= Answer: # Statement # Not a statement (Term) # Statement # Statement # Not a statement (question)}} === Paradoxical self-referential expressions === There are expressions that look like statements at first glance, but that cannot be assigned a truth-value. One of these expressions is the self-referencing sentence "This sentence is false". One can ask the meaningful question "Is this expression true or false?", but one cannot consistently assign it a truth value. No matter what truth-value you assign to it, you will always end up in a paradox. Try it! In turn, this expression is not a statement. Such paradoxical expressions often involve self-reference. Another example is: :: "The following sentence is true. The previous sentence is false" {{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Frage |frage=Why does the pair of sentences "The following sentence is true. The previous sentence is false" lead to a paradox? |antwort= If the first sentence were to be true, the second sentence would be true. The second sentence is "The previous sentence is false", which would in turn mean that the first sentence cannot be true. If the first sentence were false, the second sentence would also be false, which would mean that the first sentence would have to be true.}} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten|überprüft= * [[Benutzer:Stephan Kulla|Stephan Kulla]] 01:51, 25. Sep. 2014 (CEST) }} {{BookCat}} cht6s49s2ev3so6c2h2mkx0qzxsxm3q 0 470495 4672815 4610612 2026-09-28T17:06:19Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} Real numbers are the basis for this book, because we want to understand topics related to these numbers like real sequences or real functions. But before we begin studying the concepts of analysis, we have to ask: "What are real numbers?" This isn't an easy question. So let's start by looking at different ideas and concepts of how to define these real numbers. == Ways to describe real numbers == We all already have an intuitive idea of what real numbers are, even though it is often hard to put it into words. For example, one often imagines the real numbers as points on the number line: [[File:Simple_number_line.svg|center|500px|The real numbers visualized by points on the real line]] Our next task now is to translate this intuitive idea of real numbers into mathematical expressions. There are two approaches to doing this: either by using axioms or by constructing the real numbers. === The axiomatic characterisation === [[File:Sketch mathematical building.svg|thumb|200px|In the axiomatic description of mathematics, we lay the foundation with the axioms on which we build the theorems step by step.]] Instead of accurately specifying what the real numbers are, the axiomatic characterisation instead describes the properties of real numbers. We want to do this by making a statement of the form: "The real numbers are a set of objects with the following properties." These basic properties we will define through [[Math for Non-Geeks/axioms|axioms (missing)]]. Short recap: An axiom is a [[Math for Non-Geeks/statement|statement (missing)]] that we accept as true without proof. Every mathematical model that fulfils these properties or axioms can be used as a model for real numbers. Statements which are proven with the help of axioms are called theorems. When formulating these axioms, we must make sure that they don't contradict each other. In other words, we need to make sure that there exists at least one model that fulfils all axioms. For example, the requirements <math>1<0</math> and <math>1\ge 0</math> would contradict each other. Making sure to not get too abstract is also good. We want the axioms to represent our intuitive idea of real numbers. We also need to be aware that we need to have enough axioms to characterise the real numbers. If we have too few, there could be other structures which fulfil all requirements as a model, but wouldn't fit our intuitive idea of real numbers. For example, requiring only a commutative addition operation, <math>x+y=y+x</math>, is not enough. The whole numbers also satisfy that requirement but do not fit our idea of the real numbers. So just having addition isn't enough. The final thing to pay attention to, is to avoid redundancy. So if a statement can be proven through other axioms, it shouldn't be an axiom. So for example: if the statement E can be proven by only using the axioms A1 and A2, then E doesn't need to be defined as an axiom. === The construction-based approach === [[Image:Construction of real numbers.svg|thumb|400px|class=noprint|Sketch: construction of real numbers, using [[w:EN:Cauchy_sequence|Cauchy sequences]]]] If we want to construct the real numbers, we have to start with the [[:w:en:Rational number|rational numbers]] as building blocks. Then by using a specific method/process we create new objects, based on the rational numbers, which then we define as the real numbers. In contrast to the axiomatic characterisation, which talks about the properties of real numbers, the construction-based approach has the advantage, that we can precisely determine what the real numbers are. They are exactly the objects which we created through our construction process. We especially don't have to define the properties with axioms, because the properties can be derived from the properties of the constructed objects. There are different methods to construct the real numbers<ref>For example, there exists the method of the [[w:en:Cauchy_sequence|Cauchy sequences]] and the method of the [[w:en:Dedekind_cut|Dedekind cuts]].</ref>. The resulting structures are nonetheless equivalent: they are isomorphic as ordered fields. === The relationship between the approaches=== Both approaches lead to equivalent structures if the constructed objects satisfy all the axioms. Every property derived from those axioms then also holds for the constructed real numbers. So it is unimportant which approach we choose. We will start with the axiomatic approach, since it is easier to understand. == Summary: The axiomatic approach to characterising the real numbers == To determine the axioms of the real numbers, we can do the following: # '''Develop an intuitive idea:''' We first need an intuitive idea of the real numbers. We can, for example, go back to the idea of real numbers being points on the number line. # '''Define the axioms:''' Now all axioms need to be defined. When doing that, we need to pay attention to the following: #*''Comprehensible:'' The axioms should make sense, meaning every axiom should be intuitive. #*''Free from contradiction:''The axioms need to be free from contradiction. This can be shown by constructing a model of the real numbers, which is possible only if the axioms are consistent. #* ''Sufficiency:'' Once all axioms are fulfilled for a model, then that model should correspond to our intuitive idea of real numbers. We should be able to derive all theorems for real numbers from the axioms. #* ''To avoid redundancy:'' No axiom should be derived from the other axioms. # '''To define terms and prove theorems:''' Building upon these axioms, we will introduce the core ideas of analysis as well as the theorems of analysis. In real analysis, all theorems are proven by using the axioms of the real numbers. Here we will have to introduce concepts and theorems which you already know from school mathematics - like the equation <math>1\cdot 0=0</math>. During these proofs it is really important that we only use properties of real numbers, which we either defined in the axioms or have already proven. Things that you know from school are off limits, until you have proven them based on the axioms! The properties used here comprise the field axioms, the ordering axioms, the completeness axiom, and the Archimedean property. == The field axioms == The field axioms define addition and multiplication, which form the arithmetic structure of the real numbers. The real numbers are objects that can be added and multiplied by using the properties of addition and multiplication which you are used to. The essential properties of these operations are the field axioms. The division and subtraction are derived from multiplication and addition. So in total, this group of axioms describe how you can calculate with real numbers. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Field axioms |definition= On the real numbers <math>\R</math> we can define the operations <math>+:\R\times \R\to \R</math> and <math>\cdot :\R\times\R\to\R</math> . They satisfy the following properties: * Properties of the addition: ** ''Associative law of addition:'' For all real numbers <math>x,y,z</math> we have <math>x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z</math>. ** ''Commutative law of addition:'' For all real numbers <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> we have <math>x+y=y+x</math>. ** ''Existence of a zero:'' There is at least one real number <math>0 \in \R</math>, such that <math>0+x=x</math> for all real numbers <math>x</math>. ** ''Existence of a negative:'' For any real number <math>x</math> there is at least one real number <math>-x</math> with <math>x+(-x)=0</math>. * Properties of the multiplication: ** ''Associative law of multiplication:'' For all real numbers <math>x,y,z</math> we have <math>x\cdot (y\cdot z) = (x\cdot y) \cdot z</math>. ** ''Commutative law of multiplication:'' For all real numbers <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> we have <math>x\cdot y=y\cdot x</math>. ** ''Existence of a one:'' There is at least one real number <math>1 \in \R</math> with <math>1\ne 0</math>, such that <math>1\cdot x=x</math> for all real numbers <math>x</math>. ** ''Existence of an inverse:'' For any real number <math>x \ne 0</math> there is at least one real number <math>x^{-1}</math> with <math>x\cdot x^{-1}=1</math>. * ''Distributive law:'' For all real numbers <math>x,y,z</math> we have <math>x\cdot(y+z) = x\cdot y + x\cdot z</math>. }} == The ordering axioms == The ordering axioms describe a linear order of the real numbers. The real numbers are therefore objects that can be compared with each other. Of two different real numbers, one is larger than the other. This shows a clear connection between the structures of the real numbers and a line, since all points on a line are ordered in a natural fashion. This group of axioms is imperative for the construction of a mental picture of the real numbers as points on the number line. This group of axioms also defines how the operations of addition and multiplication are connected to the ordered structure. The ordering of the real numbers can be described by knowing what all positive numbers are. If <math>x</math> is a positive number, we write <math>0 < x</math>. The positivity of the real numbers is thereby defined via the order axioms: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Ordering axioms |definition= The ordering axioms are {{#invoke:list|bulleted | ''Trichotomy of positivity:'' For all real numbers <math>x</math> either <math>0<x</math> or <math>x=0</math> or <math>0<-x</math> holds. Using the abbreviations "<math>\forall</math>" meaning "for all" and "<math>\dot\lor</math>" meaning "either or" we can write this as {{Math|<math>\forall x\in\R: 0 < x \ \dot\lor\ 0 = x \ \dot\lor\ 0 < -x</math>}} | ''Closure of positive numbers under addition:'' For all real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, if <math>0<a</math> and <math>0<b</math>, then <math>0<a+b</math> is also true. In characters: {{Math|<math>\forall a,b\in\R: 0 < a \land 0 < b \implies 0 < a + b</math>}} | ''Closure of positive numbers under multiplication:'' For all real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, if <math>0<a</math> and <math>0<b</math>, then <math>0<ab</math> is also true. In characters: {{Math|<math>\forall a,b\in\R: 0 < a \land 0 < b \implies 0 < ab</math>}}}}}} With the help of the positivity property <math>0 < x</math> we can define the less-than relation: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=less-than relation |definition= The less-than relation <math>x < y</math> is defined by the following equivalence: {{Math|<math>x < y :\iff 0 < y-x</math>}}}} So <math>x</math> is smaller than <math>y</math> exactly when the difference <math>y-x</math> is positive. We can define all other order relations via the less-than relation: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Further order relations based on the less-than relation. |definition= For the real numbers, the relations <math>\ge</math>, <math>\le</math> and <math>></math> are also defined via the following equivalences: * <math>x\le y :\iff x<y \lor x=y</math> * <math>x\ge y :\iff y<x \lor x=y</math> * <math>x>y :\iff y < x</math>}} == The completeness axiom == The completeness axiom describes the transition or more precisely the definitive difference between the rational and real numbers. While both the above-mentioned groups of axioms are still fulfilled by the rational numbers, this isn't true any more for the completeness axiom. The reason is that among the rational numbers, there exist "gaps" like <math>\sqrt 2</math>. These gaps can be approximated by rational numbers to any degree, but the gaps aren't rational numbers anymore. These gaps do not exist in the real numbers, because the completeness axiom denies the existence of such gaps. A nested sequence of nonempty closed bounded real intervals has at least one real number common to every interval. A real number can be approximated by a nested sequence of closed bounded intervals, each contained in the previous one, whose lengths converge to 0: [[File:Illustration nested intervals.svg|center|400px|Nested intervals]] An interval nesting is used to approximate real numbers. Each interval restricts the range in which the number to be approximated lies, and in the course of the interval nesting this range becomes smaller and smaller. The interval nesting principle guarantees that at least one number is approximated by each interval nesting: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=General interval nesting principle |definition= For every nested sequence of nonempty closed bounded intervals <math>I_1</math>, <math>I_2</math>, <math>I_3</math>, ... there exists a real number that lies in all the intervals. If their lengths converge to 0, that number is unique.}} This completeness axiom says that the set of real numbers has no "gaps". In order to describe that the real numbers are the smallest possible extension to fill the gaps of the rational numbers, we have to add another axiom to the interval nesting principle. For this, we must exclude infinitely small and infinitely large numbers. A positive number <math>y</math> would be infinitely large compared to a positive number <math>x</math> if <math>y</math> was larger than all multiples of <math>x</math>, that is, if none of the multiples <math>x,2x,3x,4x,\ldots</math> ever grows beyond <math>y</math>. So for ''all'' natural numbers <math>n</math> there would be <math>nx<y</math>. Let us now rule this out. For every two positive numbers <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> there should be ''at least one'' natural number <math>n</math> with <math>nx\ge y</math>. This is precisely the property described by Archimedes' axiom: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=The Archimedean axiom |definition= For all real numbers <math>x,y > 0</math> there is a natural number <math>n</math> such that <math>nx \geq y</math>. With the abbreviations "<math>\forall</math>" meaning "for all" and "<math>\exists</math>" meaning "there is", this reads as {{Math|<math>\forall x>0, y>0\, \exists n \in \N: nx \ge y</math>}}}} Using the completeness axiom and the Archimedean property, one can show that real numbers can be arbitrarily approximated by rational numbers. This property is essential because it makes it possible to calculate with rational numbers instead of real numbers. For example, finite floating-point numbers used in computer calculations are rational<ref>See the Wikipedia article on [[:en:w:Floating-point_arithmetic|floating-point numbers]].</ref>. Such calculations usually feature errors, but their errors can usually be made sufficiently small. {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} 9pk10s078cs01xhbbzohrqems146vgt 0 470497 4672817 4610616 2026-09-28T17:27:29Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} We now come to an important topic in higher mathematics: complex numbers. Complex analysis is an entire field devoted to complex numbers and functions of complex numbers. Complex numbers are also used in physics. They are used to describe vibrations or electrical resistance. Besides the motivation, we want to deal with the intuition behind the complex numbers. Furthermore, we will also learn about properties of complex numbers. == Motivation (historical) == Why consider complex numbers? The most common motivation is defining a solution to equations like <math> x^2=-1</math>. This equation is not solvable using real numbers. One extends the set (actually field) of real numbers and defines the "new number" <math>\mathrm i</math> as a solution of the above equation. The beginning of the complex numbers was marked by the findings of the Italian mathematicians [[w:en:Niccolò Tartaglia|Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia]] (1500-1557) and [[w:en:Gerolamo Cardano|Gerolamo Cardano]] (1501-1576). Basically, however, it was not about the solution of equations of the form <math> x^2=-1</math> with negative radicals, but about the solution of ''cubic equations''. At this time, methods for the solution of linear and quadratic equations were already known. However, this was not yet the case for cubic equations, i.e. equations of the form <math> ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0</math> with <math>a, b, c, d \in \R</math> and <math>a\ne 0</math>. Tartaglia found a solution formula for special cubic equations of the form <math> x^3=cx+d</math> with <math> c>0</math> and <math> d>0</math>: {{Math|<math>x=\sqrt[3]{\frac d2+ \sqrt{\frac{d^2}{4}-\frac{c^3}{27}}}+ \sqrt[3]{\frac d2-\sqrt{\frac{d^2}{4}-\frac{c^3}{27}}}</math>}} Cardano, who was given the formula by Tartaglia, realised that for certain values of <math>c</math> and <math>d</math> the formula contained a square root of a negative number. Thus, for <math>c=15</math> and <math>d=4</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} x & = \sqrt[3]{\frac 42+ \sqrt{\frac{4^2}{4}-\frac{15^3}{27}}}+ \sqrt[3]{\frac 42-\sqrt{\frac{4^2}{4}-\frac{15^3}{27}}} \\[0.5em] & = \sqrt[3]{2+ \sqrt{-121}}+ \sqrt[3]{2-\sqrt{-121}} \end{align}</math>}} Such roots as <math>\sqrt{-121}</math> were considered "not resolvable" at that time. One could not imagine that the square of a number could be negative. However, it was already known that every cubic function always has an intersection with the <math>x</math> axis and thus a root. [[w:en:Rafael_Bombelli|Rafael Bombelli]], a student of Cardano, came to the conclusion that he simply had to define a new type of number, which gives a negative number when being squared. He introduced the numbers <math>+\sqrt{-1}</math> and <math>-\sqrt{-1}</math>, which he regarded as a new sign. For example, he determined <math>\sqrt{-121} = 11\cdot \sqrt{-1}</math>. By applying the existing arithmetic laws to these new numbers (with the peculiarity that <math>\sqrt{-1}\cdot \sqrt{-1}=-1</math>), he came to the following result: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (2+\sqrt{-1})^3 & = 2^3 + 3\cdot 2^2 \cdot \sqrt{-1}+ 3\cdot 2 \cdot \left(\sqrt{-1}\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)^3 \\ &= 8 + 12 \cdot \sqrt{-1}+ 6 \cdot (-1)-\sqrt{-1} \\ & = 2+11\cdot\sqrt{-1} \\ & = 2+\sqrt{-121} \end{align}</math>}} Thus, formally speaking, <math>\sqrt[3]{2+\sqrt{-121}}=2+\sqrt{-1}</math>. Analogously, <math>\sqrt[3]{2-\sqrt{-121}}=2-\sqrt{-1}</math>. Bombelli could hence use Cardano's formula to find the solution <math>x=4</math> of the equation <math>x^3=15\cdot x+4</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} x & = \sqrt[3]{2+ \sqrt{-121}}+ \sqrt[3]{2-\sqrt{-121}} \\[0.3em] & = \left(2+\sqrt{-1}\right) + \left(2-\sqrt{-1}\right) = 4 \end{align}</math>}} Using roots of negative numbers (i.e., imaginary numbers) as an intermediate tool, it was finally possible to construct real-valued solutions to the above equation. Interestingly, Bombelli dismissed his discovery as "useless". The newly created type of number was still the subject of numerous discussions later on, as this type of number could be used to explain interesting phenomena in analysis, such as the "Eulerian formula" named after the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler. It was only Euler who introduced the symbol for the imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> in 1777. They seemingly have no correspondence in real life. (How would you measure a distance of <math> \sqrt{-1} </math> miles?) Thus, the name "imaginary" numbers. But actually, with some work, one can describe real life-phenomena with them. Like real numbers, they can be used in mathematical models to describe and predict phenomena in the outside world ;) == Deriving the imaginary unit == At school, the "set of feasible numbers" has been constantly expanded. Starting with the ''natural numbers'', first the ''integers'' were introduced, then the ''rational numbers'' came and finally the ''real numbers''. With each expansion, new arithmetical operations could be carried out: The transition to the integers allowed subtractions like <math>2-5</math>, in the rational numbers divisions by nonzero numbers like <math>2\div 5</math> were possible and in the real numbers any root of positive numbers like <math>\sqrt{2}</math> could be calculated. Each extension allowed for solving new equations. For instance, <math>x+5=2</math> can be solved in the integers, which is not yet the case in the natural numbers. Equations like <math>5x-2=0</math> require for the solution the transition to the rational numbers and equations like <math>x^2-2=0</math> the transition to the real numbers. We now consider the equation <math>x^2+9=0</math>. In school, we would say that this equation has no solution because we are not allowed to take a root of the negative number <math>-9</math>. Is it possible that by extending our set of numbers this equation becomes solvable? After all, previously unsolvable equations could already be solved by introducing new numbers. Let us assume that we may take square roots of negative numbers. Then <math>x=\sqrt{-9}</math> is a solution of the equation <math>x^2+9=0</math>. If we assume that we can apply the calculation rules of the root known to us, we obtain {{Math|<math>\begin{align}x=\sqrt{-9}=\sqrt{9\cdot (-1)}=\sqrt{9}\cdot \sqrt{-1}=3\cdot\sqrt{-1}\end{align}</math>}} We can express our solution as a product of the real number <math>3</math> with <math>\sqrt{-1}</math>. This trick can be applied to any root of a negative number. Each of these roots can be represented as the product of a real number with <math>\sqrt{-1}</math>. So if we know what <math>\sqrt{-1}</math> is, we can calculate the root of ''any'' negative number. In the extended number system, our familiar rules for square roots cannot all apply. Otherwise, we would get the following contradiction: {{Math|<math>-1=\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)^2 = \sqrt{-1}\cdot \sqrt{-1} = \sqrt{(-1)\cdot(-1)} = \sqrt{1} = 1</math>}} We must therefore be careful when we take roots of negative numbers. Nevertheless, the equation <math>\sqrt{-9}=3\cdot\sqrt{-1}</math> shows us a possible important connection. From a solution of the equation <math>x^2+1=0</math> (namely <math>\sqrt{-1}</math>) we can obtain a solution of the equation <math>x^2+9=0</math> (namely <math>\sqrt{-9}</math>). We can show this connection even without using "root rules": {{Math|<math>\begin{align} & &x^2+9&=0 \\[0.3em] \iff{} & &\frac{x^2}{9} + \frac{9}{9}&=0 \\[0.3em] \iff{} & &\left( \frac{x}{3} \right)^2+1&=0 \\[0.3em] & & &\ {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ z=\frac{x}{3} \right.} \\[0.3em] \iff{} & &z^2+1&=0 \end{align}</math>}} The connection <math>z=\tfrac{x}{3} \iff x=3z</math> provides us with a solution for <math>x^2+9=0</math>, if a solution of <math>z^2+1=0</math> is known. We only have to multiply it by <math>3</math>. This connection has already been indicated with <math>\sqrt{-9}=3\cdot\sqrt{-1}</math>. In an analogous way, we should be able to solve other quadratic equations, if we know a solution for the equation <math>z^2+1=0</math>. Let us now introduce <math>\mathrm i</math> as a solution of the equation <math>x^2+1=0</math>. What this number is, we do not know. We simply imagine that such a number exists. Accordingly, <math>\mathrm i</math> is called an ''imaginary number'' or the ''imaginary unit'' in mathematics. With this, we can also give a solution of the equation <math>x^2+9=0</math>. As we derived it above, such a solution is <math>3\cdot \mathrm i</math>. ==The complex plane== === What is the imaginary unit? === How can we visualize the imaginary number <math>\mathrm i</math>? Let us first take a step back and look at the real numbers. These can be visualized as dots on the real line: [[File:Number line with numbers -3 to 3.svg|center|400px|The real number line with numbers from -3 to +3]] The imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> does not lie on the real number line, since <math>\mathrm i</math> is not a real number. However, we can use the property <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math> to locate <math>\mathrm i</math>. First, we illustrate the operation of multiplication with <math>-1</math>. If we multiply any number <math>x\in \R</math> by <math>-1</math>, it is reflected at <math>0</math> to <math>-x</math>: [[File:Number line multiplication with minus1.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a reflection of x at 0.]] This reflection is the same in the plane as a <math>180^{\circ}</math> rotation of <math>x</math> around the origin: [[File:Number plane multiplication with minus1 rotation.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a rotation of x by 180 degrees around 0.]] So the operation <math>x\mapsto (-1) \cdot x</math> is a <math>180^{\circ}</math>-rotation. Now <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math> so we can translate the operation <math>x\mapsto(-1)\cdot x</math> into <math>x\mapsto\mathrm i \cdot (\mathrm i \cdot x)</math>. The multiplication of <math>x</math> by <math>\mathrm i</math> thus corresponds to an operation which, if applied twice, causes a <math>180^\circ</math> rotation. So we have to think about how we can divide a <math>180^\circ</math>-rotation into two identical operations. One possibility is two counterclockwise <math>90^\circ</math>-rotations. We choose this orientation, so multiplication by <math>\mathrm i</math> rotates <math>x</math> by <math>90^\circ</math>. This allows us to consider where <math>\mathrm i</math> is located. The value is <math>\mathrm i=\mathrm i\cdot 1</math>. So <math>\mathrm i</math> results from a <math>90^\circ</math>-rotation of <math>1</math>. The imaginary number is located straight above the origin at a distance <math>1</math> from the real line: [[File:Number plane multiplication with i.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a rotation of x by 90 degrees around 0, which is equivalent to multiplication by i.]] Note that we could have turned both clockwise and counterclockwise to determine the position of <math>\mathrm i</math>. We choose here the anti-clockwise rotation, since positive angles are conventionally measured in this direction. Now we know where <math>\mathrm i</math> lies. But where is <math>2 \mathrm i</math>, <math>3 \mathrm i</math>, <math>\ldots</math>? If we multiply the real numbers <math>2</math> or <math>3</math> by <math>\mathrm i</math>, those points are rotated by <math>90^\circ</math>. Thus, like <math>\mathrm i</math>, they lie on the imaginary axis, but have the distance <math>2</math> or <math>3</math> from the origin: [[File:Number plane multiplication with minus1 rotation showI 2.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a rotation of 1,2,x,a by 90 degrees around 0, which is equivalent to multiplication by i.]] Now let us choose any positive real number <math>a</math>. Where is <math>a\cdot \mathrm i</math> on the plane? Just as for <math>2</math> and <math>3</math>, our number <math>a</math> undergoes a <math>90^\circ</math> rotation when multiplying <math>\mathrm i\cdot a</math>. The result <math>\mathrm i \cdot a = a\cdot \mathrm i</math> is straight above <math>0</math>. The distance to the origin remains invariant. This means that <math>a\cdot \mathrm i</math> is as far from the zero as <math>a</math>. Negative numbers <math>b</math> on the other hand are on the real line to the left of the zero. If we rotate the number by <math>90^\circ</math> around the zero, it lands exactly below the origin. As with the positive numbers, the distance from the zero remains the same when the number is rotated. If we connect the newly found points <math>\mathrm i</math>, <math>a\cdot \mathrm i</math>, <math>b\cdot\mathrm i</math>, <math>\ldots</math>, a straight line is formed. It is perpendicular to the real line and passes through the zero. Let us consider any <math>x</math> in <math>\R</math>. Then <math>x\cdot \mathrm i</math> lies on this straight line. If we have a point on the straight line, then there is a real number <math>x</math>, with <math>x\cdot\mathrm i</math> being exactly this point. So the following applies: The straight line contains ''exactly'' the numbers <math>x\cdot \mathrm i</math> where <math>x</math> is a real number: [[File:Number_plane_multiplication_with_minus_i_withAxis.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a rotation of 1,2,x,a by 90 degrees around 0, which is equivalent to multiplication by i.]] === Deriving <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> === We have two straight lines, the real line and the newly constructed ("imaginary") straight line. The two lines form two axes of a coordinate system. The real line is then naturally called the real axis, and the line perpendicular to it is called the imaginary axis. What do the points inside the coordinate system correspond to? For the point <math>(5,0)</math> we have to go five whole steps from the zero to the right. So <math>(5,0)</math> describes the real number <math>5</math>. This works similarly with <math>(-2,0)</math>. To reach this point, we have to go two steps to the left along the real axis to <math>-2</math>. If we go three steps upwards from zero, we reach <math>3\mathrm i</math>. Thus, the point <math>(0,3)</math> corresponds to the number <math>3\mathrm i</math>. If we want to reach <math>-4\mathrm i</math>, we have to go four steps down to the point <math>(0,-4)</math>. [[File:Complex plane with points.svg|center|400px|Complex plane with 5 points]] And which number describes <math>(5,3)</math>? To reach the point <math>(5,3)</math>, we can first take <math>5</math> steps to the right and then <math>3</math> steps up. Here we use the well-known vector calculation (syllabus in most high schools around the world) in the plane <math>\R\times\R=\R^2</math> to obtain <math>(5,3)=(5,0)+(0,3)</math>. As we have already found out, <math>(5,0)</math> corresponds to the number <math>5</math> and <math>(0,3)</math> describes <math>3\mathrm i</math>. Consequently, <math>(5,3)</math> represents the number <math>5+3\mathrm i</math>. But we can also first take <math>3</math> steps upwards and then <math>5</math> steps to the right to reach <math>(5,3)</math>. Then we get as a corresponding number <math>3\mathrm i+5</math>. It should not matter if we first move to the right and then up or the other way round. Therefore <math>5+3\mathrm i=3\mathrm i+5</math> must apply. By convention, one always writes this number as <math>5+3\mathrm i</math> ("real part first"). In the same way, we can proceed for any real numbers <math>a,b\in \R</math> to find the corresponding number to the point <math>(a,b)</math> in the complex plane. We move horizontally by <math>a</math> and vertically by <math>b</math>. For <math>(a,b)</math> we get the corresponding number <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. Although there is a plus here, we cannot further simplify the formula. We cannot transform <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> into a simpler expression (of purely real numbers or a pure multiple of <math>\mathrm i</math> without the plus), as the tuple <math>(a,b)</math> cannot be expressed with only 1 coordinate. However, the expression <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> can be used for calculations. If we calculate with <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, we treat the plus as usual. But why would we also need numbers of the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>? Let us first remember why we introduced <math>\mathrm i</math>. We wanted to solve the equation <math>x^2+1=0</math>. Since this equation has no real solution, we needed <math>\mathrm i</math>. Let us now look at the equation <math>x^2-2x+2=0</math>. Using the second binomial formula, we can transform the equation: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{rrl} & 0& =x^2-2x+2=(x^2-2x+1)+1\\ && =(x-1)^2+1 \\ \iff{}& (x-1)^2& =-1 \end{array}</math>}} The conversion to <math>(x-1)^2=-1</math> makes clear that no real number can fulfil this equation. If <math>x</math> is a real number, then <math>x-1</math> is also real and <math>(x-1)^2\neq -1</math>. Let us now try to solve this equation with the help of complex numbers. We know that <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>. So we look for an <math>x</math> such that <math>x-1=\mathrm i</math>. If we had such an <math>x</math>, then <math>(x-1)^2=\mathrm i^2=-1</math> and we would have solved the equation. The result is <math>x=1+\mathrm i</math>. Our solution is in the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> with real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>! Therefore, it makes sense that we ''not'' only consider numbers of the form <math>b\,\mathrm i</math> but ''also'' <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. In this way, additional previously unsolvable quadratic equations can be solved. We call <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> a general ''complex number''. We call the set of all those complex numbers <math>\Complex</math>. The set of all <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> exactly corresponds to the set of all points on the 2D-plane which is spanned by the real and imaginary axis. This plane is mathematically called ''the complex plane'': [[File:Number plane - Complex number.svg|center|The complex plane]] We have "equated" the complex numbers with the plane using the equation <math>(a,b)\hat =a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. (Mathematically, we have constructed a bijection between both sets, which assigns <math>(a,b)</math> to <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>). Now we can calculate with complex numbers, as we are used to with vectors from the plane. Besides addition (which is possible for vectors as well as for complex numbers), we can also '''multiply complex numbers''' (using an operation beyond ordinary vector addition!). We can even show that the complex numbers with their addition and multiplication form a field. The structure for calculating in complex numbers is thus similar to what we are used to from real numbers. {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} lzu8hadh8xbxcmw6751hnw9t5bcfqjs 0 470499 4672814 4610605 2026-09-28T17:05:30Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} The ''principle of induction'' is an important method of proof that you will encounter again and again over the course of your studies. The way it works is comparable with the domino effect. But what does it actually look like? Let's look at an example in which we solve a problem by induction. == An example == [[Image:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg|thumb|250px|Carl Friedrich Gauß]] Our example is called "the Gauss summation formula", or "small Gauss". It is called that because the nine-year-old [[w:EN:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] discovered it in a math lesson in school. Gauss is the genius mathematician whose portrait would later be printed on the German 10-Mark notes. It is said <ref>See also the biography of [[:w:EN:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]].</ref> that the young Gauss was able to determine the sum of the first <math>100</math> natural numbers immediately and without further calculations. His idea was that there are exactly <math>50 = 100/2</math> pairs of numbers between <math>1\ldots 100</math> whose sum is <math>101</math>: <math>1+100</math>, <math>2+99</math>, <math>3+98</math> and so on until <math>50+51</math>. The result would then be <math>(1+100)\cdot 50</math>. Generalizing this, we obtain the formula: :: For every natural number <math>n</math> the sum <math>1 + 2 + 3 + \dots + n</math> equals <math>(1+n)\cdot \frac{n}{2}</math>. Now we can start to prove this claim for every single natural number <math>n</math>: For <math>n = 1</math>: {{Math|<math>1 = \frac{1(1+1)}{2}</math>, correct ✔}} For <math>n = 2</math>: {{Math|<math>1 + 2 = 3 = \frac{2(2+1)}{2}</math>, also correct ✔}} and so on… But it is not possible to prove the above formula in this way as there are infinitely many natural numbers (think of the poor classmates of Gauß trying to sum up one by one every single number!). Obviously, we need a different technique for the proof. I told you at the beginning of this chapter that this formula can be proved by mathematical induction, and that this technique is similar to the domino effect. But how can the domino effect be used here? Let us take a closer look at the example: If you read through the task, you will realize that there is a free variable in the task definition (the natural number <math>n</math>). If you use a specific value for this free variable, you get a concrete result. By recalculating, you can determine if this statement is true or false. For example, if you substitute <math>n</math> with the number <math>42</math>, the (true) statement reads: :: The sum <math>1+2+3+\dots +42</math> is equal to <math>\frac{42 \cdot (42+1)}{2}</math>. Such an expression, which contains one free variable <math> n </math> and yields a result by assigning a value to this variable, is a <dfn>statement form</dfn> denoted by <math> A (n) </math>. This can be extended to statement forms depending on more variables <math> n,m,... </math> which are then denoted by <math> A (n,m,...) </math>. <math> A (n) </math> means something like: a statement form with the name <math> A </math> and the free variable <math> n </math>, that is, the statement form <math> A </math> depends on the value of the variable <math> n </math>. The above statement would therefore be <math> A (42)</math>. Here more examples: :: <math>A(1)</math> reads: The sum <math>1</math> is equal to <math>\frac{1 \cdot (1+1)}{2}</math>. :: <math>A(4)</math> reads: The sum <math>1+2+3+4</math> is equal to <math>\frac{4 \cdot (4+1)}{2}</math>. Our goal is now to prove that our statement holds true regardless of the value we choose for <math>n</math>. Such a statement is said to be "universally valid in <math>\N</math>". [[Image:Toppledominos.jpg|thumb|250px|The induction principle is comparable to a domino series.]] How can we bring the domino effect into play now? For this purpose, we will find an analogy between our statement and a domino series: imagine an infinitely long series of domino pieces starting somewhere in the room. This domino series is numbered (the first domino is one, the second is two, and so on). Now we introduce a relationship between the domino series and the statement to be proven <math> A (n) </math>. We say that the first domino piece stands for the statement <math> A (1) </math>, the second domino piece for the statement <math> A (2) </math>, and so on. Let us now assume that when a domino piece falls, the truth of the statement assigned to it is proven. So, if domino number seven falls, the statement <math> A (7) </math> is true, and in the case of domino number <math> 23 </math>, the proposition <math> A (23) </math> is true. [[Image:Domino Cascade.JPG|thumb|250px|The domino effect.]] We have now reduced our task to a problem known since childhood: wanting to bring down a domino series. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=What do we need to do to make ''all'' the dominoes fall over? How should the domino series be built? |antwort=If you think about it, you will come up with two conditions that have to be fulfilled to make all dominoes fall over. # You have to hit the first domino piece. # The domino series must be constructed in such a way that, in case a domino piece falls over, its successor also falls over. If both conditions are met, all the tiles in the domino series fall one after another ("domino effect"). So you have to make sure that both conditions are fulfilled.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=How can the two answers just given be translated back to the original problem, in order to prove the universality of our statement? |einrückung=nein |antwort= # '''First step''': Show that the statement for <math>n=1</math> is fulfilled. # '''Second step''': Show that, assuming that the statement is true for any <math> n = k </math>, the statement holds true also for the successor <math> n = k + 1 </math>. [[Image:Visualization of induction.svg|thumb|250px|Illustration of the induction principle.]] Let us see how the proof of these two steps provides the proof of our original problem. First of all, one shows that the first step is fulfilled, that is, that the assertion for <math> n = 1 </math> is true. If we now apply this knowledge to the second step (that is, if <math> n = k = 1 </math>), it follows that the claim for <math> n = k + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 </math> must be true. If we apply the second step again, the truth follows for <math> n = 2 + 1 = 3 </math> and if applied again for <math> n = 3 + 1 = 4 </math> and so on …}} So to solve the problem, all we need to do is prove the two steps of the solution given above. Here are the proofs of the two necessary steps: '''Solution step 1:''' For <math>n=1</math>, the claim we need to prove is: <math>1=\frac{1 \cdot (1+1)}{2}</math>. By simply calculating the right side, this is how we can show the claim is true. '''Solution step 2:''' Let us assume that the claim is already proven for <math>n=k</math>. By this assumption, it then holds: {{Math|<math>\underbrace{1+2+3+ \dots +k = \frac{k \cdot (k+1)}{2}}_\text{This equation is given.}</math>}} Now we have to prove the sum formula for <math>k+1</math>. This means we have to show: {{Math|<math>\underbrace{1+2+3+ \dots + k + (k+1) = \frac{(k+1) \cdot ((k+1)+1)}{2}}_\text{Goal: this equation must be shown/proven!}</math>}} Let's start on the left side of the equation we need to prove: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overbrace{1+2+3+ \dots +k+(k+1)}^{\text{left side of the equation we want}} & = { \color{OliveGreen}(1+2+3+ \dots +k)} + (k+1)\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{OliveGreen}\downarrow\ \text{substitute in the given equation}}\\[0.5em] & = { \color{OliveGreen} \frac{k \cdot (k+1)}{2}} + (k+1)\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \text{combine the sum into a fraction}\right.}\\[0.5em] & = \frac{k \cdot (k+1) + 2\cdot (k+1)}{2}\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ a \cdot b = b \cdot a \right.}\\[0.5em] & = \frac{(k+1)\cdot k + (k+1) \cdot 2}{2}\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \text{ factor out} (k+1)\right.}\\[0.5em] & = \frac{(k+1) \cdot (k+2)}{2}\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ k+2=(k+1)+1\right.}\\[0.5em] & = \underbrace{\frac{(k+1) \cdot ((k+1)+1)}{2}}_{\text{right-hand side of the equation we want}}\\ \end{align}</math>}} By assuming that the given equation is true, we can then transform the left side of the equation we want into the right side of the equation we want, such that we've proven the entire equation. This method has given us a short and elegant solution to the problem. == The induction principle{{Anchor|Prinzip}} == [[Image: Induction_domino_effect.jpg|thumb|An illustration of the domino effect within induction]] Now, what exactly is the "induction principle" in mathematics? To answer this question, we will use the example problem above as a motivation to generalize this proof method so that it can be applied to other similar problems. First, we take note that this principle deals with claims whose only free variable is a natural number. The problem to solve in these cases is to show that this claim is true for all natural numbers. In the first step, we showed that this claim is true at the starting natural number - in the case of the example above, the starting value was <math>n=1</math>. In the case of other problems, the claim may not be true for certain natural numbers; it may only be true for all natural numbers greater than or equal to some natural number <math>n</math>. In this case, <math>n</math> is our "smallest" natural number we want to consider. This step is called the <dfn>induction base</dfn>. In our analogy with dominoes, this is the same as the first domino that's knocked over that starts the chain reaction. In the second step, we showed that if the claim is true for any random natural number <math>k</math>, then it must also be true for <math>k+1</math>. This step is called the <dfn>induction step</dfn>. In our domino analogy, this step can be identified with the idea that a line of dominoes is built such that if one domino is knocked over, the next domino must fall. Assuming that the claim is true for some arbitrarily chosen natural number is called the <dfn>induction assumption</dfn>. This was the equation we used in solution step 2 above. The claim that we want to prove using the induction assumption is called the <dfn>induction claim</dfn>. This was the goal equation in the example above. The inductive step has the form: {{Math|<math>\overbrace{\underbrace{A(k)}_{\begin{smallmatrix}\text{induction assumption} \end{smallmatrix}} \Rightarrow \underbrace{A(k+1)}_{\text{induction claim}} }^{\text{induction step}}</math>}} Let us summarize: Induction can be applied to prove the universality of propositional forms <math>A(n)</math> whose only free variable <math>n</math> is a natural number. A proof by induction now works as follows: # '''Induction base''': Prove that <math>A(1)</math> is true. # '''Induction step''': Prove that if <math>A(k)</math> is true, then <math>A(k+1)</math> is also true. The two claims appearing here are the: #* '''Induction assumption''': We assume that <math>A(k)</math> is true for a single given <math>k\in\N</math>. #* '''Induction claim''': We claim that <math>A(k+1)</math> is true, which we have to show. #* '''Proof of the induction step'': Proof that under the induction assumption the induction claim is true. Accordingly, the induction step has the following form: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{c} \text{induction assumption} \\ {\color{Gray} |} \\ {\color{Gray} \text{proof}} \\ {\color{Gray} \downarrow} \\ \text{induction claim} \end{array}</math>}} Often (especially for simpler problems) induction base and induction assumption are omitted by a book author, if they seem too trivial to be mentioned in detail. Also, the induction base or induction step is sometimes not performed. Textbook authors often only give the hint that a problem can be solved by induction and leave the reader to deal with the respective proof. In this chapter, however, all the sub-steps of induction are explained. If we now formulate the above method of proof in mathematical language, we get a kind of pattern for how to solve problems by induction. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Sample: Proof by induction |definition= Let <math>A(n)</math> be a statement form depending on the variable <math>n \in \N</math>. If <math>A(1)</math> is a true statement (induction base) and the implication <math>A(k) \Rightarrow A(k+1)</math> is fulfilled for all <math>k \in \N</math> (induction step), then the statement is valid for all <math>n \in \N</math>.}} == Induction: a short Q&A == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=Do I always need the induction base and induction step for an induction proof or can I sometimes save one of the two steps? |antwort= Induction proofs '''always''' include an induction base and an induction step. If you omit either of these steps, your solution will be incomplete and lead to wrong or even obviously stupid conclusions! You can also use the analogy of the domino series: If you omit the induction base, this corresponds to the fact that you ''don't'' knock over the first domino. Assuming that the induction still works without an induction base is like assuming that all dominos fall even though no domino is touched! (which is obviously stupid) If you leave out the induction step, you could not guarantee that a domino would take its successor with it when it fell. So the domino cascade might stop falling. The conclusion of the induction proof "all dominos will fall" is then simply wrong again.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage= Since the row of dominos is infinite, it also takes infinite time to fall over. This would mean that a proof by induction would never be complete (since at no finite time did all the stones fall over). Doesn't this mean that the induction proof can never be completed? |antwort= This question shows one of the limits of the domino analogy. The time it takes for a domino to fall over and thereby trigger the next one is not relevant for mathematics. For each fixed <math>n \in \N</math>, the base case and finitely many applications of the induction step establish <math>A(n)</math>. The induction proof itself consists of the base case and the general induction step, both of which can be completed in finite time. 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First of all, we will clarify what the addition and multiplication of complex numbers should look like. == Deriving the formal definition of complex numbers == === Derivation of the tuple notation === Complex numbers have the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>a,b</math> are real numbers and the imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> satisfies the equation <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>. However, we lack a mathematical definition for this new form of a number. So we will now derive a reasonable and precise definition. A complex number <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> is described by the two real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>. Furthermore, complex numbers can be represented as points in a plane. <math>a</math> is the <math>x</math>-coordinate of the point and the imaginary part <math>b</math> is the <math>y</math>-coordinate: [[File:Complex number illustration.svg|center|Complex numbers are represented by dots on a plane]] Now, points within the plane can be described as tuples <math>(a,b)</math> of the set <math>\R\times\R=\R^2</math>. So we can assign to a tuple <math>(a,b)</math> in <math>\R\times\R</math> the complex number <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. So we identify <math>(a,b)\hat{=} a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, which provides a one-to-one identification of the complex set of numbers <math>\Complex</math> with the set <math>\R\times\R</math>. The tuple is a precisely defined mathematical concept, so we can use it for the formal definition of complex numbers. We say that complex numbers <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> are tuples <math>(a,b)</math> written in a special notation and equipped with a multiplication operation (to be defined later). === Deriving computational rules === [[File:Komplexe addition.svg|thumb|Adding complex numbers works like adding vectors.]] It would be nice to calculate with complex numbers like with real numbers, by adding and multiplying them. Let us first consider the addition of two complex numbers <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>c+d\,\mathrm i</math>. The result should again be a complex number, i.e. of the form <math>x+y\,\mathrm i</math>. For this we add the two complex numbers, arrange the summands and factor out: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a+b\,\mathrm i)+(c+d\,\mathrm i)& =a+b\,\mathrm i+c+d\,\mathrm i \\ & =a+c+b\,\mathrm i+d\,\mathrm i \\ & =(a+c)+(b+d)\,\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} The result is again of the form <math>x+y\,\mathrm i</math>. The real and the imaginary parts are added up. For the formal definition of the addition we use the tuple notation <math>(a,b)</math> in <math>\R\times\R</math>, with identification <math>(a,b)\ \hat{=}\ a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. With this, we translate the above calculation into the tuple notation: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(c,d)\ &\hat{=}\ (a+b\,\mathrm i)+(c+d\,\mathrm i) = (a+c)+(b+d)\,\mathrm i \\ &\hat{=} (a+c,b+d) \end{align}</math>}} We see that summing is nothing other than component-wise addition in <math>\R\times\R</math>. This is exactly the vector addition in the plane <math>\R\times\R</math>. The multiplication of complex numbers is more complicated. We consider the product of two complex numbers <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>c+d\,\mathrm i</math> and multiply out the product: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} &(a+b\,\mathrm i)\cdot(c+d\,\mathrm i) \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{multiply out} \right.} \\[0.3em] &=a\cdot c+a\cdot d\,\mathrm i+b\,\mathrm i \cdot c+b\,\mathrm i \cdot d\,\mathrm i \\[0.3em] &=a\cdot c+(a\cdot d)\,\mathrm i+(b\cdot c)\,\mathrm i+(b\cdot d)\,\mathrm i^2 \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \mathrm i^2=-1 \right.} \\[0.3em] &=a\cdot c+(a\cdot d)\,\mathrm i+(b\cdot c)\,\mathrm i-(b\cdot d) \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{re-arrange summands} \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(a\cdot c-b\cdot d)+(a\cdot d+b\cdot c)\,\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} Translated in the tuple-notation, we have: {{Math|<math>(a,b)\cdot(c,d)=(a\cdot c-b\cdot d,a\cdot d+b\cdot c)</math>}} == Formal definition of complex numbers == === Definition of complex numbers === The complex numbers are defined as tuples in <math>\R\times\R</math> with the appropriate addition and multiplication. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Set of complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> |definition= We define the set of complex numbers as the set <math>\Complex:=\R\times\R</math> together with two mappings "addition" and "multiplication". Complex numbers are thus tuples <math>(a,b)</math>, where <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are real numbers. Addition and multiplication are defined by {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(c,d)& :=(a+c,b+d) \\ (a,b)\cdot (c,d)& :=(a\cdot c-b\cdot d,a\cdot d+b\cdot c) \end{align}</math>}} }} === Definition of real and imaginary part === A complex number <math>z=(a,b)</math> can be described as a point in the plane. It is uniquely defined by its coordinates <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>. These coordinates have special names. <math>a</math> is called the real part and <math>b</math> the imaginary part of the complex number. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Real and imaginary part |definition= For a complex number <math>z=(a,b)\in\Complex</math> with <math>a,b\in\R</math> we set <math>\operatorname{Re}(z)=a</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)=b</math>. We call <math>\operatorname{Re}(z)</math> the ''real part'' and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)</math> the ''imaginary part'' of the complex number <math>z</math>. }} == The complex numbers form a field {{Anchor|The complex numbers form a field}} == We can calculate with complex numbers as with real numbers. The addition corresponds to the vector addition in <math>\R\times\R</math>. Thus, it inherits all properties of the addition in a vector space and fulfils, for example, the associative law <math>(z+w)+u = z+(w+u)</math> and the commutative law <math>z+w=w+z</math>. The multiplication in the complex numbers has properties similar to those of multiplication in the real numbers. Like in the real numbers, we can form fractions of the form <math>\tfrac{w}{z}</math> in <math>\Complex</math>. This requires inverting a complex number <math>z=(a,b)</math> to <math>z^{-1} = (c,d)</math>. The reciprocal number should satisfy the equation <math>z\cdot z^{-1} = 1</math>. So we need to choose <math>(c,d)</math> such that <math>(1,0)=(a,b)\cdot (c,d)=(ac-bd,ad+bc)</math> holds. We will see that this system of equations is uniquely solvable for all <math>(a,b)\in\Complex\setminus \{0\}</math>. Altogether, the addition and the multiplication fulfil the so-called [[Math for Non-Geeks/Field axioms|field axioms]], as they do for the real numbers. Thus, calculations in <math>\Complex</math> work with a similar structure compared to those within the real numbers. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= Let <math>\Complex=\R^2</math> be the set of complex numbers with addition and multiplication: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(c,d)& :=(a+c,b+d)\\ (a,b)\cdot (c,d)& :=(a\cdot c-b\cdot d,a\cdot d+b\cdot c) \end{align}</math>}} This set satisfies the field axioms. |lösungsweg= We now want to check the validity of the field axioms in the complex numbers one after the other. For this we will start from the definitions of addition and multiplication in <math>\Complex</math> and use the properties of the real numbers. Let us consider, for example, the commutativity of multiplication. To prove this, we have to prove the following equation: {{Math|<math>(a,b)\cdot(c,d) = \ldots =(c,d)\cdot(a,b)</math>}} What transformation steps take us from the left-hand term to the right-hand term? First, it is helpful to apply the definition of multiplication in the complex numbers, i.e. <math>(a,b)\cdot(c,d) = (ac-bd,ad+bc)</math> and <math> (c,d)\cdot(a,b) = (ca-db,da+cb)</math>. Thus, we obtain {{Math|<math>(a,b)\cdot(c,d)= (ac-bd,ad+bc) = \ldots = (ca-db,da+cb) = (c,d)\cdot(a,b)</math>}} This way, most of the proof is already done. What remains to be shown is the equality <math>(ac-bd,ad+bc)=(ca-db,da+cb)</math>, which we obtain directly from the properties of <math>\R</math>: Since <math>a, b, c, d</math> are from the field of real numbers, we know, due to the commutativity of the multiplication, that <math>ac-bd=ca-db</math> and <math>ad+bc=da+cb</math> hold. Hence, we have proved the commutativity of multiplication in complex numbers. In a very similar way, the other field axioms for complex numbers can be shown. Besides the associativity and commutativity of addition and multiplication, we have to prove the existence of the neutral and inverse element of addition and multiplication in <math>\Complex</math>. We do this by constructing such an element and showing by explicit calculation that it has the properties required in the field axioms. The neutral element of addition is not difficult to find: We suspect the origin of the complex plane to take this role, which corresponds to the zero in the complex number plane or a zero vector. The point <math>(0,0)</math> should therefore be the complex zero. Also from the definition of addition it is easy to see that <math>0_{\Complex}=(0_{\R},0_{\R})</math> must be valid, so that <math>(a,b)+(0,0)=(a,b)</math> is fulfilled. We can easily determine the additive inverse of a complex number <math>(a,b)</math> by determining the additive inverse of the two real numbers <math>a,b</math>. We obtain <math>-(a,b)=(-a,-b)</math>, which can be shown to be the additive inverse of <math>(a,b)</math> by explicit calculation. Regarding the neutral element of the multiplication, we assume that, as with the neutral element of the addition, an analogy to the real numbers applies. On the real number line, 1 is the neutral element of the multiplication. In the complex plane, this corresponds to the point with the coordinates <math>(1,0)</math>. And we can explicitly verify that <math>1_{\Complex}=(1_{\R},0_{\R})</math> has the desired properties. Now we still have to find the multiplicative inverse. This is somewhat more difficult than the additive inverse because multiplication is defined in a more complicated way than addition. For a given <math>(a,b)\in\Complex</math> with <math>(a,b)\neq(0,0)</math> we search for a complex number <math>(c,d)\in\Complex</math> with <math>(a,b)\cdot (c,d)=(1,0)</math>. Here, <math>(1,0)</math> is the "one" already found in the complex numbers. What conditions must <math>(c,d)</math> fulfil as the inverse of <math>(a,b)</math>? According to the definition of multiplication, <math>(a,b)\cdot (c,d)=(ac-bd,ad+bc)</math>. Thus <math>(ac-bd,ad+bc)=(1,0)</math> must apply. This requires 2 equations to be fulfilled: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} ac-bd& =1\\ ad+bc& =0 \end{align}</math>}} This is a system of equations with two unknowns, namely <math>c</math> and <math>d</math>, and two equations. We can try to solve this system of equations, i.e. solve the equations for <math>c</math> and <math>d</math>. If you have 10 minutes (perhaps, it takes far less), take a pen and paper and try to solve the two equations for <math>c</math> and <math>d</math>. We present here an elegant solution that does not require any case distinction due to division by zero. But it is not intuitive, and few people would do the same on the first try. First, we multiply the first equation with <math>a</math> and the second with <math>b</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \begin{array}{rcr} ac-bd=1 &\implies &a^2c-abd=a \\[0.3em] ad+bc=0 &\implies &abd+b^2c=0 \end{array} \end{align}</math>}} We add both equations and obtain: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \begin{array}{rrl} &a^2c+0+b^2c&=a+0 \\[0.3em] \implies& (a^2+b^2)c&=a\\[0.3em] & &{\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \begin{array}{l} a^2+b^2\neq 0,\\ \text{since } (a,b)\neq (0,0) \end{array}\right.} \\[0.3em] \implies& c&=\frac{a}{a^2+b^2} \end{array} \end{align}</math>}} Now, we multiply the other way round, i.e. the first equation with <math>b</math> and the second one with <math>a</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \begin{array}{rcr} ac-bd=1 &\implies &abc-b^2d=b \\[0.3em] ad+bc=0 &\implies &a^2d+abc=0 \end{array} \end{align}</math>}} Subtracting the first equation from the second, we get: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \begin{array}{rrl} &a^2d+0+b^2d&=-b\\[0.3em] \implies &(a^2+b^2)d&=-b\\[0.3em] &&{\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \begin{array}{l} a^2+b^2\neq 0,\\ \text{since } (a,b)\neq (0,0) \end{array}\right.} \\[0.3em] \implies &d&=\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2} \end{array} \end{align}</math>}} So we found <math>(c,d)=\left(\tfrac a{a^2+b^2},\tfrac{-b}{a^2+b^2}\right)\in\Complex</math> as the inverse of <math>(a,b)</math>. In the proof we will verify that indeed <math>(a,b)\cdot (c,d)=(1,0)</math>. |beweis= We must verify all field axioms. Let <math>a,b,c,d,e,f \in \R</math> be given arbitrarily. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Associative law for addition |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+\bigg((c,d)+(e,f)\bigg)& =(a,b)+(c+e,d+f)\\ &=(a+(c+e),b+(d+f)) \\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{associative law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=((a+c)+e,(b+d)+f) \\ &=(a+c,b+d)+(e,f)\\ &=\bigg((a,b)+(c,d)\bigg)+(e,f) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Commutative law for addition |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(c,d)& =(a+c,b+d) \\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{commutative law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] & =(c+a,d+b)\\ & =(c,d)+(a,b) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Existence of a zero element |beweisschritt= The zero element in <math>\Complex</math> is given by <math>(0,0)</math>, since {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (0,0)+(a,b)&=(a+0,b+0)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{definition of } 0 \text{ in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(a,b)\end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Existence of the additive inverse |beweisschritt= In <math>\Complex</math> there is <math>-(a,b)=(-a,-b)</math>, since {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(-a,-b)&=(a-a,b-b)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{additive inverse in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(0,0)\end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Associative law for multiplication |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)\cdot\bigg((c,d)\cdot(e,f)\bigg)& =(a,b)\cdot(ce-df,cf+ed) \\ & =(a\cdot(ce-df)-b\cdot(cf+ed),a\cdot(cf+ed)+b\cdot(ce-df))\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] & =(ace-adf-bcf-bed,acf+aed+bce-bdf)\\ & =((ac-bd)\cdot e-(ad+bc)\cdot f,(ac-bd)\cdot f+(ad+bc)\cdot e)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] & =(ac-bd,ad+bc)\cdot(e,f) \\ & =\bigg((a,b)\cdot(c,d)\bigg)\cdot(e,f) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Commutative law for multiplication |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)\cdot(c,d)& =(ac-bd,ad+bc)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{commutative law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(ca-db,da+cb) \\ &=(c,d)\cdot(a,b) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Existence of a unit element |beweisschritt= The unit element in <math>\Complex</math> is <math>(1,0)</math>: there is <math>(1,0)\neq(0,0)</math> and {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (1,0)\cdot(a,b)&=(1\cdot a-0\cdot b,1\cdot b+0\cdot a)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{properties of }0\text{ and } 1 \text{ in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(a-0,b+0)\\ &=(a,b)\end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Existence of the multiplicative inverse |beweisschritt= Let <math>z=(a,b)</math> be a complex number with <math>(a,b)\neq(0,0)</math>. The inverse of this number is <math>(a,b)^{-1}=\left(\frac{a}{a^2+b^2},\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2}\right)</math>. This number is well-defined, since <math>(a,b)\neq(0,0)</math> and hence <math>a^2+b^2>0</math>. And there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)\cdot(a,b)^{-1}&=(a,b)\cdot\left(\frac{a}{a^2+b^2},\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2}\right)\\[0.3em] &=\left(a\cdot\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}-b\cdot\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2},a\cdot\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2}+b\cdot\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}\right)\\[0.3em] &=\left(\frac{aa+bb}{a^2+b^2},\frac{-ab+ba}{a^2+b^2}\right)\\[0.3em] &=\left(\frac{a^2+b^2}{a^2+b^2},\frac{0}{a^2+b^2}\right)\\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{multiplicative inverse of }a^2+b^2\text{ in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(1,0) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Distributive law |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)\cdot\bigg((c,d)+(e,f)\bigg)& =(a,b)\cdot(c+e,d+f)\\ &=(a\cdot(c+e)-b\cdot(d+f),a\cdot(d+f)+b\cdot(c+e))\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(ac+ae-bd-bf,ad+af+bc+be)\\ &=(ac-bd,ad+bc)+(ae-bf,af+be) \\ &=(a,b)\cdot(c,d)+(a,b)\cdot(e,f) \end{align}</math>}} }}}} == <math>\R</math> as a sub-field of <math>\Complex</math> == We identify the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> with the plane <math>\R\times\R</math>. Here the <math>x</math> axis lying in the complex plane is the real number line. So it makes sense that the real numbers <math>\R</math> are a subset of the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math>. We also know that both <math>\R</math> and <math>\Complex</math> are fields. So <math>\R</math> should be a sub-field of <math>\Complex</math>. In order to verify this, we have to show more than that <math>\R</math> is a subset of <math>\Complex</math>. We must also prove that the addition and multiplication of real numbers in <math>\Complex</math> again leads to real numbers. Mathematically, two statements have to be shown: <math>\R</math> is a subset of <math>\Complex</math> and the arithmetic operations preserve the real numbers in <math>\Complex</math>. The first statement requires care. Strictly speaking, <math>\R</math> is not a subset of <math>\Complex</math>, since <math>\Complex=\R\times\R=\{ (a,b)|a,b\in\R\}</math> is a set of tuples and <math>\R</math> is a set of individual numbers. So the elements of <math>\R</math> and of <math>\Complex</math> are different. However, we can identify the real numbers with a subset of the complex numbers, which behaves similarly to <math>\R</math>. To find this subset, we use the visualization of the complex numbers in the plane. The subset we are looking for is the real axis in the complex plane. A complex number <math>z=(a,b)\in\Complex</math> lies on this axis exactly when its imaginary part is zero, i.e. <math>b=0</math>. Thus, the real line is identified with the set <math>\{(a,0)|a\in\R\}=\R\times\{0\}\subseteq\Complex</math>. Now, a quick mathematical investigation of the identification of <math>\R\times\{0\}</math> with the real numbers follows. Intuitively, there is nothing to do: the real line looks like the real axis within the complex plane. Mathematically, there is still some work to be done: we need a one-to-one relationship (bijective mapping) of <math>\R</math> to <math>\R\times\{0\}</math>. Or we define an injective mapping <math>\iota\colon\R\to\Complex</math> (called embedding) with <math>\iota (\R )=\R\times\{0\}</math>. Then <math>\iota</math> bijectively maps the real numbers to <math>\R\times\{0\}</math>. And we need that <math>\R\times\{0\}</math> has the same structure as the real numbers. Our embedding map <math>\iota</math> should preserve the structure of <math>\R</math> in the image. This means, sums in <math>\R</math> should be mapped by <math>\iota</math> to sums in <math>\Complex</math> and the same with products. And the neutral elements <math>0</math> and <math>1</math> shall be mapped from the real numbers to the corresponding neutral elements in the complex numbers. (A mapping with such properties is also called a ''field homomorphism''). How should we choose <math>\iota</math>? Let us look again at our visualization of the complex plane. We want to map the real number line <math>\R</math> to the real axis <math>\R\times\{0\}</math>. The easiest way to do this is to just embed the number line into the two-dimensional plane. In other words, map a real number <math>a\in\R</math> to <math>(a,0)\in\R\times\{0\}</math>: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Embedding of the real into the complex numbers |definition= The function <math>\iota\colon\R\to\Complex</math> with the assignment rule <math>\iota (a )=(a,0)</math> is an embedding of the real numbers in the complex numbers. }} It remains to be shown that our picture fulfils the characteristics of an injective field homomorphism. Such an injective field homomorphism is also called a ''field monomorphism'': {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Embedding of the real numbers is a field homomorphism |satz= The embedding <math>\iota\colon\R\to\Complex</math> with <math>\iota (a)=(a,0)</math> is a field monomorphism (= injective field homomorphism) |lösungsweg= To show that any function <math>f\colon L\to K</math> between two fields <math>L</math> and <math>K</math> is a field homomorphism, the following properties must be verified: *The two neutral elements with respect to the field <math>L</math> must be mapped to the neutral elements from the field <math>K</math>, i.e. <div style="margin-left: 2em;"> {{Math|<math>\begin{align} f(0_L)& =0_K \\ f(1_L)&=1_K \end{align}</math>}} Here <math>0_L</math>/ <math>1_L</math> are the neutral elements of addition/multiplication in the set <math>L</math> and <math>0_K</math>/ <math>1_K</math> are the neutral elements in <math>K</math>. </div> * Preservation of addition, i.e. for all <math>a, b\in L</math> there is: <div style="margin-left: 2em;"> {{Math|<math>f(a+_L b)= f(a) +_K f(b)</math>}} </div> * Preservation of multiplication, i.e. for all <math>a, b\in L</math> there is: <div style="margin-left: 2em;"> {{Math|<math>f (a \cdot_L b )= f (a ) \cdot_K f (b)</math>}} </div> We have to verify these properties for <math>\iota</math>. To do this, we first translate the properties to be verified into the case of <math>\iota</math>. For example, the formula <math>f (a \cdot_L b )= f (a ) \cdot_K f (b)</math> becomes {{Math|<math>\begin{align} {\color{Thistle}f}(a \cdot_{\color{RedOrange}L} b ) & = {\color{Thistle}f}(a) \cdot_{\color{Blue}K} {\color{Thistle}f}(b) \\[0.3em] & \downarrow \\[0.3em] {\color{Thistle}\iota}(a \cdot_{\color{RedOrange}\R} b ) & = {\color{Thistle}\iota}(a) \cdot_{\color{Blue}\Complex} {\color{Thistle}\iota}(b) \\[0.3em] \end{align}</math>}} So we have to prove the equation <math>\iota (a \cdot b ) = \iota (a ) \cdot \iota (b)</math>. Here we can first use the definition of <math>\iota</math>. With this, the following chain of equations can be shown: {{Math|<math>\iota (a \cdot b )=(a \cdot b,0) = \ldots =(a,0) \cdot (b,0) = \iota (a ) \cdot \iota (b)</math>}} By explicitly calculating <math>(a,0) \cdot (b,0)</math> this chain of equations can be proven. The same can be done for the other properties. The proof of injectivity is done by a similar procedure. |beweis= Let <math>a, b\in\R</math>. Further, as defined above, <math>(1,0)</math> is the neutral element of multiplication in <math>\Complex</math>, and <math>(0,0)</math> is the neutral element of addition in <math>\Complex</math>. There is: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>\iota</math> preserves neutral elements |beweisschritt= The two neutral elements of <math>\R</math> get mapped to the neutral elements of <math>\Complex</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \iota (1_\R)& =(1,0)=1_\Complex \\ \iota (0_\R)& =(0,0)=0_\Complex \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>\iota (a+b)= \iota (a) + \iota (b)</math> |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\iota (a+b)=(a+b,0) =(a,0)+(b,0) = \iota (a ) + \iota (b)</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>\iota (a\cdot b)= \iota (a) \cdot \iota (b)</math> |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \iota (a \cdot b )& =(a \cdot b,0) \\ & =(a \cdot b-0 \cdot 0,a \cdot 0+0 \cdot b) \\ & =(a,0) \cdot (b,0) = \iota (a ) \cdot \iota (b) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>\iota</math> is injective |beweisschritt= Let <math>a, b\in\R</math> with <math>\iota (a)=\iota (b)</math>. Consequently <math>(a,0)=\iota (a)=\iota (b) = (b,0) </math>, so <math>(a,0)=(b,0)</math>. This means, <math>a = b</math> and our map is injective. }} Thus the map <math>\iota</math> is an injective field homomorphism, i.e. a field monomorphism. }} Due to the properties of a field monomorphism, the structure of a field is preserved in the image of the embedding. Simply put, the image of the field monomorphism fulfils the field axioms and thus defines a field again. Since the image of the embedding <math>\iota</math> is a subset of the field of complex numbers, we can regard the image <math>\iota (\R)</math> as a sub-field of <math>\Complex</math>. Furthermore, the image <math>\iota\colon\R\to \iota(\R)</math> gives a field isomorphism, i.e. a bijective field homomorphism between <math>\R</math> and <math>\iota(\R)</math>. This justifies the notion <math>\R\subseteq\Complex</math> and we view from now on all real numbers <math>a\in\R</math> as equal to the complex number <math>a:=\iota(a)</math>. == Definition of the notation <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> == We would like to write a complex number as <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. According to our definition with <math>\Complex=\R\times\R</math>, this number is the tuple <math>(a,b)</math>. To simplify calculations, we would like to introduce the notation <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> without the tuple. For this, we have to define <math>\mathrm i</math> mathematically. Since <math>\mathrm i</math> lies in the complex plane on the <math>y</math> axis at coordinate <math>1</math>, we choose <math>\mathrm i := (0,1)</math>: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Imaginary unit |definition=We set <math>\mathrm i:=(0,1)</math> , which allows us to use this letter as a complex number. }} In the beginning we looked for the solution of the equation <math>x^2=-1</math> and with <math>\mathrm i</math> we found one of these solutions. We can verify that <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math> for <math>\mathrm i=(0,1)</math> by explicit computation: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \mathrm i^ 2& =\mathrm i\cdot \mathrm i=(0,1)\cdot(0,1) \\[0.3em] &=(0\cdot0-1\cdot 1,0\cdot 1+1\cdot 0)\\[0.3em] &=(-1,0)=\iota(-1)=-1 \end{align}</math>}} Here, we use the embedding <math>\iota</math> of the real numbers in <math>\Complex</math> and the notation <math>a=\iota (a)</math> for <math>a\in\R</math>. So there indeed is <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>. Now we show that the notation <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> for <math>(a,b)</math> indeed makes sense. Using <math>c:=\iota (c)=(c,0)</math> for <math>c\in\R</math> we show <math>(a,b)=a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. Thanks to this proof, we can then calculate with the complex number <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> as if it was a sum: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz=For all <math>(a,b)\in\Complex</math> there is <math>a+ b\,\mathrm i=(a,b)</math>. |beweis= Let <math>(a,b)\in\Complex</math>. Then {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)&=(a,0)+(0,b)\\[0.5em] &{\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \begin{align} & (b,0)\cdot(0,1) \\ =& (b\cdot 0-0\cdot 1, b\cdot 1+0\cdot 0) \\ =& (0,b) \end{align}\right.}\\[0.5em] &=(a,0)+(b,0)\cdot(0,1) \\ &=a+b\cdot (0,1)=a+b\,\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} }} == <math>\Complex</math> is not an ordered field {{Anchor|CAnordnung}} == It would be nice to have an ordering of complex numbers, that means a larger/smaller relation for complex numbers. Let us consider the numbers <math>1</math> and <math>\mathrm i</math>. We notice that they lie on the unit circle. This is the set of all points which have the distance <math>1</math> to zero: [[File:Complex Plane number i and 1.svg|center|300px|Unit circle in the complex plane with 1 and i]] Is now <math>1<\mathrm i</math>, <math>1=\mathrm i</math> or <math>1 > \mathrm i</math>? At first, this case seems to be ambiguous, because both numbers have the same absolute value. What about <math>1</math> and <math>-2\mathrm i</math>? The number <math>-2\mathrm i</math> is further away from zero than the number <math>1</math>. Is <math>-2\mathrm i>1</math> then also valid? Can the product of a negative number with the imaginary unit really be greater than a positive number? From these small examples, we can already see that establishing an ordering of complex numbers is difficult. In fact, this is not possible. The following theorem proves this: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= There is no ordering of the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> that maintains the order of the real numbers. |beweis= We consider the two numbers <math>0</math> and <math>\mathrm i</math>. In a fixed ordering, either <math>\mathrm i= 0</math> or <math>0<\mathrm i</math> or <math>\mathrm i < 0</math> must apply (trichotomy of positivity). We will now refute these three statements step by step: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Fallunterscheidung |fall1=<math>\mathrm i = 0</math> |beweis1= By definition, <math>\mathrm i=(0,1)\neq(0,0)=0</math>. |fall2=<math>\mathrm i > 0</math> |beweis2= Assume that <math>0<\mathrm i</math>. Thus <math>\mathrm i</math> is a positive number. Now, both sides of an inequality can be multiplied by a positive number without changing its order. From <math>a < b</math> and <math>0 < c</math> we get <math>a\cdot c < b \cdot c</math> (closure regarding multiplication). So we must be able to multiply both sides of <math>0<\mathrm i</math> with <math>\mathrm i</math>. We obtain <math>0 = 0\cdot \mathrm i<\mathrm i\cdot \mathrm i=-1</math>. This result is not compatible with the ordering of the real numbers, and therefore our assumption is not correct. |fall3=<math>\mathrm i < 0</math> |beweis3= Let now <math>\mathrm i < 0</math>. Then we add <math>-\mathrm i</math> to both sides of the inequality and get <math>0<-\mathrm i</math>. Again, because of the closure on multiplication, we can multiply both sides by <math>-\mathrm i</math> and then <math>0<(-\mathrm i)^2=-1</math>. This inequality is also incompatible with the ordering of the real numbers, so <math>\mathrm i < 0</math> cannot hold. }} So neither <math>\mathrm i= 0</math> nor <math>0<\mathrm i</math> nor <math>\mathrm i < 0</math> can hold. Thus, <math>\Complex</math> cannot be an ordered field, with an ordering maintaining that of <math>\R</math>. }} == <math>\Complex </math> is algebraically closed == With <math>\Complex </math> we constructed a field in which the equation <math>x^2=-1</math> is solvable, so the polynomial <math>x^2+1</math> has a zero. In the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> we even have that ''every'' polynomial (with coefficients in <math>\Complex</math>) of degree greater or equal to <math>1</math> has ''at least one zero''. This excludes only constant polynomials, which of course (except the zero polynomial) have no zeros. This property is not valid in the real numbers: for instance, <math>x^2+1</math> has no real zeros. This property of complex numbers is called ''algebraic closure'' and is treated in algebra. The algebraic closure of <math>\Complex</math> is proved in a theorem with the majestic name ''Fundamental Theorem of Algebra''. == Exercises == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe |aufgabe= Compute the following products * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot \mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot 2\mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot (-2-2\mathrm i)</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot (2+2\mathrm i)</math> |lösung= We have: * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot \mathrm i=-2 + 3\mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot 2\mathrm i=-4 + 6 \mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot (-2-2\mathrm i)=-6-6\mathrm i-4\mathrm i+4=-2 - 10 \mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot (2+2\mathrm i)=6+6\mathrm i+4 \mathrm i-4=2 + 10 \mathrm i </math> }} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} apmg0okcb6j1p1szo6ligj6nahg06c2 0 471864 4672819 4610630 2026-09-28T17:28:55Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == Absolute value of a complex number == === Motivation of the absolute value === When dealing with real numbers, we introduced the absolute value function <math>|\cdot|\colon \R\to\R_{\ge 0}</math>, with which we could specify the distance of a certain number to zero. Visualised on the real number line, this looks as follows: [[File:Zahlenstrahl3.svg|center|500px|absolute values of real numbers]] Also in the complex plane we can determine the distance of a complex number from the zero point. For this, we use the theorem of Pythagoras. Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> be a complex number: [[File:Complex number.svg|250px|center|The complex number z with its real part a and imaginary part b]] With the Pythagorean theorem, for the distance <math>|z|</math> from zero, we have <math>|z|^2 = \operatorname{Re}(z)^2 + \operatorname{Im}(z)^2 = a^2 + b^2</math>. By taking roots on both sides, <math>|z|</math> can be determined. There is: {{Math|<math>|z| =\sqrt{\text{Re}(z)^2+\text{Im}(z)^2} = \sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math>}} The absolute value transfers some concepts of real numbers to the complex numbers. As <math>|x-y|</math> in the real numbers is the distance between <math>x</math> and <math>y</math>, so is <math>|z-w|</math> in the complex numbers the distance between <math>z</math> and <math>w</math>. The distance in turn can be used to define terms such as a limit: A complex number <math>z</math> is the limit value of a sequence <math>(z_n)_{n\in\N}</math> of complex numbers, if for every <math>\epsilon>0</math>, the distance <math>|z-z_n|</math> is below <math>\epsilon</math> for all sufficiently large <math>n</math>. === Definition of the complex absolute value === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=absolute value of a complex number |definition= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i\in \Complex</math>. Then, we define <math>|z| = \sqrt{\text{Re}(z)^2+\text{Im}(z)^2}=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math> and call the number <math>|z| \in \R_{\ge 0}</math> the ''absolute value'' of <math>z</math>. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|The absolute value defined above on the complex numbers coincides with the usual absolute value for real numbers. Consider <math>z=a+0\cdot\mathrm i \in\R</math>. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |z|& =\sqrt{\text{Re}(z)^2+\text{Im}(z)^2}=\sqrt{a^2+0^2}=\sqrt{a^2} \\[0.3em] & =\begin{cases}a, &\text{if } a\geq 0,\\-a, &\text{if }a<0.\end{cases} \end{align}</math>}} }} == Complex conjugation == === Motivation of the conjugation === The imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> as a root of <math>-1</math> fulfils the equation <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>. We can imagine the multiplication <math>x\mapsto -1 \cdot x</math> as a <math>180^\circ</math> rotation around the zero point. Now because of the equation <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>, the multiplication <math>x\mapsto -1 \cdot x</math> is the same as <math>x\mapsto \mathrm i \cdot (\mathrm i \cdot x)</math>. Thus, <math>x\mapsto \mathrm i \cdot x</math> is an operation that corresponds to a <math>180^\circ</math> rotation when used twice. If a double multiplication with <math>\mathrm i</math> corresponds to a <math>180^\circ</math> rotation, then multiplication by the chosen imaginary unit corresponds to a counterclockwise <math>90^\circ</math> rotation. In particular, the imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> is equal to the number which results from a rotation of the number <math>1</math> by <math>90^\circ</math>: [[File:Complex Plane number i by rotation 1 by 90 degrees.svg|300px|center|Rotation of the number 1 by 90° yields i]] It is common in Mathematics to turn counter-clockwise. Thus, <math>\mathrm i</math> is located where in <math>\R\times\R</math> the <math>1</math> lies on the <math>y</math> axis. However, one could just as well have turned clockwise. Then <math>\mathrm i</math> would lie at the point <math>(0,-1)</math> on the <math>y</math> axis: [[File:Complex Plane number i by rotation 1 by -90 degrees.svg|300px|center|Rotation of the number 1 by -90° yields -i]] We could also have derived the complex numbers from this alternative rotation. In that case, we would have chosen the point below the <math>x</math> axis as the imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> on the same complex plane. In this alternative set of complex numbers, the roles of <math>\mathrm i</math> and <math>-\mathrm i</math> are reversed. So if we swap <math>\mathrm i \leftrightarrow -\mathrm i</math> everywhere, essential properties and structures obtained by number range expansion should be preserved. Such an interchange is shown in the figure: {{Math|<math>a + b\,\mathrm i \mapsto a-b\mathrm i</math>}} In this figure, the imaginary part is multiplied by <math>-1</math>. This corresponds to a reflection of the complex number on the real (<math>x</math>) axis: [[File:Complex conjugation.svg|center|350px|complex conjugation visualized]] An example where this reflection is useful are the zeros of the function <math>f\colon \Complex\to\Complex, f(z)=z^2+1</math>. There is <math>f(\mathrm i)=\mathrm i^2+1 = 0</math>. Therefore <math>\mathrm i</math> is a zero of <math>f</math>. On the other hand, there is also <math>f(-\mathrm i) = (-\mathrm i)^2+1=0</math> and therefore <math>-\mathrm i</math> is another zero. Let us consider <math>g(z)=z^2-2z+2</math> with the zero <math>1+\mathrm i</math>. One might think that the negative of the number, <math>-1-\mathrm i</math>, is another zero. Unfortunately, this is not the case. But if we exchange <math>\mathrm i</math> with <math>-\mathrm i</math>, i.e. if we look at the complex number <math>1-\mathrm i</math>, we get another zero: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} g(1-\mathrm i) & = (1-\mathrm i)^2 - 2 (1-\mathrm i) + 2 \\ &= (-2\mathrm i)-(2-2\mathrm i) + 2 = 0 \end{align}</math>}} For the zero <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> of a polynomial, <math>a-b\,\mathrm i</math>, reflected on the real axis, appears to be another zero point. Incidentally, this is the case for all polynomials with purely real coefficients. This indicates that the mapping <math>a+b\,\mathrm i\mapsto a-b\,\mathrm i</math> is a special one. This mapping is called ''complex conjugation''. For the zero point <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> of a polynomial, the <math>a-b\,\mathrm i</math> mirrored on the real axis seems to be another zero point. This is the case for all polynomials with purely real coefficients. This indicates that the mapping <math>a+b\,\mathrm i\mapsto a-b\,\mathrm i</math> might be particularly useful. As you progress with your math studies, you will see that it is useful in many more situations. So we better give it a name. Let's call it ''complex conjugation'' (since it connects/ conjugates <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>a-b\,\mathrm i</math>). === Definition of the complex conjugation === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=complex conjugation for a complex number |definition= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i\in \Complex</math>. Then, the mapping <math>\Complex\to\Complex, z\mapsto\bar{z}</math> is called ''complex conjugation'' and the number <math>\bar{z}=a-b\,\mathrm i</math> is the ''complex conjugate'' of <math>z</math>. }} ==Overview: Properties of the absolute value and the complex conjugation== ===Properties of the complex conjugation=== For all <math>z,w\in\Complex</math>, the following hold: * <math>z=\overline z \iff \operatorname{Im}(z) = 0 \iff z\in\R</math> * <math>\overline{\overline{w}} = w</math> * <math>\overline{z+w} = \overline{z}+\overline{w}</math> * <math>\overline{z\cdot w} = \overline{z}\cdot\overline{w}</math> * <math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math> * <math>\overline{\prod_{k=1}^n z_k}=\prod_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math> * <math>\text{Re}(w) = \frac{1}{2}\cdot \left(w+\overline{w}\right)</math> * <math>\text{Im}(w) = \frac{1}{2\mathrm i}\cdot \left(w-\overline{w}\right)</math> * <math>|z|=\sqrt{z\cdot \bar{z}}</math> * <math>z^{-1} = \frac{\overline z}{|z|^2}</math> for <math>z\ne 0</math> * <math>\overline{\left(\frac{z}{w}\right)} = \frac{\overline{z}}{\overline{w}}</math> for <math>w\ne 0</math> ===Properties of the absolute value of a complex number=== For all <math>z,w\in\Complex</math>, the following hold: * <math>|z|\geq 0</math> and <math>|z|=0\Leftrightarrow z=0</math> (positive definiteness) * <math>|wz|=|w||z|</math> (multiplicativity) * <math>|\text{Re}(z)|\leq |z| </math> and <math>|\text{Im}(z)|\leq |z|</math> * <math>|w+z|\leq |w|+|z|</math> (triangle inequality) * <math>|z|\leq |\text{Re}(z)|+|\text{Im}(z)|</math> * <math>\big| |w|-|z|\big|\leq |w-z|</math> == Computation rules for complex conjugation == === Conjugation does not change real numbers === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Conjugation does not change real numbers |satz= For a number <math>z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>\bar{z}=z</math> if and only if <math>z</math> is purely real, i.e. <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)=0</math>. |beweis= {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>z=\overline{z} \implies z\in\R</math> |beweisschritt= Let <math>z=a+b\, \mathrm i</math> with <math>a,b \in \R</math> and <math>\overline{z}=z</math>. There is then {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{rrl} & z & =\overline{z} \\ \implies & a+b\, \mathrm i& =a-b\, \mathrm i \\ \implies & b\, \mathrm i& =-b\, \mathrm i \\ \implies & 2b\, \mathrm i & =0 \\ \implies & b & =0 \end{array}</math>}} Hence <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)=b=0</math> so <math>z</math> is a real number. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>z\in\R \implies z=\overline{z}</math> |beweisschritt= Let <math>z=a+b\, \mathrm i</math> be a real number. That means, <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)=b=0</math>. We have: {{Math|<math>\overline{z}=a-b\, \mathrm i=a-0\mathrm i =a+0\mathrm i=z</math>}} }}}} === Involution === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Involution |satz= For a complex number <math>w \in \Complex</math> there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{\overline{w}} = w</math>}} |beweis= Let <math>w=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> with <math>a,b\in\R</math>. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{\overline{w}}=\overline{(a-b\,\mathrm i)}=a+b\,\mathrm i = w</math>}} This can also be explained as follows: <math>\overline w</math> is the reflection of <math>w</math> on the real axis. So <math>\overline{\overline{w}}</math> is the reflection of the reflection, which is just the original complex number. }} === Compatibility with addition === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Compatibility with addition |satz= For complex numbers <math>z, w \in \Complex</math> there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{z+w} = \overline{z}+\overline{w}</math>}} |beweis= Let <math>z\in \Complex </math> be of the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>a,b \in \R</math> and <math>w \in \Complex</math> of the form <math>c+d\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>c,d \in \R</math>. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overline{z+w} &= \overline{(a+b\,\mathrm i) + (c+d\,\mathrm i)} \\ &= \overline{a+b\,\mathrm i + c+d\,\mathrm i} \\ &= \overline{(a+c)+(b+d)\,\mathrm i} \\ &= (a+c)-(b+d)\,\mathrm i \\ &= (a+c)-b\,\mathrm i-d\,\mathrm i \\ &= a-b\,\mathrm i + c-d\,\mathrm i \\ &= (a-b\,\mathrm i) + (c-d\,\mathrm i) \\ &= \overline{z}+\overline{w} \end{align}</math>}} }} === Compatibility with multiplication === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Compatibility with multiplication |satz= For complex numbers <math>z, w \in \Complex</math> there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{z\cdot w} = \overline{z}\cdot\overline{w}</math>}} |beweis= Let <math>z \in \Complex </math> be of the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>a,b \in \R</math> and <math>w \in \Complex</math> of the form <math>c+d\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>c,d \in \R</math>. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overline{z\cdot w} &= \overline{(a+b\,\mathrm i)\cdot (c+d\,\mathrm i)} \\ &= \overline{ac+ad\,\mathrm i+bc\,\mathrm i-bd} \\ &= \overline{(ac-bd)+(ad+bc)\,\mathrm i} \\ &= ac-bd -(ad+bc)\,\mathrm i \\ &= ac-bd-ad\,\mathrm i-bc\,\mathrm i \\ &= ac-ad\,\mathrm i-bc\,\mathrm i-bd \\ &= (a-b\,\mathrm i)\cdot (c-d\,\mathrm i) \\ &= \overline{z}\cdot\overline{w} \end{align}</math>}} }} === Compatibility of conjugation with finite sums and products === We know how the conjugation behaves with the sum and product of two numbers. What happens with sums and products with three or more numbers, like <math>\overline{z_1+z_2+z_3}</math>? We use a trick: First, we consider <math>(z_1+z_2)</math> as a single complex number. Then, we twice use the theorem of conjugation and sum: {{Math|<math>\overline{(z_1+z_2)+z_3}=\overline{(z_1+z_2)}+\overline{z_3}=\overline{z_1}+\overline{z_2}+\overline{z_3}</math>}} There is also no difference for three summands if we first sum everything and then apply conjugation to the resulting number, or if we first conjugate every number and then sum everything. This is generally true for arbitrary sums and products of complex numbers, as we will prove below via induction. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Compatibility for arbitrarily many complex numbers |satz= For every <math>n\in\N</math> and all complex numbers <math>z_1,...z_n \in\Complex </math> there is: # <math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math> # <math>\overline{\prod_{k=1}^n z_k}=\prod_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math> |beweis= We prove this theorem for the sum via full induction. The proof for the finite product can be done analogously. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Vollständige Induktion |erfuellungsmenge=<math>n\in\N</math> |aussageform= {{Math|<math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math>}} |induktionsanfang= {{Math|<math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^1 z_k} = \overline{z_1} =\sum_{k=1}^1 \overline{z_k}</math>}} |induktionsvoraussetzung= {{Math|<math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math>}} |induktionsbehauptung= {{Math|<math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^{n+1} z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^{n+1} \overline{z_k}</math>}} |beweis_induktionsschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overline{\sum_{k=1}^{n+1} z_k} & =\overline{\sum_{k=1}^{n} z_k +z_{n+1}}={\color{OliveGreen}\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}}+\overline{z_{n+1}} \\[0.5em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{induction assumption}\right.} \\[0.5em] & = {\color{OliveGreen}\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}} +\overline{z_{n+1}}=\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}\overline{z_k} \end{align}</math>}} }}}} === Computation of the real and imaginary part === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Computation of the real and imaginary part |satz= For a complex number <math>w\in \Complex</math> there is: #<math>\text{Re}(w) = \frac{1}{2}\cdot \left(w+\overline{w}\right)</math> #<math>\text{Im}(w) = \frac{1}{2\mathrm i}\cdot \left(w-\overline{w}\right)</math> |beweis= Let <math>w=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> with <math>a,b\in\R</math>. We verify this equation by direct computation, starting from the right: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \frac 1 2\cdot \left(w+\overline{w}\right)&=\frac 1 2\cdot (a+b\,\mathrm i+(a-b\,\mathrm i)) \\[0.3em] & =\frac 1 2\cdot (a+a+b\,\mathrm i-b\,\mathrm i) \\[0.3em] & =\frac 1 2\cdot (2a)=a=\mathrm{Re}(w) \\[0.3em] \frac 1 {2\mathrm i}\cdot \left(w-\overline{w}\right)&=\frac {1} {2\mathrm i}\cdot (a+b\,\mathrm i-(a-b\,\mathrm i))\\[0.3em] & =\frac {1} {2\mathrm i}\cdot (a-a+b\,\mathrm i+b\,\mathrm i)\\[0.3em] & =\frac {1} {2\mathrm i}\cdot (2b\,\mathrm i)=b=\mathrm{Im}(w) \end{align}</math>}} }} === Computation of the absolute value via conjugation === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Computation of the absolute value via conjugation |satz= For all complex numbers <math>z\in \Complex</math> there is <math>|z|=\sqrt{z\cdot \bar{z}}</math>. So <math>z\cdot \overline{z} = |z|^2</math>. |beweis=Let <math>z\in\Complex</math> be an arbitrary complex number with <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. We compute <math>z\cdot \bar{z}</math>. There is <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>\bar{z}=a-b\,\mathrm i</math>. So there is {{Math|<math> \begin{align} z\cdot \bar{z}&=(a+b\,\mathrm i)\cdot(a-b\,\mathrm i)=a^2-(b\,\mathrm i)^2\\ &=a^2-(-b^2)=a^2+b^2 = |z|^2 \end{align}</math>}} Since <math>|z|^2</math> is real and the basis <math>|z|</math> is non-negative, we can take the root and obtain the real number <math>|z|=\sqrt{z\cdot \bar{z}}</math>. }} === Computation of the inverse via conjugation === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Computation of the inverse via conjugation |satz= For all complex numbers <math>z\in \Complex \setminus\{0\}</math> there is <math>z^{-1}=\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}</math>. |beweis=Let <math>z\in\Complex\setminus\{0\}</math> be an arbitrary complex number. We want to show <math>z^{-1}=\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}</math>. This is done by proving <math>z\cdot\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}=1</math>. With <math>|z|^2=z\cdot \bar{z} </math> we get {{Math|<math> z \cdot \frac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2} = \frac{z\cdot \overline{z}}{|z|^2} = \frac{|z|^2}{|z|^2} = 1=z\cdot z^{-1}</math>}} Because the inverse is unique in a field, <math>z^{-1}=\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}</math> follows. This proves that <math>\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}</math> is equal to the inverse of <math>z</math>. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis| When proving that the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Definition_of_complex_numbers|complex numbers form a field]], we have also derived a multiplicative inverse of <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. There we have seen <math>z^{-1}=\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}-\frac{b}{a^2+b^2}\,\mathrm i</math>. This is consistent with the new representation by complex conjugation: {{Math| <math>z^{-1}=\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}-\frac{b}{a^2+b^2}\,\mathrm i=\frac{a-b\,\mathrm i}{a^2+b^2}=\frac{\overline z}{|z|^2}.</math> }} }} === Conjugation of fractions === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Conjugation of fractions |satz= For all complex numbers <math>z,w\in \Complex</math> with <math>w\neq 0</math> there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{\left(\frac{z}{w}\right)} = \frac{\overline{z}}{\overline{w}}</math>}} |beweis= We already know that for the inverse of a complex number <math> w \in\Complex\setminus\{0\} </math> there is: <math> \tfrac{1}{w} = \tfrac{\overline{w}}{|w|^2} </math>. We have also seen that real numbers are not changed by the conjugation, and that the conjugation is compatible with the multiplication. We first show: <math>\overline{\left(\tfrac{1}{w}\right)} = \tfrac{1}{\overline{w}}</math>. For this, we use that <math>\tfrac{1}{|w|^2}</math> is real and that <math>|w| = |\overline{w}|</math> holds. {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overline{\left(\frac{1}{w}\right)} & = \overline{\left(\frac{\overline{w}}{|w|^2}\right)} = \overline{\left(\overline{w}\cdot\frac{1}{|w|^2}\right)} = \overline{\left(\overline{w}\right)}\cdot\overline{\left(\frac{1}{|w|^2}\right)} \\[0.5em] & = \overline{\left(\overline{w}\right)}\cdot\frac{1}{|w|^2} = \overline{\left(\overline{w}\right)}\cdot\frac{1}{|\overline{w}|^2} = \frac{\overline{\left(\overline{w}\right)}}{|\overline{w}|^2} = \frac{1}{\overline{w}} \end{align}</math>}} This gives us for the conjugation of fractions of complex numbers <math>z,w\in \Complex</math> with <math>w\neq 0</math>: {{Math|<math>\overline{\left(\frac{z}{w}\right)} = \overline{\left(z\cdot\frac{1}{w}\right)} = \overline{z} \cdot \overline{\left(\frac{1}{w}\right)} = \overline{z} \cdot \frac{1}{\overline{w}} = \frac{\overline{z}}{\overline{w}}</math>}} }} == Properties of the complex absolute function == === Positive definiteness === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Positive definiteness |satz= Let <math>z\in\Complex</math> be a complex number. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>|z|\geq 0 \land |z|=0 \iff z=0</math>}} |beweis= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm{i}</math> be given in Cartesian form. Then, there is <math>|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq 0</math>. Now we still have to prove the equivalence. For this, we show two implications: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>z=0 \implies |z|=0</math> |beweisschritt= Let <math> z=0</math>. Then, there is <math>a=b=0</math>. So we have <math>|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}=\sqrt{0+0}=0</math>. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>|z|=0 \implies z=0</math> |beweisschritt= This direction is shown by contradiction. Let <math>z\neq 0</math>. This implies <math>a\neq 0</math> or <math>b\neq 0</math>. If <math>a\neq 0</math> then, there is <math>|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \sqrt{a^2}=|a|>0</math>. For <math>b\neq 0</math> there is <math>|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \sqrt{b^2}=|b|>0</math>. In every case we have <math>|z|>0</math> and hence <math>|z|\neq 0</math>. }} }} === Multiplicativity === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Multiplicativity |satz= For <math>w,z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>|z\cdot w|=|z|\cdot |w|</math>. |beweis= Let <math>w=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>z=c+d\,\mathrm i\in\Complex</math>. Then, there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |z\cdot w|^2&=|(c+d\,\mathrm{i})\cdot (a+b\,\mathrm{i})|^2\\ &=|(ac-bd)+(cb+da)\,\mathrm{i}|^2\\ &=(ac-bd)^2+(cb+da)^2\\ &=a^2c^2+b^2d^2+c^2b^2+d^2a^2\\ &=(c^2+d^2)(a^2+b^2)\\ &=|z|^2\cdot |w|^2\\ &=(|z|\cdot |w|)^2 \end{align}</math>}} Since <math>|z\cdot w|</math> and <math>|z|\cdot |w|</math> are both nonnegative, we are allowed to take the root on both sides. Thus, we get <math>|z\cdot w|=|z|\cdot |w|</math>. }} === Estimating real and imaginary part === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= For all <math>z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>|\text{Re}(z)|\leq |z| </math> and <math>|\text{Im}(z)|\leq |z|</math>. |beweis= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i \in\Complex</math> with <math>a,b\in\R</math>. Then, with <math>b^2\geq 0</math>, we have: {{Math|<math>|z|=|a+b\,\mathrm{i}|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \sqrt{a^2}=|a|=|\mathrm{Re}(z)|</math>}} Analogously, from <math>a^2\geq 0</math>, we get: {{Math|<math>|z|=|a+b\,\mathrm{i}|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \sqrt{b^2}=|b|=|\mathrm{Im}(z)|</math>}} }} === Triangle inequality === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Triangle inequality |satz= For all <math>w,z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>|w+z|\leq |w|+|z|</math>. |beweis= Let <math>w</math> and <math>z\in\Complex</math>. In order to estimate the absolute value, we use the relation <math>|v|^2=v\cdot \overline{v}</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |w+z|^2&=(w+z)\overline{(w+z)}\\ &=(w+z)(\overline{w}+\overline{z})\\ &=w\overline{w}+w\overline{z}+\overline{w}z+\overline{z}z\\ &=|w|^2+(w\overline{z}+\overline{w\overline{z}})+|z|^2\\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{For } v\in\Complex \text{ there is } v+\overline{v}=2\mathrm{Re}(v) \right.} \\[0.3em] &=|w|^2+2\mathrm{Re}(w\overline{z})+|z|^2\\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \mathrm{Re}(w\overline{z})\leq |\mathrm{Re}(w\overline{z})|\leq |w\overline{z}|=|w||\overline{z}|=|w||z|\right.} \\[0.3em] &\leq |w|^2+2|w||z|+|z|^2\\ &=(|w|+|z|)^2 \end{align}</math>}} Both sides are nonnegative, so taking square roots gives <math>|w+z|\leq |w|+|z|</math>. }} === Estimating the absolute value === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= For all <math>z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>|z|\leq |\operatorname{Re}(z)|+|\operatorname{Im}(z)|</math>. |beweis= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. First, we show that the square of the inequality holds. {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |z|^2 & =a^2+b^2=|a|^2+|b|^2 \\ & \leq |a|^2+2|a||b|+|b|^2\\ & =(|a|+|b|)^2=(|\operatorname{Re}(z)|+|\operatorname{Im}(z)|)^2 \end{align}</math>}} Both <math>|z|</math> and <math>|\operatorname{Re}(z)|+|\operatorname{Im}(z)|</math> are nonnegative, so we can take the root on both sides of the inequality. This root preserves inequalities and thus <math>|z|\leq |\operatorname{Re}(z)|+|\operatorname{Im}(z)|</math>. }} === Inverse triangle inequality === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Inverse triangle inequality |satz= For complex numbers <math>w,z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>\big| |w|-|z|\big|\leq |w-z|</math>. |beweis= In order to prove an inequality <math>|x|\le y</math>, we can also just prove the two inequalities <math>x\le y</math> and <math>-x\le y</math>. We will apply exactly this technique: in the following, we establish the two inequalities <math>|w|-|z|\leq |w-z|</math> and <math>|z|-|w|\leq |w-z|</math>. Let's start with the first inequality. We use the triangle inequality of the complex amount and the trick of "inserting a fruitful <math>0</math>" (which often appears together with triangle inequalities): {{Math|<math>|w|=|(w-z)+z|\leq |w-z|+|z|</math>}} By transformation, we obtain <math>|w|-|z|\leq |w-z|</math>. We show the second inequality analogously, where the roles of <math>z</math> and <math>w</math> are reversed. In addition, we gradually transform <math>|z-w|</math> into <math>|w-z|</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |z|& =|(z-w)+w|\leq |z-w|+|w| \\ & =|(-1)(w-z)|+|w| \\ & =|(-1)||w-z|+|w|\\ & =|w-z|+|w| \end{align}</math>}} This implies <math>|z|-|w|\leq |w-z|</math>. So in all, we have proven the two inequalities <math>|w|-|z|\leq |w-z|</math> and <math>-(|w|-|z|)\leq |w-z|</math>. This establishes <math>||w|-|z||\leq |w-z|</math>. }} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} 19xtuec43sznv6s7wbjco6qeld4jg5u 0 471865 4672820 4611526 2026-09-28T17:29:36Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == Real and imaginary part == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Gruppenaufgabe |titel=Determining imaginary and real part |aufgabe=Determine the real part and the imaginary part of the following complex numbers: |teilaufgabe1=<math>z_1 = \left(1-\tfrac{1}{2}\mathrm i\right)(2+3\mathrm i)</math> |teilaufgabe2=<math>z_2 = \frac{1+\mathrm i}{1-\mathrm i}</math> |teilaufgabe3=<math>z_3 = \frac{(4+2\mathrm i)(3-\mathrm i)}{\mathrm i(1+\mathrm i)}</math> |teilaufgabe1-lösung= There is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_1& =\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\mathrm i\right)(2+3\mathrm i)=2-\mathrm i +3\mathrm i -\tfrac{3}{2}\cdot \underbrace{\mathrm i^2}_{=-1} \\ & = 2-\mathrm i +3\mathrm i +\tfrac{3}{2} = \tfrac{7}{2}+2\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} So <math>\text{Re}(z_1)=\tfrac{7}{2}</math> and <math>\text{Im}(z_1)=2</math>. |teilaufgabe2-lösung= There is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_2 = \frac{1+\mathrm i}{1-\mathrm i}=\frac{(1+\mathrm i)^2}{(1+\mathrm i)(1-\mathrm i)}=\frac{1+2\mathrm i+\mathrm i^2}{1-\mathrm i^2}=\frac{2\mathrm i}{2}=\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} So <math>\text{Re}(z_2)=0</math> and <math>\text{Im}(z_2)=1</math>. |teilaufgabe3-lösung= There is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_3& =\frac{(4+2\mathrm i)(3-\mathrm i)}{\mathrm i(1+\mathrm i)}=\frac{12+6\mathrm i-4\mathrm i -2\mathrm i^2}{\mathrm i+\mathrm i^2} =\frac{14+2\mathrm i}{\mathrm i-1} \\[0.5em] & =\frac{(14+2\mathrm i)(\mathrm i+1)}{(\mathrm i-1)(\mathrm i+1)}=\frac{14+14\mathrm i +2\mathrm i+2\mathrm i^2}{\mathrm i^2-1} \\[0.5em] & =\frac{12+16\mathrm i}{-2}=-6-8\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} So <math>\text{Re}(z_3)=-6</math> and <math>\text{Im}(z_3)=-8</math>. }} == Plane of complex numbers == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Gruppenaufgabe |aufgabe=Sketch the following sets on the plane of complex numbers: |teilaufgabe1=<math>M_1=\{z\in\Complex:\;|z-\mathrm i|\leq 2\}</math> |teilaufgabe2=<math>M_2=\{z\in\Complex:\;1\leq |z|\leq 3\}</math> |teilaufgabe3=<math>M_3=\{z\in\Complex:\;|z|\leq 2\}\cap \{z\in\Complex:\;\operatorname{Re}(z)>\operatorname{Im}(z)\}</math> |teilaufgabe1-lösung= The set <math>M_1</math> describes all complex numbers which fulfil the condition <math>|z-\mathrm i|\leq 2</math>. In the complex plane, this corresponds exactly to the numbers <math>z\in\Complex</math>, whose distance from the number <math>\mathrm i</math> is at most <math>2</math>. So <math>M_1</math> describes a closed disk centered at <math>\mathrm i</math> with radius <math>2</math>. The boundary of the circle is included in the set: [[File:Menge1.svg|center|400px|The set M1]] |teilaufgabe2-lösung= For all elements of the set <math>M_2</math>, <math>1\leq|z|\leq 3</math> should apply. So their distance from the origin should be at least <math>1</math>, but at most <math>3</math>. Thus, the set <math>M_2</math> describes a closed annulus between the circles with radii <math>1</math> and <math>3</math>, including both boundary circles: [[File:Menge2.svg|center|400px|The set M2]] |teilaufgabe3-lösung= The set <math>\{z\in\Complex:\;|z|\leq 2\}</math> describes a closed disk centered at the origin with radius <math>2</math>: [[File:Menge3.1.svg|center|350px|First part of the set M3]] The second part <math>\{z\in\Complex:\;\text{Re}(z)>\text{Im}(z)\}</math> of the set <math>M_3</math> describes all complex numbers whose real part is larger than their imaginary part. On the bisector of the first and third quadrant ("diagonal line") we have all numbers whose real and imaginary part are equal. To the right of this line, there are all complex numbers with a real part greater than the imaginary part: [[File:Menge3.2.svg|center|350px|Second part of the set M3]] The intersection of both sets yields: [[File:Menge3.3.svg|center|350px|Intersection of the sets]] With this you can sketch the set <math>M_3</math>. Note that one of the boundary lines is only dashed. That means, the numbers directly on the diagonal line through the origin do not belong to the set <math>M_3</math>, since the real part of each element must be strictly bigger than its imaginary part: [[File:Menge3.4.svg|center|400px|Menge M3]] }} == Polar representation == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Gruppenaufgabe |titel=Transform to polar representation |aufgabe=Compute the complex numbers and convert them into polar representation: |teilaufgabe1=<math> z_1= \mathrm i</math> |teilaufgabe2=<math>z_2=1- \mathrm i</math> |teilaufgabe3=<math>z_3=2+2 \mathrm i</math> |teilaufgabe4=<math>z_4=(4+4\mathrm i)\cdot (2+5\mathrm i)</math> |teilaufgabe5=<math>z_5=(9-\sqrt{19}\mathrm i)\cdot(2+\sqrt{5}\mathrm i)\cdot(3+4\mathrm i)</math> |teilaufgabe6=<math>z_6=(37+\sqrt{395}\mathrm i)^{123}</math> |teilaufgabe1-lösung= The absolute value is <math>|z_1|=\sqrt{0^2+1^2}=1</math>. Since <math>\operatorname{Re}(z_1)=0</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z_1)>0</math> there is <math>\varphi = \tfrac \pi2</math>. Thus <math>z_1 = \mathrm i = e^{\frac \pi2 \mathrm i}</math>. This formula appears frequently, so you might want to learn it by heart. |teilaufgabe2-lösung= We have the absolute value <math>|z_2|=\sqrt{1^2+(-1)^2}=\sqrt{2}</math>. With <math>\operatorname{Re}(z_2)>0</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z_2)<0</math> the number lies in the fourth quadrant. The formula for this is <math>\varphi=\text{arctan}\left(\tfrac{-1}{1}\right)=-45^\circ= -\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math>. So there is <math> z_2 = \sqrt{2} \cdot e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \mathrm i}</math>. |teilaufgabe3-lösung= You get the polar representation of <math>z_3</math> by first complexly conjugating the polar representation of <math>z_2</math> and then multiplying it by <math>2</math>. There is: {{Math|<math>z_3 = 2+2\mathrm i=2(1+\mathrm i) = 2 \cdot \overline{(1-\mathrm i)} = 2 \overline{z_2}</math>}} Under complex conjugation, <math>\mathrm i</math> is replaced by <math>-\mathrm i</math> in the exponent in the polar representation. Thus <math>z_3 = 2\sqrt{2}\cdot e^{\frac{\pi}{4}\mathrm i}</math>. |teilaufgabe4-lösung= By multiplying it out, we get <math>z_4 =(8-20)+(8+20)\cdot \mathrm i=-12+28\cdot \mathrm i</math>. So <math>|z_4|=\sqrt{(-12)^2+(28)^2}=4\sqrt{58}</math>. With <math>\operatorname{Re}(z_4)<0</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z_4)>0</math> the number lies in the second quadrant. For the angle <math>\varphi</math> there is <math>\varphi= \pi -\arctan\left(\tfrac{28}{12}\right) \approx 1.976</math>. This corresponds in degrees to an angle of <math>\varphi \approx 113.2 ^\circ </math>. Altogether we get the result <math>z_4 = 4\sqrt{58}\cdot e^{\left(\pi-\arctan\left(\frac{7}{3}\right)\right)\cdot \mathrm i} \approx 30.46\cdot e^{1.976\mathrm i} </math>. |teilaufgabe5-lösung= First, we determine the polar representation of the three factors of <math>z_5</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} w_1 & = 9-\sqrt{19} \cdot \mathrm i =\sqrt{9^{2}+\sqrt{19}^{2}} \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{-\sqrt{19}}{9}\right) \cdot \mathrm i} \\ & = 10 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{-\sqrt{19}}{9}\right)\cdot \mathrm i} \approx 10 \cdot e^{-0.451 \cdot \mathrm i} \\[0.5em] w_2 & = 2+\sqrt{5} \cdot \mathrm i =\sqrt{2^{2}+\sqrt{5}^{2}} \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right) \cdot \mathrm i} \\ & = 3 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)\cdot \mathrm i} \approx 3 \cdot e^{0.841 \cdot \mathrm i} \\[0.5em] w_3 & =3+4 \cdot \mathrm i =\sqrt{3^{2}+4^{2}} \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{4}{3}\right) \cdot \mathrm i} \\ & = 5 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)\cdot \mathrm i} \approx 5 \cdot e^{0.927 \cdot \mathrm i} \end{align}</math>}} Then, there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_5 & = w_1\cdot w_2 \cdot w_3 = \left(10 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{-\sqrt{19}}{9}\right)\cdot \mathrm i}\right) \cdot \left(3 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)\cdot \mathrm i}\right) \cdot \left(5 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)\cdot \mathrm i}\right) \\[0.5em] & \approx \left(10 \cdot e^{-0.451 \cdot \mathrm i}\right) \cdot \left(3 \cdot e^{0.841 \cdot \mathrm i}\right) \cdot \left(5 \cdot e^{0.927 \cdot \mathrm i}\right) \\[0.5em] & \approx 150 \cdot e^{(-0.451 + 0.841 + 0.927) \cdot \mathrm i} \approx 150 \cdot e^{1.317 \cdot \mathrm i} \end{align}</math>}} |teilaufgabe6-lösung= First we determine the absolute value and the angle of <math>w=37+\sqrt{395}\mathrm i</math>. There is <math>|w|=\sqrt{37^2+\sqrt{395}^2}=42</math> and <math>\varphi=\operatorname{Arg}(w)=\arctan\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{395}}{37}\right)\approx 0.492925\ldots</math>. Now we can determine the polar representation of <math>z_6</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_6 & = (37+\sqrt{395}\mathrm i)^{123} = \left(42\cdot e^{\varphi \cdot \mathrm i}\right)^{123} =42^{123}\cdot e^{\varphi \cdot \mathrm i \cdot 123} \\[0.3em] &{\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{subtract }18\pi\text{ from the angle}\right.} \\[0.3em] & =42^{123}\cdot e^{(123\varphi-18\pi)\mathrm i}\approx 42^{123}\cdot e^{4.081\mathrm i} \end{align}</math>}} }} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} oyol5820avrpyln525ezerf23ar2di3 0 471867 4672826 4611528 2026-09-28T17:47:49Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} In order for a set to have a real-valued supremum, it must be nonempty and bounded above. If it is unbounded above, we assign it the improper supremum <math>\infty</math>. Here, we will define what this means exactly. In addition, we will assign an improper supremum and infimum to the empty set. == Improper suprema and infima for unbounded sets == A set <math>M</math> is unbounded from above if it has no upper bound. That means, every <math>S \in \R</math> must not be an upper bound, so there is an element <math>x \in M</math> with <math>x > S</math>. That's already the mathematical definition: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=unboundedness from above for sets |definition= A set <math>M</math> is unbounded from above if it has no upper bound: {{Math|<math>\forall S \in \R\, \exists x \in M: S < x</math>}}}} In that case, <math>M</math> has no real upper bound. We formally assign it the improper supremum <math>\infty</math> and write {{Math|<math>\sup M = \infty</math>}} ''Attention!'' The symbol <math>\infty</math> does not define a real number. So <math>\sup M = \infty</math> is '''not a supremum''' of <math>M</math>. Instead, it is an '''improper supremum'''. The symbol <math>\infty</math> can be used as an element of the extended real numbers, but it is not a real number and does not obey all the ordinary rules of real-number arithmetic. For example, one may define <math>3+\infty=\infty</math>, but one cannot then subtract <math>\infty</math> from both sides: <math>\infty-\infty</math> is undefined. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=improper supremum |definition= If a set <math>M</math> is unbounded from above, we call <math>\infty</math> the '''improper supremum''' of <math>M</math> and write {{Math|<math>\sup M = \infty</math>}}}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Warnung|1=The adjective "improper" is important. <math>\infty</math> is not a real number, and it is not a proper supremum. In case <math>\sup M = \infty</math> , the set <math>M</math> has no real-valued supremum, but only an improper supremum!}} Analogously for sets unbounded from below: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=improper infimum |definition= A set <math>M</math> is unbounded below if, for every <math>S \in \R</math>, there is an <math>x \in M</math> with <math>x < S</math>. In that case, we write {{Math|<math>\inf M = -\infty</math>}}}} == Improper supremum and infimum of the empty set == The empty set also has no real-valued supremum or infimum: We consider <math> M = \emptyset </math>, then a supremum would formally be the smallest upper bound. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=What upper bounds does <math>\emptyset</math> have? |antwort= Consider any <math> S \in \R </math>. Is <math> S </math> an upper bound? We have to check whether <math> x \le S </math> for all <math> x \in \emptyset </math>. But there is no <math> x \in \emptyset </math>. So we have nothing to check, and the statement is always true. Hence, any <math> S \in \R </math> is an upper bound.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=What is the smallest upper bound of <math>\emptyset</math>? |typ=Question |antwort= Any <math> S \in \R </math> is an upper bound. So '''there is no smallest upper bound'''. Formally, we can go down to <math> - \infty </math> with our upper bounds. So it makes sense to say that, formally, <math> - \infty </math> is the smallest upper bound. However, this is only a formal statement which has to be taken with a bit of caution!}} Following the answers to the 2 questions above, it makes sense to define {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=improper supremum and infimum of the empty set |definition= For the empty set <math>\emptyset</math> there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \sup \emptyset & = -\infty \\ \inf \emptyset & = \infty \end{align}</math>}}}} Again, be cautious: Neither of these is a real number! The set <math> \emptyset </math> has '''no supremum''', but an '''improper supremum''', instead. And the same holds for the infimum. Always keep proper and improper suprema and infima strictly apart! {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} m26ityn0zttxffk8g44pmyw100i58q8 0 471868 4672827 4611529 2026-09-28T17:48:13Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == General procedure == How do we find the supremum/infimum of a set? There are some strategies: # ''Visualize the set:'' What does the set look like? Try to draw it. You may use a paper, a computer or your imagination! # ''Make a hypothesis:'' Is the set bounded from above? If yes, what is a suitable candidate for a supremum? And why? If not, why is it unbounded? And what about the supremum? # ''Find a proof for the supremum/ infimum:'' Now, how can you show that the suspected supremum/ infimum is indeed one? Or that there is no supremum or infimum due to unboundedness? Take a piece of paper and try to construct a proof. Perhaps, within the proof, you may notice that your first step was wrong for some reason. This is a good sign: detecting your own wrong thoughts takes you closer to the actual truth. # ''Write down the proof:'' If you have a plan how to make a proof, formulate it in a short and understandable way - such that anyone who reads it and doesn't know the solution gets the answer as quickly and nicely as possible. == General structure of proof == Proofs that a set has a supremum/ infimum generally follow some patterns, which we want to list here: === Supremum: structure of proof === In order to show that a number <math>s</math> is the supremum of a set <math>M</math> , you may proceed as follows: # ''Prove that <math>s</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math> :'' This is done by showing <math>y \le s</math> for all <math>y \in M</math>. # ''Prove that no number <math>x < s</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>:'' Take any <math>x < s</math> and show that there is a <math>y \in M</math> with <math>y > x</math>. === Infimum: structure of proof === A proof that <math>\tilde s</math> is the infimum of a set <math>M</math> could look as follows: # ''Prove that <math>\tilde s</math> is a lower bound of <math>M</math> :'' This is done by showing <math>y \ge \tilde s</math> for all <math>y \in M</math>. # ''Prove that no number <math>x > \tilde s</math> is a lower bound of <math>M</math> :'' Take any <math>x > \tilde s</math> and show that there is a <math>y \in M</math> with <math>y < x</math>. === Maximum: structure of proof === The proof makes use of the definition of the maximum: # ''Prove that <math>m</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>:'' This is done by showing <math>y \le m</math> for all <math>y \in M</math>. # ''Prove that <math>m \in M</math>.'' === Minimum: structure of proof === In order to show that <math>\tilde m</math> is the minimum of <math>M</math> , you may proceed as for the maximum: # ''Prove that <math>\tilde m</math> is a lower bound of <math>M</math>:'' This is done by showing <math>y \ge\tilde m</math> for all <math>y \in M</math>. # ''Prove that <math>\tilde m \in M</math>.'' == Examples for determining supremum/infimum == === Finite sets === With finite nonempty sets of real numbers, determining the infimum and supremum is simple. These sets always have a maximum (greatest number) and a minimum (smallest number). The maximum of the set is automatically its supremum, and the minimum is automatically its infimum. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel |titel=supremum and infimum of a finite set |beispiel= Consider the set <math>M=\{ 23,\, 42,\, -1,\, 5\}</math>. Its maximum is <math>42</math> and its minimum <math>-1</math>. The element <math>42</math> is included within the set and no element is greater than <math>42</math>. So<math> 42 </math> is the maximum. Analogously, the minimum is <math>-1</math>. As <math>42</math> is a maximum, it is also a supremum of <math>M</math> . And analogously, <math>-1</math> is an infimum.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |typ=Exercise (for understanding) |einrückung=nein |frage=Determine the supremum and the infimum of the following sets: # <math>M_1 = \{ 4,\, 72,\, -5,\, 99,\, 42 \}</math> # <math>M_2 = \{ (-1)^k \cdot 2^{-k} : 1 \le k \le 5 \land k \in \N \}</math> # <math>M_3 = \{ \pi,\, \sqrt 2,\, 1 \} \cap \{ \sqrt 2,\, -1 ,\, 4 \}</math> |antwort= Solution: # The supremum of <math>M_1</math> is its biggest element <math>99</math> . The infimum is the smallest element <math>-5</math>. # There is <math>\{ (-1)^k \cdot 2^{-k} : 1 \le k \le 5 \land k \in \N \} = \left\{ -\tfrac 12,\, \tfrac 14, -\tfrac 18, \tfrac 1{16}, -\tfrac 1{32} \right\}</math>. So the supremum is <math>\tfrac 14</math> and the infimum is <math>-\tfrac 12</math>. # There is <math>\{ \pi,\, \sqrt 2,\, 1 \} \cap \{ \sqrt 2,\, -1 ,\, 4 \}=\{\sqrt 2\}</math>. So supremum and infimum of <math>M_3</math> are both given by <math>\sqrt 2</math>. }} === Intervals === [[File:Spaces.png|thumb|class=noprint|For each nonempty bounded interval in the real numbers, the left endpoint is the infimum and the right endpoint is the supremum.]] For nonempty bounded intervals, the lower endpoint is the infimum and the upper endpoint is the supremum: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=supremum and infimum of intervals |satz= Let <math>a,b \in \R</math> with <math>a<b</math>, and let <math>I</math> be one of the following four intervals: # <math>I=[a,b]</math> # <math>I=(a,b]</math> # <math>I=[a,b)</math> # <math>I=(a,b)</math> In that case, <math>a</math> is the infimum and <math>b</math> the supremum of the interval. |lösungsweg= The above intervals differ in whether the endpoints <math>a</math>, <math>b</math> are included or not. In any case, we know that for each <math>x \in I</math> the following holds: <math> a \leq x \leq b </math>. So we know that <math> a </math> is a lower bound and <math> b </math> is an upper bound. That means, <math> a \leq \inf I </math>, <math> b \geq \sup I </math> . We still have to show that <math> a </math> is indeed the ''greatest'' lower bound and <math> b </math> the ''smallest'' upper bound. Let us assume that there is a <math> \tilde{a} > a </math>, so that <math> \tilde{a} </math> is also a lower bound. We can show that this leads to a contradiction: To show that <math> \tilde{a} </math> cannot be a lower bound, we need to find an <math> x \in I </math>, so that <math> x < \tilde{a} </math>. To construct such a <math>x</math>, we take the mean value between <math>a</math> and <math>\tilde{a}</math>, which by definition is greater than <math>a</math>. It could happen that <math>\tilde{a}</math> is so large that the mean value becomes larger than <math>b</math>. In this case, <math>\tilde a</math> is even larger than <math>b</math>, so any point of the interval is below <math>\tilde{a}</math> and <math>\tilde{a}</math> is not a lower bound. In any other case, the mean value between <math>a</math> and <math>\tilde{a}</math> is an element of the interval and it is smaller than <math>\tilde{a}</math>. So <math>\tilde{a}</math> is not a lower bound in this case either. This is the contradiction, we have been looking for: we just showed that in any case, <math>\tilde{a}</math> cannot be a lower bound. So <math>a</math> is the ''greatest'' lower bound, i.e. the infimum. Showing that <math> b </math> is a supremum works by analogous arguments. |beweis= Let <math>I</math> be an interval. It does not matter, here, whether the boundary points are included or not. For each <math>x\in I</math>, we have <math>a\leq x</math>, so <math>a</math> is a lower bound. We show that there is no greater lower bound than <math>a</math> by contradiction: Assume that <math>\tilde{a} > a</math> also was a lower bound of <math>I</math>. Then there is no <math>x \in I</math>, such that <math>x<\tilde{a}</math>. We distinguish two cases: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Fallunterscheidung |fall1=<math>\tilde a>b</math> (small interval) |beweis1=Let <math>x:=\tfrac{a+b}2</math>. We can estimate {{Math|<math>\begin{align} &a=\frac{a+a}2 \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ a<b \right.} \\[0.3em] <&\frac{a+b}2=x \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ a<b \right.} \\[0.3em] <&\frac{b+b}2=b\end{align}.</math>}} So <math>a<x<b</math> and hence <math>x\in I</math>. By <math>\tilde a>b</math> we get {{Math|<math>x=\frac{a+b}2<b<\tilde a.</math>}} This contradicts the assumption of <math>\tilde a</math> being a lower bound of <math>I</math>. |fall2=<math>\tilde a\leq b</math> (large interval) |beweis2=Now, take <math>x:=\tfrac{a+\tilde{a}}{2}</math>. By our assumptions, {{Math|<math>\begin{align} &a=\frac{a+a}2 \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ a<\tilde a \right.} \\[0.3em] <&\frac{a+\tilde a}2=x \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen} \left\downarrow\ a<\tilde a\leq b \right.} \\[0.3em] <&\frac{b+b}2=b\end{align}.</math>}} So <math>a<x<b</math> and we have <math>x\in I</math>. But since <math>a<\tilde a</math> we have <math>x=\tfrac{a+\tilde a}2<\tfrac{\tilde a+\tilde a}2=\tilde a</math>. Again, this contradicts <math>\tilde a</math> being a lower bound of <math>I</math>. }} {{todo|Add a figure depicting both cases.}} In both cases, we get a contradiction to <math>\tilde{a}</math> being a further lower bound of <math>I</math> . So <math>a</math> is indeed the infimum of <math>I</math>. The proof that <math>b</math> is the supremum is done analogously. We assume that <math>\tilde b</math> was an upper bound of <math>I</math>, which is lower than <math>b</math> . If we consider the number <math>x:=\tfrac{a+b}2</math> for <math>\tilde b<a</math> and <math>x:=\tfrac{b+\tilde b}2</math> for <math>\tilde b\geq a</math>, we will get a violation of this bound. Alternatively, one may use the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Properties_of_supremum_and_infimum|properties of suprema and infima]] and apply the following trick: We use <math>\sup(I) = -\inf(-I)</math>. <math> -b </math> is an infimum of <math> -I </math> by the above arguments, so <math> b </math> is a supremum of <math> I </math>. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |typ=Exercise (for understanding) |einrückung=nein |frage=Determine the supremum and the infimum of the following sets: # <math>M_1 = (-1, 3]</math> # <math>M_2 = \{ x \in \R : 2 \le 2x \le 8 \}</math> # <math>M_3 = \{ x \in \R : |x-1| < 4 \}</math> # <math>M_4 = \{ \sin(x) : x \in \R \}</math> (here you may use, what you have learned in school about the sine function {{Smiley}}) |antwort= # The supremum is <math>3</math> and the infimum is <math>-1</math>. # Since <math>2 \le 2x \le 8 \iff 1 \le x \le 4</math> , we have that <math>M_2 = [1,4]</math>. This is an interval with infimum 1 and supremum 4. # <math>M_3</math> is the set of all <math>x</math> with distance to <math>1</math> being less than <math>4</math> . That is an open interval <math>(1-4, 1+4) = (-3,5)</math>. Its infimum is <math>-3</math> and the supremum is <math>5</math>. # <math>M_4</math> is the set of all real numbers being covered by the sine function. The sine oscillates between <math> -1 </math> and <math> 1 </math>. So we just have an interval <math>M_4=[-1,1]</math>. Hence, the infimum of <math>M_4</math> is <math>-1</math> and the supremum is <math>1</math>. }} === Intervals of integers === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |typ=Exercise (for understanding) |einrückung=nein |frage=Now, let us consider integer boundaries <math>a,b \in \Z</math> with <math>a < b</math>. And we only pick out the integer numbers of the intervals: # <math>[a,b] \cap \Z</math> # <math>(a,b] \cap \Z</math> # <math>[a,b) \cap \Z</math> # <math>(a,b) \cap \Z</math> What are supremum and infimum now? In which case do they even exist? |antwort= It helps a lot to know that the sets are all finite: # <math>[a,b] \cap \Z = \{ x \in \Z : a \le x \le b \}</math> # <math>(a,b] \cap \Z = \{ x \in \Z : a < x \le b \}</math> # <math>[a,b) \cap \Z = \{ x \in \Z : a \le x < b \}</math> # <math>(a,b) \cap \Z = \{ x \in \Z : a < x < b \}</math> (Be careful with open boundaries! They remove one entire integer element.) In the first 3 cases, there is <math>a < b</math> and the set is non-empty. # <math>\sup([a,b] \cap \Z) = b</math> and <math>\inf([a,b] \cap \Z) = a</math> # <math>\sup((a,b] \cap \Z) = b</math> and <math>\inf((a,b] \cap \Z) = a+1</math> # <math>\sup([a,b) \cap \Z) = b-1</math> and <math>\inf([a,b) \cap \Z) = a</math> So in each of these three cases, both a supremum and an infimum exist. However, in the last case <math>(a,b) \cap \Z</math> can be empty. This happens exactly if <math>a+1 = b</math>. In that case, there is neither a supremum nor an infimum. We only have the ''improper'' supremum <math>\sup\emptyset=-\infty</math> and the ''improper'' infimum <math>\inf\emptyset=\infty</math>. However, those are no real numbers, i.e. no proper suprema/ infima. For <math>a+1 \neq b</math>, the set is non-empty, and we have supremum <math>b-1</math> and infimum <math>a+1</math>.}} === Sequences === [[File:Set 5 + 2 over n for n in N.svg|thumb|The set <math>M=\left\{5+\tfrac 2n : n\in\N\right\}</math>.]] Suprema and infima of sequence elements are often required in mathematics. These elements form a set with at most countably many elements. When that set is bounded above or below, it has a real-valued supremum or infimum, respectively. Let's start with an example: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe |titel=Sets of sequence elements |aufgabe= What are the supremum and the infimum of the set <math>M=\left\{5+\tfrac 2n : n\in\N\right\}</math>? Are they also a maximum or a minimum? Prove all your assumptions! |lösungsweg= We follow a step-by-step approach: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Visualize the set <math>M</math>. |beweisschritt= The first elements of <math>M</math> are: # <math>5 + \tfrac 21 = 7 \implies 7 \in M</math> # <math>5 + \tfrac 22 = 6 \implies 6 \in M</math> # <math>5 + \tfrac 23 = 5 \tfrac 23 \implies 5 \tfrac 23 \in M</math> # <math>5 + \tfrac 24 = 5 \tfrac 12 \implies 5 \tfrac 12 \in M</math> # ? So the set <math>M</math> is of the form <math>M=\left\{7,6,5\tfrac 23 , 5\tfrac 12, 5\tfrac 25, \dots\right\}</math>, with all further elements approaching <math>5</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Give a hypothesis what may be the infimum or the supremum. |beweisschritt= We see that the set is bounded from above by <math>7</math>. At the same time <math>7</math> is an element of the set, so <math>7</math> must be the maximum of the set. Furthermore, the set is bounded from below by <math>5</math>. Since the elements of the set are getting closer and closer to <math>5</math>, there can be no lower bound greater than <math>5</math>. It follows that <math>5</math> is probably the infimum of the set. Note that we are only making assumptions here because we are arguing intuitively. We still need a solid proof.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Find a proof for the supremum / maximum. |beweisschritt= We have already established that <math>7</math> is probably the maximum. So we have to show two things: * <math>7 \in M</math> * <math>7 \ge x</math> for all <math>x \in M</math> The number <math>7</math> is definitely an element of <math>M</math> , namely for <math>n=1</math> there is <math>5+\tfrac 2n=7</math>. In order to prove that <math>7</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math> , we need to show <math>7 \ge 5+\tfrac 2n</math>. This can be achieved by equivalent transformations: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} 7 & \ge 5+\tfrac 2n \\ 2 & \ge \tfrac 2n \\ 2n & \ge 2 \\ n & \ge 1 \end{align}</math>}} Now <math>n \ge 1</math> is an obvious statement for natural numbers. But in the proof we must go the opposite way: Since we want to show the inequality <math>7 \ge 5 + \tfrac 2n</math>, we have to start at <math>n \ge 1</math> and gradually transform this inequality into <math>7 \ge 5 + \tfrac 2n</math>. This is feasible because we have only used equivalent transformations above. In the last chapter, we have seen that every maximum of a set is automatically the supremum of the set (only the other way round it is not always the case). From this, it follows that <math>7</math> is the supremum of <math>M</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Find a proof of the infimum / minimum. |beweisschritt= To prove that <math>5</math> is an infimum, we have to show * <math>5 \le x</math> for all <math>x \in M</math> * For all <math>y > 5</math> there is an <math>x \in M</math> with <math>x < y</math> In order to show that in addition, <math>5</math> is not a minimum, we also have to prove that <math>5 \notin M</math>. First, we have to find a proof to <math>5 \le 5 + \tfrac 2n</math> for all <math>n \in \N</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} 5 & \le 5 + \tfrac 2n \\ 0 & \le \tfrac 2n \end{align}</math>}} Now <math>0 \le \tfrac 2n</math> is an obviously true statement, since <math>\tfrac 2n</math> is positive. So in the later proof we can get to the inequality <math>5 \le 5 + \tfrac 2n</math> starting from <math>0 \le \tfrac 2n</math> by performing the above equivalent transformation backwards (i.e. adding <math>5</math> on both sides). Let us now continue with an arbitrary (possibly better bound) <math>y > 5</math>. To rule out that this is a better bound, we have to find an <math>x</math> with <math>x = 5 + \tfrac 2N</math> and <math>N \in \N</math> such that <math>y > x = 5 + \tfrac 2N</math>. We choose here the variable <math>N</math> and not <math>n</math>, because we want to find ''a concrete'' element of the set <math>M</math> (in mathematics often <math>N</math> is used, if we are looking for a concrete <math>n</math>). Let us reformulate this inequality to <math>N</math> to find a matching <math>N \in \N</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} y & > 5 + \tfrac 2N \\ y - 5 & > \tfrac 2N \\ \tfrac{y-5}2 & > \tfrac 1N \end{align}</math>}} Because of <math>y > 5</math>, we have <math>y - 5 > 0</math> and <math>\tfrac{y-5}2 > 0</math>. The Archimedean axiom now guarantees us that we can find a suitable <math>N</math>, because according to the Archimedean axiom the fraction <math>\tfrac 1N</math> becomes smaller than any positive real number. Finally, we need to show that <math>5\notin M</math>. Or put in different words, <math>5 \neq 5 + \tfrac 2n</math> is valid for all <math>n \in \N</math>. But because <math>\tfrac 2n > 0</math> there is <math>5 + \tfrac 2n > 5</math> and therefore <math>5 \neq 5 + \tfrac 2n</math>. So this is rather simple. Now, we are ready to write down the proof:}} |beweis= We prove that <math>7</math> is a maximum (and therefore supremum) of the set <math>M</math> and <math>5</math> is an infimum but not a minimum of the set <math>M</math>. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>7</math> is a maximum of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>7</math> is an element of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= For <math>n=1</math> there is <math>5+\tfrac 2n=7</math>. So <math>7 \in M</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>7</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= For all <math>n\in\N</math> there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} & & n &\ge 1 \\ &\implies & 2n &\ge 2 \\ &\implies & 2 &\ge \tfrac 2n \\ &\implies & 7 &\ge 5 +\tfrac 2n \end{align}</math>}} So <math>7</math> is greater or equal to any element of <math>M</math>. }}}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>5</math> is the infimum of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>5</math> is a lower bound of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= For all <math>n\in\N</math> there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} & & 0 &\le \tfrac 2n \\ &\implies & 5 &\le 5 + \tfrac 2n \end{align}</math>}} So <math>5</math> is less than or equal to any element of <math>M</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=No other number greater than <math>5</math> can be a lower bound of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= Let <math>y > 5</math> be arbitrary. Then, <math>\tfrac{y-5}2 > 0</math> and by the Archimedean axiom, there is an <math>N \in \N</math> with <math>\tfrac{y-5}2 > \tfrac 1N</math>. There is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} & & \tfrac{y-5}2 &> \tfrac 1N \\ &\implies & y-5 &> \tfrac2N \\ &\implies & y &> 5 + \tfrac 2N \end{align}</math>}} Since <math>5 + \tfrac 2N \in M</math> there is an element of <math>M</math> which is smaller than <math>y</math> . So <math>y</math> is no lower bound of <math>M</math>.}}}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>5</math> is not a minimum of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= There is <math>\tfrac 2n > 0</math> and hence <math>\tfrac 2n + 5 > 5</math>. So <math>5</math> is not an element of <math>M</math> and hence not a minimum.}}}} === Sets of function values === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe |aufgabe= Determine the supremum and the infimum of the set {{Math|<math>M=\left\{\frac{1}{1+x^2}: x\in \R \right\}</math>}} |lösungsweg= Let <math>f:\R \rightarrow \R : x \mapsto \tfrac{1}{1+x^2}</math>. We proceed as follows: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |typ=Step 1 |frage=Visualize the set <math>M</math>. |antwort= The function <math>f(x)=\tfrac{1}{1+x^2}</math> drawn in a diagram looks as follows: [[File:Mplwp 1over1plusxsquared.svg|center|400px|The graph of the function f(x)=1/(1+x²)]] The set <math>M</math> now consists of all values being hit by the function <math>f</math> , which is just the image of <math>f</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |typ=Step 2 |frage=Make a hypothesis which numbers are the supremum and the infimum of the set. |antwort= We can assume that <math>1</math> is the supremum of <math>M</math>. Because <math>f(0)=\tfrac{1}{1+0^2}=1</math>, <math>1</math> is also hit by the function <math>f</math>. So this number is in <math>M</math> and should therefore be the maximum of this set. Furthermore, the assumption that <math>0</math> is the infimum of <math>M</math> is obvious. The function always seems to be positive, i.e. greater than zero. The greater the absolute value of <math>x</math>, the closer the function values are to zero (at least that's how it looks at first glance). So <math>0</math> should be the infimum of <math>M</math>, whereas it is not directly in <math>M</math> and therefore it should not be a minimum.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |typ=Step 3 |frage=Find a proof for the supremum/ maximum. |antwort= We assert that <math>1</math> is the maximum of the set <math>M</math>. Because <math>\tfrac{1}{1+0^2}=1</math>, we can directly see that <math>1\in M</math>. Now all that is missing is the proof that <math>1</math> is an upper bound of the set <math>M</math>. For this, we must prove that for all real numbers <math>x</math> we have the following inequality: {{Math|<math>\frac{1}{1+x^2} \le 1</math>}} Let us transform this inequality by means of equivalent transformations: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{lrl} & \frac{1}{1+x^2} & \le 1 \\[0.3em] \iff\ & 1 & \le 1+x^2 \\[0.3em] \iff\ & 0 & \le x^2 \end{array}</math>}} We already know that the last inequality is fulfilled for all <math>x\in \R</math> . Since we have only used equivalent transformations, we can later recover the inequality <math>\frac{1}{1+x^2} \le 1</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |typ=Step 4 |frage=Find a proof of the infimum / minimum. |antwort= Here, we must first show that all elements of <math>M</math> are greater than or equal to zero. However, <math>\tfrac{1}{1+x^2}</math> is the quotient of two positive numbers, which must be positive again. All elements from <math>M</math> are therefore positive, and hence greater than or equal to <math>0</math>. Now, we need to show that <math>0</math> is also the largest lower bound of <math>M</math>. For this, let <math>y > 0</math> be arbitrary. We have to find an element from <math>M</math> which is smaller than <math>y</math>. So there must be a <math>x\in \R</math> with {{Math|<math>\frac{1}{1+x^2} < y</math>}} Let us transform this inequality by means of equivalent transformations: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{lrl} \implies\ & \frac{1}{1+x^2} & < y \\ \iff\ & 1 & < y \cdot (1+x^2) \\ \iff\ & 1 & < y +y \cdot x^2 \\ \iff\ & 1 -y & < y \cdot x^2 \\[0.5em] && {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ y\text{ is positive}\right.}\\[0.5em] \iff\ & \frac{1 -y}{y} & < x^2 \\ \end{array}</math>}} In order to take the square root, <math>\tfrac{1 -y}{y} \ge 0</math> is required, i.e. <math>y \le 1</math>. But for the further proof it is no problem to assume <math>0 < y \le 1</math>, because for <math>y > 1</math> the last inequality is always fulfilled. The square number <math>x^2</math> is then always greater than the negative number <math>\tfrac{1 -y}{y}</math>. So consider <math>0 < y \le 1</math>. Then: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{lrl} & \frac{1 -y}{y} & < x^2 \\ \iff & \sqrt{\frac{1 -y}{y}} & < |x| \\ \end{array}</math>}} For <math>0 < y \le 1</math> we need to choose an <math>x\in \R</math> with <math>|x| > \sqrt{\frac{1 -y}{y}}</math>. This <math>x</math> automatically fulfils {{Math|<math>\frac{1}{1+x^2} < y</math>}} hence <math>y</math> cannot be a lower bound of <math>M</math>.}} |beweis= We prove that <math>1</math> is a maximum and hence a supremum of <math>M</math> . Further, we prove that <math>0</math> is an infimum but not a minimum of <math>M</math>. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>1</math> is the maximum of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>1</math> is an element of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= For <math>x=0</math> there is <math>\tfrac{1}{1+x^2}=1</math>. So <math>1 \in M</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>1</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= There is {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{lrl} & 0 & \le x^2 \\ \implies\ & 1 & \le 1+x^2 \\ \implies\ & \frac{1}{1+x^2} & \le 1 \\ \end{array}</math>}} So <math>1</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>.}}}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>0</math> is an infimum of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>0</math> is a lower bound of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= There is for all <math>x\in \R</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{lrl} & x^2 & \ge 0 \\ \implies\ & 1+x^2 & > 0 \\ \implies\ & \frac{1}{1+x^2} & > 0 \\ \end{array}</math>}} So 0 is a lower bound of <math>M</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=No number greater than <math>0</math> is a lower bound of <math>M</math> |beweisschritt= Let <math>y > 0</math> be arbitrary. For <math>y > 1</math> there is {{Math|<math>\frac{1 -y}{y} < x^2</math>}} for any real <math>x</math>, since <math>1-y</math> is negative, then. For <math>0 < y \le 1</math> choose <math>x</math> such that <math>|x| > \sqrt{\tfrac{1 -y}{y}}</math> . Then the following inequality is satisfied. For any <math>y > 0</math> there is at least one real number <math>x</math> with <math>x^2 > \tfrac{1 -y}{y}</math>. For real numbers of this kind, we have {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{lrl} & \frac{1 -y}{y} & < x^2 \\ \implies\ & 1 -y & < y \cdot x^2 \\ \implies\ & 1 & < y +y \cdot x^2 \\ \implies\ & 1 & < y \cdot (1+x^2) \\ \implies\ & \frac{1}{1+x^2} & < y \\ \end{array}</math>}} So <math>y</math> cannot be a lower bound of <math>M</math>, which proves that <math>0</math> is the largest lower bound of <math>M</math>.}}}}}} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} 7jodlcniwwqa5jxzvrzhxnxjvie17yv 0 471878 4672825 4611527 2026-09-28T17:47:23Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == Introduction == <dfn>Supremum</dfn> (from Latin [[wikt:supremum|supremum]] = "the highest") sounds as if it were "the maximum" (that is, the largest element of the set). In the course of the article, however, we will see that the supremum generalizes the maximum. Let's start by remembering the following: :: Every maximum is a supremum, but not every supremum is a maximum. While the ''maximum'' has to be an element of a considered set, this need not apply to the supremum. Therefore we should aptly translate "supremum“ as "the number immediately restricting from the top“. It is "restricting from the top“, because it is like the maximum ''greater than or equal'' to any number of the set. And it is "immediate" because it is ''the smallest'' of all "upward limiting numbers". Similarly, the <dfn>infimum</dfn> is a generalization of the minimum. It is the "number that immediately restricts downwards", i.e. the largest of all the "numbers that restrict downwards" of a set. We will get to know concrete examples in the coming sections. For us the concept of the supremum is important, because with it the completeness of the real numbers can be described alternatively. In addition, the supremum is a useful tool in proofs or in defining new terms. == Explanation of the supremum == To explain the Supremum, we will examine how to arrive at its precise definition. For this we will determine how the supremum can be generalized from the maximum. Remember: the maximum of a set is its largest element. The maximum <math>m</math> of a quantity <math>M</math> has the following properties: * <math>m</math> is an element of <math>M</math>. * For every <math>y \in M</math>, we have <math>y \le m</math>. The second property uses a less-than-or-equal-to sign because <math>y</math> could equal <math>m</math>. For finite nonempty sets, the maximum is always defined, but this is not necessarily the case for infinite sets. First of all, we may encounter the problem that the set under consideration is unlimited upwards. Take for example, the set <math>\R^{+} = \{ x \in \R: x > 0 \}</math>. This set cannot have a maximum or the like, since there is a larger number of <math>\R^{+}</math> for each real number. This set cannot have a largest element. There is also no element that could be "directly the largest" element. Therefore, a question about this with this set simply does not make sense. To extend the concept of a maximum to infinite sets in this way, the set must therefore be bounded above. So there must be a number <math>b</math>, which is greater than or equal to each element of the set. As a result <math>b</math> does not necessarily have to be an element of the set. [[File:The open set -infty to 1.svg|thumb|class=noprint|The set <math>M = \{ x \in \R : x < 1 \}</math>.]] But even then problems can still arise. Take for example the set <math>M = \{ x \in \R : x < 1 \}</math>. This set is bounded above, because <math>1</math> or any greater number can be selected as <math>b</math>. Does the quantity <math>M</math> have a maximum? Unfortunately not. For each <math>x \in M</math> <math>\tfrac{x+1}{2}</math> is another number from <math>M</math> with property <math>x < \tfrac{x+1}{2}</math> (the number <math>\tfrac{x+1}{2}</math> is in the middle between <math>x</math> and <math>1</math>). However, <math>M</math> cannot have a maximum element, because for each number from <math>M</math> there is at least one larger number from <math>M</math>. Thus, when looking at infinite quantities, the maximum loses one property. Namely, that it is an element of the set<ref>The property that the maximum is greater than any element of the set is too characteristic of the term supremum to be deleted.</ref>: * <del>m is an element of M.</del> * For every <math>y \in M</math>, we have <math>y \le m</math>. [[File:Illustration_of_supremum.svg|thumb|The supremum is the "least upper bound"]] The only property that remains is that the number you are looking for is greater than or equal to every element in the set. Such a number is called an "upper bound" of the set: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=upper bound |definition= Let <math>M</math> be a subset of <math>\R</math>. Then a number <math>u</math>, which is greater than or equal to each element of <math>M</math>, is called an upper bound. So it is <math>x \le u</math> for all <math>x \in M</math>.}} Similarly, a lower bound is a number that limits a quantity downwards: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Lower bound |definition= Let <math>M</math> be a subset of <math>\R</math>. Then a number <math>\tilde u</math>, which is less than or equal to any element of <math>M</math>, is called a lower bound. So it is <math>x \ge\tilde u</math> for all <math>x \in M</math>.}} When we look at our new definition, we see two things. First: Upper and lower bounds do not have to be elements of the considered set, because this is not required by the definition. And secondly: the definition says nothing about a possible uniqueness of the bounds. For example, consider the set <math>M = \{ x \in \R : x < 1 \}</math>. Here, we certainly first think of <math>1</math> as the upper bound. However, <math>17</math> is also an upper bound and meets the requirements of the definition. Apart from the fact that <math>17</math> is far above our example set, both numbers are not elements of the set. This example shows that there can be more than one upper bound. But it becomes even more disturbing: A subset of the real numbers that is bounded above always has ''infinitely many'' upper bounds. If <math>u</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>, any larger number, i.e. <math>u + a</math> for all <math>a > 0</math>, is also an upper bound. On closer inspection, the terms upper and lower bound are not very appropriate. They provide much less than a maximum term. The maximum is always unique: there can only be one of them. That is not the case with the upper bound. Let us therefore try to improve the concept. On closer inspection, the terms upper and lower bound are not very accurate. They provide much less than a maximum term. The maximum is always unique: there can only be one of them. That is not the case with the upper barrier. Let us therefore try to improve the concept. Consider as an example again the set <math>M = \{ x \in \R : x < 1 \}</math>. Which number could be used to generalize the maximum for <math>M</math>? Intuitively, the number <math>1</math> occurs to us. But why choose this number? We want a general term that works even when the set is no longer so clearly described. Therefore, all upper bounds of <math>M</math>, i.e. all numbers greater than or equal to <math>1</math>, are possible. Now our number should be optimal in the sense that it is as small as possible. So we get to the number <math>1</math>. It is not only an upper bound, it is also ''the smallest'' upper bound of <math>M</math>. We have already seen that for each <math>x < 1</math> there is another number <math>y < 1</math> with <math>x < y</math> (namely <math>y=\tfrac{x+1}{2}</math>). Thus, no number smaller than <math>1</math> can be an upper bound of <math>M</math>. <math>1</math> is what we consider to be the "immediately above" number of <math>\{ x \in \R: x < 1 \}</math>. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=What might a set look like where it is not intuitively "clear" what number the Supremum could be? |antwort= [[File:Mandelbrot_set_5000px.png|thumb|256px|class=noprint|The Mandelbrot set]] Let's briefly have a look at this set of points: [[w:en:Mandelbrot set|the Mandelbrot set]]. For each point <math>c=x+y\,\mathrm i</math> in the complex plane, start with <math>z_0=0</math> and repeatedly calculate <math>z_{n+1}=z_n^2+c</math>. The point <math>c</math> belongs to the Mandelbrot set exactly when the resulting sequence stays bounded. If an iterate satisfies <math>|z_n|>2</math>, the sequence escapes to infinity. In an image, points whose iterates escape can be colored according to the step at which they first exceed this radius. Points that have not escaped after a chosen number of steps are usually colored black; this gives an approximation of the set. The image on the right was made in this way. The Mandelbrot set is now in the plane, its points have <math>x</math>- and <math>y</math> coordinates, therefore it is not suitable for our supremum concept at first. But we can simply "look at the set of all <math>y</math> coordinates of the Mandelbrot set" and try to find its supremum. To put it more clearly: We would like to know how far up the black dots in the picture reach and are looking for the smallest upper bound. Which value it has exactly, however, is completely unclear at the first (and also at the second) look<ref>See also http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/936462/supremum-of-all-y-coordinates-of-the-mandelbrot-set</ref>.}} The smallest upper bound <math>s</math> is characterised by the following two properties: * <math>s</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>: For every <math>y \in M</math>, we have <math>y \le s</math>. * Every upper bound <math>u</math> of <math>M</math> is at least as large as <math>s</math>: If <math>y\le u</math> holds for all <math>y\in M</math>, then <math>s\le u</math> also holds. In other words: For every <math>u<s</math>, there is at least one number <math>y \in M</math> such that <math>u<y</math>. We can use this as a definition of the supremum, since it clearly characterises the smallest upper bound. The infimum is defined analogously as the largest lower bound. {{noprint|We will learn another way of characterising the supremum and infimum in the section [[#Anchor:Halbordnung|‘Suprema and Infima in Partial Orders’]]}}}} == Definition of the supremum and infimum == [[File:Veranschaulichung zum Begriff Supremum.svg|thumb|The supremum is the smallest upper bound of a set.]] The definition of the supremum and infimum is: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Supremum |definition= Let <math>M</math> be a subset of <math>\R</math>. The supremum <math>s</math> of the set <math>M</math> is the smallest upper bound of <math>M</math>. The supremum is characterized by the following two properties: * For every <math>y \in M</math> it holds <math>y \le s</math>. * There is no number <math>x</math> less than <math>s</math> that is an upper bound of <math>M</math>: For all <math>x < s</math> there exists at least one number <math>y \in M</math> with <math>x < y</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Infimum |definition= Let <math>M</math> be a subset of <math>\R</math>. The infimum <math>\tilde s</math> of the set <math>M</math> is the largest lower bound of <math>M</math>. The infimum is characterized by the following two properties: * For every <math>y \in M</math> it holds <math>y \ge \tilde s</math>. * No number <math>x</math> larger than <math>\tilde s</math> is a lower bound of <math>M</math>: For all <math>x > \tilde s</math> there exists at least one number <math>y \in M</math> with <math>x > y</math>.}} === The Epsilon Definition === The second property in the definition of the supremum <math>s</math> of the set <math>M</math> says: :: "Every number <math>x</math> less than <math>s</math> is not an upper bound of <math>M</math>: For all <math>x < s</math> there exists at least one number <math>y \in M</math> with <math>x < y</math>." In mathematical literature and textbooks, authors often set <math>x = s - \epsilon</math> with <math>\epsilon > 0</math>. This is a way to write the second property of the supremum as a formal mathematical claim. Namely, we could replace the second property given above with the equivalent statement: :: "For all <math>\epsilon > 0</math> there exists some <math>y \in M</math> with <math>s-\epsilon < y</math>." Since both statements are equivalent and just differently worded, it is up to our discretion which variant we choose to use in proofs. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=What is the epsilon definition of the infimum? |antwort= <math>\tilde s</math> is an infimum of <math>M</math> if <math>\tilde s</math> is a lower bound of <math>M</math> and if for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math> there exists some <math>y \in M</math> such that <math>\tilde s + \epsilon > y</math> holds.}} === Maximum and Minimum === For the maximum and minimum, we have the following well-known definitions: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Maximum |definition= The maximum <math>m</math> of a set <math>M</math> is a number with the two following properties: * <math>m \in M</math>. * For all <math>y \in M</math> it holds <math>y \le m</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Minimum |definition= The minimum <math>\tilde m</math> of a set <math>M</math> is a number with the following two properties: * <math>\tilde m \in M</math>. * For all <math>y \in M</math> it holds <math>y \ge \tilde m</math>.}} From these definitions, it follows immediately that the maximum of a set is also the supremum of the set. I.e. let <math>m</math> be the maximum of the set <math>M</math>. For one, <math>m</math> is by definition the upper bound of <math>M</math>. Furthermore, for every <math>x</math> with <math>x < m</math> there exists a <math>y \in M</math> with <math>x < y</math>, namely <math>y = m</math>. On the other hand, not every supremum is a maximum, like we saw above using the set <math>\{ x \in \R: x < 1 \}</math>. The number <math>1</math> is the supremum of this set, but not the maximum! Similar statements are true for the minimum and infimum. === Notation === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Notation !! Meaning |- | <math>\sup M</math> || Supremum of <math>M</math> |- | <math>\sup_{x \in D} f(x)</math> || Supremum of <math>\{ f(x) : x \in D \}</math> |- | <math>\inf M</math> || Infimum of <math>M</math> |- | <math>\inf_{x \in D} f(x)</math> || Infimum of <math>\{ f(x) : x \in D \}</math> |- | <math>\max M</math> || Maximum of <math>M</math> |- | <math>\min M</math> || Minimum of <math>M</math> |} === The Duality Principle === We've already seen in the above definitions and explanations that the terms supremum and infimum can be considered and used similarly. This is a result of the fact that, by switching around the ordering of the real numbers, i.e. replacing <math>\le</math> with <math>\ge</math>, the supremum becomes the infimum and the infimum becomes the supremum. This means we can introduce a new ordering <math>\le_\text{neu}</math> such that <math>x \le_\text{neu} y</math> holds if and only if <math>x \ge y</math> (this is the same as us reflecting the real numbers around zero). With this new ordering, the supremum acts as the infimum and vice versa. Both orderings <math>\le_\text{neu}</math> and <math>\le</math> have the same mathematical ordering properties. This means they are isomorphic to one another. Therefore, the properties of the infimum and supremum must be the same for this reversed ordering. This means that any statements we make in the future for suprema will also apply to infima and vice versa. The same applies to the interchangeability of statements regarding the maximum and minimum. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beispiel |titel=Duality Principle |beispiel= For all <math>x \in M</math> it is true that <math>x \le \sup M</math>. Similarly, for all <math>x \in M</math> we have the inequality <math>x \ge \inf M</math>.}} === Existence and Uniqueness === Up until this point, we have exclusively been speaking of ''the'' supremum. This sounds as if the supremum always exists and is always unique. This hints at answers to some important mathematical questions, namely: why did we bother defining the supremum in the first place? If the maximum of a set does not always exist, defining a supremum does not actually solve this existence problem. What is the advantage of introducing the concept of a supremum? For a nonempty set that is bounded above, we expect a smallest upper bound, and if it exists, it must be unique. However, we haven't yet proven this mathematically. We will now show uniqueness formally. Existence for nonempty sets bounded above follows from the completeness axiom. In the following theorem we will prove the uniqueness of the supremum (and infimum), i.e. that a set can have ''at most'' one supremum and one infimum. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Uniqueness of the Supremum and Infimum |satz= A set can have at most one supremum and one infimum. |beweis= We can use the standard proof method for showing uniqueness: first, we assume there exists some set <math>M</math> with two suprema <math>s_1</math> and <math>s_2</math>. Then we will show <math>s_1=s_2</math>. Both suprema have the following properties: * <math>s_1</math> and <math>s_2</math> are upper bounds of <math>M</math>. * No number less than <math>s_1</math> and <math>s_2</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>. By the second property and since <math>s_2</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>, <math>s_2</math> can't be smaller than <math>s_1</math> and must therefore be greater than or equal to <math>s_1</math>. Similarly, it must hold <math>s_1 \ge s_2</math>. Since <math>s_2 \ge s_1</math> and <math>s_1 \ge s_2</math> we can conclude <math>s_1 = s_2</math>. The proof for the uniqueness of the infimum is similar. }} Using the completeness axiom, we can also prove the existence of the supremum of a non-empty subset of the real numbers that is bounded above. However, we will not deal with this in this chapter. We can also prove a similar statement about the existence of the infimum of a non-empty subset of the real numbers that is bounded below. Thus, every nonempty subset of the real numbers that is bounded above has a unique supremum, and every nonempty subset that is bounded below has a unique infimum. == Exegesis: Suprema and Infima in Partial Orderings {{Anchor|Halbordnung}} == We introduced the above definitions for suprema and infima for sets of real numbers. This is sufficient for an Introduction to Real Analysis class, since such classes often deal with subsets of <math>\R</math>. In higher-level theoretical math classes, one also considers a ''partial ordering'', which satisfies the reflexivity, antisymmetry, and transitivity properties but need not satisfy the totality property; that is, there may be elements <math>x,y</math> for which neither <math>x\le y</math> nor <math>y\le x</math> holds. In the case of partial orderings, the definitions we provided above are not sufficient to construct a sensible supremum or infimum. The main issue with these definitions in the case of partial orderings is that we lose the uniqueness of the supremum and infimum. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the supremum, we instead introduce the following definition: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Supremum in Partial Orderings |definition= In the partially ordered set <math>(A,\leq)</math>, an element <math>s\in A</math> is the supremum of the set <math>M\subseteq A</math> when it holds: * <math>s</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>: for every <math>y \in M</math> it holds <math>y \le s</math>. * For every other upper bound <math>t</math> of <math>M</math> it holds: <math>s \leq t</math>}} In order to show that these definitions are a sensible generalization of the supremum with respect to a partial ordering, we must show that both definitions coincide on a subset of the real numbers: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Equivalent Definition of the Supremum |satz= Let <math>M \subseteq \R</math> be arbitrary. Our definition of the supremum <math>s</math> is: * For every <math>y \in M</math> it holds <math>y \le s</math>. * Every number <math>x</math> less than <math>s</math> is ''not'' an upper bound of <math>M</math>: for all <math>x < s</math> there exists at least one number <math>y \in M</math> with <math>x < y</math>. This definition is equivalent to the definition of the supremum with respect to partial orderings: * <math>s</math> is an upper bound of <math>M</math>: for every <math>y \in M</math> it holds <math>y \le s</math>. * For every other upper bound <math>t</math> of <math>M</math> it holds: <math>s \leq t</math> |beweis= Let <math>M \subseteq \R</math> be arbitrary. Since the first properties of the two pairs are identical, we only have to show that the second properties coincide. I.e. we have to show the equivalence of: * Every number <math>x</math> less than <math>s</math> is ''not'' an upper bound of <math>M</math>: for all <math>x < s</math> there exists at least one number <math>y \in M</math> with <math>x < y</math>. * For every other upper bound <math>t</math> of <math>M</math> it holds <math>s \leq t</math>. We can formalize the two claims in the following: * <math>t < s \Rightarrow \exists y\in M\colon t<y</math> * <math>(\forall y\in M\colon y\leq t) \Rightarrow s\leq t</math> We can show the equivalence of these two claims in the following way: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{l} t < s \Rightarrow \exists y\in M \colon t < y \\[0.5em] \quad{\color{Gray}\left\Updownarrow\ \text{In a totally ordered set like } \R \text{ it holds } a < b \Leftrightarrow b \not\le a \right.}\\[0.5em] s \not\le t \Rightarrow \exists y\in M \colon y \not\le t \\[0.5em] \quad{\color{Gray}\left\Updownarrow\ \text{Contraposition: } (A\Rightarrow B) \iff (\neg B \Rightarrow \neg A) \right.}\\[0.5em] \neg(\exists y\in M \colon y \not\le t) \Rightarrow \neg(s \not\le t) \\[0.5em] \quad{\color{Gray}\left\Updownarrow\ \text{Negate the claims} \right.}\\[0.5em] (\forall y\in M\colon y\leq t) \Rightarrow s\leq t \end{array}</math>}}}} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} rygwu7meievj9frtbwl1cmebvnijsak 0 471881 4672828 4611530 2026-09-28T17:48:40Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} Since the supremum is applied to sets, a very obvious question is: What happens if we change the set? If we intersect it with another set, for example, or take the union with another set, or if we make it larger or smaller? Here we will learn some rules that will help you to work with the supremum in such cases. == Overview of rules for supremum and infimum == First, let us introduce the following abbreviations: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |definition=For all sets <math>A,B\subseteq\R</math> and all <math>\lambda\in\R</math> we define: * <math>-A := \{ -x : x \in A \}</math> * <math>\lambda A := \{ \lambda x : x \in A\}</math> * <math>A+B:=\{a+b : a\in A, b\in B\}</math> * <math>A\cdot B:=\{a\cdot b : a\in A, b\in B\}</math> }} Now, for the supremum and infimum the following rules apply (where <math>A, B,D \subseteq \R</math> and <math>f,g : D \rightarrow \R</math> and <math>\lambda\in\R</math>). In each formula below, every displayed supremum and infimum is assumed to exist as a real number. In particular, any intersection used in such a formula must be nonempty, and the relevant sets must have the indicated bounds. === Rules for the supremum === * <math>\sup A \geq \inf A</math> * <math>A \subseteq B \Rightarrow \sup A \leq \sup B</math> * <math>\sup (A\cup B) = \max\{\sup A, \sup B\}</math> * <math>\sup (A\cap B) \leq \min\{\sup A, \sup B\}</math> * <math>\sup(-A)=\sup(\{ -x : x \in A \}) = -\inf(A)</math> * <math>\sup(\{ x^{-1} : x \in A \}) = (\inf(A))^{-1}</math>, if <math>\inf(A)>0</math> holds. * <math>\sup(\lambda A)=\sup(\{ \lambda x : x \in A\}) = \lambda \cdot \sup(A)</math> for <math>\lambda \geq 0</math> * <math>\sup(A+B)=\sup(\{ x+y : x \in A \land y \in B \}) = \sup(A) + \sup(B)</math> * <math>\sup(A\cdot B)=\sup(\{ x \cdot y : x \in A \land y \in B\}) = \sup(A) \cdot \sup(B)</math>, if <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> contain only non-negative elements. * <math>\sup (f+g)(D)\le \sup f(D)+\sup g(D)</math> * There is a sequence <math>(a_n)_{n\in\N}</math> in <math>A</math> with <math>\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} a_n = \sup A</math>. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=Why does <math>\sup A \le \sup B \Rightarrow A\subseteq B</math> not hold? Find a counterexample! |antwort= A counterexample is <math>A:=\{1\}, B:=\{2\}</math>.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=Why does <math>\sup (A\cap B) = \min\{\sup A, \sup B\}</math> not hold? Find a counterexample! |antwort= Let <math>A = \{1,2\}</math> and <math>B = \{1,3\}</math>. Then <math>A \cap B = \{1\}</math> and hence <math>\sup(A\cap B)=1</math>, but <math>\sup A = 2</math> and <math>\sup B = 3</math>, so <math>\min\{\sup A, \sup B\} = 2</math>.}} [[File:SupFunctions.svg|thumb|The supremum of a sum of two functions might be smaller than the sum of its suprema.]] {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=Why does <math>\sup(f+g)(D)=\sup f(D)+\sup g(D)</math> not hold? Find a counterexample! |antwort= We set <math>D:=[0,1]</math>. As a function, we choose <math>f:D\to\R, x\mapsto x</math> and <math>g:D\to\R, x\mapsto 1-x</math>. Then <math>(f+g):D\to\R, x\mapsto 1</math>, so {{Math|<math>\sup (f+g)(D)=1<1+1=\sup f(D) +\sup g(D)</math>}} }} === Rules for the infimum === * <math>\inf A \leq \sup A</math> * <math>A \subseteq B \Rightarrow \inf A \geq \inf B</math> * <math>\inf (A\cup B) = \min\{\inf A, \inf B\}</math> * <math>\inf (A\cap B) \geq \max\{\inf A, \inf B\}</math> * <math>\inf(-A)=\inf(\{ -x : x \in A \}) = -\sup(A)</math> * <math>\inf(\lambda A)=\inf(\{ \lambda x : x \in A\}) = \lambda \cdot \inf(A)</math> for <math>\lambda \geq 0</math> * <math>\inf(A+B)=\inf(\{ x+y : x \in A \land y \in B \}) = \inf(A) + \inf(B)</math> * <math>\inf(A\cdot B)= \inf(\{ x \cdot y : x \in A \land y \in B\}) = \inf(A) \cdot \inf(B)</math>, if <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> contain only non-negative elements. * <math>\inf (f+g)(D)\ge\inf f(D)+\inf g(D)</math> * There is a sequence <math>(a_n)_{n\in\N}</math> in <math>A</math> with <math>\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} a_n = \inf A</math>. == Proof of the rules == In the following sections, we will prove the above properties only for the supremum. The infimum is treated analogously. === Supremum is greater/equal to the infimum === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= Let <math>A</math> be a non-empty, bounded set. Then, there is <math>\sup A \ge \inf A</math>. |lösungsweg= This is quite an intuitive statement: The supremum is an upper bound for all elements, and the infimum a lower bound. So the supremum should be above the infimum. The mathematical proof is simple, as well: upper bounds are above and lower bounds below any element. So we just pick one element and have that supremum is above and the infimum below it (and hence below the supremum) |beweis= The set <math>A</math> is non-empty, so it must contain an element, say <math>x</math>. Since <math>\sup A</math> is an upper bound, we have <math>x \leq \sup A</math>. Analogously <math>\inf A \leq x</math>. That means <math>\inf A \le x \le \sup A</math> and hence <math>\inf A \leq \sup A</math>. }} === Estimating the supremum of subsets === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= In case <math>A\subseteq B</math>, there is <math>\sup A \le \sup B</math>. |beweis= By definition of the supremum, <math>\sup B</math> must be an upper bound of <math>B</math>. Since <math>A \subseteq B</math>, it is also an upper bound of <math>A</math>, i.e. for all <math>x \in A</math> we have <math>x \leq \sup B</math>. The supremum of <math>A</math> is now exactly the smallest upper bound of <math>A</math>. So it must be less than or equal to <math>\sup B</math> . }} === Supremum and union === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= There is {{Math|<math>\sup (A\cup B) = \max\{\sup A, \sup B\}</math>}} |beweis= If <math>x \in A \cup B</math>, then there is <math>x \in A</math> or <math>x \in B</math>. By definition of the supremum <math>x \leq \sup A</math> or <math>x \leq \sup B</math>. In particular, that means <math>x \leq \max\{ \sup A, \sup B \}</math>. Therefore <math>\max\{ \sup A, \sup B \}</math> is an upper bound of <math>A \cup B</math>. But is it also the "smallest" upper bound? We always have <math>\sup A \leq \sup B</math> or <math>\sup B \leq \sup A</math>. In the first case, for all <math>x \in A</math> we have <math>x \leq \sup A</math> (the supremum is an upper bound), and since <math>\sup A \leq \sup B</math> also <math>x \leq \sup B</math>. So <math>\sup B</math> is both an upper bound for <math>A</math> and <math>B</math>, or in other words, it is an upper bound of <math>A \cup B</math>. It must be the smallest upper bound, since we cannot choose some upper bound smaller than <math>\sup B</math> being above all elements in <math>B</math> (or <math>A \cup B</math>). So in the first case, <math>\sup B = \max\{\sup A, \sup B\}</math> is the smallest upper bound. In the second case, we just swap the names of <math>A</math> and <math>B</math>, which exactly leads us to the first case and finishes the proof. }} === Supremum and intersection === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= There is {{Math|<math>\sup (A\cap B) \leq \min\{\sup A, \sup B\}</math>}} |beweis= There is <math>A \cap B \subseteq A</math> and <math>A \cap B \subseteq B</math>, so by "Estimating the supremum of subsets" we have <math>\sup (A \cap B) \leq \sup A</math> and <math>\sup (A \cap B) \leq \sup B</math>, which means <math>\sup(A\cap B) \leq \min\{\sup A, \sup B\}</math>. This is already the proof. Be careful: there are cases, where the above inequality is strict, i.e. the supremum is NOT the minimum! }} === Supremum and multiplication with <math> -1 </math> === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= There is {{Math|<math>\sup(-A)=\sup (\{-x : x \in A\}) = -\inf(A)</math>}} |beweis= For all <math>x \in A</math> there is <math>\inf(A) \leq x</math>. Multiplication of the inequality with <math>-1</math> gives exactly <math>-x \leq -\inf(A)</math>. But since all elements of <math>-A</math> are of this form, <math>-\inf(A)</math> is an upper bound for <math>-A</math>. However, since the supremum of <math>-A</math> is the smallest of all upper bounds, <math>\sup(-A) \leq -\inf(A)</math> follows. Consider now any small <math>\varepsilon > 0</math>. According to the definition of the infimum, <math>\inf(A) + \varepsilon</math> is then no longer a lower bound of <math>A</math>. This means that some <math>x \in A</math> exists with <math>x < \inf(A) + \varepsilon</math>. Multiplying this inequality by <math>-1</math> gives <math>-x > -\inf(A) - \varepsilon</math>. But now, <math>-x</math> is an element of <math>-A</math>, so <math>-\inf(A) - \varepsilon</math> cannot be an upper bound of <math>-A</math>. Since our <math>\varepsilon</math> was arbitrary, we have that <math>\sup(-A) = - \inf(A)</math> is indeed the smallest upper bound. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|From this rule, we get that under multiplication with <math> -1 </math>, supremum and infimum interchange like <math>\sup(A)=\sup(-(-A))=-\inf(-A)</math> and <math>\inf(A)=-(-\inf(A))=-\sup(-A)</math>.}} === Supremum and multiplication with a (non-negative) number === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= For <math>\lambda \geq 0</math> there is {{Math|<math>\sup(\lambda A)=\sup (\{\lambda x : x \in A\}) = \lambda \sup(A)</math>}} |beweis= If <math>\lambda = 0</math> there is not much to show, because <math>\lambda \cdot A = 0 \cdot A = \{0\}</math> and <math>\sup(\{0\}) = 0 = 0 \sup(A)</math>. We can therefore assume that <math>\lambda > 0 </math>. For all <math>x \in A</math> we have <math>x \leq \sup(A)</math>. Multiplication of the inequality with <math>\lambda</math> gives even <math>\lambda x \leq \lambda \sup(A)</math>. But since all elements of <math>\lambda \cdot A</math> are of this form, <math>\lambda \sup(A)</math> is an upper bound for <math>\lambda \cdot A</math>. However, since the supremum of <math>\lambda \cdot A</math> is the smallest of all upper bounds, <math>\sup(\lambda \cdot A) \leq \lambda \sup(A)</math> follows (i.e. we have an upper bound). Do we also have the smallest upper bound? Let <math>\varepsilon > 0</math> be given and define <math>\varepsilon' := \frac{\varepsilon}{\lambda}</math>. This is allowed because we assume <math>\lambda > 0</math>. According to the definition of the supremum, <math>\sup(A) - \varepsilon'</math> is then no upper bound of <math>A</math>. This means that an <math>x \in A</math> exists so that <math>x > \sup(A) - \varepsilon'</math>. Multiplying this inequality by <math>\lambda</math> gives {{Math|<math> \lambda x > \lambda \sup(A) - \lambda \varepsilon' = \lambda \sup(A) - \lambda \frac{\varepsilon}{\lambda} = \lambda \sup(A) - \varepsilon </math>}} But now <math>\lambda x</math> is an element of <math>\lambda \cdot A</math>, so <math>\lambda\sup(A) - \varepsilon</math> cannot be an upper bound of <math>\lambda \cdot A</math>. Since <math>\varepsilon</math> is arbitrary, we know that equality <math>\sup(\lambda \cdot A) = \lambda \sup(A) </math> holds, and we have indeed found the smallest upper bound. }} === Supremum and sums === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= There is {{Math|<math>\sup(A+B)=\sup(\{ x+y : x \in A \land y \in B \}) = \sup(A) + \sup(B)</math>}} |beweis= Each element <math>z \in A+B</math> has the form <math>z = x + y</math> for some <math>x \in A</math> and some <math>y \in B</math>. According to the definition of the supremum, there is <math>x \leq \sup(A)</math> and <math> y \leq \sup(B)</math>. Adding the two inequalities gives <math> z = x + y \leq \sup(A) + \sup(B)</math>. So <math>\sup(A) + \sup(B)</math> is an upper bound for <math>A + B</math>. But since the supremum of <math>A + B</math> is the smallest of all upper bounds, <math>\sup(A + B) \leq \sup(A) + \sup(B)</math>. Now, is <math>\sup(A) + \sup(B)</math> also the smallest upper bound of <math>A + B</math>? Let <math>\varepsilon > 0</math> be given and define <math>\varepsilon' := \frac{\varepsilon}{2}</math>. According to the definition of the supremum <math>\sup(A) - \varepsilon'</math> is then no upper bound of <math>A</math> and <math>\sup(B) - \varepsilon'</math> no upper bound of <math>B</math>. This means that an <math>x \in A</math> and a <math>y \in B</math> exist such that <math>x > \sup(A) - \varepsilon'</math> and <math>y > \sup(B) - \varepsilon'</math> hold. By adding the two inequalities, one obtains {{Math|<math> x + y > \sup(A) + \sup(B) - 2\varepsilon' = \sup(A) + \sup(B) - 2\frac{\varepsilon}{2} = \sup(A) + \sup(B) - \varepsilon </math>}} But now, <math>x + y</math> is an element of <math>A + B</math>, so <math>\sup(A) + \sup(B) - \varepsilon</math> cannot be an upper bound of <math>A + B</math>. Since <math>\varepsilon</math> is arbitrary, we know that equality <math>\sup(A + B) =\sup(A) + \sup(B) </math> holds, so we have indeed found the smallest upper bound. }} === Supremum and products === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= If <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> only contain non-negative elements, we have that {{Math|<math>\sup(A\cdot B)=\sup(\{ x \cdot y : x \in A \land y \in B\}) = \sup(A) \cdot \sup(B)</math>}} |beweis= Each element <math>z \in A \cdot B</math> has the form <math>z = x \cdot y</math> for some <math>x \in A</math> and some <math>y \in B</math>. According to the definition of the supremum <math>x \leq \sup(A)</math> and <math> y \leq \sup(B)</math>. Multiplying the two inequalities gives <math> z = x \cdot y \leq \sup(A) \cdot \sup(B)</math>. So <math>\sup(A) \cdot \sup(B)</math> is an upper bound for <math>A \cdot B</math>. But since the supremum of <math>A \cdot B</math> is the smallest of all upper bounds, <math>\sup(A \cdot B) \leq \sup(A) \cdot \sup(B)</math> follows. Mind the special case <math>\sup(A) = 0</math> or <math>\sup(B) = 0</math>, which implies <math>A = \{0\}</math> or <math>B = \{0\}</math>, because all elements from <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> were assumed to be non-negative, i.e. greater than or equal to zero. Here, we immediately have <math>\sup(A \cdot B) = 0</math>. In the following, we can hence assume <math>\sup(A) > 0</math> and <math>\sup(B) > 0</math>. Now, have we also found the smallest upper bound? Let <math>\varepsilon > 0</math> be given. Then, following the previous theorems, we can define <math>\varepsilon_A := \min\!\left\{\frac{\sup(A)}{2},\frac{\varepsilon}{2\sup(B)}\right\}</math> and <math>\varepsilon_B := \min\!\left\{\frac{\sup(B)}{2},\frac{\varepsilon}{2\sup(A)}\right\}</math>. Both <math>\sup(A)-\varepsilon_A</math> and <math>\sup(B)-\varepsilon_B</math> are positive. According to the definition of the supremum, <math>\sup(A) - \varepsilon_A</math> is no upper bound of <math>A</math> and <math>\sup(B) - \varepsilon_B</math> is no upper bound of <math>B</math>. This means that an <math>x \in A</math> and a <math>y \in B</math> exist such that <math>x > \sup(A) - \varepsilon_A</math> and <math>y > \sup(B) - \varepsilon_B</math>. Multiplying both inequalities, we obtain {{Math|<math>\begin{align} x \cdot y &> (\sup(A) - \varepsilon_A) \cdot (\sup(B) - \varepsilon_B) \\ &= \sup(A) \cdot \sup(B) - \varepsilon_A \cdot \sup(B) - \varepsilon_B \cdot \sup(A) + \varepsilon_A \cdot \varepsilon_B\\ &\ge \sup(A) \cdot \sup(B) - \frac{\varepsilon}{2} - \frac{\varepsilon}{2} + \varepsilon_A \cdot \varepsilon_B \\ &= \sup(A) \cdot \sup(B) - \varepsilon + \varepsilon_A \cdot \varepsilon_B \\ &> \sup(A) \cdot \sup(B) - \varepsilon \end{align}</math>}} Carefully note the <math>></math> sign in the last step. Here <math>\varepsilon_A \cdot \varepsilon_B > 0</math> was used. Now <math>x \cdot y</math> is an element in <math>A \cdot B</math>, so <math>\sup(A) \cdot \sup(B) - \varepsilon</math> cannot be an upper bound of <math>A \cdot B</math>. Since our <math>\varepsilon</math> was arbitrary, the desired equality <math>\sup(A \cdot B) =\sup(A) \cdot \sup(B) </math> holds and we indeed have the smallest upper bound. }} ===Supremum of the sum is smaller/equal to the sum of suprema=== {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= There is <math>\sup (f+g)(D)=\sup(\{ f(t)+g(t) : t \in D \}) \le\sup f(D)+\sup g(D)</math> |beweis= There is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} & \sup (f+g)(D) \\[0.3em] =\ & \sup(\{ f(t)+g(t) : t \in D \}) \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \sup A\leq\sup B \text{ for } A\subseteq B \right.} \\[0.3em] \le\ & \sup(\{ f(t)+g(s) : t,s \in D \}) \\[0.3em] =\ & \sup(\{a+b : a\in f(D),b\in g(D)\}) \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \sup(A+B)=\sup A+ \sup B \right.} \\[0.3em] =\ & \sup f(D)+\sup g(D) \end{align}</math>}} }} ===Existence of a sequence <math>(a_n)_{n\in\N}</math> in <math>A</math> with <math>\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n=\sup A</math>=== {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= If <math>\sup A</math> exists, then there is a sequence <math>(a_n)_{n\in\N}</math> in <math>A</math> with <math>\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n=\sup A</math>. |beweis= We recall the second part of the definition of the supremum, the epsilon definition: For all <math>\epsilon >0</math> there is an <math>a\in A</math> with <math>a+\epsilon >\sup A</math>. Consequently, for all <math>n\in\N</math> there is an <math>a_n\in A</math> with <math>a_n+\tfrac{1}{n}>\sup A</math>. Since all <math>a_n</math> are from <math>A</math>, <math>a_n\le\sup A</math> also applies. Thus, for all <math>n\in\N</math> we have: {{Math|<math>\frac{1}{n}>\sup A-a_n\ge0</math>}} By the squeeze theorem, we then have <math>\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n=\sup A</math>. }} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} rlpm5klihsvxvkt7xnkg0d60d3cusic 0 471888 4672812 4627132 2026-09-28T17:02:36Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 proofread by AI 4672812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} ''Why should I study real analysis?'' This is a legitimate question and should be answered at the beginning of every lecture and textbook on real analysis. In this chapter, I want to present some reasons as an answer to this question. == Real Analysis as the foundation of mathematics == Real analysis is an essential subject in mathematics. Many theories such as complex analysis, functional analysis and the theory of ordinary differential equations are based on it. In addition to that, numerous other modified concepts of real analysis are used in a variety of other domains of mathematics. Therefore, delving into real analysis is inevitable when one wants to study mathematics. This theory will be key to understanding other fields of mathematics. You will probably need background knowledge of real analysis, no matter what field of mathematics is of interest to you. The same applies if you require mathematical knowledge as a tool for your studies or research. Whatever you need to use mathematics for, knowledge of real analysis will almost certainly help you understand your mathematical tools. == Real Analysis as a description of nature == Most problems in natural sciences are modelled with the help of concepts covered by real analysis: How can the location and speed of a moving object be determined and forecast? How can one calculate the electric field of a system of electrically charged bodies? The area of application of real analysis includes simple problems and extends as far as modern fields of research (e.g., axiomatic quantum field theory) or quantitative modelling of biological processes. Very good knowledge of these concepts will therefore help you understand the laws of nature and formulate them. For this reason, studying real analysis will be particularly helpful - whether you study or are generally interested in a natural science. == Real Analysis in school == Analysis is one of very few lectures in mathematics already covered in school. In case you study mathematics education, you will be able to use the knowledge acquired by studying real analysis when teaching. Thorough knowledge of this lecture will therefore help you with explaining mathematics to your students. == Real Analysis as an exact mathematical theory == In contrast to the analysis you learned about in school, we will write out mathematical theories with immense precision. This will include us proving every theorem rigorously and defining every term with precision. As an example: in the end you will know why the derivative of <math>x^2</math> is <math>2x</math> and what exactly a derivative is. At the same time, we will justify every term to ensure you understand why certain concepts in real analysis are introduced. This will not only deepen your understanding of your knowledge of analysis already acquired in school but also enable you to solve complex problems in real analysis. == Real Analysis as an exercise of mathematical reasoning == With analysis already having been taught in school comes the advantage of the material already seeming more or less familiar to you. This gives us the chance to concentrate on the mathematical way of working, which many students aren’t familiar with in the beginning. Real analysis is excellent for practicing exact and accurate reasoning. Mastering the mathematical way of working will always be useful to you - even when you no longer need real analysis. Math students and also those of other natural sciences are especially in demand due to being capable of this. I am confident the mathematical way of thinking will help you a lot in accomplishing your tasks and projects. {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} ippe3zlbrlwapszgkr6cwg78wcontjl 0 482677 4672757 4639269 2026-09-28T13:57:08Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* What is Maxima and What is it Useful or? */ Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4672757 wikitext text/x-wiki == What is Maxima and What is it Useful or? == === Introduction === <blockquote>''"Experienced Lisp programmers may say that there are built-in Lisp procedures that will achieve far more succinctly and efficiently what I have achieved in some of the example programs here.'' ''My defence is that the point of these tutorials is not to teach Common Lisp in its entirety, but to help the reader understand the general principles of programming in Lisp. I believe that it is daunting for a beginner to be confronted with a catalogue of Lisp procedures to learn by rote. It is far more important to understand how to approach a problem, and break it down into simpler problems with the help of recursion."'' – [http://lisp.plasticki.com/show?14F From ''Lisp in Small Parts'']</blockquote> Readers might find it curious for a book about Maxima to lead off with a quote about the Lisp programming language. It is true that Maxima is a software application based on Lisp, so it that sense a reference to Lisp is not completely unusual. However, it is the point that is made by this quote that is quite relevant to those that find themselves using Maxima for some specific purposes or simply as a matter of personal interest. This book is not intended to be a ''"Maxima in Small Parts"'' version of the topic. It is neither a tutorial or a comprehensive and thoroughgoing technical guide for Maxima. Neither is it a "How-to-Do" recipe document for this or that with Maxima This book is intended to be a sort of middle ground between a tutorial and a technical reference manual. Maxima as a computer algebra system (CAS) application is technically both wide and deep in terms of its scope. The intent of this book is to "''help the reader understand the general principles of"'' using Maxima. If the reader is new to Maxima then all of what follows may be too much with which to start. Beginning with the many tutorials available may better serve users new to Maxima. On the other hand, if the reader is an experienced user of Maxima then the effort to consider all of what follows may not meet subjective technical standards, and possibly not be particularly instructive. Maxima, as well as Lisp, are not "new kids on the block" so to speak. To some readers and users with a more modern perspective and exposure to such matters, Maxima and its "out-of-the-box" command line interface (CLI) may seem crude and out of date. Don't be swayed by this. There is a much capability at hand in using Maxima. Readers and users are highly encouraged to use the ''wxMaxima'' graphical user interface (GUI) application for the best experience. ''wxMaxima'' with its interactive workbook environment positions Maxima on a completely different level of user experience. The details of installing Maxima and ''wxMaxima'' follow in a subsequent section. Readers of this book should note well that the example code herein was produced using the ''wxMaxima'' GUI. However, some users may choose to begin using the Maxima CLI or the xMaxima GUI included with the Maxima distribution. See the book section describing installation for details related to Maxima user interfaces. === About Maxima and its Uses === Maxima belongs to the category of computer software applications known as computer algebra systems - or CAS. Within this category of applications, it is "general purpose" in that it is not dedicated to any specific mathematical topic of study or application. However, within that general-purpose category there is a sense in which it is a special-purpose application in that, while significant numerical computational capabilities are possible, the primary emphasis is on processing "symbolic" mathematical expressions using syntax for expression composition for input that conforms to that which Maxima can parse, interpret, and process. So, to state it briefly, Maxima is primarily an application for processing symbolic mathematical expressions according to the purpose of the user using syntax Maxima can parse and interpret. In general, Maxima expressions fall into three categories: * Mathematical expressions * Object expressions * Programming expressions Mathematical expressions are for doing things that simply are essentially of a mathematical nature. Object expressions are used to create data structures for storage. Programming expressions provide the capability for some types of imperative or functional programming instructions. Thus, Maxima is not strictly a programming language like Python, Julia, Java, C, and so forth. The differences between Maxima as a CAS, and other programming languages should become evident from the contents of this document and, even better, with the actual experience of using Maxima to accomplish specific mathematical tasks. However, Maxima does have a relatively complete set of programming expressions in the context of its intended purpose as a CAS. Additionally, Maxima can be used to access the underlying Lisp programming language. Getting started using Maxima will be much easier if the user begins with a particular frame of mind. Almost every user input to Maxima is an expression of some type. Expressions are what Maxima is all about - especially mathematical symbolic expressions. If numbers can be considered as represented symbolically by numeration (integers, fractions, decimal or floating point literals) then it is not an exaggeration to characterize everything Maxima can do as symbolic processing. The following is a list of a few examples (certainly not all) of what Maxima can be used for: * Solve algebraic equations symbolically or numerically * Solve ordinary differential equations * Matrix creation and operations * Calculus - limits, differentiation, integration * Expansion, factoring, and simplification of expressions * Rational numbers as fractions, and "big" floating point numbers to specified precision * Complex numbers * Trigonometric expressions Plotting - 2D and 3D with some animation <br /> Maxima also includes packages that may be loaded into the current working environment that provide for some specialized tasks, including the study of specific mathematical subjects or applications. {{BookCat}} 5qru2ejwcdoqmmivhskf6ztobxqh3ap 4672760 4672757 2026-09-28T14:03:32Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* About Maxima and its Uses */ 4672760 wikitext text/x-wiki == What is Maxima and What is it Useful or? == === Introduction === <blockquote>''"Experienced Lisp programmers may say that there are built-in Lisp procedures that will achieve far more succinctly and efficiently what I have achieved in some of the example programs here.'' ''My defence is that the point of these tutorials is not to teach Common Lisp in its entirety, but to help the reader understand the general principles of programming in Lisp. I believe that it is daunting for a beginner to be confronted with a catalogue of Lisp procedures to learn by rote. It is far more important to understand how to approach a problem, and break it down into simpler problems with the help of recursion."'' – [http://lisp.plasticki.com/show?14F From ''Lisp in Small Parts'']</blockquote> Readers might find it curious for a book about Maxima to lead off with a quote about the Lisp programming language. It is true that Maxima is a software application based on Lisp, so it that sense a reference to Lisp is not completely unusual. However, it is the point that is made by this quote that is quite relevant to those that find themselves using Maxima for some specific purposes or simply as a matter of personal interest. This book is not intended to be a ''"Maxima in Small Parts"'' version of the topic. It is neither a tutorial or a comprehensive and thoroughgoing technical guide for Maxima. Neither is it a "How-to-Do" recipe document for this or that with Maxima This book is intended to be a sort of middle ground between a tutorial and a technical reference manual. Maxima as a computer algebra system (CAS) application is technically both wide and deep in terms of its scope. The intent of this book is to "''help the reader understand the general principles of"'' using Maxima. If the reader is new to Maxima then all of what follows may be too much with which to start. Beginning with the many tutorials available may better serve users new to Maxima. On the other hand, if the reader is an experienced user of Maxima then the effort to consider all of what follows may not meet subjective technical standards, and possibly not be particularly instructive. Maxima, as well as Lisp, are not "new kids on the block" so to speak. To some readers and users with a more modern perspective and exposure to such matters, Maxima and its "out-of-the-box" command line interface (CLI) may seem crude and out of date. Don't be swayed by this. There is a much capability at hand in using Maxima. Readers and users are highly encouraged to use the ''wxMaxima'' graphical user interface (GUI) application for the best experience. ''wxMaxima'' with its interactive workbook environment positions Maxima on a completely different level of user experience. The details of installing Maxima and ''wxMaxima'' follow in a subsequent section. Readers of this book should note well that the example code herein was produced using the ''wxMaxima'' GUI. However, some users may choose to begin using the Maxima CLI or the xMaxima GUI included with the Maxima distribution. See the book section describing installation for details related to Maxima user interfaces. === About Maxima and its Uses === Maxima belongs to the category of computer software applications known as computer algebra systems - or CAS. Within this category of applications, it is "general purpose" in that it is not dedicated to any specific mathematical topic of study or application. However, within that general-purpose category there is a sense in which it is a special-purpose application in that, while significant numerical computational capabilities are possible, the primary emphasis is on processing "symbolic" mathematical expressions using syntax for expression composition for input that conforms to that which Maxima can parse, interpret, and process. So, to state it briefly, Maxima is primarily an application for processing symbolic mathematical expressions according to the purpose of the user using syntax Maxima can parse and interpret. In general, Maxima expressions fall into three categories: * Mathematical expressions * Object expressions * Programming expressions Mathematical expressions are for doing things that simply are essentially of a mathematical nature. Object expressions are used to create data structures for storage. Programming expressions provide the capability for some types of imperative or functional programming instructions. Thus, Maxima is not strictly a programming language like Python, Julia, Java, C, and so forth. The differences between Maxima as a CAS, and other programming languages should become evident from the contents of this document and, even better, with the actual experience of using Maxima to accomplish specific mathematical tasks. However, Maxima includes a relatively complete set of programming expressions in the context of its intended purpose as a CAS. Additionally, Maxima can be used to access the underlying Lisp programming language. Getting started using Maxima will be much easier if the user begins with a particular frame of mind. Almost every user input to Maxima is an expression of some type. Expressions are what Maxima is all about - especially mathematical symbolic expressions. If numbers can be considered as represented symbolically by numeration (integers, fractions, decimal or floating point literals) then it is not an exaggeration to characterize everything Maxima can do as symbolic processing. The following is a list of a few examples (certainly not all) of what Maxima can be used for: * Solve algebraic equations symbolically or numerically * Solve ordinary differential equations * Matrix creation and operations * Calculus - limits, differentiation, integration * Expansion, factoring, and simplification of expressions * Rational numbers as fractions, and "big" floating point numbers to specified precision * Complex numbers * Trigonometric expressions Plotting - 2D and 3D with some animation <br /> Maxima also includes packages that may be loaded into the current working environment that provide for some specialized tasks, including the study of specific mathematical subjects or applications. {{BookCat}} 20gacm7z7yphng7t7671ierfihee9n3 0 485506 4672867 4672391 2026-09-29T03:19:18Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* Functions */ work in progress 4672867 wikitext text/x-wiki =Maxima Programming= Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character. Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved. Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention. One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest. The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen. The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Programming Category |if |unless |errcatch |prederror |- |block |for |error |return |- |catch |from |warning |throw |- |local |thru |errormsg |sstatus |- |garbage_collect |step |errormsg |status |- |do |next |go | |- |while |in | | |} Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category. === Block Expressions === Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All <code>block</code> expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors: * <code>( expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n )</code> * <code>block ([v₁,v_2,…,v_m], expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> The first form of a <code>block</code> expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code>, as in <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code>, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations. The purpose of the list argument, <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code> is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the <code>block</code>. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the <code>block</code> expression), and either form is sufficient.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This block expression */ (%i1) (x : 2, x^2); (%o1) 4 /* Is equivalent to this block expression */ (%i2) block (x : 2, x^2); (%o2) 4</syntaxhighlight>So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the <code>block</code> expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the <code>block</code> are global, and not local to the <code>block</code> expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* The value 3 assigned to x is global */ (%i3) x : 3; (x) 3 /* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */ (%i4) (x : 2, x^2); (%o4) 4 /* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */ (%i5) x; (%o5) 2 </syntaxhighlight>Values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> may not be global:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* the value of identifier y is local only */ (%i6) block ([y], y : 4, y); (%o6) 4 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i7) y; (%o7) y /* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */ (%i8) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x); (%o8) 3 /* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */ (%i9) x; (%o9) 2 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i10) y; (%o10) y</syntaxhighlight> Regardless of the form of the <code>block</code> expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the <code>go</code>, <code>throw</code>, or <code>return</code> operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code>. The main purpose of the <code>block</code> expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the <code>block</code> expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the <code>block</code> expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the <code>block</code> expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression. One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag <code>stringdisp</code> set to <code>false</code> which is the default value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i11) stringdisp; (%o11) false (%i12) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, ""); (%o12) (%i13) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$ </syntaxhighlight> The display of the value of the <code>block</code> expression may be suppressed using a <code>$</code> to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a <code>block</code> expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the <code>return</code> operator becomes the value of the <code>block</code> expression.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) is (equal (x, 2)); (%o14) true %i15) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), " x not 2"); (%o15) 2 (%i16) x : 3; (x) 3 (%i17) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), "x not 2"); (%o17) x not 2 </syntaxhighlight>When a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated within a <code>block</code> expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing <code>block</code> expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing <code>block</code> expression. It therefore can be compared with the <code>return</code> statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the <code>return</code> operator affects only the block expression in which the <code>return</code> operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i18) test_nested_block (val) := block ( [outer_var : 10], print("Entering outer block expression"), /* inner block expression */ block( [inner_var : 20], print (" Entering inner block expression"), if val > 5 then /* another inner block expression */ block ( print (" val > 5"), print (" Returning only to inner block expression"), return (inner_var + val) /* returns only to the inner block expression */ ), /* end of another inner block expression */ print (" inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val) ), /* end of inner block expression */ print ("Back in outer block expression"), outer_var + val /* end of outer block expression */ )$ (%i19) test_nested_block (1); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression inner_var + val is 21 Back in outer block expression (%o19) 11 (%i20) test_nested_block (6); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression val > 5 Returning only to inner block expression Back in outer block expression (%o20) 16</syntaxhighlight> '''''The <code>block</code> operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. '''''Nested blocks''''': There are three <code>block</code> operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named <code>test_nested_block (val</code>. There is an outer <code>block</code> expression that has an inner <code>block</code> expression as an argument,and there is a third <code>block</code> expression that is an argument of the inner <code>block</code> expression. '''''The <code>return</code> operator''''': If <code>val > 5</code> is <code>true</code> then the return operator of the most inner <code>block</code> expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner <code>block</code> expression is the value of the argument of the return operator – <code>inner_var + val</code>. Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner <code>block</code> expression after the end of the most inner <code>block</code> expression – which is <code>print ("   inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val)</code>. The value of the <code>print</code> operator is the value of <code>inner_var + val</code>. However, while that value is the value of the inner <code>block</code> expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> sequence of expressions. That value is the value of <code>outer_var + val</code>, which, being the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> is always the value of the function. ==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ==== <code>block</code> expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the <code>block</code> expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code> unless this sequence is modified by some means. One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a <code>block</code> expression is by way of a <code>go</code> operator with a ''label'' (or ''"tag"'') argument ( the ''"go to"'') as the following exemplifies:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0], loop, total : total + i, i : i + 1, if i <= n then go (loop), total)$ (%i19) sum_to_n(25); (%o19) 325 (%i20) n; (%o20) n (%i21) i; (%o21) i (%i22) total; (%o22) total </syntaxhighlight> Note the following: * <code>'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''</code>: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code>. The function argument <code>n</code> is also a local identifier. * <code>'''loop'''</code>: This label serves as a target inside the <code>block</code> expression to where <code>go (loop)</code> can jump. * <code>'''if i <= n then go (loop)'''</code>: This conditional expression causes the <code>go (loop)</code> operator to be evaluated if the condition is <code>true</code>. * <code>'''total'''</code>: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the <code>block</code> expression. It should also be worth noting that the identifiers <code>n</code>, <code>i</code>, and <code>total</code> have local values assigned within the <code>block</code> expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code> were both declared local and assigned initial values within the <code>block</code> list argument. The ''go-to'' label argument of the <code>go</code> operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The <code>go</code> operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different <code>block</code> expression. There is nothing special about the <code>loop</code> identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic. Another way to modify a <code>block</code> expression evaluation sequence is by way of the <code>throw</code> operator.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i32) /* Define a function using a block expression that searches for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */ find_element (target_list, threshold) := block ( [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */ catch( for x in target_list do ( if x > threshold then ( /* Immediately exit the block and return this value */ throw (x) ) ), /* This string is returned only if the do loop finishes without a throw to catch */ "No element exceeded the threshold" ) )$ (%i31) /* Test the block */ find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 ); (%o31) 55</syntaxhighlight>This example unpacks as follows: <code>'''catch (...)'''</code>: This expression creates a target scope that ''"catches"'' the value of any <code>throw</code> expression evaluated within that scope. <code>'''throw (x)'''</code>: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the <code>do</code> loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' <code>block</code> '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the <code>catch</code> expression, returning the value of <code>x</code> as the value of the entire <code>catch</code> expression. ==== Nested Block Expressions ==== <code>block</code> operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' <code>block</code> expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first <code>block</code> operator list argument, are created each time a nested <code>block</code> is evaluated. However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any <code>block</code> expressions, are global values for nested <code>block</code> expressions as well as enclosing <code>block</code> expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing <code>block</code> expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a <code>block</code> expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing <code>block</code> expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) z : 2^(1/3); (z) 2^(1/3) (%i24) /* Outer block starts */ block ( [x : 10, y : 20], /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */ /* Inner block starts */ block ( [y : 99, z : 100], /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */ print ("Inside inner block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the local value of y of outer block"), print("z =", z, "is the local value of z of inner block") ), /* Inner block ends */ /* Outer block resumes */ print ("Back in outer block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the restored value of y of the outer block"), print ("z =", z, "is the value of z global to both blocks") /* Outer block ends */ )$ Inside inner block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block Back in outer block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks </syntaxhighlight> ==== Values, Properties, and the <code>local</code> Operator ==== The expression <code>local (v₁, v₂, ... , v_m)</code> within a <code>block</code> expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols <code>v₁, v₂, ... , v_m</code>, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block. Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own "dictionary" of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers. Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) declare (x, real); (%o23) done </syntaxhighlight> However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including <code>:=</code>, <code>array</code>, <code>dependencies</code>, <code>atvalue</code>, <code>matchdeclare</code>, <code>atomgrad</code>, <code>constant</code>, <code>nonscalar</code>, <code>assume</code>, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood: ====== Functions and Arrays ====== * '''<code>:=</code> (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using <code>f(x) := x^2</code>, the actual expression (<code>x^2</code>) and its argument list (<code>x</code>) are stored as a property of the symbol <code>f</code>. * '''<code>array</code>:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like <code>a[i]</code>), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol <code>a</code>. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable. ====== Calculus and Dependencies ====== * '''<code>dependencies</code>:''' If you declare <code>depends(y, x)</code>, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to <code>y</code> noting that it functionally depends on <code>x</code>. This tells the <code>diff</code> (differentiation) engine not to treat <code>y</code> as a constant relative to <code>x</code>. * '''<code>atvalue</code>:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., <code>atvalue(y, x=0, 1)</code>), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol <code>y</code>. * '''<code>atomgrad</code>:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol. ====== Pattern Matching and Rules ====== * '''<code>matchdeclare</code>:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like <code>tellsimp</code>). When you type <code>matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))</code>, Maxima attaches a predicate property to <code>x</code>. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of <code>x</code> to see what conditions a matching expression must meet. ====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ====== * '''<code>constant</code>:''' Declaring <code>declare(c, constant)</code> places a "constant" flag on property list of <code>c</code>. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull <code>c</code> out of integrals or differentiate it to zero. * '''<code>nonscalar</code>:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like <code>.</code> (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol. * '''<code>assume</code>:''' When an expression such as <code>assume(x > 0)</code> is used, Maxima's database system (<code>context</code>) assigns facts and properties (like <code>pos</code> or <code>nonnegative</code>) to the symbol <code>x</code>, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like <code>sqrt(x^2)</code> to <code>x</code>. The effect of the <code>local</code> operator is to make such declarations effective only within a <code>block</code> expression. Otherwise, declarations within a <code>block</code> expression are considered to be global declarations. So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument of a <code>block</code> expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the <code>block</code> expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a <code>block</code> expression, the <code>local</code> operator must be used as an expression within the <code>block</code> expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a <code>block</code> expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the <code>local</code> operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the <code>local</code> operator should have been named something like <code>local_properties</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) f (s) := cos (s); (%o25) f(s):=cos(s) (%i26) f (%pi/6); (%o26) sqrt(3)/2 (%i27) block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6)); (%o27) 1/2 (%i28) f (s); (%o28) cos(s) </syntaxhighlight>In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier <code>f</code> were declared to be local in the <code>block</code> expression using the <code>local</code> operator. However, global properties of the identifier <code>f</code> were not affected by the local function definition of <code>f</code> in the <code>block</code> expression. The global definition expression of <code>f</code> which is <code>cos (s)</code> and the argument <code>s</code> were not affected by the local definition of <code>f</code> because the properties of <code>f</code> were declared local to the <code>block</code> expression. <code>block</code> expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. <code>block</code> expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, <code>block</code> expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. === Functions === As a technical term '''''function''''' is aptly characterized as being overloaded. In the context of Maxima as a CAS, it has both a programming meaning and a mathematical meaning in terms of usage. For mathematical functions use always define() instead of := There is only one small difference between them: "The function definition operator. f(x_1, ..., x_n) := expr defines a function named f with arguments x_1, …, x_n and function body expr. := '''never''' evaluates the function body (unless explicitly evaluated by quote-quote <nowiki>''</nowiki>)." "Defines a function named f with arguments x_1, …, x_n and function body expr. define '''always''' evaluates its second argument (unless explicitly quoted). " === Lisp and Maxima === {{BookCat}} 81onboynq5biyo2xsm9g3ur35a6i8jj 4 485674 4672885 4672613 2026-09-29T08:10:33Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 2 threads from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] 4672885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Jeevandan26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jeevandan26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315288]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jeevandan26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:14, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Gloriagulshan reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Gloriagulshan}} [[:w:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Kagoz]] ([[Special:Contributions/Tikapara]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2025/September#Tikapara_reported_by_MathXplore]]), created page [[Introduction to Filmmaking]] Contributed by Ali Zulfikar Zahedi ([[:w:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]], [[:w:simple:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Gloriagulshan/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:56, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :I believe this page is intended as instructional material for learning filmmaking rather than as an encyclopedic article. I will revise the page to focus on practical filmmaking concepts, methods, and processes in accordance with the purpose of Wikibooks. [[User:Gloriagulshan|Gloriagulshan]] ([[User talk:Gloriagulshan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gloriagulshan|contribs]]) 04:20, 29 August 2026 (UTC) : Cc: {{ping|SHB2000|MarcGarver}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:41, 29 August 2026 (UTC) ::I see the account is glocked, and there are no sleepers that aren't already locked, so nothing more to do. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:18, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Mohansai00116 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mohansai00116}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315335]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mohansai00116/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:04, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Fatemai6 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fatemai6}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315329]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fatemai6/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan147 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan147}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315327]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan142]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan147/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:12, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan142 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan142}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315295]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan147]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan142/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Twenty7incgs reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Twenty7incgs}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315323]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Twenty7incgs/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:14, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Tailleash reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Tailleash}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315318]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Tailleash/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:15, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Md Akash Mia12 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Md Akash Mia12}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315299]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315298]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Md Akash Mia12/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:17, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Page deleted}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:03, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Vapesitefiftybar reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Vapesitefiftybar}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Vapesitefiftybar/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:40, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Myteethtime1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Myteethtime1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Myteethtime1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{Done}} by MarcGarver. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Rajstartupservices reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rajstartupservices}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315363]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rajstartupservices/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:33, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Reazulkarim545456 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Reazulkarim545456}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315377]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Reazulkarim545456/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:19, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Fahmidafy reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fahmidafy}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315378]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fahmidafy/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : The filter stopped them three times, no action taken. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Grow spark digital reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Grow spark digital}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315381]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Grow spark digital/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Only one filter hit, seems stale. Please re-report if they continue to spam. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:49, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Korigosnacks reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Korigosnacks}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315383]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Korigosnacks/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Stale after only two filter hits and no edits. Please re-report if they spam later. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Athoyislam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Athoyislam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Athoyislam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:31, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Jamal123lll reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jamal123lll}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315402]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jamal123lll/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:48, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:32, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Idontknowidkh reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Idontknowidkh}} online shopping spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315400]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Idontknowidkh/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:49, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:33, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Ridhisharma1999 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Ridhisharma1999}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315435]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ridhisharma1999/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:01, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :{{Done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:02, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Thenaoriudaipur reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Thenaoriudaipur}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315473]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Thenaoriudaipur/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Networkkingss reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Networkkingss}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315458]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Networkkingss/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49226-92 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49226-92}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49226-92/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:57, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. I also nuked all pages created by this user and their connected temporary accounts based on their associated IP(s). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:48, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) hih5sf1rw7wd7nsn8in0zceb178z1mn 0 485791 4672832 4672709 2026-09-28T18:42:39Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Plant Codes (Position 11) */ 4672832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 e1oesvo15im2xpyzc3mu40k1bl9q763 4672837 4672832 2026-09-28T18:55:50Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Positions 12–17, Serial Number */ 4672837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) 5jykexmmtyiwaak0e499kbubwuxapzd 4672838 4672837 2026-09-28T18:57:28Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line */ 4672838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) h5xdlpk9r5ql5xi10zrfkv6i11u9n4j 4672839 4672838 2026-09-28T18:58:10Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line */ 4672839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) m0nyvxqhespwsrbclcnv7d6z4rqivhv 4672846 4672839 2026-09-28T21:57:50Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 6-7) */ 4672846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) dh4he6eo2aydk1wwymsccugf9579tjw 4672862 4672846 2026-09-29T00:17:04Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 6-7) */ 4672862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'01) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'01) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] LWB ('00-'01) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) 4irryv7ffdagt5w2a1dkrvmziydi230 4672865 4672862 2026-09-29T01:33:11Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 6-7) */ 4672865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'02) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'02) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('00-'02) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] LWB ('00-'01) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) 5uwv9lxxgy6y317pt7b2grx2yucf3g0 4672889 4672865 2026-09-29T08:13:16Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 6-7) */ 4672889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) 738gd2oqs58kxl9v4ueol2df1dv2yft 4672891 4672889 2026-09-29T09:19:06Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 6-7) */ 4672891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'06) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'06) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'06) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'06) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'06) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) k3v329m43fkwe4p4hihd00czbdb3f6x 0 485800 4672906 4672376 2026-09-29T11:11:29Z TechVindicator 3626296 4672906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Underconstruction}} The '''top bar''' of Scratch is where it is possible to adjust the interface of Scratch, change the language, as well as being able to change various other aspects of the Scratch interface. The top bar varies between versions. ==Scratch 1.4== In Scratch 1.4, on the top bar, the following functions are available: *Globe icon- If the globe icon is pressed, it is possible to change the language of Scratch to another language, to German or another language for instance. *Floppy disk icon - This is located next to the Globe icon. The button allows the user to save the created project onto the computer, with a window allowing the user to save the project in a specific folder, as well as an area to provide the project author's name and information about the project. *The button next to the save button is the '''share button'''. This allows you to share your projects onto the online Scratch website. ==Scratch 2.0== ==Scratch 3.0== {{BookCat}} 2az2dl6uithla47p2q0s3gthm8l5avj 4672908 4672906 2026-09-29T11:18:17Z TechVindicator 3626296 4672908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Underconstruction}} The '''top bar''' of Scratch is where it is possible to adjust the interface of Scratch, change the language, as well as being able to change various other aspects of the Scratch interface. The top bar varies between versions. ==Scratch 1.4== In Scratch 1.4, on the top bar, the following functions are available: *Globe icon- If the globe icon is pressed, it is possible to change the language of Scratch to another language, to German or another language for instance. *Floppy disk icon - This is located next to the Globe icon. The button allows the user to save the created project onto the computer, with a window allowing the user to save the project in a specific folder, as well as an area to provide the project author's name and information about the project. *The button next to the save button is the '''share button'''. This allows you to share your projects onto the online Scratch website. ===File Button=== The File button is located next to the share button. When the File Button is clicked, it displays a menu with the following buttons. *New - The new button allows the user to create a new, fresh project. *Open - The open button allows the user to open an existing project from the computer. ==Scratch 2.0== ==Scratch 3.0== {{BookCat}} 1409a8jrofaeidyz7yxyp105ew7p6xu 0 485859 4672864 4672332 2026-09-29T01:00:17Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4672864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''LEARN NAGAMESE:''' '''INTRODUCTION''' Nagamese is an Assamese-based creole spoken in Nagaland. It has around 30,000 native speakers and is the second language for around 380,000 people. Even though it is spoken and used by almost everyone, it is not the official language of Nagaland; instead, the title goes to [[wikipedia:English_language|English]]. For more info, [[wikipedia:Nagamese_creole|you can read this page on Wikipedia.]] '''THE COURSE:''' '''UNIT-1:''' '''LESSON 1''' '''LESSON 2''' '''LESSON 3''' '''LESSON 4''' '''LESSON 5''' {{shelves}} jjwjpccvoejr77ushdj9wh24h5kezx1 0 485870 4672870 4672488 2026-09-29T04:01:54Z JackBot 396820 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Koine Greek/6. Prepositions and εἰμί]] to [[Koine Greek/Prepositions and εἰμί]] 4672870 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Koine Greek/Prepositions and εἰμί]] 46r3pq11ubainec7ruql5su2gbuca6z 1 485871 4672872 4672490 2026-09-29T04:01:54Z JackBot 396820 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Talk:Koine Greek/6. Prepositions and εἰμί]] to [[Talk:Koine Greek/Prepositions and εἰμί]] 4672872 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Koine Greek/Prepositions and εἰμί]] g0bp83iu89th4ojflqgfdetqo40e11u 0 485897 4672871 4672606 2026-09-29T04:01:54Z JackBot 396820 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[A Historical Setting for Koine Greek]] to [[Koine Greek/A Historical Setting for Koine Greek]] 4672871 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Koine Greek/A Historical Setting for Koine Greek]] di5l745v0chv97jzuzwjsevhcz83gex 102 485899 4672740 4672636 2026-09-28T12:20:59Z Arief Azazie Zain 3627000 4672740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Indonesian | Origin = | Servings = 3~4 | Time = 5 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} {{Recipe}}| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Indonesia|Cuisine of Indonesia]] '''Telur dadar''' is an Indonesian dish made of eggs with some herbs and additional ingredients, and the word ''dadar'' is the method to spread the egg batter when it's cooked. This dish is better served with warm rice. == Ingredients == * 2–3 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Chopping|chopped]] [[Cookbook:Green Onion|spring onion]] * ½ can [[Cookbook:Corned Beef|corned beef]] * 1 clove [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * [[Cookbook:Pepper|Ground pepper]] * 1 tsp [[Cookbook:Chicken Stock|chicken stock powder]] * [[Cookbook:Oil and Fat|Cooking oil]] === Optional ingredients === * 1 chopped [[Cookbook:Celery|celery]] * 1–2 chopped chillies * 1 sliced [[Cookbook:Tofu|tofu]] * [[Cookbook:Soy Sauce|Soy sauce]] * Fried [[Cookbook:Shallot|shallots]] == Procedure == # In a bowl, beat and mix the eggs. # Add salt, ground pepper, and chicken stock powder to the bowl. Mix. # Crush the garlic, mince well. # Chop the spring onion, celery, and chillies. # Add the minced garlic, chopped spring onion, celery, and chillies into the bowl, mix again. # Scoop the corned beef and add it into the bowl. Press the corned beef with the spoon, mix again. # Optionally add slice tofu to the bowl. Do not mix, because it would crush the soft tofu. # Pour cooking oil to the pan, add the egg mixture and spread evenly. # Flip the egg when it's cooked at one side, and repeat this step when it's cooked at the other side. # After it's fully cooked, serve the ''telur dadar'' on a plate with soy sauce and fried shallots as desired. [[Category:Very Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] [[Category:Indonesian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using egg]] [[Category:Recipes using corned beef]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[Category:Recipes using tofu]] [[Category:Recipes using soy sauce]] q1ubwy9jab80y6tw07za1ouljvuydp4 4672900 4672740 2026-09-29T11:03:47Z TechVindicator 3626296 4672900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Cuisine = Indonesian | Origin = | Servings = 3~4 | Time = 5 minutes | Difficulty = 1 }} {{Recipe}}| [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Indonesia|Cuisine of Indonesia]] '''Telur dadar''' is an Indonesian dish made of eggs with some herbs and additional ingredients, and the word ''dadar'' is the method to spread the egg batter when it's cooked. This dish is better served with warm rice. == Ingredients == * 2–3 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Chopping|chopped]] [[Cookbook:Green Onion|spring onion]] * ½ can [[Cookbook:Corned Beef|corned beef]] * 1 clove [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * [[Cookbook:Pepper|Ground pepper]] * 1 tsp [[Cookbook:Chicken Stock|chicken stock powder]] * [[Cookbook:Oil and Fat|Cooking oil]] === Optional ingredients === * 1 chopped [[Cookbook:Celery|celery]] * 1–2 chopped chillies * 1 sliced [[Cookbook:Tofu|tofu]] * [[Cookbook:Soy Sauce|Soy sauce]] * Fried [[Cookbook:Shallot|shallots]] == Method == # In a bowl, beat and mix the eggs. # Add salt, ground pepper, and chicken stock powder to the bowl. Mix. # Crush the garlic, mince well. # Chop the spring onion, celery, and chillies. # Add the minced garlic, chopped spring onion, celery, and chillies into the bowl, mix again. # Scoop the corned beef and add it into the bowl. Press the corned beef with the spoon, mix again. # Optionally add slice tofu to the bowl. Do not mix, because it would crush the soft tofu. # Pour cooking oil to the pan, add the egg mixture and spread evenly. # Flip the egg when it's cooked at one side, and repeat this step when it's cooked at the other side. # After it's fully cooked, serve the ''telur dadar'' on a plate with soy sauce and fried shallots as desired. [[Category:Very Easy recipes]] [[Category:Recipes]] [[Category:Indonesian recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using egg]] [[Category:Recipes using corned beef]] [[Category:Recipes using chile]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[Category:Recipes using tofu]] [[Category:Recipes using soy sauce]] si6971vlgul0l16vspr24gszynnwjre 0 485907 4672778 4672722 2026-09-28T14:43:55Z Greenman 7490 /* 3...d5 */ expand 4672778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Torre Attack| |parent=[[Chess/Queens Pawn Opening|Queens Pawn Opening]] |eco=[[Chess/ECOD|D03]] }} = 3...d5 = 3...d5 (this position is also commonly reached with Black playing d5 first, and then e6) invites White to transpose into a variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined with 4. c4, but more often, if White has chosen this move order, they will continue with the solid but unambitious Torre Attack, playing Nbd2 or e3, with the intention, after castling, to develop their knight to e5, supported by f4 if possible, and launching a kingside attack. ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=4. Nbd2 |eval1= |name2= |line2=4. e3 |eval2= |name3= |line3=4. c4 |eval3= |name4= |line4=4. c3 |eval4= }} {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Torre Attack}} ==References== {{NCO}} {{MCO14}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{ChessStub}} e326xp9nyr8w8n6wi48uagba8pzud5m 2 485909 4672745 2026-09-28T12:53:46Z Benson Benjamin. M 3627081 /* */ added a WhatsApp channel 4672745 wikitext text/x-wiki Benson Benjamin is a Ugandan author, preacher and a Ugandan citizen. gzx1dpu7g8vxrt0apuidamlnkc3xfws 0 485912 4672773 2026-09-28T14:40:38Z Greenman 7490 redirect 4672773 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...d5/3. Bg5/3...e6/4. e3]] iiyjg2wj7avv8ydoc43qk1z0skxf36h 0 485913 4672805 2026-09-28T16:23:58Z ~2026-52137-91 3627098 Described a new fast checkmate. 4672805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess/board | fen = rnbq1knr/pppp1ppp/8/2b1p2Q/2B1P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNB1K1NR }} == 3...Kf8?? == This will be Black's last move. Black's desperate attempt to save his king by moving it aside does not work, and White can still deliver checkmate with 4.Qxf7#. h3mwkmz2lr9u2c7kaee35ljox7zplf3 4672806 4672805 2026-09-28T16:26:15Z ~2026-52137-91 3627098 4672806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess/board | fen = rnbq1knr/pppp1ppp/8/2b1p2Q/2B1P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNB1K1NR }} == 3...Kf8?? == This will be Black's last move. Black's desperate attempt to save his king by moving it aside does not protect against White's queen, and White can still deliver checkmate with 4.Qxf7#. 3arqyacamqjhnsuey0p114j1c9sv7eh 0 485914 4672808 2026-09-28T16:36:55Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 Translated and adapted from de:Mathe für Nicht-Freaks: Kopiere uns; see German page history for attribution 4672808 wikitext text/x-wiki ''< [[Math for Non-Geeks]]'' Would you like to reuse our texts, images, or videos? Would you like to use them in teaching or in your own projects? No problem! We are delighted when others use and adapt our educational materials. 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[[Math for Non-Geeks|Back to “Math for Non-Geeks”]] bgtoaznid66qw8g5rhxwoyaz0itzheg 0 485915 4672849 2026-09-28T22:22:37Z Greenman 7490 start 4672849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Kings Indian Defence| |parent=[[Chess/Queens Pawn Opening|Queens Pawn Opening]] }} = 4...d6 = White mostly plays 5. e4 here, claiming a strong centre and transposing into the main line of the Kings Indian Defence. ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1= 5. e4 |eval1= |name2= |line2= 5. g3 |eval2= |name3= |line3= 5. Bg5 |eval3= |name4= |line4= 5. Bf4 |eval4= |name5= |line5= 5. h3 |eval5= |name6= |line6=5.e3 |eval6= }} {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{ChessStub}} 4zhd7hu9e3p9kszn80g2cn6kge6qrg1 0 485916 4672850 2026-09-28T22:23:13Z Greenman 7490 redirect 4672850 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. Nf3]] rms4qe35ync3jxza97mtd6r6n4s8983 0 485917 4672851 2026-09-28T22:28:42Z Greenman 7490 redirect 4672851 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. Nf3/5...O-O]] 4ix5kss7x6r33mdzcie1fpjg36ttczk 4 485919 4672859 2026-09-29T00:01:29Z JJPMaster (bot) 3488561 Bot: Archiving closed deletion request — [[Special:Permalink/4672775#Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6|Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] 4672859 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...Na6]] == {{closed|Deleted. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:32, 22 September 2026 (UTC)}} Nonsense position, one of the worst opening moves for White countered by a move hurting development for Black. [https://www.365chess.com/search_position.php Searching] on 365chess.com finds zero games with this position. See also a similar [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Na3]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 02:20, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} With some reservations, in that just being a bad move doesn't make it ''not'' a strategy. That said, the lack of actual game presence means it's unnecessary to keep around. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 16:16, 14 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} ipm4oflkhzjosn4t0l49pl1djbvc6zd 4 485920 4672860 2026-09-29T00:01:39Z JJPMaster (bot) 3488561 Bot: Archiving closed deletion request — [[Special:Permalink/4672775#Weekly News Around the World!|Weekly News Around the World!]] 4672860 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[Weekly News Around the World!]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:41, 28 September 2026 (UTC)}} Wikibooks is not a news site, and a "book" consisting of summaries of arbitrarily chosen news stories is not a textbook. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:36, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Actually, please '''[[Wikibooks:DELETE|delete]]''' this book. I accidentally [[Help:Pages|created a book]] instead of using the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]]. I was just testing my editing skills. [[User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]] ([[User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]]) 13:47, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ::{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:40, 28 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} j82lviup8noyqybfegef3v4v3o9aq8o 2 485921 4672863 2026-09-29T00:22:28Z Anuoluwapo Sunday 3627120 Anuoluwapo fashion show 4672863 wikitext text/x-wiki Anuoluwapo fashion show pn6bctx3ml0v9vgy9y6lrfcn6pkh36x 0 485923 4672868 2026-09-29T03:49:45Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3624460 Created page with "=Adverbs= ==Functions of Adverbs== ==Forms of Adverbs== ===Adverbs of Time=== ===Adverbs of Manner=== ===Adverbs of Place/Location=== ===Adverbs of Degree=== ===Numerical Adverbs===" 4672868 wikitext text/x-wiki =Adverbs= ==Functions of Adverbs== ==Forms of Adverbs== ===Adverbs of Time=== ===Adverbs of Manner=== ===Adverbs of Place/Location=== ===Adverbs of Degree=== ===Numerical Adverbs=== p40bakgkqll12lym0o9g4mdw39iyiyg 0 485924 4672873 2026-09-29T04:39:05Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3624460 Created page with "=Particles= ==Particles of Emphasis== γε ==Particles of Negation== οὐ, μη ==The Indefinite Particle ἄν==" 4672873 wikitext text/x-wiki =Particles= ==Particles of Emphasis== γε ==Particles of Negation== οὐ, μη ==The Indefinite Particle ἄν== 5xx537qbd1mrcg56x9rtwg77b0yo12m 3 485925 4672897 2026-09-29T11:00:58Z TechVindicator 3626296 Welcoming user with {{Welcome}} 4672897 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:00, 29 September 2026 (UTC) rhghzy1v1gl10afopmdcsnde6s3do3o 2 485926 4672910 2026-09-29T11:21:44Z TechVindicator 3626296 Create. 4672910 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style='text-align:center'><big><big><big><big>'''D''' is for Daikon</big></big></big></big>[[File:Daikon.Japan.jpg|center|493x493px|Daikon]][[File:Farm-Fresh arrow left.png|Farm-Fresh arrow left|left|64px|link={{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/C]] [[File:Farm-Fresh arrow right.png|Farm-Fresh arrow right|right|64px|link={{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/E]] h5i9d9lhc62gk7v4flcifu824qeiwq6